Practical no.

CITIZEN JOURNALISM

The concept of citizen journalism (also known

as "public", "participatory", "democratic", "guerrilla" or "street" journalism) is
based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting,
analyzing, and disseminating news and information." Similarly, Courtney C.
Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of newsgathering
and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to
shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices
but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of
legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism." Jay Rosen proposes a simpler
definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they
have in their possession to inform one another."
Citizen journalism is not to be confused with community journalism or civic journalism,
both of which are practiced by professional journalists. Collaborative journalism is also a
separate concept and is the practice of professional and non-professional journalists
working together. Similarly, Social Journalism is a separate concept denoting a digital
publication with a hybrid of professional and non-professional journalism. Citizen
journalism is a specific form of both citizen media and user generated content. By
juxtaposing the term citizen, with its attendant qualities of civic mindedness and social
responsibility, with that of journalism, which refers to a particular profession,Courtney
C. Radsch argues that this term best describes this particular form
of online and digital journalism conducted by amateurs, because it underscores the link
between the practice of journalism and its relation to the political and public sphere.

The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training
can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to
create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. For
example, you might write about a city council meeting on your blog or in an online
forum. Or you could fact-check a newspaper article from the mainstream media and point
out factual errors or bias on your blog. Or you might snap a digital photo of a
newsworthy event happening in your town and post it online. Or you might videotape a
similar event and post it on a site such as YouTube.
Community journalism is locally oriented, professional news coverage that typically
focuses on city neighborhoods, individual suburbs or small towns, rather than
metropolitan, state, national or world news.
If it covers wider topics, community journalism concentrates on the effect they have on
local readers. Community newspapers, often but not always publish weekly, and also
tend to cover subjects larger news media do not. Some examples of topics are students on
the honor roll at the local high school, school sports, crimes such as vandalism, zoning
issues and other details of community life. However, such "hyperlocal" articles are
sometimes dismissed as "chicken dinner" stories.
Most community journalists are professionally trained reporters and editors. Some
specialized training programs in community journalism have recently emerged at
established undergraduate and graduate journalism programs. Community journalism
should not be confused with the work of citizen journalists, who are often unpaid
amateurs, or with civic journalism, although many community newspapers practice that.

Practical no.
New media
New media most commonly refers to content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any
digital device, usually containing interactive user feedback and creative participation. Common examples of
new media include websites such as online newspapers, blogs, or wikis, video games, and social media. A
defining characteristic of new media is dialogue. New Media transmit content through connection and

conversation. It enables people around the world to share, comment on, and discuss a wide variety of
topics. Unlike any of past technologies, New Media is grounded on an interactive community.[1]

Most technologies described as "new media" are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated,
networkable, dense, compressible, and interactive.[2] Some examples may be the Internet, websites,
computer multimedia, video games, augmented reality, CD-ROMS, and DVDs. New media are often
contrasted to "old media," such as television, radio, and print media, although scholars in communication
and media studies have criticised rigid distinctions based on oldness and novelty.[3] New media does not
include television programs (only analog broadcast), feature films, magazines, books, or paper-based
publications unless they contain technologies that enable digital interactivity.[4] Wikipedia, an online
encyclopedia, is an example, combining Internet accessible digital text, images and video with web-links,
creative participation of contributors, interactive feedback of users and formation of a participant community
of editors and donors for the benefit of non-community readers. Facebook is an example of the social
mediamodel, in which most users are also participants. Wikitude is an example for augmented reality. It
displays information about the users' surroundings in a mobile camera view, including image recognition, 3D
modeling and location-based approach to augmented reality.
New media is used to describe content made available using different forms of electronic communication made possible
through the use of computer technology. Generally, the phrase new media describes content available on-demand through the
Internet.
This content can be viewed on any device and provides way for people to interact with the content in real-time with the
inclusion of user comments and making it easy for people to share the content online and in social with friends and coworkers.

Examples of New Media

The phrase new media is in relation to "old" media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines, that are static
representations of text and graphics. New media includes:

and blogs
streaming audio and video
websites

chat rooms
email

online communities
social media and sharing platforms
mobile apps
Web advertising
DVD and CD-ROM media
virtual reality environments
integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony

digital cameras

PRACTICAL NO.
website
A website, also written as web site,[1] is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content,
typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A web site may
be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a private local area
network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site. All publicly accessible
websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites are typically a part of
an intranet.
Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain
text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). They may
incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors. Web pages are accessed and
transported with theHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP
Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user. The user's application, often a web browser,
renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.
Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the
site, which often starts with a home page containing a directory of the site web content. Some websites

require user registration or subscription to access content. Examples of subscription websites include many
business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing
websites, message boards, web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock
market data, as well as sites providing various other services.

Some web sites are informational or produced by enthusiasts or for personal use or entertainment. Many
web sites do aim to make money, using one or more business models, including:

Posting interesting content and selling contextual advertising either through direct sales or through
an advertising network.

