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Chapter 1.1 Simpleharmonic
Chapter 1.1 Simpleharmonic
Equilibrium line
Fig 9.1(b)
Fig 9.1(c)
x
The restoring force F is proportional directly to the displacement x. The negative sign
indicates that the force, F and the displacement, x always have opposite signs .
Figure 9.2
(9.4)
Figure 9.3
dx
= - A sint
dt
(9.5)
a=
Then
a=- 2 x
(9.6)
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.4 shows the graph of acceleration versus displacement, x for the
equation 9.6.
The same graph can be obtained if the equation 9.1, is plotted with restoring
force F versus displacement, x.
F = - kx= - 2x a
The gradient of the graph= 2. Hence the angular velocity can be determined.
The x- intercept = xo= its amplitude of oscillation.
d 2x
dt 2
x= A sin( t + )
x=A cos( t + )
where is the angular phase.
(9.7.a)
(9.7.b)
Figure 9.5 (a), (b), (c) demonstrate how displacement, velocity and the acceleration
change with time. From the graphs it is observed that
i)
When t=0, displacement, x=0, the maximum velocity vmax = 2 A and
acceleration, a=0.
ii)
When t=T/4, displacement, x=A( maximum), the velocity v =0, and
acceleration, a= - 2 A, ( its negative maximum value).
iii)
When t=T/2, displacement, x=0 , the velocity v =- A( its negative
maximum value) and acceleration, a =0.
The periodic time, T of SHM
So f =
2
T 2
Hence the function (x = A sin t) is repeated at each periodic time T.
The maximum velocity of a SHM
Differentiating the displacement equation, x = A cos t, we obtain the
velocity, v = - A sin t
But sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
x
1
sin t= 1 cos 2 t 1 ( ) 2
A2 x 2
A
A
Substitute sin t into the velocity equation
v= A 2 x 2
(9.9)
when x=0, the maximum velocity, vmak = A
(9.10)
For SHM, the object has its maximum velocity when it is at the equilibrium
point. Fig 9.6 shows the variation of the velocity with the displacement
v
+A
- A
Fig. 9.6
Example 9.1
The equation of motion for a particle oscillating in simple harmonic motion is
given as : x= 5 sin 3t., where x is the displacement in cm.
a)
what is its amplitude,
b)
Find its period of oscillation,
c)
what is its displacement at time t=0.2s
d)
Find its maximum velocity,
e)
Sketch the graph of displacement against time.
Solution:
a) The amplitude, A= 5 cm.
b) From the equation given, the angular velocity,
2
=3=
T
Hence the period, T=(2)/3=2.09s
180o
c) x= 5 sin 3(0.2)= 5 sin 0.6x
o
= 5sin 34.38
= 2.82 cm.
d) The maximum velocity , vmax=A
= 3x(5x10-2)
= 0.15ms-1.
e)
Displacement, x
Example 9.2
The graph below shows the forces acting on a particle of mass, 2kg.
F/N
20N
0.1m
-0.1m
-20N
Solution:
a) The particle is following a simple harmonic motion. It is because the force is
proportion to its displacement.
b) The amplitude is 0.1m
c) From the equation F= -m2x
i)
The slope of the graph= m2
2x 2 = 20/0.1
= 10 rads-1.
The angular velocity is 10 rads-1
2
ii) Using =
= 10
T
The period, T=0.63s
iii) The maximum velocity,
vmax=A=10 x 0.1=1.0 ms-1.
9.3 Systems of simple Harmonic Motion
The energy of a SHM
Total mechanical energy:
The total mechanical energy of the system of SHM consists of kinetic
energy, K and the potential energy, U. The energy is conservative if there is
no external force acted on it.
Total mechanical energy, E= K + U
(9.11)
Kinetic energy:
For a simple pendulum which oscillates as a SHM, the kinetic energy, K for the
bob of mass m and its velocity v, is given by
K= mv2
Its velocity, v= A 2 x 2
Hence
K = m[ 2(A2 x2 )]
(9.12)
The value of K is maximum when x=0, i.e. when the bob of the pendulum is at
the equilibrium point of the SHM.
Hence the kinetic energy at the equilibrium point is
K = m2A2
(9.13)
The variation of K with x is shown in figure 9.7. P and Q are the intersection
points for the graphs K and U. At these points K = U.
Potential energy:
The potential energy of a mass suspended from a spring is equal to the amount
of potential energy stored by the spring which is extended by x.
U= kx2 where k is the spring constant.
