an _ “pervnnenennernentnsie — Sih Seuss a i SATTSTATT AA! | HElTACATAT | aaa Be Bases fest geaa sar aenract mea Sree Saat a AAA carearen ferft]etz Rees ( at ) a aK XK aK RK XK as HK HE ie ES aK HK ae = ax TK x aK bc ae aK as aa aK HK a a ch was ak aK $i &R greet wariere | f Be BSuZe BD so 2ee ne ee eee ne a PRESS ODEN FD IED aR ME SE REE Me SERS SEP TC SED ROTE ECR SEER TAR eR te eee ee ee ae TUN ee ~ Hes & : i: te Fe & iat {6 E Pe es é = & Ee & ws é ‘ = eee bs iE é Rie E j we E 2.5 Sg me 8 Ez E fp & E E PY w © & pe & dee $ z= & DR PP eee it. fe. 4a 4 €: & lf te @ Kg ee ae A) é & G & 8 é Hf WW & E ie by ee Pod é * ’ t sR eCe ew eine teeeees sien Le : LAER REPRE RRS MsRatigra Gs get aaataant Fa, aaa F afxar WA PER Foagi aasrig adarataqaay! aquaes fe and aed sreateaa aa: faatqt ry atadth oftrah arate neacaae afeaeat aerail at Gand Pifas anthaa dteer 21 cai at araet at aarad, dega sqanadt tit dena guifearaaiter at frat atta gteat ding gar @ | fargt arfceatt ca careh ara ata Pret a aft aa at frat at aitarar @ sag at aaea art frat t cat Pratet ate adt 21 af aver ard acnaitet saat 2 1 fen desa ara et fata’, FR ea aa ares at qaeaa att ant FE 1 sa art & stare Raat, aa—adana eae, seal, afta, aicet a ao an feeat | afer at are sitet 2 | gerd arn atad 2 frat ara at ag ad adt aaa, Tet eg adl aamt | aah adel amare feet et ae afters fear mat @ | feedt aifeat oa Set, dea fans aca cles, sits ara aatafaar, atau, afissac eatarat feaerae ara. get qaree ataercaast ater ac fasafeest aerze &. at. ang. &. guege confaafa adiqat wal sda searre diet areta aut at on dena faavitd fag aed dae st af aiceaad acct gat qt ea Teac aad afte frat ar) aqarat Sadia werdtat oteeatasd mEMTERAT eer PreteCs.) fami ra ga sea qd wae fe Aa fat wl aftrar wagat Paardia gre ae gu wet ga diac wa carat water scant Gtava aaad faleetz at oat gare | XS FT Hl AST ae eaig at A Aare HE Far ar | ea ITT Wa et Hat aiatas atgezaa st 2 frasd Fema Bast aat werad site araraat dada giz 1 aaaquedsa eaiatat ota wertaa aac cadiarat satfa were aa tat astat site feedt arfeca Afaatat wea ae sunte frag | ca aeaTAt saat site saifga waa arfeer- aaqat St Key eT TS ss et aA BATE! fin write qaack gata ga gage uses ada aftrafa, fas eeaa nercraa vite aarafae sere a aa samt afeAat arazat a ca arat satfga acad ge seare feat 2 aut cea A sates “ara caat grat He, eafia qaacat aifa at facearit feat? site afer sitet eavita aaac & far alka cea aed car at smfiga aok ag eratata faftens at warmer etar 2 | frerralirfe | Tara TAHT aa, aTRa erat aaa faftshe fafats, eiua de, sais, TaITa |iF Fle €| < wm 3 E ir 5 & ix v i i 6 8 « RoR =RLY RAL— RRQma a a a ee a ee te de NN IE NE *qaATaat at WA TAUTRALTT | —ie: —— - faqa gga gas $= ). 2st af oe Kes ser RRA RAB 2) mm mm RAR RAE a eak RAR REG gy se RRO RRE x) & RRE—RRE ee RRE—RRE Se y= RBo— Rae 5) at BR WAR es RER—RUR to) «@ RYR—RUR 207 RYB—RUR ie) 3. RUE— WS RQ) we RYS— RRO we) § ty RRO RRO mw) @ RRO—RER ew Sides = RRR RES ww) a RRB—RRE 2c )..8 RRE—BVB ge) Qee—20y Ro~) R9K— Reo Reyer Reo Re ROG SH REV REO Rie REG REC Ou pee 9: RRO— RED wm) a REA— RAG Gs) ici: 2. RaV—Roe ge) = Rot—zow as) @ ou—Roy ae) @ BRB Ro) 8 RR 2 RLS Bags ARES AQ— 3A yess ARERR we @»qatar at ST TAT qey gan BRS BRL BRL BRE BAR—ARR 32R- Rae Re — aay RRY—Rgo Reo—Byo Bo— Wwe BeX— Awe ReR— 282 Bea— Rey BN —BBe aeo—gec Que—3yy Quy—ive BE—2KO RRo—2KE RER—2RK © 2RU— Ree Ree — ARE RRE— BEE Rvo—zoz 2S—36G BWE-Awo As9— 268 Bee are m1 GM x CW YD wo mmm wo 20 KS WwW RO Baer ae Na ae ee SS eS ee ht Che ee a eeePreface. (English translation of the author’s Hindi Preface.) O Mother of the universe, O Great Goddes s Maya, O Shivay, ng the qualities Thou assuming the form of womanhood posse: of goddesses, of Gouri and Durga, ever preservest the Arya race. Thou art the cause of creation, preservation and destruction of the world. In the shape of native land, thou art the source of redemption as well as material prosperity. In the shape of mother- tongue, Thou impartest to mankind the four-fold objects of human pursuit, viz, Dharma (spiritual prosperity), Artha (material prosperity), Kama (desire), and Moksha (final beatitude), In the shape of heroisin, wisdom, fortune, and lore, thou conferrest blessings upon the world, | bow to Thee. Like mother-land, the mother-tongue is the image of the mother of the universe, No improvement of a nation can be rendered wholly per- fect, unless the mother-tongue is improved. Nay, religion of a nation cannot be fully developed, prosperity cannot quickly crown a nation, knowledge cannot fully manifest itself in the country, national sentiments cannot be preserved intact, the glory of the native land cannot ‘be magnified, man cannot attain to the full stature of humanity, originality of a nation cannot be preserved, nor can he speedily attain temporal advancement, spiritual elevation as well as redemption, unless the mother tongue be preserved and improved. As the Sutra s (aphorisms) of the holy Sctiptures are intimately connected with the intellect, so are the popular sayings (proverbs) of a language closely associated with the mind. As many profound ideas relating to the domain of intellect are expressed by the small aphorisms, so are the profound ideas relating to the domain of mind expressed by proverbs current in the language.