Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UST GN 2011 Civil Law Proper PDF
UST GN 2011 Civil Law Proper PDF
I.EFFECTANDAPPLICATIONOFLAWS
A.WHENLAWTAKESEFFECT
Q:WhendidtheCivilCodetakeeffect?
A:August30,1950
Q:Whendolawstakeeffect?
A:Lawstakeeffect:
GR:After15daysfollowingthecompletionof
its publication in the official gazette or
newspaperofgeneralcirculation.
XPN:unlessotherwiseprovidedbythelaw.
A:15dayperiodmaybelengthenedorshortened
by Congress. The exception refers to the 15day
period, not the requirement of publication,
publicationbeingmandatedbydueprocess.
Q:Whenwillthelawtakeeffectifitismadeto
takeeffectimmediately?
Q:Whenwillthelawtakeeffectifitstatesthat
itshallbeeffectiveuponapproval?
Publicationisindispensableineverycase,butthe
legislature may in its discretion provide that the
usual fifteenday period shall be shortened or
extended.
RULESONPUBLICATION
Q:Arealllawsrequiredtobepublished?
A:
GR:Yes.Publicationisindispensable.
XPN:
1. MunicipalOrdinances(governedbythe
Local Government Code not the Civil
Code)
2. Rules and regulations that are internal
innature.
3. Letters of Instruction issued by
administrative supervisors on internal
rulesandguidelines.
4. Interpretative regulations regulating
only the personnel of administrative
agency.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:No.OMBDOJCircularNo.95001ismerelyan
internal circular between the two offices which
outlinestheauthorityandresponsibilitiesamong
prosecutors of the DOJ and of the Office of the
Ombudsman in the conduct of preliminary
investigations. It does not contain any penal
provision nor prescribe a mandatory act or
prohibit any under pain of penalty. Further, it
does not regulate the conduct of persons or the
public, in general. As such therefore, it need not
be published. (Honasan, II v. The Panel of
Investigating Prosecutors of the Department of
Justice,G.R.No.159747,Jun.15,2004)
Q:Judicialdecisionsformpartofthelaworthe
legalsystemoftheland.Iscompliancewiththe
publication requirement for effectivity of laws
necessaryforjudicialdecisionstobeeffective?
Q:Publicationmustbemadeinanewspaperof
general circulation or in the Official
Gazette.When is a newspaper of general
circulation?
A:
1. It is published within the courts
jurisdiction
2. Published for disseminating local news
andgeneralinformation.
3.
4.
5.
B.IGNORANCEOFTHELAW
A:
MISTAKEOFFACT
Wantofknowledgeof
somefactorfacts
constitutingorrelating
tothesubjectmatterin
hand.
Whensomefactswhich
reallyexistareunknown
orsomefactis
supposedtoexistwhich
reallydoesnotexist.
Goodfaithisanexcuse
MISTAKEOFLAW
Wantofknowledgeor
acquaintancewiththe
lawsofthelandinsofar
astheyapplytotheact,
relation,duty,ormatter
underconsideration.
Occurswhenaperson
havingfullknowledgeof
thefactscometoan
erroneousconclusionas
toitslegaleffects
Notexcusable,evenifin
goodfaith
Note:Ignoranceofaforeignlawisamistakeoffact
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
IsEduardoliableforthecrimeofbigamy?
Q:Whatistheruleasregardsdifficultquestions
oflaw?
C.RETROACTIVITYOFLAWS
Q:Dolawshaveretroactiveeffect?
A:
GR:Lawsshallhavenoretroactiveeffect.
XPN:TINCREEP
1. Taxlaws
2. Interpretativestatutes
3. LawscreatingNewRights
4. CurativeStatutes
5. Remedial/procedural
6. EmergencyLaws
7. WhenExpresslyprovided
8.
Note:Incaseofdoubt:lawsapplyprospectively,not
retroactively.
D.MANDATORYORPROHIBITORYLAWS
Q:Whatisthestatusofactswhicharecontrary
tolaw?
A:
GR:Actsthatarecontrarytotheprovisionsof
mandatory and proibitory law are void. (Art.
5,NCC)
XPN:Wherethelaw:
1. Makes the act valid but punishes the
violator,
e.g. Marriage solemnized by a person
notauthorizedtodoso;
2. Itselfauthorizesitsvalidity;
3. Makestheactmerelyvoidablei.e.valid
untilannulled;
4. Declares the nullity of an act but
recognizesitseffectsaslegallyexisting,
e.g. Child born after the annulment of
marriageisconsideredlegitimate.
E.WAIVEROFRIGHTS
Q:Whatisaright?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Whatarethekindsofrights?Distinguish.
A:
1. Natural Rights Those which grow out
ofthenatureofmananddependupon
personality.
2. PoliticalRightsConsistinthepowerto
participate, directly or indirectly, in the
establishment or administration of
government.
Q:Mayrightsbewaived?
A:
GR:Yes.
XPN:
1. Ifwaiveris:
a. Contrarytolaw,publicorder,
publicpolicy,moralsorgood
customs.
b. Prejudicialtoathirdperson
witharightrecognizedby
law.
2. Iftherightis:
a. Anaturalright,suchasright
tolife.
b. Inchoate,suchasfuture
inheritance.
Q:Whataretheelementsofwaiverofrights?
A:EKI
1. MustbeanExistingright
2.
3.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidwaiver?
A:AFCUNF
1. Waiving party must Actually have the
rightheisrenouncing.
2. HemusthaveFullcapacitytomakethe
waiver
3. WaivermustbeClearandUnequivocal
4. Waiver must Not be contrary to law,
publicorder,publicmorals,etc.
5. When Formalities are required, they
mustbecompliedwith.
F.REPEALOFLAWS
Q:Whatarethekindsofrepeal?Distinguish.
A:Repealmaybeexpressorimplied.Itisexpress
if the law expressly provides for such. On the
other hand, it is implied when the provisions of
the subsequent law are incompatible or
inconsistentwiththoseofthepreviouslaw.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofimpliedrepeal?
A:
1. Lawscoverthesamesubjectmatter
2. Latterisrepugnanttotheearlier
Q:Whatistheruleonrepealofrepealinglaws?
A:Itdependsuponhowtheoldlawisrepealedby
therepealinglaw:
G.JUDICIALDECISIONS
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR: As of the date of the enactment of said
law. This is so because the Supreme Courts
interpretation merely establishes the
contemporaneous legislative intent that the
construedlawpurportstocarryintoeffect.
Q:Explaintheconceptofstaredecisis.
Note:Thisdoctrinehoweverisnotinflexible,sothat
wheninthe light of changing conditions, a rulehas
ceased to be beneficial to the society, courts may
departfromit.
Courtsarerequiredtofollowtheruleestablishedin
earlierdecisionsoftheSupremeCourt.
H.DUTYTORENDERJUDGMENT
Q:CantheCourtdeclinetorenderjudgmentby
reasonofsilenceofthelaw?
I.PRESUMPTIONANDAPPLICABILITYOF
CUSTOM
Q:Whatarecustoms?
A:Thesearerulesofconduct,legallybindingand
obligatory,formedbyrepetitionofactsuniformly
observedasasocialrule.
Q:Howarecustomsproved?
A:
GR:Mustbeprovedasafact,accordingtothe
rulesonevidence.
Q:Whataretherequisitestomakeacustoman
obligatoryrule?
A:PTOP
1. PluralityorRepetitionofacts
2. PracticedforalongperiodofTime
3. The community accepts it as a proper
wayofacting,suchthatitisconsidered
Obligatoryuponall.
4. Practicedbythegreatmassofthesocial
group.
Q:Maycourtsapplycustomsindecidingcases?
A:
1. In civil cases, customs may be applied
by the courts in cases where the
applicablelawis:SOI
a. Silent
b. Obscure
c. Insufficient
Providedsaidcustomsarenotcontrary
tolaw,publicmorals,etc.
J.LEGALPERIODSS
Q:Howdoyoucomputetheperiods?
A:Year365days
Month30days
Day24hours
Nighttimefromsunsettosunrise
Note:Month:ifdesignatedbyitsname:computeby
thenumberofdayswhichitrespectivelyhas.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Calendarweek:SundaytoSaturday
Q:Whatisthemannerofcountingperiods?
A:Excludethefirst,includethelast;
e.g.Calendardays,notleapyear:
Dateofcommission=September3,2005
Prescriptiveperiod=90daysfromcommission
3+90=93
93
Less:
September
30
=63
Less:
October
31
=32
Less:
November
30
=2
(December)
A:Yes.Namarcov.TuazonheldthatFebruary28
and 29 of a leap year should be counted as
separate days in computing periods of
prescription. Since this case was filed on
September3,1965,itwasfiledonedaytoolate;
consideringthatthe730thdayfellonSeptember
2,1965theyear1964beingaleapyear.
1. Prescribedorallowedby:ROO
a. theRulesofCourt
b. anOrderofthecourt;or
c. anyOtherapplicablestatute
2. Arisesfromacontractualrelationship
theactwillstillbecomeduedespitethe
fact that the last day falls on a Sunday
oralegalholiday.
K.APPLICABILITYOFPENALLAWS
GR:TerritorialityruleObligatorytoall
who live or sojourn in Philippine
territory.(Art.2,RPC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.
XPN:
a. In case of divorce obtained validly
by an alien pursuant to the rules
that governs his country, the
Filipinospouseshallbeconsidered
alsoasdivorced.
b. Domiciliaryruleappliestostateless
persons
3.
RealStatutesLawsonProperty
GR:LexReiSitaeRealpropertyaswell
as personal property is subject to the
law of the country where it is situated.
(Art.16)
XPN:LexNationaliiNationallawofthe
person whose succession is under
consideration,
applies
to:
Testate/Intestate Succession as to 3
thingsonly:OAI
a. Orderofsuccession
b. Amountofsuccessionalrights
c. Intrinsic
validity
of
the
testamentaryprovisions.
Note:Theenumerationaboveisgoverned
by the national law of the decedent,
regardlessofplaceofdeath.
4.
GR:Lexlocicelebrationis(Art.17)forms
and solemnities of contracts, wills and
other public instruments shall be
Q:Whatisalaw?
A:Asregardsprohibitivelaws:
GR:Prohibitivelawsconcerningpersons,their
acts, or property and laws which have for
theirobjectpublicorder,publicpolicyorgood
customsarenotrenderedineffectivebylaws,
judgments promulgated or conventions
agreeduponinforeigncountry.
XPN:Art26,par.2oftheFamilyCode(FC),on
mixed marriages where the foreigner
obtained a divorce decree abroad and was
therebycapacitatedtoremarry.
L.CONFLICTOFLAWS,RELATIVETODIVORCE
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Istheclauseabovequotedvalid?
Saidclauseiscontrarytolawbecauseitexpressly
ignores the testator's national law when,
according to article 10 of the Civil Code, such
national law of the testator is the one to govern
histestamentarydispositions.Saidconditionthen
is considered unwritten, hence the institution of
legatees is unconditional and consequently valid
andeffective.
