Geometric Series -Geometric series are one of the simplest examples

of infinite series with finite sums, although not all of them have this property.
Historically,
geometric series played an important role in the early development
of calculus, and they continue to be central in the study ofconvergence of
series. Geometric series are used throughout mathematics, and they have
important applications in physics, engineering,biology, economics, computer
science, queueing theory, and finance
You can take the sum of a finite number of terms of a geometric sequence.
And, for reasons you'll study in calculus, you can take the sum of an infinite
geometric sequence, but only in the special circumstance that the common
ratio r is between 1 and 1; that is, you have to have | r | < 1.
For a geometric sequence with first term a1 = a and common ratio r, the
sum of the first n terms is given by:
sum, from i = 1 to n, of a-sub-i is equal to (a) [ (1 - r^n) / (1 - r) ]
Note: Your book may have a slightly different form of the partial-sum formula
above. For instance, the "a" may be multiplied through the numerator, the
factors in the fraction might be reversed, or the summation may start at i =
0 and have a power of n + 1 on the numerator. All of these forms are
equivalent, and the formulation above may be derived from polynomial long
division.
In the special case that | r | < 1, the infinite sum exists and has the following
value:

sum, from i = 1 to infinity, of a-sub-i is equal to a/(1 - r)

Evaluate the following:

The first few terms are 6, 12, 24, so this is a geometric series with common
ratio r = 2. (I can also tell that this must be a geometric series because of
the form given for each term: as the index increases, each term will be
multiplied by an additional factor of 2.) The first term of the sequence is a =
6. Plugging into the summation formula, I get:

So the value of the summation is 2 097 150

Evaluate S10 for 250, 100, 40, 16,....
The notation "S10" means that I need to find the sum of the first ten terms.
The first term is a = 250. Dividing pairs of terms, I get 100 250 = 2/5, 40
100 = 2/5, etc, so the terms being added form a geometric sequence with
common ratio r = 2/5. When I plug in the values of the first term and the
common ratio, the summation formula gives me

Note: If you try to do the above computations in your calculator, it may very
well return the decimal approximation of 416.62297...instead of the
fractional (and exact) answer. As you can see in the screen-capture to the
right, entering the values in fractional form and using the "convert to
fraction" command still results in just a decimal approximation to the answer.
But (warning!) the decimal approximation will almost certain be regarded as
a "wrong" answer! Take the time to find the fractional form!
Find an if S4 = 26/27 and r = 1/3.
They've given me the sum of the first four terms, S4, and the value of the
common ratio r. Since there is a common ratio, I know this must be a
geometric series. Plugging into the geometric-series-sum formula, I get:
Multiplying on both sides by 27/40 to solve for the first term a = a1, I get:

Then:

Show, by use of a geometric series, that 0.3333... is equal to 1/3.

There's a trick to this. I first have to break the repeating decimal into
separate terms: This shows the repeating pattern of the non-terminating
(never-ending) decimal explicitly:
0.333... = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + 0.0003 + ...
For each term, I have a decimal point, followed by a steadily-increasing
number of zeroes, and then ending with a "3". This can be written in
fractional form, and then converted into geometric-series form:
Using the summation formula to show that the geometric series "expansion"
of 0.333... has a value of one-third is the "showing" that the exercise asked
for. You can use this method to convert any repeating decimal to its
fractional form:
This shows the repeating pattern of the non-terminating (never-ending)
decimal explicitly: For each term, I have a decimal point, followed by a
steadily-increasing number of zeroes, and then ending with a "3". This can be
written in fractional form, and then converted into geometric-series form:

Then 0.333... is an infinite geometric series with a = 3/10 and r = 1/10.

Since | r | < 1, I can use the formula for summing infinite geometric series:

Using the summation formula to show that the geometric series "expansion"
of 0.333... has a value of one-third is the "showing" that the exercise asked
for. You can use this method to convert any repeating decimal to its
fractional form:

By use of a geometric series, convert 1.363636... to fractional form.