* Taking allegorically popular saying is the conveyance of the Goddess mother-tongue. This, indeed, is the correct interpretation of the matter. Ab this time, the pure Hindi languagé ought to be regarded ‘as the itiother-tongue of the Hindus, the /ingwa frarca of the Indian Continent. ‘The slightest effort on the part of the Indians will enable this sweet languige to be the universal mother-tongue of the Aryas, and thus contribute to their welfare in ever: h several languages way. Altho “Travslation of the Sanskrit slokas given in the beginning of the Hindi Preface.Auney are at this time spoken from the Himalayas in the North to Cape Comorin in the South, from the shores of the Brahmaputra in the East to the shores of the Indus in the West, nevertheless it has been settled to a demonstration that the Hindi language alone which is written in the eternal and incorruptible Deva-nagri characters can aptly be called the universal tongue of India, It is unanimously recognised and even admitted by western savants boastful of their knowledge that Sanskrit is the oldest of all languages, ‘The Hindu Scriptures furnish copious evidence to show that this Divine language has been prevailing in the world from time immemorial, Ih the days of the Rishis this sacred language was spoken by the whole of India, Afterwards, when there was a slight drawback in the instruction of the Rishis, the Prakrit language, which is a corruption from the Sans. krit, obtained currency among the masses, At that time, the Brahmins, kings, and the educated class of people used to speak Sanskrit vulgar people, :and the women, children, ete, used to speak the corrupted language (Prakrit). To prove this point, we need not, indeed, go too far, Reference to Sanskrit poems, dramas, etc., can fully bear out the aboye fact. As, in course of time, the currency of Sanskrit, as a spoken language, subsisted barely in name, and the instruction of the holy Rishis almost wholly disappeared, the Pali language was evolyed out of Prakrit, But like Prakrit the Pali was not confined to the illiterate masses, It was also accepted by the learned community and used as @ language of the Court. Even in the present days, many works on science, philosophy, history, and poetry are in evidence in the Pali language. The religious books of Buddhism which commands a wider sway in the world than any other religion have been wholly written in the Pali language. These works bear ample testimony to the fact that the Pali language was at its zenith, Afterwards it so appears that the Brahmins rallied again and set themselves to work to reform the eternal system of the Vedas. At this time there was a mighty revolution in politics brought about by the constant change of ruling kings. In the midst of these changes the sweet Hindi was ushered into existence, and since that time up tothe modern period, it has been prevalent in India, giving glowing proof of the genius of its illustrious founders, the Aryas. Although many other vernaculars, vz,, Urdu, Punjabi, Mahrathi, Gujrati, Bengali, Uriya, etc, alter having passed. through a series of vicissitudes and modifica. tions have been evolved into existence out of this melodious tongue (Hindi) and gradually attained a laudable and exalted condition, never.Ces) theless’ the Hindi pre-eminently maintains its foremost place in the est ation of Indian scholars. Whatever degree of eminence the above vernaculars (the outcome of Hindi) may attain, none of them possesses the features of a Jingua franca (universal language) for India. These vernaculars are only serviceable to the provinces wherein they are spoken: but they are of no service to other provinces, For instance, if a Bengali Pandit goes to Gujrat, his language will not be understood by the people of Gujrat. Nor will the language of a Mahrathi or Gujrati be understood in the Punjab, supposing he were to go to that Province, for he will not be able to express his ideas to a Punjabi with facility and ease, in his own tongue. But a Hindi-knowing person may go to any place in India without encountering the sort of difficulty as shown above. The reason is this, that people of all provinces understand Hindi, more or less. The mystery underlying the point consists in the fact that the Hindi is the mother ofall those languages (vernaculars) spoken, it is best adapted to be the