Q:Explainthefollowingdoctrines:
A:
1. Renvoi Doctrine(referring back)
Renvoi takes place when the conflicts
ruleoftheforummakesareferenceto
a foreign law, but the foreign law is
found to contain a conflict rule that
returnsorrefersthematterbacktothe
lawoftheforum(Remission).
4. DoctrineofOperativeFactsActsdone
pursuant to a law which was
subsequently declared unconstitutional
remainvalid,butnotwhentheactsare
done after the declaration of
unconstitutionality.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
HUMAN RELATIONS
HUMANRELATIONS
A.BREACHOFPROMISETOMARRY
A:
GR:No,abreachofpromisetomarryperseinnot
anactionablewrong.Thereisnoprovisionofthe
Civil Code authorizing an action for breach of
promisetomarry.
2. Whereoneformallysetsaweddingand
go through and spend for all the
preparationsandpublicity,onlytowalk
out of it when the matrimony was
about to be solemnized.( Wassmer v.
Velez,G.R.No.L20089,December26,
1964)
A:Abreachofpromisetomarryperseisnotan
actionablewrong.Butwhereaman'spromiseto
marryistheproximatecauseoftheacceptanceof
his love by a woman and his representation to
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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(Hermosisimav.CA,G.R.No.L14628,September
30,1960)
A:LCI
1. thereisanactwhichisLegal
2. but which is Contrary to morals, good
customs,publicorderorpolicy
3. theactisdonewithIntenttoinjure.
Note:Art.21dealswithactscontrabonusmoresor
contrary to good morals and presupposes loss or
injury, material or otherwise, which one may suffer
asaresultofsuchviolation
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CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.CAPACITYTOACT
1.CIVILPERSONALITY
Q:Distinguishjuridicalcapacityfromcapacityto
act.
A:
JURIDICALCAPACITY
CAPACITYTOACT
Definition
Fitnesstobethe
Powertodoactswith
subjectoflegal
legaleffect
relations
Acquisition
Inherent(coexists
Throughthefulfillment
withthenatural
ofspecificlegalactivities
person)
Loss
Throughdeathandother
Onlythroughdeath
causes
Inrelationtotheother
Canexistwithout
Cannotexistw/ojuridical
capacitytoact
capacity
Limitation
Art.38(restriction)
Art.39(modification/
None
limitation),
amongothers
2.RESTRICTIONSONCAPACITYTOACT
Q:Whataretherestrictionsoncapacitytoact?
A:MIDIPC
1. Minority,
2. Insanity,
3. Deafmute,
4. Imbecility,
5. Prodigality,
6. CivilInterdiction
A:IPAIDFATPIA
1. Insanity
2. Prodigality
3. Age
4. Imbecility
5. DeafMute
6. FamilyRelations
7. Alienage
8. Trusteeship
9. Penalty
10. Insolvency
11. Absence
Q:Howdoescivilpersonalitycease?
A:Itdependsupontheclassificationofpersons:
1. Naturalpersonsbydeath
2. Juridical persons by termination of
existence
3.BIRTH
A:
GR: Actual / Permanent Personality
Personalitybeginsatbirth;notatconception
A:No.Onlyforpurposesbeneficialandfavorable
toit.
Q:Explainthemeaningoftheclause:Bornlater
inaccordancewithlaw.
A:Afetuswithanintrauterinelifeof:
Q:Doestheconceivedchildhavetherighttobe
acknowledgedevenifitisstillconceived?
A:Yes.Itisauniversalruleofjurisprudencethata
child,uponbeingconceived,becomesabearerof
legalrightsandiscapableofbeingdealtwithasa
living person. The fact that it is yet unborn is no
impediment to the acquisition of rights provided
itbebornlaterinaccordancewithLaw(DeJesus
v.Syquia,G.R.No.L39110,Nov.28,1933).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.DEATH
Q:Howdoescivilpersonalitycease?
A:Itdependsupontheclassificationofpersons:
1. Naturalpersonsbydeath
2. Juridicalpersonsbyterminationof
existence
A:Itdependsonwhetherthepartiesarecalledto
succeedeachother.
1. IfsuccessionalrightsareinvolvedArt.
43 of the NCC: Survivorship Rule; and
Rule 131, Sec. 3(kk): Presumption of
simultaneityofdeathsbetweenpersons
calledtosucceedeachother,applies.
Note:Botharetobeappliedonlyintheabsenceof
facts.
A:No,WilmacannotsuccessfullyclaimthatWilly
hadahereditaryshareinhisfathersestate.
12
Underthispresumption,thepersonbetweenthe
agesof15and60isdeemedtohavesurvivedone
whoseagewasover60atthetimeoftheir
deaths.TheestateofWillyendowedwithjuridical
personalitystandsinplaceandsteadofWilly,as
beneficiary.(1998BarQuestion)
A.COMPARISONOFART.43ANDRULE131
SURVIVORSHIPRULEUNDERCIVILCODE
Absentsuchproof:Presumptionistheyalldiedat
thesametime.Thereshallbenotransmissionof
successionalrights.
Q:Whataretheconditionsthatmaywarrantthe
applicationofthesurvivorshiprule?
PRESUMPTIONSONSURVIVORSHIPUNDERTHE
RULESOFCOURT
A:TheRulesofCourtprovidethat:
1. whentwoormorepersons
2. perishinthesamecalamityand
3. itisnotshownwhodiedfirst,and
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Thesurvivorshipshallbedeterminedfromthe
probabilitiesresultingfromthestrengthandage
ofthesexesaccordingtothefollowingrules:
Age/Sexofdecedentsatthe Whopresumed
timeofdeath
tohave
survived
DecedentA DecedentB
Under15
Under15
Older
Above60
Above60
Younger
Under15
Under15
Above60
(younger)
Differentsexes
Above15
Above15BUT
male
BUTunder
under60
Samesex
60
Older
Between15and
Under15
Between15
ORover60 and60
60
Q:Dothestatutoryrulesinthedeterminationof
sequence of death absolutely apply in a case
where indirect and/or inferential evidence
surrounding the circumstances of the deaths
exists?
A:No.Itismanifestfromthelanguageofsection
69 (ii) of Rule 123 and that of the foregoing
decision that the evidence of the survivorship
need not be direct; it may be indirect,
circumstantial, or inferential. Where there are
facts, known or knowable, from which a rational
conclusion can be made, the presumption does
not step in, and the rule of preponderance of
evidence controls. It is the "particular
circumstancesfromwhichit(survivorship)canbe
inferred"thatarerequiredtobecertainastested
by the rules of evidence. It is enough that "the
circumstances by which it is sought to prove the
survivorship must be such as are competent and
sufficient when tested by the general rules of
evidenceincivilcases."(Joaquinv.Navarro,G.R.
No.L5426,May29,1953)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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B.DOMICILEANDRESIDENCEOFPERSON
A:Hisplaceofhabitualresidence.
Q:Whereisthedomicileofjuridicalpersons?
A:
1. Theplacefixedbythelawcreatingor
recognizingthejuridicalperson
2. In the absence thereof, the place
where their legal representation is
established or where they exercise
theirprincipalfunctions.
II.MARRIAGE
Q:Whatismarriage?
A.REQUISITES
1.NATUREOFMARRIAGE
Q: What is meant by the law when it declares
marriageasaninviolablesocialinstitution?
14
it.Itisintheinterestanddutyofeachmemberof
thecommunitytopreventthebringingaboutofa
condition that would shake its foundation and
leadtoitsdestruction.Theincidentsofthestatus
aregovernedbylaw,notbywilloftheparties.
(Beso v. Daguman, A.M. No. MTJ991211,
January28,2000[citingJimenezv.Republic,G.R.
No.L12790,August31,1960])
Q:Distinguishmarriagefromordinarycontract.
A:
MARRIAGE
ORDINARYCONTRACT
Asacontract
Specialcontract
Merelyacontract
Socialinstitution
Applicablelaw
Governedbythelaw
Governedbythelaw
onmarriage
oncontracts
Righttostipulate
GR: Not subject to
stipulation
Generallysubjectto
XPN:
Property
stipulations
relations in marriage
settlements
Capacitytocontract
Minorsmaycontract
thrutheirparentsor
Legalcapacityrequired
guiardiansorinsome
instances,by
themselves
Genderrequirement
Contractingparties
Contractingparties
mustonlybetwo
maybetwoormore
personsofopposite
personsregardlessof
sexes
sex
Dissolutionbyagreement
Dissolvedonlyby
Canbedissolvedby
deathorannulment,
mutualagreement
neverbymutual
amongothers.
agreement
2.KINDOFREQUISITES
ESSENTIALREQUISITES
Q:Whataretheessentialrequisitesofmarriage?
A:
1. Legalcapacityofthecontractingparties
whomustbeamaleandafemale
2. Consent freelygiven in the presence of
thesolemnizingofficer
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:ASI
1. Ageatleast18yrs
2. Sexbetweenmaleandfemale
3. Lackoflegalimpedimenttomarry
A:Yes,dependingupontheageofthecontracting
party.
ADDITIONAL
AGE
REQUIREMENTS
18to21yearsold
Parentalconsentand
Marriagecounselling
22to25yearsold
Parentaladviceand
Marriagecounselling
FFORMALREQUISITES
Q:Whataretheformalrequisitesofmarriage?
A:CAL
1. MarriageCeremony
2. Authorityofthesolemnizingofficer
3. ValidmarriageLicense
3.EFFECTOFABSENCEOFREQUISITES
Q:Whatisthestatusofmarriageincaseof:
3. Defectinessentialrequisites?
4.
A:Voidable
Irregularityinformalrequisites?
A: Valid, but the party responsible for
such irregularity shall be civilly,
criminallyoradministrativelyliable.
4.MARRIAGECEREMONY
Q:Whatconstitutesavalidmarriageceremony?
A:Thatwhichtakesplacewiththe:
1. appearance of the contracting parties
beforethesolemnizingofficerand
2. their personal declaration that they
shall take each other as husband and
wife
3. in the presence of not less that 2
witnessesoflegalage.
Q:Ismarriagebyproxyallowed?
A:Itdepends.
1. IfperformedinthePhilippinesNo,itis
notallowed,hencethemarriageisvoid.
2.
Note:AstomarriagesbetweenFilipinos
all marriages solemnized outside the
Philippines, in accordance with the laws
enforced in said country where they are
solemnized, andvalid there as such, shall
also be valid here in the country, except
thoseprohibitedunderArt.35(1),(2),(4),
(5),(6),36,37and38.(Art.26,FC)
5.SOLEMNIZINGAUTHORITY
Q:Whoareauthorizedtosolemnizemarriage?
A:Itdepends:
1. Underordinarycircumstances:
a. Incumbent judiciary member
provided, within the courts (his)
jurisdiction
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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b.
c.
d.
Note:IncludesActingMayor
2.
Marriagesinarticulomortis:
a. Ship captain or airplane chief
provided
the
marriage
is
performed:
i. During voyage, even during
stopovers
ii. Between passengers or crew
members
b. Military commander of a unitwho
is a commissioned officer
provided
the
marriage
is
performed:
i. Inabsenceofchaplain;
ii. Within zone of military
operation;
iii. Between members of the
armedforcesorcivilians
16
contractandtheaffidavitisonlyrequiredforthe
purpose of evidencing the act, not a requisite of
marriage. It is the obligation of the solemnizing
officer.Itdoesnotaffectthevalidityofmarriage
(DeLoriav.Felix,G.R.No.L9005,Jun.20,1958).
