Reported by: JULIUS A.

MANANGHAYA (BSEE-IV)
AC MOTORS
I.
SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS

II.

GROUP NO. 4
CHARACTERISTICS

1. SHADED-POLE and
RELUCTANCE

-are built in very small sizes from about 0.002 to 0.17 hp; they are
cheap to contruct, have low starting torque, little overload capacity,
and low efficiency and may be speed- controlled.

2. SPLIT- PHASE (with or

without capacitor starting)

-are manufactured in sizes up to 0.75 hp; they are comparatively low

in cost, have fair starting toque, not much overload capacity, and fair
efficiency, and operate at nearly constant speed.

3. REPULSION

- stator windings are connected directly to the AC power supply and

the rotor is connected to a commutator and brush assembly, similar to
that of a direct current (DC) motor.

4. REPULSION-START
INDUCTION-RUN

- These were used where high starting torque was required. They
started as repulsion motors, but once they were running at a sizable
fraction of full speed, the brushes were lifted mechanically and all
commutator bars were short-circuited together to create the
equivalent of a squirrel-cage induction motor.

5. SERIES (a-c only or

universal)

-are usually constructed for services on dc or ac up to 60 cycles, in

which case they are called universal motors. When properly
designed, they will operate with complete satisfaction on excellent
overload capacity and good efficiency, and permitting the speed to be
controlled over very wide limit.

6. SYNCHRONOUS

Operate at a definite speed; constant speed determined only by the

frequency of the supply and the number of pole on the machine. They
have very little starting torque, no overload capacity, and are quite
inefficient; it has absolute constancy of speed, a requirement that is
very important for timing devices.

POLYPHASE MOTORS
1. INDUCTION (squirrel-cage or
wound-rotor types)

2. SYNCHRONOUS

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR- are widely used; low in

cost per hp, have good starting torque and everload capacity, are
highly efficient, and are particularly rugged and trouble-free.
Can operate in an atmosphere containing dirt, moisture, or
corrosive or explosive fumes and can even be constructed to
perform submerged in oil or water.
WOUND- ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR- it has speed-control
feature; it develops more starting torque. It does have a lower fullload efficiency and a greater speed variation with load changed
than does the squirrel-cage type of the motor.
Absolutely constant speed, determined only by the frequency of
the supply and the number of rotor poles.
There is a posibility of adjusting the motor power factor to any
dasirable value.
Have good starting torque, overload capacity, and efficiency.
They are more expensive than induction machines in the smaller
sizes, but cost about as much as squirrel-cage or wound- rotor
motors in rating of more than 100hp.
Are used in applications requirering infrequent starting, where the
load is substantially constant, and where high power factor or
power-factor correction is desirable and profitable.

SINGLE PHASE MOTORS:

Have low hp ratings and are used to operate mechanical devices and machines requiring a comparatively
small amount of power.
Their greatest fields of application are in the fractional- horsepower range, that is, below 1 hp.
Motors larger than the 1hp, up to perhaps 10 hp, are sometimes used on farms and in small shops and
factories where poly phase power is not available.

POLYPHASE MOTORS:

Machines served with two- or three power phase power

Have better operating characteristics than single-phase machines and cost less per hp, so that it is usually
true that single-phase motors are used in larger sizes only because two or three phase service is not
available.

SHADED-POLE MOTORS
are the original type of AC single-phase induction motor. A shaded-pole motor is basically a
small squirrel-cage motor in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring or bar
surrounding a portion of each pole.

A squirrel-cage rotor is the rotating part (rotor) used in the most common form of AC induction motor.
It consists of a cylinder of steel with aluminum or copper conductors embedded in its surface.
An electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor is termed a squirrel-cage motor.

RELUCTANCE MOTOR :
is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. Rotor does
not have any windings. Torque is generated through the phenomenon of magnetic reluctance.

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent
magnets, or are attracted to magnets.