universal national language of this country, We illustrate the changes which languages undergo, as follows : Allrivers take their rise from mountains : and as they advance, their currents increase. Slabs of rocks, coming down from different directions, are carried away by the said currents and flow along with the currents toa certain distance, great or small, This natural action of streams takes place almost every day. In this way, the slabs of rocks, acting and reacting upon one another, and being thus liable to constant friction undergo a considerable modification so much so that they eventually adopt a new aspect altogether, Inthe same way, the slabs as represented by words undergo a considerable modification in the currents of spoken language as represented by use. That is to say, words, being constantly used and slurred over in the course of speech, considerably modify their forms, and, indeed, to such a great extent that it is impossible to identify them Sanskrit was the current language, As long as training was conducted on proper after the lapse of a long period. In the beginning, the lines, the knowledge of the purity of Sanskrit words was strictly maintained. Hence the correct pronunciation of words was scrupu- lously adhered to, But when the system of education gradually relaxed, the Sanskrit was modified, and assumed the aspect of the Prakrit, and, later on, the Pali, Padi is that language wherein several Bouddha works, viz., the Lavi written. Inscriptions on stones of the time of the great Emperor Asoka Vistar and the Kananda-Vyuha have been and other monarchs of [nia show that such inscriptions were also written€ #) in Pali, For a while, this language improved a great deal, All. proc ings relating to royal courts were conducted in this language the. savants of the time wrote out their works in Pali : and even But excessive use of Pali speedily brought about a transtiguration in this language also: words also, were considerably transformed, The language which was thus produced (as the result of the transformation) was’ termed “corrupt” (afableraush), In a huge country like India, the permanence of a language is impossible, A language which has no Grammar to protect its purity cannot maintain its uniformity of character for along time. Although there are many Grammars in the Pali or the Prakrit, nevertheless they are not Gra nmars in the true sense of the term, For the object of such Grammars -is merely to. show, from, the degeneration of which particular Sanskrit, a particular Pali ot Prakrit word has been formed. The ulterior aim of such Grammar isto. trace out Sanskrit Etymology of a degenerate Prakrit term, The last named language, in course of time, assumed four distinct . forms, Magdhi, Surseni, Paisachi, and Maharashtri, Satubandha, Halsaptasati, Vrihat- katha and Gomada-Sara and various other works are illustrations of the above transformation. It will not be out of place to add here that thére is avast difference between the current Maharatti of the present days and the Mabratti as specified above. According to the law of nature these linguages in their turn, could not also maintain their stability for a long time. Eventually ‘they degenerated into’ other* languages, Ardha Magadhi;’ Deshi Hindi, rhet Hindi, etc. Hitherto the change was uniform. But in course of time, when the Mahomedan incursion set in from'the west : and when the intercourse by means of words was carried on between the Hindus and the Muslems, on a considerable scale, the words of the, language used by the latter promiscuausly mingled with the language used by the former. This promi uous mixture of words gave birth to, the Urdu language, But the Urdu is by no means an acceptable language : for it is anew language mixed up with a foreign language., If in,these days there is any language which ought to be acceptable as mother-tongue to the children of the Aryas it is most emphatically the Hindi, the ulterior corruption of Sanskrit, This melodious language. should, by all,means be styled the lingua franca of India, Of all the languages, the outcome. of, Sanskrit, which are current in the provinces of India, Bengali may be regarded as the best, Although this language is the direct offshoot of Ardha-Magdhi, or Thet Hindi .a fact which may well be demonstrated by the perusal of the works of Chandidas and Vidyapati), nevertheless, Bengali, has(5) nowadays. made greater headway: than even the Hindi, its original. All the features of perfection which a language ought to possess are found in the modern Bengali, In the course of even so short a time this new language has improved so much as to leave nothing to be desired. Through the endeavours of many a learned man of Bengal this language has made strides at such a rapid pace as to leave the Hindi effectually