E-commerce - products or services are purchased directly through the web site

Advertising products or services available at a brick and mortar business

Freemium - basic content is available for free but premium content is paid.

ADVANTAGE OF WEBSITES:

Consumers search for products and services online before making purchases. Allowing your
website to be found on the Internet will give your business an advantage over your competition.

When you look online for your products or services, do you find your competitors in the search
engines? Isnt it time to get into the game? After all, do you want them to find your competitor or
find YOU?

Your customers are able to conduct business when it is convenient for them. This might be
during the day or in the middle of the night. Your business should always be open. If you choose
to create an e-commerce website, your customers can shop with you 24 hours a day.

Customers educate themselves about your business and get answers to many of their
questions. A well-educated customer will pre-qualify themselves and be ready to make buying
decisions when they contact your company.

Your website can provide further support to existing customers by offering information such as
troubleshooting procedures, product specification and parts list, how-to procedures, diagrams,
and special help lines. By having this help available 24 hours a day you will be able to decrease
the number of customer service employees and increase customer satisfaction.

There is potential for your website to become a resource of information for the public. By
supplying helpful tips and articles that are relevant to your industry, you will give visitors a
reason to come back to your website and convert them to customers. A great way to do this is
to add a blog to your website.

Consumers have more confidence in, and prefer doing business with, companies that they know
something about. Use your website to inform visitors about the structure of your company, of
your community involvement, the products and services you offer, awards, and employment
opportunities.

PRACTICAL NO.
HyperText Markup Language
HyperText Markup Language, commonly abbreviated as HTML, is the standard markup language used
to create web pages. Along with CSS, and JavaScript, HTML is a cornerstone technology used to create
web pages,[1] as well as to create user interfaces for mobile and web applications. Web browsers can
read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of
a website semantically and, before the advent of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), included cues for the
presentation or appearance of the document (web page), making it a markup language, rather than
a programming language.
HTML elements form the building blocks of HTML pages. HTML allows images and other objects to be
embedded and it can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured
documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes

and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such
as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Others such
as <p>...</p> surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as
sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML
web pages. HTML markup can also refer the browser to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the
look and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both
the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML
since 1997.

PRACTICAL NO.
Adobe Dreamweaver
Adobe Dreamweaver is a proprietary web development tool developed by Adobe Systems. Dreamweaver
was created by Macromedia in 1997,[1] and was maintained by them until Macromedia was acquired by
Adobe Systems in 2005.[2]
Adobe Dreamweaver is available for OS X and for Windows.
Following Adobe's acquisition of the Macromedia product suite, releases of Dreamweaver subsequent to
version 8.0 have been more compliant with W3Cstandards. Recent versions have improved support
for Web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side
scripting languages and frameworksincluding ASP (ASP JavaScript, ASP VBScript, ASP.NET C#, ASP.NET
VB), ColdFusion, Scriptlet, and PHP.

FEATURES:
Adobe Dreamweaver CC is a web design and development application that combines a visual design
surface known as Live View and a code editor with standard features such as syntax highlighting, code
completion, and code collapsing as well as more sophisticated features such as real-time syntax
checking and code introspection for generating code hints to assist the user in writing code. Combined with
an array of site management tools, Dreamweaver lets its users design, code and manage websites as well
as mobile content. Dreamweaver is positioned as a versatile web design and development tool that enables
visualization of web content while coding.
Dreamweaver, like other HTML editors, edits files locally then uploads them to the remote web server
using FTP, SFTP, or WebDAV. Dreamweaver CS4 now supports the Subversion (SVN) version control
system.
Since version 5, Dreamweaver supports syntax highlighting for the following languages out of the box:

ActionScript

Active Server Pages (ASP).

C#

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

ColdFusion

EDML

Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Java

JavaScript

Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

Visual Basic (VB)

Visual Basic Script Edition (VBScript)

Wireless Markup Language (WML)

PRACTICAL NO.
Animation
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and change[Note 1] by means of the rapid display
of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. The illusionas in motion pictures
in generalis thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the
creation of animation.
Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture film, video
tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation and digital video. To display
animation, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are
produced.
Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop
motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts,puppets and clay figures. Images
are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 frames per second.

Computer animation, or CGI animation, is the process used for generating animated images. The more
general term computer-generated imageryencompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while
computer animation only refers to the moving images. Modern computer animation usually uses 3D
computer graphics, although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster realtime renderings. Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes film as well.
Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques used in traditional
animation with 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. Computer-generated animations
are more controllable than other more physically based processes, constructing miniatures for effects shots
or hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible
using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use
of actors, expensive set pieces, or props. To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the
computer monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it, but advanced slightly in time
(usually at a rate of 24 or 30 frames/second). This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is
achieved with television and motion pictures.

For 3D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D figures are rigged
with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations) and separate transparent
layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure
are moved by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are

automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing. Finally, the
animation is rendered.