From the equation of motion, F=ma= -kx and for SHM, a= - 2x
k
2=
k=m2
m
Then, U= m 2 x2.
When the mass suspended is at its equilibrium point, x=0, no energy is stored in
the spring, the total energy of the system, E is given by its kinetic energy, i.e.
E = m2A2
(9.14)
U = m2x2
(9..15)
Figure 9.7
(9.17)
The variations of K and U with time, is shown in the figure 9.8 where T is
the period time for one oscillation.
The total energy, E is constant and it does not change with time, t.
E= m2A2
U= m2 sin 2t
K = m2cos 2t
t
Figure9.8
Example 9.3
A steel strip, clamped at one end, vibrates with a frequency of 20 Hz. On the free
end, a small object of mass 2g is attached. If the amplitude of the oscillation is
5mm,
find ( a ) the velocity of the object when it passes through the zero position,
( b ) the acceleration of the object at its maximum displacement,
( c ) the maximum kinetic and potential energy of the object.
Solution
The oscillation of the steel strip is a SHM, with y as the displacement.
( a ) The velocity , v,= A 2 y 2 .
When the end of the strip passes through the zero position
y=0; and the maximum speed vm is given by
vm= A,
But = 2
vm= 2
10
acceleration, a
= (2 x20)2 x 0.005
= 78.96 ms-2.
maximum K =
k
x
m
Compare with the equation of SHM, a= -2x , then the mass suspended from
the helical spring is oscillating with SHM.
b)(i)
k
g
=
m
0.02
(ii) Frequency, f=
g
g
x = - 2x, where 2=
.
0.02
0.02
0.02 / g
= 4.52x10-2 s
1
1
= 22 Hz.
T 4.52 x102
11
Equilibrium Line
F
F
x
Figure 9.9 Motion of mass attached to the spring on smooth surface.
The figure 9.9 shows the motion of a mass attached to the spring on a smooth,
frictionless surface.
When the spring is stretched by amount x, from its equilibrium point, the
restoring force of the spring, F will act in the opposite direction .The same thing
happens when the spring is compressed.
According to Hookes Law
F =- kx ( k = spring constant )
(9.18)
The force, F which acted on the mass is proportional directly to the displacement,
x and always acting towards its equilibrium point.
The negative sign indicates that F is always in the opposite direction to the
displacement.
From Newtons second Law of motion, equation 9.18 can be written as
12
F = - kx = ma
k
x
m
(9.19)
The period,
T= 2
k
m
k
m
(9.20)
m
k
(9.21)
Example 9.5
A mass of 200g is attached to a horizontal spring on a frictionless surface. The
mass is pulled 2.00cm to the right from its equilibrium point and then releases. It
oscillates in SHM. If the spring constant is 100Nm -1, find the frequency of the
mass.
Solution:
Using Hookes Law: F= - kx and
the equation for SHM: F= -m2 x
m2 =k
k
=
m
The frequency is given by , = 2f
1 k
1
100
f=
2 2 m 2 200 x103
= 3.56 Hz.
13
In figure 9.10, the weight of the bob, mg can be resolved into two
perpendicular components.
The component tangential to the circular path =mg sin is the restoring force,
F, which acted on the bob to bring it back to its equilibrium position.
F = mg sin
In NOP
(9.22)
x
sin =
l
x
l
x
l
(9.23)
the period , T =2
l
g
(9.25)
Example 9.6
14
l
g
2
T g = constant
(T2 g) moon = (T2 g) earth
T 2 = 4 2
T2 (1/6)g = (1.795)2 g
T= 4.40s
(c) Oscillation of liquid in a U tube.
Left
Right
water
Liquid
Figure 9.11
By blowing air gently down the right arm, the liquid there will be lower then
the one on the left with a displacement, x. However, the liquid will
immediately return to the right arm.
The levels of the liquid in the tube will oscillate for a short time before finally
coming to rest. The motion is one example of SHM.
If the equilibrium level for the liquid in both arms of the tube is S. The heights
of the liquid in both arms are h.
15
When the liquid is displaced in the left arm of the tube, the excess pressure in
the left arm is given
P = 2x g
ma = 2x g A
(9.26)
g
x
h
g
x
h
(9.27)
= ( g/h)
(9.28)
16
Figure .9.12
In the figure 9.12, a rod is suspended at the center of gravity by a wire NO. If
the rod is rotated by a small angle and then released, it will oscillate back and
forth about the equilibrium axis OP. This oscillating motion is an example of
SHM.