far behind inthe race of progress. Itis a matter of great regret that a very modern language which is spoken ina corner of India should be so much advanced through the exertions of savants, whereas the Hindi which has been current in India from antiquity and which i ill the mother-tongue of the Pandits of this country should be relegated to the background in the field of progress through the inattention and indifference of our dear countrymen!!! Literature is the ornament of language : and poetry is the ornament of literature. Whatever might be the case, the above reflection prompted the Rishis of antiquity, our venerable ancestors, to” compose nearly all their works in poetry. Composition in prose did not appeal powerfully to the genius of the Rishis, Hence the preceptors of the Hindi language, following the wake of the: Rishis, composed their works in verses Sutdas, Tulsidas and Keshav-Das were the best Hindi writers : but nowadays poets manifest themselves in clusters like fire-flies, Such goes the Hindi saying, The writers above-named, however, have written their works in verses: for the spirit of the times was, that if there be poetry at all, it should subsist in verses. on the Vedas, / If there happened to be any_work in prose stronomy or Sectarianism, it was composed in rotten Hindi. It was due to the defect in the system itself that the Hindi language could not advance in a particular manner. Now along with the spread of English education, there has been growing an idea in the mind of the people that no language can ever prosper or conduce to general utility or development of the faculty of reason, without works in prose. This view has led to the production of such works as Prem-Sagar, story of Rani Ketaki, etc. But the melody of the dialect, enchanting and unmixed Hindi language, never reached the ears of the Indians, until Bharatendu Babu Harish Chandra (the moon of India) wielded his pen with a view to reform the Hindi language. It is the fruit of the diligence of this illustrious promoter and scholar of the Hindi language ‘that the Indian now witne: 's beautiful compositions of Hindi in prose. It is the fruit of the disinterested aspirations of this great poet that people versed in the Hindi language have: come to realise what a=: : ce a) Newspaper'is, and in what a melodious language can even prose be written, } The circle of learned and educated men nov know it full well, to what / Breat extentihas Babu | Hatiati Chanda’ sacrificed his self-interest to bring about the advancement of the Hindi language, which will ever remain indebted to this true lover of his country, The children of the Aryas are themselves to blame, if the Hindi language has not fully dvanced up to this time, The Brahmans who know the paternal language (Sanskrit) and carefully preserve it—from whom the mother-tongue Hindi expects a Bo0d deal—do not think it worth their while to minister to its needs or Sirive for its advancement. Our personal experience shows that some of the greatest scholars of Sanskrit cannot even write in Hindi and, what is worse, consider it disgraceful to peruse booke in Hindi. At the same time we alsoifind that many, savants. cultured by English educa- tion do not care'to focus their attention upon the improvement of their mother-Longue, Indeed, their glance has been detracted from this subject i to such a great extent that they even converse, and correspond by letters, with their friends and relatio: sin English. The rapid progress which Bengali has made in the course‘of so short a time will, on a shifting | enquiry; be found to be due to the fact that. not only Sanskrit-knowing Prominent Brahmins have been always attempting with their whole head and heart to bring about its advancement, but the English-knowing Public of Bengal, also have been fully co-operating with them in this ¥ respect, On the same lines, so long as ‘the affectionate glance of the learned nen of both the nowing and Sansktit-knowing com. munities is not directed towards Hindi, the mothe T-tongue of the Aryas, th English. omplete development of this language is quite out of the question > There are two kinds of, propensities in the human heart: one, leading to the spiritual affairs, and the other, to temporal affairs. ‘The rst is mainly associated with intellect and is characterised by the predo. { ininence of knawledye and Bhava, i, ¢4 inner light. The second i. mainly associated with mind and is particularly concerned with the social world and attsactions of the heart, The function of the first clase or Propen. | sities.is the discrimination of ego and non-ego (spirit. and matter), the determination of God and. Jiva;.this world and the next world, virtue and vice, as well as disquisition on other metaphysical points of a similar nature, The function