Q:Whataretheauthorizedvenuesofmarriage?
A:
GR: Must be solemnized publicly within the
jurisdictionoftheauthorityofthesolemnizing
officer:
1. Chambersofthejudgeorinopencourt
2. Church,chapelortemple
3. Office of the consulgeneral, consul or
viceconsul
XPN:
1. Marriageatthepointofdeath
2. Marriageinremoteplaces
3. Marriageatahouseorplacedesignated
by the parties with the written request
tothesolemnizingofficertothateffect.
A.EXCEPTIONS
MARRIAGELICENSE
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Note:Themarriageisvalidinthiscase.
A:Itdepends.
1. Ifthepartiesdidnotobtaina marriage
license the marriage shall be void for
lackofmarriagelicense.
2. If the parties were able to obtain a
marriagelicensethemarriageshallbe
valid without prejudice to the actions
that may be taken against the guilty
party.
Q:Whoissuesthemarriagelicense?
B.EXCEPTIONS
Q:Whatarethemarriagesexemptfromthe
licenserequirement?
A:MARCOSZ
1. MarriagesamongMuslimsormembers
ofethnicculturalcommunities.
2. MarriagesinArticulomortis.
NOTE:ArticuloMortismeansatthepoint
ofdeath,notmerelyindangerofdying.
3.
NOTE:RemotePlacenomeansof
transportationtoenablethepartyto
personallyappearbeforethesolemnizing
localcivilregistrar.
4.
5.
6.
A.FOREIGNNATIONAL
Q:Whatisrequiredfromthecontractingparties
beforeamarriagelicensecanbeobtained?
MarriagesinRemoteplaces.
7.
MarriagesbetweenpartiesCohabiting
foratleast5years
MarriagessolemnizedOutsidethe
Philippineswherenomarriagelicenseis
requiredbythecountrywhereitwas
solemnized.
MarriagesinarticulomortisSolemnized
byashipcaptainorairplanepilot
MarriageswithinZonesofmilitary
operation.
A:Therequisitesare:5DPAS
1. Living together as husband and wife at
least5yearsbeforethemarriage.
The5yearperiodmustbecharacterized
by:
a. Exclusivitythepartnersmustlive
togetherexclusively,withnoother
partners, during the whole 5year
period.
b. Continuitysuchcohabitationwas
unbroken.
Note:Theperiodiscountedfromthedate
of celebration of marriage. It should be
the years immediately before the day of
themarriage.
2.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Note:Thefiveyearperiodofcohabitation
must have been a period of legal union
had it not been for the absence of
marriage.
3.
4.
5.
Q:PepitowasmarriedtoTeodulfa.Teodulfawas
shot by him resulting in her death. After 1 year
and 8 months, he married Norma without any
marriage license. In lieu thereof, they executed
an affidavit stating that theyhad lived together
as husband and wife for at least five years and
were thus exempt from securing a marriage
license.Whatisthestatusoftheirmarriage?
A:Voidforlackofmarriagelicense.Tobeexempt
from the license requirement under the 5year
cohabitation rule, the cohabitation should be in
the nature of a perfect union that is valid under
the law but rendered imperfect only by the
absence of the marriage contract and is
characterizedbycontinuity,thatis,unbroken,and
exclusivity, meaning no third party was involved
at anytime within the 5 years. It should be a
period of legal union had it not been for the
absenceofthemarriage.
Q:WouldyouranswerbethesameifPepitowas
separatedinfactfromTeodulfa?
A:Yes,themarriageisstillvoid.Eveniftheywere
separatedinfact,andthereafterbothPepitoand
Normahadstartedlivingwitheachotherthathas
alreadylastedforfiveyears,thefactremainsthat
Pepitohadasubsistingmarriageatthetime
whenhestartedcohabitingwithNorma.Itis
18
immaterialthatwhentheylivedwitheachother,
Pepitohadalreadybeenseparatedinfactfrom
hislawfulspouse.Thesubsistenceofthe
marriageevenwheretherewasactualseverance
ofthefilialcompanionshipbetweenthespouses
cannotmakeanycohabitationbyeitherspouse
withanythirdpartyasbeingoneas"husbandand
wife".(Nialv.Bayadog,GRNo.133778,March
14,2000)
MARRIAGECERTIFICATE
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenamarriage
licenseandamarriagecertificate?
MARRIAGELICENSE
MARRIAGECERTIFICATE
Authorizationbythe
Bestevidenceofthe
statetocelebrate
existenceofthe
marriage.
marriage.
Notanessentialor
Formalrequisiteof
formalrequisiteof
marriage.
marriage.
Note:Althoughamarriagecontractisconsidereda
primaryevidenceofmarriage,itsabsenceisnot
alwaysproofthatnomarriagetookplace.(Delgado
Vda.DelaRosa,etal.v.HeirsofMarcianaRustia
Vda.DeDamian,etal.,G.R.No.103028,Oct.10,
1997)
B.EFFECTOFMARRIAGECELEBRATEDABROAD
ANDFOREIGNDIVORCE
Q:Whatrulesgovernthevalidityofmarriage?
A:Itdepends:
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.
1.
2.
A:
1.
AstoitsintrinsicvalidityPersonallaw
A:
GR: Marriages between Filipinos solemnized
outsidethePhilippinesinaccordancewiththe
law of the foreign country where it is
celebrated,ifvalidthere,shallbevalidhereas
such.
Yes,theFilipinospouseiscapacitatedto
remarry just as the alien spouse is
capacitated. Divorce validly obtained
abroadbythealienspousecapacitating
him/her to remarry will likewise allow
the Filipino spouse to remarry. This is
the rule laid down in Article 26 (2) of
theFamilyCode.
2.
Itdepends.Whatismaterialinthiscase
is the citizenship of the spouse who
obtainedadivorcedecreeabroadatthe
time the decree was obtained and not
their citizenship at the time the
marriagewascelebrated.
IftheFilipinospousewasnaturalizedas
a citizen of a foreign country before
he/sheobtainsadivorcedecreeandwas
thereafter capacitated to remarry, the
Filipino spouse will be capacitated to
remarry.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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naturalizedasaforeigncitizenandobtains
avaliddivorcedecreecapacitatinghimor
her to remarry, as in this case. To rule
otherwisewould betosanction absurdity
andinjustice.(Republicv.OrbecidoIII,GR.
No.154380,Oct.5,2005)
Thenaturalizationofoneoftheparties,as
well as the divorce decree obtained by
himorher,mustbeprovenasafactunder
our rules on evidence. The foreign law
under which the divorce was obtained
must likewise be proven as our courts
cannottakejudicialnoticeofforeignlaws.
C.VOIDANDVOIDABLEMARRIAGES
Q:Whatmaybethestatusofmarriages?
A:
1. Valid
2. Void
3. Voidable
20
A:
VOIDABLE
VOIDMARRIAGE
MARRIAGE
Statusofmarriage
Voidable:Validuntil
Voidabinitio
annulled
Petitionfiled
DeclarationofNullityof
Annulmentof
Marriage
Marriage
Whomayfile
GR:Solelybythe
husbandorwife.
XPN:Anyrealparty
ininterest,onlyin
thefollowingcases:
1. Nullityof
marriagecases GR:Offended
commenced
Spouse
beforethe
XPN:
1.Parentsor
effectivityof
guardiansincases
A.M.No.02
ofinsanity
1110.March
2.Parentsor
15,2003.
guardiansbefore
2. Marriages
thepartyreaches
celebrated
21yearsoldon
duringthe
thegroundofLack
effectivityof
theCivilCode. ofParental
Authority
(DeDios
Carlosv.
Sandoval,G.R.
No.179922,
December16,
2008).
PrescriptivePeriod
GR:Within5years
fromdiscoveryof
theground
XPN:
1.Lifetimeof
spouseincasesof
Noprescriptiveperiod
insanity
2.Beforethe
partyreaches21
incaseswhere
parentsor
guardiansmayfile
annulment
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
XPN:Those
conceivedorborn
ofmarriages
declaredvoid
Legitimate
under:
1. Art.36
(Psychological
incapacity),or
2. Art.52in
relationtoArt.
53
JudicialDeclaration
GR:Not
necessarythatthere
isjudicial
Necessary
declaration
XPN:incaseof
remarriage
1.VOIDMARRIAGE
A:LAaMBPIPS18
1. Absence of any of the essential or
formalrequisitesofmarriage;
2. Contractedbyanypartybelow18years
ofageevenwiththeconsentofparents
orguardians;
3. Solemnized without License, except
those marriages that are exempt from
thelicenserequirement;
4. Solemnized by any person not
Authorizedtoperformmarriagesunless
such marriages were contracted with
eitherorbothpartiesbelievingingood
faith that the solemnizing officer had
thelegalauthoritytodoso;
5. Contracted through Mistake of one of
the contracting party as to the identity
oftheother;
6. Bigamousorpolygamousmarriages;
7. Subsequent marriages that are void
underArt.53FC;
8. Marriagescontractedbyanyparty,who
at the time of the celebration of the
marriage,
was
Psychologically
incapacitated;
9. IncentuousMarriages(Art.37,FC)
10. Marriages declared void because they
are contrary to Public policy (Art. 38,
FC).
A.ABSENCEOFREQUISITES
GENDERREQUIREMENT
Q:Incaseofachangeinsex,canthepersonwho
hasundergonesaidchangebeallowedtomarry
another of the same sex as he/she originally
had?
2.
IfthechangeisnaturalHe/shecan.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Jenniferhassimplyletnaturetakeitscourseand
has not taken unnatural steps to arrest or
interfere with what he was born with. And
accordingly,hehasalreadyorderedhislifetothat
of a male. He could have undergone treatment
andtakensteps,liketakinglifelongmedication,to
force his body into the categorical mold of a
female but he did not. He chose not to do so.
Nature has instead taken its due course in his
development to reveal more fully his male
characteristics.
CONSENTFREELYGIVEN
CONTRACTEDBYPARTYBELOW18
Q:Whatisthestatusofmarriageswhereoneor
bothofthepartiesarebelow18yearsofage?
A:itisvoidforlackoflegalcapacity.
22
A:Yes.Parentalconsentdoesnothavetheeffect
ofcuringthisdefect.
A:Itdepends.Ifthenationallawoftheforeigner
recognizes17yearoldpersonstobecapacitated
tomarry,thentheirmarriageisvalid,otherwiseit
isvoid.
Note:Lexnationaliiapplies
LACKOFAUTHORITYOFSOLEMNIZINGOFFICER
A:
GR:Themarriageisvoidabinitio.