When the rod is rotated by a small angle , a restoring torque, will cause the
rod to return to its equilibrium position OP
The restoring torque is =k ,
where k is torque per unit radian
(9.29)
=I,
d 2
,
dt 2
where I and are the moment of inertia and the angular acceleration
respectively.
Hence
Consequently,
and
= I
d 2
dt 2
d 2
=k
dt 2
k
d 2
=
2
I
dt
17
(9.30)
the Period, T =2
I
k
since T =
(9.31)
(9.32)
Example 9.7
A circular disc is suspended with a steel wire with torque per unit radian, k=100
Nm rad-1. When it is displaced with a small angle, it oscillates 10 times in
22.5s, calculate the moment of inertia of the disc.
Solution:
Using: T =2
T2 = 4 2
I
k
T= 22.5/10= 2.25s
I
k
kT 2 100 x(2.25) 2
= 12.8 kgm2
I
2
2
4
4
9.4 Free oscillation
A free oscillation is an oscillation that is free of any external force while the
system is oscillating.
No energy is lost externally and so the total energy of the system is always
constant.
The total energy, E is given by
E= m2xo2
(1.33)
Displacement, x
Time, t
Figure 9.13
18
In figure 9.13, the graph displacement versus time shows that the amplitudes
are always constant because the total energy, E is a constant.
Every free oscillation system possesses its natural frequency, which is
determined by certain factors.
Free oscillation is one example of prefect SHM. Other examples are simple
pendulum, loaded spring, liquid in U tube and the torsion pendulum.
1.5 Damped Oscillation
A damped oscillation occurs when there are external forces disturbing the
oscillation.
Part of the energy of the system is lost since work has to be done to overcome
these force. Therefore the amplitudes of the oscillation would not remain
constant but become progressively smaller. Thus a damped oscillation is not a
prefect SHM .
exponent
load
Water
water
-x0
Figure 1.13
Figure 9.14
exponent
Figure 9.15
19
The energy of the system is lost gradually as work has to be done to overcome
this resistance. The amplitude of the oscillation will decrease gradually and
finally become zero. Hence the oscillation is a damped oscillation
Figure 1.13 shows a damped oscillation. The amplitude is progressively
reduced with time, t.
From the equation, E= m2xo2 , we can deduce that the energy of the system
is also progressively decreasing and becomes zero finally .
There are three types of damped oscillations
i. under damped
ii. critically damped
iii. over damped
The under damped oscillation
It is oscillation where the amplitudes are decreasing with time until it becomes
zero. The mass which oscillates in the water is an example of such oscillation.
The critically damped oscillation
For a critically damped oscillation, there is a resistance that prevents the
system to vibrate. The time for its motion is very short.
Example of such damped oscillation is the shock absorber system of a vehicle.
The passenger is not affected much when the vehicle is moving along a bumpy
road.
Over damped oscillation
If the damping is very strong, the system does not vibrate at all. It is called
over damped motion. Such system takes a long time to come back to its
equilibrium position.
If the mass suspended from the spring is submerged in a very viscous liquid,
such as lubrication oil, the mass will move upward very slowly and then stops.
Critical damping
Over damping
Under damping
20
Figure 9.16
bob
Figure 9.17
21
Under damping
Over damping
Driver frequency
Figure 9.18
Resonance frequency
When the frequency of the drive pendulum is increased, the amplitude of the
forced pendulum also increased.
The amplitude of the forced pendulum becomes maximum, if the frequency of
the drive pendulum is the same as the natural frequency of the forced
pendulum.
Examples of Resonance
i)
When a lorry passes by at a certain speed, the road seems to vibrate
because of resonance. In this case, the frequency of the lorry equals the
natural frequency of the road.
ii)
An old bus seems to vibrate at a certain speed when its natural frequency
equals that of the engine. However, if the frequency of the engine is
changed by moving faster or slowly, the vibration will stop. Another way
to stop the vibration is to change the natural frequency of the bus by
reducing the number of passengers.
iii)
A house built nearby the airport will vibrate when an airplane flying over
it. The frequency of the noise from the engine of the airplane equals the
natural frequency of the house.
iv)
The wind blowing over the sea has a certain frequency. If this frequency is
same as the natural frequency of the bridge, the bridge will vibrate because
of resonance.
SUMMARY
SHM
i) If the force, F acting on an object is proportional to the displacement, x of
22
the object from its equilibrium point, the object is performing simple
harmonic motion.
This force must always act in a direction towards the equilibrium point of the
object.