of the second class of Propensitie: experience of social enjoyments by maintaining connexion of the mind with the external world, transmission of the feelings of one human being is the into:the heart of another human being, etc, ete, The sutras (aphorisms)acy ot the Darshans (Hindu philosophy} are serviceable in the discriminations assigned to the first class of propensiti the. proverbs of the mother- ill more helpful in. matters relating to. the world. of sense. As the Shastric aphorisms, equal in force with the mantras, enable the intellect to comprehend the mysteries. which are beyond, the scope of tongue are s mind, language, and reason, so the proverbs as embodied in a language are helpful in enabling the mind to trans subtle feelings and sentiments, and likewis nit tothe external world, to understand and expound ina nut-shell, a high and comprehensible idea. The proverbs current in a certain language, are, indeed, so very helpful to persons to enter into one another's feelings as to. render it simply useless for them to expect so much help from any. other quarter, For every proverb embodies in a condensed, form so, many sentiments that a detailed description of them may well form the subject. matter of a beautiful treatise. As according to the esoteric shastras, a single mantra, pronounced or heard accurately brings home to the mind of an adept, the image, virtues and aspect of the presiding deity of the mantra, as the perusal of an aphorism of any of the Darshans (Hindu philosophy) immediately brings home to the mind of a philosopher the doctrine relating to the connexion of the soul and matter (ego and non-ego) which the said sutra suggest, so the proverbs current in a language, as soon as they are heard or read, produce in the mind (by association of ideas) a legion of corre- sponding sentiments current in the said language and unfold before the eye of imagination the mysteries of the psychology constituting the ground-work of human society. This corresponding train of ideas is suggested by the use of the words embodied in the popular sayings. In fact, the popular sayings are a powerful factor in feeling the pulse of the nation. They constitute, as it were, an artery by pressing which the beat of the heart may bediscovered. This is why the great savants of modern Europe and America have discovered a very close affinity of the popular sayings to the current languages and human race. They have likewise demonstrated that solely through the help of popular sayings a person may get a clue to the ancient condition of the human race to the idiosyncracies and salient features of a nation and to the particular genus to which a particular human species belongs, The popular sayings are to a language what pillars are to a building: the word suggests the meaning, the meaning suggests the propensity of the heart, and the propensity engenders emotion—the inner light. Conversely, as soon as the word is pronounced, the emotion of the mind awakens, the propen-(8) sity rouses the feelings and brings before the mind a host of corre- sponding ideas and a train of analogous feelings suggested by the word. This is why one word is an open sesame to the talismanic gate of the treasure-house of many sympathetic’ ideas and sentiments linked up with the word in question and roused by association of ideas. Although very few words are embodied in a particular saying, still they thrill the heart of the audience as soon as they are uttered and bring in their train an imagery of connected thoughts suggested by the words in question. Herein consists the extraordinary greatness of the proverbs, This work, “Kahawat Ratnakar,” has beén published with a view to serve colle the mother-tongue, Hindi, ‘These sayings have been ted through the assistance of many savants The number of thes sayings will be increased in the next edition, Sayings in Hindi (our mother-tongue) are the main factor in this work; and as matters of subsidiary importance sayings have likewise been culled from Sanskrit (the father-tongue) or rendered into Sanskrit in several instances. For the sake of convenience, sayings hay also been culled from English (the sovereign language) or Urdu or translated in either of these languages, Care has been taken to gleen, as far as possible, corresponding proverbs from the Arabic and Persian also, In the end, the extraordinary Nyayavalis of Sanskrit have also been inserted with their commentaries. Some Sanskrit sayings have also been added to the work in its later pages We shall consider our labour amply rewarded if this work is at all serviceable to those who are conversant with the mother-tongue. THE AUTHOR,His Highness the Late Maharawal Bharat Dharma Sudhakar Sri Bejai Singh Bahadur of Dungarpur. 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