10.

The vapor absorption refrigeration system comprises of all the processes in the vapor
compression refrigeration system like compression, condensation, expansion and
evaporation. In the vapor absorption system the refrigerant used is ammonia, water or
lithium bromide. The refrigerant gets condensed in the condenser and it gets evaporated
in the evaporator. The refrigerant produces cooling effect in the evaporator and releases
the heat to the atmosphere via the condenser.

The vapor absorption refrigeration system consists of:

Evaporator
Absorber
High pressure generator
Condenser

.
Evaporator

The refrigerant (water) evaporates at around 4oC under a high vacuum condition
of 754 mm Hg in the evaporator.

Chilled water goes through heat exchanger tubes in the evaporator and transfers
heat to the evaporated refrigerant.

The evaporated refrigerant (vapor) turns into liquid again, while the latent heat
from this vaporization process cools the chilled water (in the diagram from 12 oC to 7 oC).
The chilled water is then used for cooling purposes.
Absorber

In order to keep evaporating, the refrigerant vapor must be discharged from the
evaporator and refrigerant (water) must be supplied. The refrigerant vapor is absorbed
into lithium bromide solution, which is convenient to absorb the refrigerant vapor in the
absorber. The heat generated in the absorption process is continuously removed from
the system by cooling water. The absorption also maintains the vacuum inside the
evaporator.

High Pressure Generator

As lithium bromide solution is diluted, the ability to absorb the refrigerant vapor reduces. In order
to keep the absorption process going, the diluted lithium bromide solution must be concentrated again. An
absorption chiller is provided with a solution concentrating system, called a generator. Heating media such
as steam, hot water, gas or oil perform the function of concentrating solutions. The concentrated solution
is returned to the absorber to absorb refrigerant vapor again.
Condenser

To complete the refrigeration cycle, and thereby ensuring the refrigeration takes place
continuously, the following two functions are required

To concentrate and liquefy the evaporated refrigerant vapor, which is generated in the highpressure generator.

To supply the condensed water to the evaporator as refrigerant (water)

For these two functions a condenser is installed.

13. Parts of a refrigerator and their functions:
Evaporator: It is used to receive the liquid refrigerants from the condenser through throttle valve and to
evaporate it. It is also called as cooling unit or freezing unit.
Compressor: It is used to draw the refrigerant from the evaporator through suction valve at low pressure
and to force it to the condenser through exhaust valve at high pressure and temperature.
Condenser: It is used to condense the refrigerants at saturation temperature from vapour to liquid by
transferring its latent heat to the water.
Throttle valve: It is used to control the rate of admission of refrigerants to the evaporator. As the
refrigerant expands in the valve, it looses its pressure and temperature at its exit end and gets cooled.
Absorber: It is a unit contains water. It is used to receive the refrigerant from the evaporator and to
absorb it with water to become a strong solution of ammonia with an increase in temperature.
Pump: it is used to pump the strong ammonia solution from the absorber to the separator.
Separator: It is used to separate the ammonia vapour from the strong solution using heat energy and
then send it to the condenser.

14. The main purpose of ships refrigeration system is to avoid any damage to the cargo or perishable
material so that the cargo in transported in good and healthy condition. Refrigeration prevents growth of
micro-organisms, oxidation, fermentation and drying out of cargo etc. It slows bacterial growth. Bacteria
exist everywhere in nature. They are in the soil, air, water, and the foods we eat. When they have nutrients
(food), moisture, and favorable temperatures, they grow rapidly, increasing in numbers to the point where
some types of bacteria can cause illness. Bacteria grow most rapidly in the range of temperatures between
40 and 140 F, the "Danger Zone," some doubling in number in as little as 20 minutes. A refrigerator set at
40 F or below will protect most foods.
4.