XPN:
1. Express If either or both parties
believed in good faith that the
solemnizerhadthelegalauthoritytodo
so.(Art. 35,FC)
2. ImpliedArticle10inrelationtoArticle
26 of the Family Code. If the marriage
between a foreigner and a Filipino
citizen abroad solemnized by a
Philippine consul assigned in that
country is recognized as valid in the
host country, such marriage shall be
considered as valid in the Philippines. (
Sta. Maria Jr., Persons and Family
RelationsLaw)
SOLEMNIZEDWITHOUTLICENSE
Q:JudgePalaypayonsolemnizedmarriageseven
without the requisite marriage license. Thus,
some couples were able to get married by the
simpleexpedientofpayingthemarriagefees.As
aconsequence,theirmarriagecontractsdidnot
reflectanymarriagelicensenumber.Inaddition,
the judge did not sign their marriage contracts
and did not indicate the date of the
solemnization, the reason being that he
allegedlyhadtowaitforthemarriagelicenseto
be submitted by the parties. Such marriage
contracts were not filed with the Local Civil
Registry.Aresuchmarriagesvalid?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:No.TheFamilyCodepertinentlyprovidesthat
theformalrequisitesofmarriageare,interalia,a
valid marriage license, except in the cases
providedfortherein.Complementarily,itdeclares
thattheabsenceofanyoftheessentialorformal
requisitesshallgenerallyrenderthemarriagevoid
ab initio and that, while an irregularity in the
formal requisites shall not affect the validity of
themarriage,thepartyorpartiesresponsiblefor
the irregularity shall be civilly, criminally and
administrativelyliable.(Coscav.Palaypayon,A.M.
No.MTJ92721,Sept.30,1994)
CONTRACTEDTHROUGHMISTAKE
A:Formarriagetoberenderedvoid,themistake
in identity must be with reference to the actual
physical identity of other party, not merely a
mistake in the name, personal qualifications,
character,socialstanding,etc.(Rabuya,p.213)
BIGAMOUSMARRIAGES
A:
GR:Voidforbeingbigamousorpolygamous.
Q:Whenisamarriageconsideredbigamous?
Note:Thesameappliestopolygamy.
declarationofnullityofmarriage.(Inre:Salvador
v.Serafico,A.M.200820SC,Mar.15,2010)
Q:Whatarethespecialcaseswhensubsequent
marriageisallowed?
A:
1. Marriage between a Filipino and a
foreignerandprocurementbythealien
spouseofavaliddivorcedecreeabroad,
capacitatinghim/hertoremarry.
2. Terminable bigamous marriages (Art.
41)
3.
PSYCHOLOGICALINCAPACITY
Q:Whatispsychologicalincapacity?
A:
1. Juridical antecedence must be rooted
in the history of the party antedating
the
marriage,
although
overt
manifestations may arise only after
suchmarriage.
2. Gravity grave enough to bring about
thedisabilityofthepartytoassumethe
essentalmaritalobligations.
3. Permanence or incurability must be
incurable.Ifcurable,thecureshouldbe
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whataresomeinstanceswhereallegationsof
psychologicalincapicitywerenotsustained?
2. Meresexualinfidelityorperversion,do
not
by
themselves
constitute
psychological incapacity, as well as
immaturityandirresponsibility.
Note:Itmustbeshownthattheseactsare
manifestationsofadisorderedpersonality
whichwouldmakerespondentcompletely
unable to discharge the essential
obligations of a marital state, not merely
youth, immaturity or sexual promiscuity.
(Dedel vs CA, G.R. no. 151867, Jan.29,
2004)
3.
4.
Disagreements
regarding
money
matters. (Tongol v. Tongol, G.R. No.
157610,Oct.19,2007)
Mereabandonement.
5.
Sexualinfidelity(Republicv.Dagdag,GR
No.109975,February9,2001).
Q:Wouldthestateofbeingofunsoundmindor
the concealment of drug addiction, habitual
alcoholism, homosexuality or lesbianism be
considered indicia of psychological incapacity, if
existingattheinceptionofmarriage?Explain.
24
INCESTUOUSMARRIAGES
Q:Whatmarriagesareconsideredincestuous?
A:Thosemarriages:
1. Between ascendants and descendants
ofanydegree;
2. Between brothers and sisters whether
ofthefullorhalfblood.
VOIDBYREASONOFPUBLICPOLICY
A:
1. Collateral blood relatives (legitimate or
th
Illegitimate)uptothe4 civildegree;
2. Stepparents&stepchildren;
3. Parentsinlaw&childreninlaw;
4. Adoptingparent&theadoptedchild;
5. Survivingspouseoftheadoptingparent
&theadoptedchild;
6. Survivingspouseoftheadoptedchild&
theadopter;
7. Adopted child & legitimate child of the
adopter;
8. Adoptedchildrenofthesameadopter;
9. Partieswhereone,withtheintentionto
marry the other, kills the latters
spouse,orhis/herspouse.
2.PRESCRIPTION
A:None.Thetimeforfilinganactionordefense
forthedeclarationofabsolutenullityofmarriage,
whetherinadirectorcollateralmanner,doesnot
prescribe.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
1. Before the entry of judgment The
court shall order the case closed and
terminated without prejudice to the
settlement of estate in proper
proceedings.
2. After the entry of judgment The
decision shall be binding upon the
parties and their successorsininterest
inthesettlementoftheestate.
However,withrespecttonullityofmarriagecases
commencedbeforetheeffectivityofA.M.No.02
1110 and marriages celebrated during the
effectivity of the Civil Code, the doctrine laid
down in the Nial v. Bayadog case still applies;
that the children have the personality to file the
petitiontodeclarethenullityofmarriageoftheir
deceased father to their stepmother as it affects
their successional rights. (De Dios Carlos v.
Sandoval,G.R.No.179922,December16,2008).
A:Apetitiontodeclarethemarriagevoiddueto
absence of marriage license, filed after the court
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:No.Article349oftheRPCpenalizesthemere
act of contracting a second or subsequent
marriage during the subsistence of a previous
valid marriage. Here, as soon as the second
marriage to Leticia was celebrated, the crime of
bigamy had already been consummated as the
second marriage was contracted during the
subsistenceofthevalidfirstmarriage.(Tenebrov.
CA,G.R.No.150758,Feb.18,2004)
A:
1. For purposes of remarriage judicial
declaration of absolute nullity is
necessary.
2.
SUBSEQUENTMARRIAGE
Q:Inwhatcasesmayapersonenterintoavalid
subsequentmarriageduringthesubsistenceofa
priormarriage?
26
Note:Ifbothspousesofsubsequentmarriageacted
inbadfaith,suchmarriageisvoidabinitio.
A:None.Iftheabsenteereappears,butnostepis
taken to terminate the subsequent marriage,
either by affidavit or by court action, such
absentee's mere reappearance, even if made
known to the spouses in the subsequent
marriage,willnotterminatesuchmarriage.(SSSv.
JarqueVda.DeBailon,G.R.No.165545,Mar.24,
2006)
Q:Mayamarriagebeterminatedextrajudicially?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
1. Judgmentofannulment;
2. Partition;
3. Distributionofproperties,and
4. Deliveryofpresumptivelegitimes
A:Theissuehingesonwhetherornotthemissing
husbandwasdeadoraliveatthetimeofthe
secondmarriage.
Ifthemissinghusbandwasinfactalivewhenthe
second marriage was celebrated, the second
marriage was void ab initio because of a prior
subsisting marriage. Had Ana obtained a
declaration of presumptive death, the second
marriagewouldhavebeenvoidable.
VOIDABLEMARRIAGES
Q:Whatistheeffectifamarriageisvoidable?
Q:Whatarevoidablemarriagesandhowmay
theyberatified?
A:
GROUND
RATIFICATION
Marriageofaparty18
yearsofageorover
butbelow21
solemnizedwithout
theconsentofthe
parents,guardianor
personhaving
substituteparental
authorityoverthe
party,inthatorder
Eitherpartywasof
unsoundmind
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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UNSOUNDMIND
Q:Whatisthetestindeterminingunsoundness
ofmindasagroundforannulment?
A:
GR:Thesanespousehasthelegalstandingto
file the action for annulment only in cases
where he or she contracted the marriage
withoutknowledgeoftheothersinsanity.
FRAUD
A:NPSD
1. Nondisclosure of conviction by final
judgment of crime involving moral
turpitude;
2. Concealment by the wife of the fact
that at the time of marriage, she was
Pregnant by a man other than her
husband;
3. Concealment of Sexually transmitted
disease,regardlessofnature,existingat
thetimeofmarriage;
4. Concealment of Drug addiction,
habitual alcoholism, homosexuality and
lesbianism.(Art.46)
28
DRUGADDICTION
A:
1. Declarationofnullityofmarriage:
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.
Annulmentofmarriage:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
Legalseparation:
a.
b.
c.
Thereshouldbenocondonationor
consenttothedrugaddiction;
Theactionmustbefiledwithinfive
(5) years from the occurrence of
thecause.
Drug addiction arises during the
marriage and not at the time of
marriage.(BarQuestion1997)
VITIATEDCONSENT
A:
GR: Consent of either party was obtained by
force,intimidationorundueinfluence
IMPOTENCE
A:CPUII
1. Exists at the time of the Celebration of
marriage
2. Permanent (does not have to be
absolute)
3. Incurable
4. Unknowntotheotherspouse
5. OtherspousemustnotalsobeImpotent
Q:Incasethereisnoproofastothepotencyof
onespouse,shallhebeconsideredasimpotent?
A:
GR:No.Presumptionisinfavorofpotency.
XPN:Doctrineoftriennialcohabitation.
Q:Whatisthedoctrineoftriennialcohabitation?
SEXUALLYTRANSMITTEDDISEASE
Q:Whenmayafflictionofasexuallytransmitted
disease(STD)beagroundforannulment?
A:Requisites:AESIAF
a. OneofthepartiesisAfflictedwithSTD
b. STDmustbe:
a. Existingatthetimethemarriageis
celebrated
b. Serious
c. apparentlyIncurable
c. TheotherspousemustnotbeAwareof
theothersaffliction
d. InjuredpartymustbeFreefromSTD.
Q:YvettewasfoundtobepositiveforHIVvirus,
considered sexually transmissible, serious and
incurable. Her boyfriend Joseph was aware of
herconditionandyetmarriedher.Aftertwo(2)
yearsofcohabitingwithYvette,andinhisbelief
that she would probably never be able to bear
him a healthy child, Joseph now wants to have
hismarriagewithYvetteannulledontheground
that Yvette has STD. Yvette opposes the suit
contendingthatJosephisestoppedfromseeking
annulmentoftheirmarriagesincehekneweven
beforetheirmarriagethatshewasafflictedwith
HIVvirus.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:DifferentiateArticles45and46oftheFamily
CodeonSTDasgroundforannulment
A:
ARTICLE45
ARTICLE46
Affliction
Concealment
The act of concealing
Thefactofbeing
is the ground for
afflictedistheground
annulment
as
it
forannulment
constitutesFraud
Whetherconcealedor
Theremustbe
not
concealment
MustbeSeriousand
Doesnothavetobe
Incurable
seriousandincurable
A:
WHOMAYFILE
WHENTOFILE
Marriagewassolemnizedwithouttheconsentof
theparents,guardianorpersonhaving
substituteparentalauthorityovertheparty
Contractingparty
Within5yearsafter
attainingtheageof21
Parent,guardian,or
personhavinglegal
chargeofthe
contractingparty
Atanytimebeforesuch
partyhasreachedthe
ageof21
Eitherpartywasofunsoundmind
Sanespousewhohad
noknowledgeofthe
othersinsanity
Atanytimebeforethe
deathofeitherparty
Anyrelative,guardian
orpersonhavinglegal
chargeoftheinsane
Atanytimebeforethe
deathofeitherparty
Insanespouse
Duringalucidintervalor
afterregainingsanity
Theconsentofeitherpartywasobtainedby
fraud
Injuredparty
Within5yearsafterthe
discoveryoffraud
Theconsentofeitherpartywasobtainedby
30
force,intimidation,orundueinfluence
Injuredparty
Within5yearsfromthe
timetheforce,
intimidation,orundue
influencedisappeared
orceased
Eitherpartywasphysicallyincapableof
consummatingthemarriagewiththeother,and
suchincapacitycontinuesandappearstobe
incurable
Injuredparty
Within5yearsafterthe
celebrationofmarriage
Eitherpartywasafflictedwithasexually
transmissiblediseasefoundtobeseriousand
appearstobeincurable
Injuredparty
Within5yearsafterthe
celebrationofmarriage
5.PRESENCEOFPROSECUTOR
Q:WhatistheroleoftheprosecutororSolicitor
Generalinallcasesofannulmentordeclaration
ofabsolutenullityofmarriage?