First I'll break this into its constituent parts, so I can find the pattern:
1.363636.. = 1 + 0.36 + 0.0036 + 0.000036 + ...
There are two digits that repeat, so the fractions are a little bit different. But
this is still a geometric series:

Then this is the leading "1", plus a geometric series having a = 9/25 and r =
1/100. Then the sum is:

Note: This technique can also be used to convert any repeating decimal into
fractional form, and also can be used to prove that 0.999... = 1

Geometric Mean
The Geometric Mean is a special type of average where we multiply the
numbers together and then take a square root (for two numbers), cube root
(for three numbers) etc.
Example: What is the Geometric Mean of 2 and 18?
First we multiply them: 2 18 = 36
Then (as there are two numbers) take the square root: 36 = 6
In one line:
Geometric Mean of 2 and 18 = (2 18) = 6
It is like the area is the same!

Example: What is the Geometric Mean of 10, 51.2 and 8?

First we multiply them: 10 51.2 8 = 4096
Then (as there are three numbers) take the cube root: 34096 = 16
In one line:
Geometric Mean = 3(10 51.2 8) = 16
It is like the volume is the same:

Example: What is the Geometric Mean of 1,3,9,27 and 81?

First we multiply them: 1 3 9 27 81 = 59049
Then (as there are 5 numbers) take the 5th root: 559049 = 9
In one line:
Geometric Mean = 5(1 3 9 27 81) = 9
I can't show you a nice picture of this, but it is still true that:
1 3 9 27 81 = 9 9 9 9 9
Definition
For n numbers: multiply them all together and then take the nth
root (written n )
More formally, the geometric mean of n numbers a1 to an is:
n
(a1 a2 ... an)
Useful
The Geometric Mean is useful when we want to compare things with very
different properties.
Example: you want to buy a new camera.
One camera has a zoom of 200 and gets an 8 in reviews,

The other has a zoom of 250 and gets a 6 in reviews.

Comparing using the usual arithmetic mean gives (200+8)/2 =104 vs
(250+6)/2 = 128. The zoom is such a big number that the user rating gets
lost.
But the geometric means of the two cameras are:
(200 8) = 40
(250 6) = 38.7
So, even though the zoom is 50 bigger, the lower user rating of 6 is still
important.

Given: 1, , 1/3,
Observe the denominators of each term in the sequence. Try to get the
reciprocals. Do these form a sequence? If so, what type of sequence?
A sequence whose reciprocals form an arithmetic sequence is called
a harmonic sequence.
Example1:
1, , 1/3,
The reciprocal form an arithmetic sequence
In the harmonic sequence 2/3, , 2/5, 1/3, 2/7
We can say that is the harmonic means between 2/3 and 2/5; ,
2/5 and 1/3 are the harmonic between 2/3 and 2/7.
2/3+1/2+2/5+ is a harmonic series.
Do you think the harmonic sequence has similar properties as those
of an arithmetic sequence
Example 2:
Find the 12th term of the harmonic sequence 1/9, 1/12, 1/15...
Note that the reciprocal forms an arithmetic sequence so we may
first find the 12th term of the harmonic sequence which is 1/42
Example 3
Insert two harmonic means between 6 and 3/2. We first find the
arithmetic means between 1/6 and 2/3. Since we have to insert two terms,
then we have n= 4, a1= 1/6 and a4= 2/3
Using the formula an= a1+(n-1)d, we can find the common
difference.
a4= a1+(n-1)d
2/3= 1/6+(4-!)d
d=1/6
So the arithmetic means are:
a2= a1+d
a3=a2+d
=1/6+1/6
=1/3+1/6
=1/3
=1/2
The reciprocals of these two terms result in the harmonic means
between 6 and 3/2 which are 3 and 2
Example 4:
Find the sum of the harmonic series 3/2+6/7+3/5+...6/19. What did you
find out when you explored the sum, we need to find the number
of terms in this sequence. We compute n by using the formula
an=a1+(n-1)d.
We have a1=2/3, an= 19/6 and d=7/6-2/3 or 1/2
an=a1+(n-1)d
so, 19/6=2/3=(n-1)1/2
1/2n=19/6-2/3+1/2
There are two missing terms, a4 and a5.
a4=a3+d
a5=a4+d
=5/3+1/2
=13/6+1/2

=13/6
=8/3
We now have the complete terms of the harmonic series,
3/2+6/7+3/5+6/13+3/8+6/19.
Sn= 3/2+6/7+3/5+6/13+3/8+6/19
=3(1/2+2/7+1/5+2/13+1/8+2/19)
= 94737 / 69160