Mathematics M-Term 3

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SUMMARY: DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS

1. Types of Differentiation
First Principle:
f x x f x
dy
f x lim
x 0
dx
x
Derivatives of some common functions
Functions
(a) Constant:
(b) Power:

Derivatives
dy
0
dx
dy
nax n 1
dx

y=c
y = axn

n
n 1
d
f (c)
x Composite
n f x fns. f x
dx

(d) Logarithmic fns:

y = ln f(x)

(e) Exponential fns:

ye

dy f ' x

dx
f x
x
dy
f ' x e f
dx
d yn
dy
ny n 1
dx
dx

f x

(f) Implicit fns

2. Rules of Differentiation
a)
Constant Multiple Rule

b)

d
d
cf x c f x

dx
dx
Sum and Difference Rule
d
f x g x f x g x
dx

c)

Product Rule
d
f x g x f x g x g x f x
dx

d)

Quotient Rule
g x f x f x g x
d f x

2
dx g x
g x

Mathematics M-Term 3

zadocf6notes

SUMMARY: APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

1. Gradient of a curve
dy
= Gradient of a curve, y=f(x) at a point P
dx
dy
= Gradient of the tangent to the curve at point P.
dx

2. Increasing and Decreasing functions

dy
0 , then f(x) is an increasing function.
dx
dy
0 , then f(x) is a decreasing function
If y = f(x) is differentiable in (x1, x2 ) and
dx
If y = f(x) is differentiable in (x1, x2 ) and

Increasing Function

Decreasing Function

3. Stationary Points
Points P, Q and R are the stationary points of the curve, y=f(x)
At stationary points,

(a) Maximum and Minimum Point

At maximum point P,
dy
d2y
0 ,
0
dx
dx 2
2

dy
f x 0
dx

Mathematics M-Term 3

zadocf6notes

At minimum point Q,
dy
d2y
0 ,
0
dx
dx 2

Or

At point of inflexion R,
d2y
0
dx 2

and

dy
d2y
has the same sign OR
changes sign at the x-coord. of R
dx
dx 2

4. Curve Sketching
Systematic Steps for Curve Sketching
1. Check the equation for any symmetry
2. Determine the points where the curve cuts the coordinates axes
3. Find the Stationary Points
4. Determine the region where the graph exist
5. Determine the behaviour of the curve as x
Note: Different functions require different steps.
Steps: Curve Sketching for Quadratic,Cubic,Quartic fns
Find the obvious points ( y-intercepts and x-intercepts)
Find the points where

dy
0 (stationary points)
dx

Steps: Curve Sketching for Algebraic Rational Functions

Find the obvious points ( y-intercepts and x-intercepts)
dy
0 (stationary points)
dx
Determine the vertical and horizontal asymptotes if any
Find the points where

For checking purposes

Determine whether there is symmetry about the y-axis
Determine the range of y if necessary

Mathematics M-Term 3

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