A:Incaseswheretherespondentinapetitionfor
annulment vehemently opposed the same and
where he does not allege that evidence was
suppressed or fabricated by any of the parties.
(Tuasonv.CA,G.R.No.116607,April10,1996)
Q:Whataretheactionsprohibitedinannulment
and declaration of absolute nullity of marriage
cases?
A:CCSSJ
1. Compromise
2. Confessionofjudgment
3. Stipulationoffacts
4. Summaryjudgment
5. Judgmentonthepleadings
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
6.PENDENCYOFACTION
7.EFFECTSOFNULLITY
A:
1. Voidmarriages:
GR: The rules on coownership under
theCivilCode.(Valdesv.RTC)
Note:InbothinstancesunderArticles40and45,the
marriages are governed either by absolute
community of property or conjugal partnership of
gains unless the parties agree to a complete
separation of property in a marriage settlement
enteredintobeforethemarriage.Sincetheproperty
relations of the parties is governed by absolute
community of property or conjugal partnership of
gains, there is a need to liquidate, partition and
distribute the properties. (Dino v. Dino, G.R. No.
178044,January19,2011)
A:Thefinaljudgmentshallprovidefortheff:
1. Liquidation,partitionanddistributionof
thepropertiesofthespouses;
2. Custody and support of the common
children;and
3. Deliveryoftheirpresumptivelegitimes,
Note:Wheretherewasafailuretorecordinthecivil
registry and registry of property the judgment of
annulment or absolute nullity of the marriage, the
partition and distribution of the property of the
spouses, and the delivery of the childrens
presumptive legitimes, it shall not affect third
persons.(Arts.52&53)
Q:Whataretheformsofpresumptivelegitime?
A:
1. cash
2. property
3. soundsecurity
Q:Whatmustbedonebyapersonwhoseprior
marriage was annulled or declared void if he
wishestoremarry?
1. Judgmentofannulment;
2. Partition;
3. Distributionofproperties;and
4. Deliveryofpresumptivelegitimes.
III.LEGALSEPARATION
A.GROUNDS
Q:Whatarethegroundsforlegalseparation?
A:PALFACSILA
1. Repeated Physicalviolence or grossly
abusive conduct against petitioner,
commonchild,childofpetitioner;
2. Attempttocorruptorinducepetitioner,
common child, child of petitioner to
engageinprostitution,orconnivancein
suchcorruptionorinducement;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.
A:
1. Causing, threatening to cause, or
attempting to cause physical harm to
thewomanorherchild;
32
5.
6.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
7.
8.
Thisshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto,
thefollowingacts:
a. Stalkingorfollowingthewomanor
her child in public or private
places;
b. Peeringinthewindoworlingering
outside the residence of the
womanorherchild;
c. Entering or remaining in the
dwelling or on the propertyofthe
womanorherchildagainsther/his
will;
d. Destroying the property and
personalbelongingnessorinflicting
harm to animals or pets of the
womanorherchild;and
e. Engaging in any form of
harassmentorviolence;
Q:WhatisaProtectionOrderunderR.A.9262?
Thereliefgrantedunderaprotectionorderserves
the purpose of safeguarding the victim from
further harm, minimizing any disruption in the
victimsdailylife,andfacilitatingtheopportunity
and ability of the victim to independently regain
control over her life. The provisions of the
protection order shall be enforced by law
enforcementagencies.Theprotectionordersthat
may be issued under this Act are the barangay
protection order (BPO), temporary protection
order (TPO) and permanent protection order
(PPO).
Q:Whomayfileforprotectionorder?
A:
1. Theoffendedparty;
2. Parents or guardians of the offended
party;
3. Ascendants, descendants or collateral
relatives within the fourth civil degree
ofconsanguinityoraffinity;
4. Officers or social workers of the DSWD
or social workers of local government
units(LGUs);
5. Police officers, preferably those in
chargeofwomenandchildrensdesks;
6. Punongbarangayorbarangaykagawad;
7. Lawyer, counselor, therapist or
healthcareproviderofthepetitioner;
8. At least two (2) concerned responsible
citizens of the city or municipality
wheretheviolenceagainstwomenand
their children occurred and who has
personal knowledge of the offense
committed.
B.DEFENSES
A:C4MPDR
1. Condonationofactcomplainedof;
2. Consent to the commission of the
offense/act;
3. Connivance in the commission of the
act;
4. Collusion intheprocurementofdecree
ofLS;
5. Mutualguilt;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
A:
1.
Q:Williamfiledapetitionforlegalseparationin
1955groundedonJuanitasadulterousrelations
allegedly discovered by William in 1945. Was
Williamsactionalreadybarredbyprescription?
A:Yes.UnderArticle102,NCC,anactionforlegal
separationcannotbefiledexceptwithinone(1)
year from and after the plaintiff became
cognizantofthecauseandwithinfiveyearsfrom
andafterthedatewhensuchcauseoccurred.
Note:Thiscasewasdecidedunderthecivilcodenot
underthefamilycode.
A:None.Whileitistruethatprescriptionwasnot
interposedasadefense,nevertheless,thecourts
can take cognizance thereof, because actions
seeking a decree of legal separation, or
annulment of marriage, involve public interest
anditisthepolicyofourlawthatnosuchdecree
be issued if any legal obstacles thereto appear
upon the record. (Brown v.Yambao, G.R. No. L
10699,Oct.18,1957)
34
2.
No.UnderArticle57oftheFamilyCode,
the aggrieved spouse must file the
action within five (5) years from the
occurrence of the cause. The
subsequent marriage of Ariel could not
have occurred earlier than 1990, the
time he went to Saudi Arabia. Hence,
Rosa has until 1995 to bring the action
under the Family Code. (1994 Bar
Question)
C.COOLINGOFFPERIOD
Q:Whatisthemandatorycoolingoffperiod?
D.RECONCILIATIONEFFORTS
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whatistheruleinrenderingajudgmentof
legalseparationbaseduponastipulationoffacts
orconfessionofjudgment?
A:Adecreeoflegalseparationcannotbeissued
solelyonthebasisofastipulationoffactsora
confessionofjudgment.Thegroundsforlegal
separationmustbeproved.Neitherconfessionof
judgmentnorsummaryjudgmentisallowed.
Note:Whatthelawprohibitsisajudgmentbased
exclusivelyormainlyondefendant'sconfession.(
Ocampov.Florenciano,G.R.No.L13553,February
23,1960)
EXTENTOFINQUIRYOFPROSECUTOR
Williamarguesthatincrossexamininghimwith
regardtohismaritalrelationwithLilia,whowas
nothiswife,theAssistantFiscalactedascounsel
for Juanita when the power of the prosecuting
officer is limited to finding out whether or not
thereiscollusion,andifthereisnocollusion,to
interveneforthestate.Ishisargumentcorrect?
Article101NCC,callingfortheinterventionofthe
state attorneys in case of uncontested
proceedings for legal separation (and of
annulment of marriages, under Article 88)
emphasizes that marriage is more than a mere
contract;thatitisasocialinstitutioninwhichthe
stateisvitallyinterested,sothatitscontinuation
orinterruptioncannotbemadedependuponthe
partiesthemselves.Itisconsonantwiththispolicy
thattheinquirybytheFiscalshouldbeallowedto
focusuponanyrelevantmatterthatmayindicate
whether the proceedings for separation or
annulment are fully justified or not. (Brown
v.Yambao,G.R.No.L10699,Oct.18,1957)
A:
Whomay
Husbandorwife
file
Within5yearsfromthetimeof
Whentofile
theoccurrenceofthecause
FamilyCourtoftheprovinceor
citywherethepetitionerorthe
respondenthasbeenresidingfor
Whereto
atleast6monthspriortothe
file
dateoffilingorincaseofanon
resident,wherehemaybefound
inthePhilippines,attheelection
ofthepetitioner
F.EFFECTSOFFILINGPETITION
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffilingofapetitionfor
legalseparation?
A:
1. The spouses shall be entitled to live
separatelyfromeachother.
2. In the absence of an agreement
between the parties, the court shall
designate either the husband or the
rd
wife or a 3 person to administer the
absolute community or conjugal
partnershipproperty.
G.EFFECTSOFPENDENCY
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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onewhichsurvivesthedeathofspouse.(Lapuzv.
Eufemio,G.R.No.L31429,Jan.31,1972)
H.EFFECTSOFLEGALSEPARATION
A:
1. Spousesentitledtoliveseparately;
Note:Marriagebondnotsevered
2.
ACP/CPG shall
liquidated;
be
dissolved
or
3.
4.
5.
6.
Custodyofminorchildrenisawardedto
the innocent spouse (subject to Art.
213,FC);
Offending spouse is disqualified to
inherit from innocent spouse by
intestatesuccession;
Provisions in will of innocent spouse
which favors offending spouse shall be
revokedbyoperationoflaw;
Innocent spouse may revoke donations
he/she made in favor of offending
spouse;
7.
Innocent
spouse
may
revoke
designation of offending spouse as
beneficiary in any insurance policy
(evenwhenstipulatedasirrevocable).
36
spousesispurelypersonal.TheCivilCoderecognizes
this(1)byallowingonlytheinnocentspouseandno
one else to claim legal separation; (2) by providing
thatthespousescan,bytheirreconciliation,stopor
abatetheproceedingsandevenrescindadecreeof
legal separation already granted.(Lapuz v. Eufemio,
G.R.No.L31429,Jan.31,1972)
A:No.Themarriagebondnothavingsevered,the
womanremainstobethelawfulwifeoftheman.
Q:Whichofthefollowingremedies,
a. declarationofnullityofmarriage,
b. annulmentofmarriage,
c. legalseparation,and/or
d. separationofproperty,
can
an
aggrieved
spouse
avail
himself/herselfof:
b.Ifthewifegoes(to)abroadtoworkasanurse
and refuses to come home after the expiration
ofherthreeyearcontractthere?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
e.Ifthehusbandbeatsuphiswifeeverytimehe
comeshomedrunk?