F= - kx
Or
ii) An object is in simple harmonic motion when its acceleration, a, is directly
proportional to its displacement, x from its equilibrium point or a fixed point
and its direction of motion must always towards this point.
a= -kx .
Acceleration of SHM, a= -2 x
Period, T. T=
, where is the angular velocity.
2
The maximum velocity of a SHM
v= A 2 x 2
Kinetic energy:
K = m[ 2(A2 x2 )]
Potential energy:
Total energy :
SHM Systems
U= m 2 x2
E= m 2A2
System
Mass attached to a horizontal spring
Simple pendulum
Liquid in a u tube
Torsion pendulum
Period,T
m
T= 2
k
T =2
l
g
T =2
l
g
T =2
I
k
Free oscillation
A free oscillation is an oscillation that is free of any external force while the
system is oscillating.
No energy is lost externally and so the total energy of the system is always
constant.
Damped Oscillation
23
A damped oscillation occurs when there are external forces disturbing the
oscillation.
Part of the energy of the system is lost to overcome these force. Therefore the
amplitudes of the oscillation become progressively smaller
Types of damped oscillations
i.
under damped
ii.
critically damped
iii.
over damped
Forced oscillation: there are external periodic forces to keep the system in
continuous oscillatory motion.
Resonance takes place when the forcing frequency is same as that of the
natural frequency of the system. The amplitude of oscillation is maximum.
TUTORAIL 9
Objective Questions
1.
A.
Hz
C.
Hz
10
30
10
30
B.
Hz
D.
Hz
C. 0.35
D. 0.47
4. Two masses P and Q are suspended with two wires separately. The moments of
inertia of both masses are the same. The masses are set into oscillations with
the same angular amplitudes. If the frequency of Q is twice that of P, what is
the ratio of the maximum kinetic energy of P to that of Q?
A. 1/16
B.
C .
D. 2
24
16
-2
8
-1
0
0
A. . s
2
2
B.
s
2
-8
1
-16
2
s
2
D. s
4
C.
7. The acceleration due to gravity on earth is six times that of the moon. If the
period of a simple pendulum on earth is 1s, what is the period for the same
pendulum on moon?
A.1/6s
B 1/ 6 s
C. 6s
D. 6 s
C. 2.50cm
D. 3.54cm
Structured Questions:
25
.
1. A particle is performing a simple harmonic motion according to the equation
given: y= 10 sin t, where, , is the angular velocity of the particle in rad s -1
and t is the time in second. If the period of the oscillation is 30s, find
a. The amplitude,
b. The maximum velocity of the particle,
c. The maximum acceleration of the particle,
d. The displacement, velocity and acceleration of the particle when t=
15s.
2. An object moving with simple harmonic motion has an amplitude of 2 cm and
a frequency of 20Hz. Calculate
a. the period of oscillation,
b. the acceleration at the middle and end of an oscillation,
c. the velocities at the corresponding instants in (ii).
3. A body of mass 200g is performing simple harmonic motion with amplitude of
20mm. The maximum force which acts upon it is 0.064N. Calculate
a. its maximum velocity, and
b. period of oscillation.
4. If the displacement of a particle in simple harmonic motion is given by
y=Asint, show that the velocity of the particle is
dy
A2 y 2
v=
dt
5. The graph for a particle in SHM is shown below:
y(cm)
4
0
-4
0.6
1.2
t(s)
a)
Determine
i) the amplitude,
ii) the frequency,
iii) the period and
b) Write the displacement equation in the form of y=yo sin (t + )
6. a) The time taken for 20 oscillations of a simple pendulum is 36.2s.What is
the length of the simple pendulum in a place where the acceleration
due to gravity, g=9.81ms-2?
b) What is the frequency of the simple pendulum from (a) if it is located in a
lift which is accelerating upward with 2.00ms-2?
c) What will be the frequency of the simple pendulum if it is falling freely?
26
7. A particle of mass 0.2kg is performing SHM with amplitude, 0.5m and period,
4s. Determine
a) velocity,
b) kinetic energy
c) potential energy
at a point + 0.2m from its equilibrium position.
8. A uniform wooden rod floats upright in water with a length of 30 cm
immersed. If the rod is depressed slightly and then released, prove that its
motion is simple harmonic and calculate the period.
9. A particle of mass 2kg is moving in simple harmonic motion. The changes of
potential energy, U with its displacement, x is shown in the graph below
U(joule)
1.0
-0.2
0.2
x(m)
2.
27
3.
28