SPLIT- PHASE MOTOR:

The split phase motor, also called an induction-start/induction-run

motor, is probably the simplest single-phase motor made for industrial
use, though somewhat limited. It has two windings: a start and a main
winding, Figure 1. The start winding is made with smaller gage wire
and fewer turns relative to the main winding to create more resistance,
thus putting the start winding's field at a different angle than that of
the main winding, and causing the motor to rotate. The main winding,
of heavier wire, keeps the motor running the rest of the time.

A split-phase motor uses a switching mechanism that disconnects the start winding
from the main winding when the motor comes up to about 75% of rated speed. In
most cases, it is a centrifugal switch on the motor shaft.

Capacitor start/induction run motors have several advantages over split-phase

motors. Since the capacitor is in series with the start circuit, it creates more
starting torque, typically 200 to 400% of rated load. And the starting current,
usually 450 to 575% of rated current, is much lower than the split-phase due to the
larger wire in the start circuit. This allows higher cycle rates and reliable thermal
protection.

The cap-start/induction-run motor is more expensive than a comparable split

phase design because of the additional cost of the start capacitor. But the
application range is much wider because of higher starting torque and lower
starting current. Use them on a wide range of belt-drive applications like
small conveyors, large blowers and pumps, as well as many direct-drive or
geared applications. These are the "workhorses" of general-purpose singlephase industrial motors.

REPULSION MOTOR:

In repulsion motors the stator windings are connected directly to the AC power
supply and the rotor is connected to a commutator and brush assembly, similar to
that of a direct current (DC) motor.

 A commutator is a moving part of a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical
generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit. It
consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine.
Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbon press
against the commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates.
The windings (coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the commutator segments.

A brush is a device which conducts current between stationarywires and moving parts, most
commonly in a rotating shaft.
REPULSION-START INDUCTION-RUN:

These were used where high starting torque was required. They started as repulsion motors,
but once they were running at a sizable fraction of full speed, the brushes were lifted
mechanically and all commutator bars were short-circuited together to create the equivalent of
a squirrel-cage induction motor.
SERIES MOTORS:

universal motor is so named because it is a type of electric motor that can operate on
both AC and DC power.
It is often referred to as an AC series motor. The universal motor is very similar to a DC series
motor in construction, but is modified slightly to allow the motor to operate properly on AC
power.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: (SINGLE PHASE)

The synchronous motor and induction motor are the most widely used types of AC motor. The
difference between the two types is that the synchronous motor rotates in exact synchronism
with the line frequency. The synchronous motor does not rely on current induction to produce
the rotor's magnetic field. By contrast, the induction motor requires "slip", the rotor must rotate
slightly slower than the AC current alternations, to induce current in the rotor winding. Small
synchronous motors are used in timing applications such as in synchronous clocks, timers in
appliances, tape recorders and precision servomechanisms in which the motor must operate at
a precise speed; speed accuracy is that of the power line frequency, which is carefully
controlled in large interconnected grid systems.
INDUCTION MOTORS:

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which theelectric current in

the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained byelectromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical
connections to the rotor as are found in universal, DC and synchronous motors. An induction
motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

A wound-rotor motor is a type of induction motor where the rotor windings are connected through slip
rings to external resistances. Adjusting the resistance allows control of the speed/torque characteristic of the
motor. Wound-rotor motors can be started with low inrush current, by inserting high resistance into the rotor
circuit; as the motor accelerates, the resistance can be decreased.[1]

Compared to a squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor of the slip ring motor has more winding turns; the induced
voltage is then higher, and the current lower, than for a squirrel-cage rotor. During the start-up a typical rotor

has 3 poles connected to the slip ring. Each pole is wired in series with a variable power resistor. When the
motor reaches full speed the rotor poles are switched to short circuit. During start-up the resistors reduce the
field strength at the stator. As a result the inrush current is reduced. Another important advantage over
squirrel-cage motors is higher starting torque.