I.RECONCILIATION
Q:Whataretheeffectsofreconciliation?
A:
1. AstotheDecree:
a. Duringthependencyofthecase:LS
proceedings
terminated
in
whateverstage
b. After the issuance of the decree:
FinaldecreeofLStobesetaside
2. AstothePropertyRegime:
Note:Inanactionforlegalseparationontheground
of adultery filed by the husband, even though the
defendant wife did not interpose the defense of
prescription, nevertheless, the courts can take
cognizance thereof, because actions seeking a
decreeoflegalseparationorannulmentofmarriage,
involvepublicinterest,anditisthepolicyofourlaw
thatnosuchdecreebeissuedifanylegalobstacles
thereto appear upon the record. Also, the husband
was guilty of commission of the same offense by
livingwithanotherwoman.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:No.Ifthespouseswanttorevivetheprevious
property regime, they must execute an
agreementtorevivetheformerpropertyregime,
which agreement shall be submitted in court,
together with a verified motion for its approval.
(Art.67,FamilyCode)
Theagreementtorevivemustbeunderoathand
specify:
1. The properties to be contributed anew
totherestoredregime;
2. Those to be retained as separated
propertiesofeachspouse;and
3. Thenamesofalltheirknowncreditors,
theiraddressesandtheamountsowing
toeach.
Q:HowdoesDeclarationofNullityofMarriage,
Annulment of Marriage and Legal Separation
differfromeachother?
A:
DECLARATION
LEGAL
OFNULLITYOF ANNULMENT
SEPARATION
MARRIAGE
liquidated
pursuanttothe
ordinaryruleson
coownership.
XPN:Marriages
declaredvoid
underArt.40
whichshallbe
liquidatedin
accordancewith
Art.43
(2).(Valdesv.
RTC)
Donationspropternuptias
Marriagebond
Dissolved
Dissolved
Noeffect,
marriage
bond
remains
valid
38
Ifonespouseactedinbad
faith,innocentspousemay
revokehisdesignationas
beneficiaryintheinsurance
policyevenifsuch
designationbestipulatedas
irrevocable.[Art.43(4)]
Succession
Legitimate
Propertyrelations
GR:Governed
eitherbyArticle
147orArticle
148ofthe
FamilyCode.
Thus,property
regimeshallbe
GR:Shallremainvalid.[Art.
43(3)]
XPN:
1. ifdoneecontractedthe
marriageinbadfaith,
suchdonationsmadeto
saiddoneeshallbe
revokedbyoperationof
law.
2. ifbothspousestothe
marriageactedinbad
faith,alldonations
propternuptiasshallbe
revokedbyoperationof
law.
Insurance
Statusofchildren
GR:Illegitimate
XPN:Children
conceivedor
bornof
marriages
before
declarationof
nullityunder
Arts.36and53
considered
legitimate
propertyorconjugal
partnership,shallbeforfeited
infavorofthecommon
children,or
iftherearenone,the
childrenoftheguiltyspouse
byapreviousmarriage,or
indefaultofchildren,the
innocentspouse
ACP/CPGshallbedissolved&
liquidated.[Art.43(2)]
Shareofspouse,who
contractedthesubsequent
marriageinbadfaith,inthe
netprofitsofthecommunity
Ifonespousecontractedthe
marriageinbadfaith,heshall
bedisqualifiedtoinheritfrom
innocentspousebytestate
andintestatesuccession.[Art.
43(5)]
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.ESSENTIALOBLIGATIONS
A:
1. Essentialmaritalobligations(EMO):LOR
a. Livetogether
Fixthefamilydomicile(Art.69,FC)
Jointlysupportthefamily(Art.70,FC)
a. Expenses shall be paid from the
communityproperty
b. In the absence thereof from the
income or fruits of their separate
properties
c. In the absence or insufficiency
thereof from their separate
properties
Managethehousehold(Art.71,FC)
Not to neglect duties, or commit acts
which tend to bring danger, dishonor,
orinjurytofamily(Art.72,FC)
Either spouse may practice any
legitimate profession/business, even
without the consent of the other. (Art.
73,FC)
b.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Incaseofdisagreement,thecourtshall
decidewhether:
a. Objectionisproper;and
b. Benefit has accrued to the family
beforeandaftertheobjection.
Q:Whataretheotherobligationsofspouses?
A:
1. Exercisethedutiesandenjoytherights
ofparents;
2. Answer for civil liability arising from
injuriescausedbychildrenbelow18;
3.
A:
GR: Performance of EMO under Art. 68
cannot be compelled by court because it will
beaviolationofpersonalliberty.
Q:Whofixesthefamilydomicile?
A:Thehusbandandwife.
Note:IncaseofdisagreementtheCourtshalldecide.
Q:WhenmaytheCourtexemptonespouse
fromlivingwiththeother?
A:
1. Ifonespouseshouldliveaboad.
2. Othervalidandcompellingreasons.
Note:TheCourtshallnotgranttheexemptionifit
isnotcompatiblewiththesolidarityofthefamily.
Q:Fromwhereshalltheexpensesforthe
supportofthefamilycomefrom?
A:
1. Communityproperty
2. In the absence thereof, from the
incomeofseparateproperties.
3. Intheabsenceofsuchincome,fromthe
separateproperties.
Q:Canaspouseobjectintheexercisebythe
otherofhis/herprofession,occupationor
business?
A:Yes,butonlyonvalid,seriousandmoral
grounds.
Note:Otherspousemayobjectonvalid,seriousand
moralgrounds.
Incaseofdisagreement,thecourtshalldecide
whether:
a. Objectionisproper;and
b. Benefithasaccruedtothefamilybefore
andaftertheobjection.
Note:Theforegoingshallnotprejudicerightof
creditorswhoactedingoodfaith.
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Q:Whatlawshallgovernthepropertyrelations
ofspouses?
A:
GR:Philippinelawsshallgovern,regardlessof
placeofcelebrationandresidenceofspouses,
in the absence of contrary stipulation in a
marriagesettlement.(Art.80,FamilyCode)
XPN:Lexreisitaeapplies:
1. Wherebothspousesarealiens;
2. With respect to the extrinsic validity of
contracts:
a. affecting property not situated in
thePhilippines;and
b. executedinthecountrywherethe
propertyislocated;
3. With respect to extrinsic validity of
contracts:
a. enteredintointhePhilippines;but
b. affecting property situated in a
foreigncountrywhoselawsrequire
differentformalitiesforitsextrinsic
validity
A:Thepropertyrelationsshallbegovernedbythe
ff.inthestatedorder:
1. Marriagesettlement
2. ProvisionsoftheFamilyCode
3. Localcustom
Note:Futurespousesmayagreeupontheregimeof
absolute community of property, conjugal
partnershipofgains,absoluteseparationofpropetry
oranyotherregime.
A:
GR:No.
XPN:Incaseofjudicialseparationofproperty.
40
Note:Thewaivermustbeinapublicinstrumentand
recorded in the office of the local civil registrar
wherethemarriagecontractwasrecordedaswellas
intheproperregistryofproperty.
A.MARRIAGESETTLEMENTS
Q:Whatisamarriagesettlement(MS)?
ItisalsoreferedtoasAnteNuptialAgreementor
MatrimonialContract.(Pineda,2008edition)
Q:WhataretherequisitesofavalidMS?
A:ISER
1. Inwriting;
2. Signedbytheparties;
3. Executed before the celebration of
marriage;
rd
4. Registration(tobind3 persons).
Q:Whataretheadditionalrequirementsforthe
validityoftheMS?
A:
ADDITIONAL
FACTUALSITUATION
REQUIREMENT
Theff.mustbemadea
Ifoneofbothofthe
partytotheMS,
partiesare:
otherwisetheMSis
void:
Parents;or
1821yearsold
thoserequiredtogive
consent
Sentencedwithcivil
interdiction
Guardianappointed
bythecourt
Disabled
Guardianappointed
bythecourt
Q:Mayamarriagesettlementbemodified?
A:Yes.ForanymodificationintheMStobevalid:
1. The requisites for a valid MS must be
present;
2. Theremustbejudicialapproval;
3. SubjecttotheprovisionsofArts.66,67,
128,135,and136.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR: Everything stipulated in the settlements
or contracts in consideration of the marriage
shallberenderedvoid.
B.DONATIONSBYREASONOFMARRIAGE
Q:Whenaredonationsconsideredasdonations
byreasonofmarriage?
Q:Whataretherequisitesfordonationspropter
nuptias(DPN)?
A:
1. Madebeforecelebrationofmarriage;
2. Madeinconsiderationofthemarriage;
3. Made in favor of one or both of the
futurespouses.
A:
1. There must be marriage settlement
(MS) stipulating a property regime
otherthanACP;
2. Donation in the MS be not more that
1/5ofthepresentproperty;
3. Theremustbeacceptancebytheother
spouse.
C.VOIDDONATIONSBYTHESPOUSES
A:
1. Beforethemarriage:
XPN:IftheyaregovernedbyACP,theneach
spouse can donate to each other in their
2.
Duringthemarriage:
A:
1. To protect unsecured creditors from
beingdefrauded;
2. To prevent the stronger spouse from
inposing upon the weaker spouse
transfer of the latters property to the
former;
3. To prevent indirect modification of the
marriagesettlement.
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Q:WhatarethegroundsforfilinganactionforrevocationofaDPNandwhattheirrespectiveprescriptive
periods?
A:
GROUNDS(Art.86)
1. Marriageisnotcelebrated
XPN:Thoseautomaticallyrenderedvoidbylaw
2. Marriageisjudicially
declaredvoid
Periodd
5yrs
PRESCRIPTIVEPERIOD
ReckoningPoint
Timethemarriagewasnot
solemnizedonthefixeddate.(art.
1149)
Groundfornullity:
a.Contractedsubsequentmarriage
beforepriormarriagehasbeen
judiciallydeclaredvoid
Revokedbyoperationoflaw
b.anyothergrounds
5yrs
3. Marriagetookplacewithoutconsentofparents,whenrequiredby
law
5yrs
4. Marriageisannulledanddoneeactedinbadfaith
5. Uponlegalseparation(LS),doneebeingtheguilty spouse
5yrs
5yrs
6. Donationsubjecttoresolutoryconditionandittookplace
5yrs
7. Doneecommittedanactofingratitude
1yr
Finalityofjudicialdeclarationof
nullity(ifactionistorecover
property)
Timethedonorcametoknowthat
therequiredparentalconsentwas
notobtained.
Finalityofdecree
TimedecreeofLShasbecomefinal
Happeningoftheresolutory
condition.
Fromdonorsknowledgeofthe
commissionofanactofingratitude.
Note:Actsofingratitude:
1. Commissionofanoffenseagainsttheperson,honororpropertyofthedonor,hiswifeorhischildren
underhisparentalauthority
2. GR:Imputationtothedonoranycriminaloffenseoranyactinvolvingmoralturpitude
XPN:ifthecrimewascommittedagainstthedoneehimself,hiswifeorhischildrenunderhisauthority
3. Unduerefusaltosupportthedonorwhenheislegallyormorallyboundtogivesuchsupport.
PROPERTYREGIMESS
Q:Whatarethedifferentpropertyregimeswhichmaybeadoptedbyfuturespouses?
