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Chapter 3 - Formulas, Equations, and Moles PDF
Chapter 3 - Formulas, Equations, and Moles PDF
Chapter 3 - Formulas, Equations, and Moles PDF
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
3.3. Equations
Empirical formula
Less
Informatio
n
Molecular formula
HCO2
Hydrogen Peroxide:
HO
Empirical
Molecular
Structural
H2C2O4
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Carbon dioxide:
H2O2
Structural formula
Molecular
More
Informatio
n
Empirical
CO2
Molecular
O=C=
O
Structural
Space-Filling
Model
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Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Covalent
Ionic
Polyatomic Ions
These need to be
memorized!!
CO2
Ionic Bonds
unit
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Classifying Elements
Must
memorize
Determine this
based on types of
bonds (covalent or
ionic)
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Ionic Compounds
Exceptions:
Ionic Compounds
Formula Name
Basic format:
metal (__) nonmetal (-ide) OR
metal (__) polyatomic
Charge on metal (for transition metals only)
Ca2+ PO43
+6
-6
Fe
3P2 = iron (II) phosphide
Example:
Examples:
2 (-3)
Examples:
Calcium phosphate
3 (+2)
Ca3(PO4)2
N3
Ti3N3
TiN
Prefix
Number
hemi
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
10
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Basic format:
(prefix)(1st atom) (prefix)(2nd atom)(ide)
Name Formula
Write symbols for each
Naming Acids
Examples:
triphosphorus hexabromide = P3Br6
Examples:
PF5 = phosphorus pentafluoride
Two possibilities:
1.
2.
Acids
Organic Compounds
Formula Name
Name Formula
Basic format:
hydro______ic acid
Example: H2S =
hydrosulfuric acid
May also
hydro- prefix
Basic format:
OR -ate -ic
-ite -ous
Examples:
Examples:
hydrophosphoric acid
H+ P3
H3P
phosphoric acid
H+ PO43
H3PO4
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Organic
Prefixes
#C's prefix
1 meth
2
eth
3 prop
4
but
5 pent
6
hex
7 hept
8
oct
9
non
10 dec
Moles of
compound
Grams of
Compound
Molar mass of
compound
Avogadros
number
Grams of
Compound
Number of
molecules/
formula units
Moles of
compound
Molar mass of
compound
Avogadros
number
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Composition of Compounds
Composition of
Compounds
Consider CCl4
In 1 mole of CCl4, there are 4 moles of Cl atoms
(# ) ( )
% =
100%
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We
1. Convert to moles.
2. Write pseudoformula.
3. Divide all subscripts by the smallest one
a) If necessary, multiple all subscripts
by a small whole number to get rid of
fractions.
Combustion Analysis
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Molecular formula:
n = 1, 2, 3
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Combustion Analysis
Grams CO2
1 mol
CO2
Moles CO2
1 mol C
1 mol CO2
Moles C
44.01 g
Grams H2O
1 mol
H2O
Moles H2O
2 mol H
1 mol H2O
Moles H
3.3 Equations
18.016 g
2.
3.
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Mass
Example:
16 2
= 136 2 = 140 2
2 8 18
Molar mass
Moles of A
Atoms/
molecule
s
Avogadros
Number
Molar Mass
Mass
Moles of B
Avogadros
Number
Atoms/
molecule
s
10
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Limiting Reagents
Theoretical Yield
Percent Yield
2.
Molarity
100%
11
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Solution Concentration
Using Molarity
()
()
1 1 = 2 2
Solution Stoichiometry
Mass
Molar mass
Moles of A
Volume
of
Solution
Molarity
Molar Mass
Mass
Solution Concentration
Moles of B
Molarity
Volume
of
Solution
12
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Solution Concentration
This
13