FundamentalsofCode

Fundamentals
of Code
Division Multiple Access
DivisionMultipleAccess
(C
(CDMA)
)

Overview
Spread Spectrum Communication

Cellular Wireless Communication

Multiple Access and CDMA
The Wireless Channel
Why CDMA?
CDMA2000

SpreadSpectrumCommunication
p
p
Spread spectrum is a technique that spreads the
g
over a frequency
q
y range
g much wider than
transmitted signal
the minimum bandwidth required to send the signal
Motivation
Originally developed and used for military communications.
To provide resistance to intentional jamming. (i.e., anti-jamming protection)
To hide the signal by transmitting it at low power and thus making it difficult for
an unintended
i t d d lilistener
t
tto d
detect
t t it
its presence in
i noise.
i
(i
(i.e., llow probability
b bilit tto
intercept)

Basic Requirements
Transmission bandwidth >> Minimum bandwidth required to transmit the
information.
The spreading signal is independent of the information data.
At the
th receiver,
i
the
th synchronized
h i d replica
li off th
the spreading
di signal
i
l iis used
d ffor
despreading.

BenefitsofSpreadSpectrum
p
p
Interference suppression (or anti-jam capability) and Interference rejection

Low probability of detection (or intercept)

Multiple access (CDMA)

FrequencyReuse
q
y

CDMA

ViewofCDMAConcept
p

GenerationofOrthogonalCodes

OrthogonalSequences(WalshCodes)

OrthogonalSpreading

ChannelizationusingOrthogonal
Spreading

RecoveryofSpreadSymbols

Spreadingwiththreeusers

Despreading

Balance

OneZeroDistribution

CodeIsolation

ConstructiveCombinationof
Multipaths
Multi
paths&SoftHandoff
& Soft Hand off

SoftHandOff