A:
1. AbsoluteCommunityofProperty(ACP)
2. ConjugalPartnershipofGains(CPG)
3. AbsoluteSeparationofProperty(ASOP)
4. AnyotherregimewithinlimitsprovidedbytheFamilyCode
42
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
ACP
ASOP
CPG
Whenitapplies
1.
2.
Whenspouses:
3.
1. Adoptitinamarriage
settlement;
Whenthefuturespousesadoptitin
2. Donotchooseanyeconomic
amarriagesettlement.
system;or
3. Adoptedadifferentproperty
regimeandthesameisvoid.
4.
Whenfuturespousesadoptit
inamarriagesettlement
ACPorCPGisdissolved
Priormarriageisdissolved
duetodeathofonespouse
andsurvivingspousefailedto
complywiththerequirements
underArt103(judicial
settlementproceedingofthe
estateofdeceasedspouse)
Byjudicialorder.Judicial
separationofpropertymay
eitherbevoluntaryorfor
sufficientcause.
Consistof
Allthepropertiesownedbythe
spousesatthetimeofmarriage
becomecommunityproperty
Eachspouseretainshis/her
propertybeforethemarriageand
onlythefruitsandincomeofsuch
propertiesbecomepartofthe
conjugalpropertiesduringthe
marriage
Effectofseparationinfact
TheseparationinfactshallnotaffecttheregimeofACP.But:
1. The spouse who leaves the conjugal home or refuses to live
therein, without just cause, shall not have the right to be
supported;
2. When consent of one spouse to any transaction of the other is
required by law, judicial authorization shall be obtained in a
summaryproceeding.
3. In case of insufficiency of community or conjugal partnership
property, separate property of both spouses shall be solidarily
liable for the support of the family. Spouse present shall, upon
proper petition in a summary proceeding, be given judicial
authority to administer or encumber any specific separate
property of the other spouse and use the fruits or proceeds
thereoftosatisfythelattersshare.
(Arts.100&127,FC)
Effectofdissolution
Upondissolutionandliquidation
ofthecommunityproperty,what
isdividedequallybetweenthe
spousesortheirheirsisthenet
remainderofthepropertiesof
theACP.
Upondissolutionofthe
partnership,theseparateproperty
ofthespousesarereturnedand
onlythenetprofitsofthe
partnershiparedividedequally
betweenthespousesoftheirheirs.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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Q:Whendothepropertyregimescommence?
Q:Intheabsenceofamarriagesettlement,what
property regime governs the property relations
ofspouses?
A:
GR:Absolutecommunityofproperty.(Art.75,
FC)
XPN:
1. For marriages contracted prior to the
effectivityoftheFamilyCodeonAugust
3, 1988, conjugal partnership of gains
shallgovernthepropertyrelations.This
is so because Article 119 of the New
Civil Code will apply. The provisions of
the Family Code shall have no
retroactiveeffectbecauseitshallimpair
vestedrights.
2. Subsequentmarriagecontractedwithin
one year from the death of the
deceased spouse without liquidation of
the community property or conjugal
partnership ofgains, either judicially or
extrajudicially, as required under Arts.
103and130oftheFamilyCode.Insuch
case, a mandatory regime of complete
separation of property shall govern the
subsequent marriage. (Rabuya, Civil
LawReviewer,p.100).
REVIVALOFFORMERPROPERTYREGIME
A:1CARAPS
1. Civilinterdictionoftheprisonerspouse
terminates;
2. Absenteespousereappears
3. Court authorizes Resumption of
administration by the spouse formerly
exercisingsuchpower;
4. Spouse who has Abandoned the
conjugal home returns and resumes
commonlifewiththeother;
5. Parental authority is judicially restored
to the spouse previously deprived
thereof;
6. Reconciliation and resumption of
common life of spouse who had been
separatedinfactforatleast1year;
44
7.
TRANSFEROFADMINISTRATIONOFEXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY
A:Whenonespouse:CFAG
1. is sentenced to penalty with Civil
interdiction;
2. becomes a Fugitive from justice or is
hidingasanaccusedinacriminalcase;
3. isjudiciallydeclaredAbsent;
4. becomesaGuardianoftheother.
D.ABSOLUTECOMMUNITYY
1.GENERALPROVISIONS
Q:Whenshalltheabsolutecommunityof
propertycommence?
Q:Whatlawgovernstheabsolutecommunityof
property?
A:
1. Familycode
2. Provisionsoncoownership
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whatconstitutesthecommunityproperty?
A:
Includes:
1. Allthepropertyownedbythespouses:
a. at the time of the celebration of
themarriage;or
b. acquiredthereafter;
2. Property acquired during the marriage
bygratuitoustitle,ifexpresslymadeto
formpartofthecommunitypropertyby
thedonor,testatororgrantor;
3. Jewelries,etc.;
4. Winningsingambling.
Excludes:
1. Property acquired during the marriage
bygratuitoustitleanditsfruits;
XPN:Ifexpresslyprovidedbythedonor,
testatororgrantorthattheyshallform
partofthecommunityproperty
encumbranceofaconjugalpropertyrequiresthe
consent of both the husband and the wife
(Guiangv.CA,353Phil.578).Theabsenceofthe
consent of one renders the entire sale or
encumbrancenullandvoid,includingtheportion
of the conjugal property pertaining to the
husbandwhocontractedthesale.Neitherwould
theconjugalpartnershipbeliablefortheloanon
thegroundthatitredoundedtothebenefitofthe
family.Thesweepingconclusionthattheloanwas
obtained by the husband in order to finance the
construction of housing units, without however
adducing adequate proof, does not persuade.
(Homeowners Savings &Loan Bank v. Dailo,G.R.
No.153802,Mar.11,2005)
Note:Inthiscase,itwillbenotedthatthesalewas
entered into prior to the effectivity of the FC.
Because of such, Art. 173, in relation to Art. 166 of
the Civil Code, would have applied if there was a
finding of lack of the wife's consent. Under said
provisions, the sale would have been merely
voidable,andnotvoid.
Q:Andressoldaparceloflandbelongingtothe
conjugal partnership to Pepito. Days before the
sale, Kumander, his wife, assented to such by
signing a document entitled "Marital Consent"
contained in a jurat, which was then sworn to
beforethesamenotarypublicwhonotarizedthe
deedofsale,andthenappendedtothedeedof
saleitself.Istheconveyancevalid?
A:Itdepends.Theuseofthejurat,insteadofan
acknowledgment, does not elevate the marital
consent into the level of a public document but
instead consigns it to the status of a private
writing. Hence, the presumption of regularity
does not apply and the wife still needs to prove
its genuiness and authenticity as required under
the rules of evidence. (Pan Pacific Industrial Sales
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Co.,Inc.v.CA,G.R.No.125283,Feb.10,2006
A:No(Art.95).However,anywinningstherefrom
shallformpartofthecommunityproperty.
3.CHARGESUPONANDOBLIGATIONSOFTHE
COMMUNITYPROPERTY
Q:WhatarethechargesupontheACP?
A:
1. The support of the spouses, their
common children, and legitimate
childrenofeitherspouse;
2. All debts and obligations contracted
duringthemarriageby:
a. the designated administrator
spouse for the benefit of the
community
b. bybothspouses
c. byonespousewiththeconsentof
theother;
3. Debts and obligations contracted by
either spouse without the consent of
the other to the extent that the family
mayhavebeenbenefited;
4. All taxes, liens, charges and expenses,
including major or minor repairs, upon
thecommunityproperty;
5. All taxes and expenses for mere
preservationmade during marriage
upon the separate property of either
spouseusedbythefamily;
6. Expenses to enable either spouse to
commence or complete a professional
or vocational course, or other activity
forselfimprovement;
7. Ante nuptial debts of either spouse
insofar as they have redounded to the
benefitofthefamily;
8. The value of what is donated or
promised by both spouses in favor of
their common legitimate children for
theexclusivepurposeofcommencingor
completing a professional or vocational
46
9.
Note:Thepaymentofwhichshallbe
considered as advances to be
deducted from the share of the
debtorspouse upon liquidation of
thecommunity
4.OWNERSHIP,ADMINISTRATION,ENJOYMENT
ANDDISPOSITIONOFTHECOMMUNITY
PROPERTY
A:
GR:Itbelongstobothspousesjointly.
Butsuchpowersdonotinclude:DAE
1. Disposition;
2. Alienation;or
3. Encumbrance
oftheconjugalorcommunityproperty.
Q:Incaseofdisagreement,whosedecisionshall
prevail?
A:Thatofthehusbandbutsubjecttorecourseto
thecourtbythewifeforproperremedy.
Note:Prescriptiveperiodforrecourseis5yearsfrom
thedateofthecontractimplementingsuchdecision.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Suchconsentorcourtapprovalmustbeobtained
beforethealienation,etc.,otherwise,suchwillbe
voidandobtainingsuchconsentorcourtapproval
afterwards will not validate the act. A void act
cannotberatified.
Q:Whatifonespouseactswithouttheconsent
oftheotherorwithoutcourtapproval?
A:Inabsenceofthewrittenconsentoftheother
spouse.
Q: What if the community property is
insufficienttocovertheforegoingliabilities?
A:
GR: The spouses shall be solidarily liable for
the unpaid balance with their separate
properties.
A:
GR: A spouse cannot donate any community
propertywithouttheconsentoftheother.
A:Petitionthecourtfor:
1. Receivership;
2. Judicialseparationofproperty;
3. Authority to be the sole administrator
oftheabsolutecommunity.
Q:Whenisthereabandonment?
Q:Mayspousessellpropertytoeachother?
A:
GR:No,suchsaleisconsideredvoid
XPNs:
1. When a separation of property was
agreed upon in the marriage
settlement;
2. When there has been a judicial
separation of property under Articles
135and136ofFC(Art.1490,NCC).
Q:Duringhislifetimeandwhilehewasmarried
to Epifania, Joseph acquired a piece of land
whichhethensubsequentlyconveyed,bywayof
a purported sale, to his other woman, Maria. Is
the sale of the piece of land by Joseph to his
mistressproper?
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5.DISSOLUTIONOFCOMMUNITYREGIME
Q:HowistheACPterminated?
A:
1. Deathofeitherspouse;
2. Legalseparation;
3. Annulment;
4. Judicial separation of property during
marriage.
6.LIQUIDATIONOFTHEABSOLUTECOMMUNITY
ASSETSANDLIABILITIES
A:
1. Inventoryofallproperties;
2. Paymentofcommunitydebts;
3.
4.
Equaldivisionofnetcommunityassets
Unlessthereis:
a. An agreement for a different
proportion;or
b. Avoluntarywaiverofsuchshare;
5.
Deliveryofthepresumptivelegitimesof
thechildren;
6.
A:Communitypropertyshallbeliquidatedinthe
sameproceedingforthesettlementoftheestate
ofthedeceased.
48
E.CONJUGALPARTNERSHIPOFGAINS.
1.GENERALPROVISIONS
Q:WhatistheregimeofCPG?
Q:Whatlawgovernstheconjugalpartnership?
2.EXCLUSIVEPROPERTYOFEACHSPOUSE
Q: What are the exclusive properties of the
spouses?
A:
1. Those brought into the marriage as
his/herown;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
4.
A:
1. Reverse accession If the cost of the
improvement and the additional value
is more than the value of the principal
property at the time of the
improvement, the property becomes
conjugal.
3.CONJUGALPARTNERSHIPPROPERT
Q:WhatconstitutesCPG?
A:
1. Those acquired during the marriage
withconjugalfunds;
2. Those obtained from labor, industry,
work or profession of either or both
spouse;
3. Fruits of conjugal property due or
received during the marriage and net
fruitsofseparateproperty;
4. Share of either spouse in hidden
treasure;
5. Those acquired through occupation
suchashuntingorfishing;
6. Livestockinexcessofwhatwasbrought
tothemarriage;
7. Those acquired by chance such as
winningsingamblingsandbettings.
Q:Whataretherulesifapropertyisboughton
installmentspaidpartlyfromtheexclusivefunds
ofthespousesandpartlyfromconjugalfunds?
A:
1. Iffullownershipwasvestedbeforethe
marriage it shall belong to the buyer
spouse.
2. If full ownership was vested during the
marriage it shall belong to the
conjugalpartnership.
Q:Yamaneassertsthattheparcelofland,which
was purchased at auction, belonged to the
conjugalpartnershipofhimandhislatewife.In
the title, his name appeared to be merely
descriptive of the civil status of the registered
owner, his late wife. The purchase took place
prior to the advent of the Family Code. Is the
propertyconjugalorparaphernalpropertyofhis
latewife?
A:Conjugal.InthiscasetheprovisionsoftheCivil
Code would apply since the purchase took place
before the FC took effect. Under Art. 160 of the
NCC,allpropertyofthemarriageispresumedto
belong to the conjugal partnership, unless it be
provedthatitpertainsexclusivelytothehusband
orthewife.Inthiscase,therewasnoproofthat
the property had been acquired exclusively by
Yamane's late wife. The mere registration of a
property in the name of one spouse does not
destroy its conjugal nature in the absence of
strong,clearandconvincingevidencethatitwas
acquiredusingtheexclusivefundsofsaidspouse.
(SpousesGov.Yamane,G.R.No.160762,May3,
2006)
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titlestothelotswereissuedinthenamesofthe
spouses, the dorsal portions thereof contained
an entry showing that Eduardo had waived any
right over the properties as they were bought
outofthesavingsofJosefina.Whenacomplaint
forsumofmoneyagainstherhusband,Eduardo,
prospered, the lot was levied upon. Does the
parcel of land belong to the conjugal
partnership?
4.CHARGESUPONANDOBLIGATIONSOFTHE
CPG
Q:WhatarethechargesupontheCPG?
A:D2T2E2VAS
1. Support of the spouses, their common
children and the legitimate children of
eitherspouse;
2. Debts and obligations contracted by
onewithouttheconsentoftheotherto
theextentthatthefamilybenefited;
3. Debtsandobligationscontractedduring
the marriage by an administrator
spouse, both spouses or one with the
consentoftheother;
4. Taxes, liens, charges, expenses upon
conjugalproperty;
5. Taxes and expenses for mere
preservationofseparateproperty;
6. Expensesforprofessional,vocationalor
selfimprovement courses of either
spouse;
7. Antenuptial debts to the extent the
familyhasbeenbenefited;
8. Value of what is donated or promised
to common legitimate children for
professional,
vocation
or
self
improvementcourses;
50
9.
Expensesoflitigation.
5.ADMINISTRATIONOFTHECPG
A:
GR:Itbelongstobothspousesjointly.
Butsuchpowersdonotinclude:DAE
a.Disposition;
b.Alienation;or
c. Encumbrance of the conjugal or
communityproperty.
Q:Incaseofdisagreement,whosedecisionshall
prevail?
A:Thatofthehusbandbutsubjecttorecourseto
thecourtbythewifeforproperremedy.
Note:Prescriptiveperiodforrecourseis5yearsfrom
thedateofthecontractimplementingsuchdecision.
6.DISSOLUTIONOFCPGREGIME
Q:Howistheconjugalpartnershipterminated?
A:
1. Deathofeitherspouse;
2. Legalseparation;
3. Annulment;
4. Judicial separation of property during
marriage.
7.LIQUIDATIONOFTHECONJUGAL
PARTNERSHIPASSETSANDLIABILITIES
Q: What are the steps in the liquidation of the
CPG?
A:R2D4IPA
1. Inventoryofalltheproperties;
2. Restitutionofadvancesmadetoeachof
thespouses;
3. Reimbursement for use of exclusive
funds;
4. Debts and obligations of the CP are
paid;
5. Deliveryofexclusiveproperties;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
7.
8.
9.
A:Thecommunitypropertyshallbeliquidatedin
the same proceeding for the settlement of the
estateofthedeceasedspouse.
A:
1. Any disposition or encumbrance made
by the surviving spouse involving
community property of the terminated
marriageshallbevoid.
2. Should the surviving spouse contract a
subsequent marriage a mandatory
regime of complete separation of
property shall govern the property
relationsofthesubsequentmarriage
F.SEPARATIONOFPROPERTYOFTHESPOUSES
ANDADMINISTRATIONOFCOMMONPROPERTY
BYONESPOUSEDURINGTHEMARRIAGE
Q:Inwhatwayscantherebejudicialseparation
ofproperty?
A:CJLASA
1. Civil interdiction of the spouse of
petitioner;
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Judicialdeclarationofabsence;
Lossofparentalauthorityasdecreedby
thecourt;
Abandonmentorfailuretocomplywith
familyobligation;
Administrator spouse has abused
authority;
Separation in fact for one year and
reconciliationishighlyimprobable.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofjudicialseparationof
propertybetweenspouses?
A:
1. The absolute community or conjugal
partnershipisdissolved;
2. The liability of the spouses to creditors
shall be solidary with their separate
properties;
3. Mutualobligationtosupporteachother
continues;
XPN:Whenthereislegalseparation
G.REGIMEOFSEPARATIONOFPROPERTY
A:
1. Marriagesettlement
2. FamilyCodeinsuppletorycharacter.
Q:Whatarethekindsofseparationofproperty?
A:
1. Astoextent:
a.Total
b.PartialInthiscase,thepropertynot
agreeduponasseparateshallpertainto
theabsolutecommunity.
2. Astokindsofproperty:
a.Presentproperty
b.Futureproperty
c.Bothpresentandfutureproperty
Q:Whataretherightsofthespousesunderthe
regimeofseparationofproperty?
A:
1. Each spouse shall administer, dispose
of, own, possess, and enjoy his or her
ownseparateproperty,withoutneedof
theconsentoftheother.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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2.
Eachspouseshallownallearningsfrom
his or her profession, business and
industryandallfruits,natural,industrial
or civil, due or received during the
marriage from his or her separate
property.
Q:Whataretheliabilitiesforfamilyexpensesof
the spouses under the regime of separation of
property?
A:
GR: Both spouses shall bear the family
expensesinproportiontotheirincome.
H.PROPERTYREGIMEOFUNIONSWITHOUT
MARRIAGE
A:
ART.147
ART.148
Applicability
1. No
legal
impedi
ment Presenceoflegalimpediment:
to
1. Adulterous
marry;
relationships
2. Void
2. Bigamous/polygamous
marriag
marriages
eon
3. Incestuousvoid
the
marriagesunderArt37
ground
4. Voidmarriagesby
of
reasonofpublicpolicy
psychol
(Art.38)
ogical
incapac
ity.
Salaries&wages
Separatelyownedbythe
Ownedinequal
parties.Ifanyismarried,
shares
his/hersalarypertainstothe
CPGofthelegitimatemarriage.
Propertyexclusivelyacquired
Belongstoparty
uponproofof
acquisition
Belongstosuchparty
throughexclusive
funds
52
Propertyacquiredbyboththroughtheirworkor
industry
Governedby
Ownedincommonin
rulesofco
proportiontotheirrespective
ownership
contributions
Presumption
Property
acquiredwhile
livingtogether
presumed
obtainedbytheir
jointefforts,
workorindustry
andownedby
Nopresumptionofjoint
theminequal
acquisition.
shares.
Actualjointcontributionof
Ifonepartydid money,propertyorindustry
notparticipatein shallbeownedbythemin
acquisition:
commonproportion.
presumedto
havecontributed However,theircontributions
throughcareand arepresumedequal,inthe
maintenanceof absenceifprooftothecontrary
familyand
household
(Buenaventura
v.
Buenaventura,
G.R.No.127358,
Mar.31,2005)
Forfeiture
Whenonlyoneis
inGF,shareof
partyinBFinthe
coownershipbe Ifoneofthepartiesisvalidly
forfeitedinfavor marriedtoanother,his/her
of:
shareinthecoownershipshall
1. their
accruetotheACPorCPG
common
existinginthemarriage.
children
2. innocent IfthepartywhoactedinBFis
party
notvalidlymarriedtoanother
indefaultof/
orifbothpartiesareinBF,such
waiverbyany/all sharebeforfeitedinmanner
common
providedinlastparofArt.147
children,orby
their
descendants
Proofofactualcontribution
Notnecessary
Necessary
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
UnderArt.148,onlythepropertiesacquiredbyboth
parties through their actual joint contribution of
moneypropertyorindustryshallbeownedbythem
in proportion to their respective contributions.
(Agapayv.Palang,G.R.No.116726,July28,1997)
A:No.Art.148oftheFCdoesnotapplysince,in
saidarticle,acoownershipmayensueincaseof
cohabitationwhere,forinstance,onepartyhasa
preexisting valid marriage, provided that the
parties prove their actual joint contribution of
money, property or industry and only to the
extent of their proportionate interest thereon.
Petitioner failed to adduce preponderance of
evidencethatshecontributedmoney,propertyor
industryintheacquisitionofthesubjectproperty
and, hence, is not a coowner of the property.
Since the subject property was acquired during
the subsistence of the first marriage of Eduardo,
undernormalcircumstances,thesameshouldbe
presumedtobeconjugalpropertyofEduardoand
Josefina. (Francisco v. Master Iron Works
Construction Corp.,G.R. No. 151967. Feb. 16,
2005)
A:No.Thepropertyrelationbetweentheparties
is governed by Art. 147 of the FC. Under this
article,thereisapresumptionthattheproperties
which they acquired during their cohabitation
wereacquiredthroughtheirjointefforts,workor
industry.Itfurtherprovidesthatapartywhodid
notparticipateintheacquisitionthereofshallbe
deemed to have contributed jointly in the
acquisition thereof if his or her efforts consisted
inthecareandmaintenanceofthefamilyandof
thehousehold.
Note:Inthiscase,Franciscohimselftestifiedthathis
wifewasnotaplainhousewifebutonewhohelped
him in managing the family's business. Hence,
Ermindaisrightfullyentitledtoajointshareintheir
properties. (Gonzales v. Gonzales,G.R. No. 159521,
Dec.16,2005)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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54
cohabitationfromtheirseparateproperty,acar
worth P100.000.00 being used by the common
law spouses, was donated just months ago to
Rizzabyherparents.
Q:In1989,Rico,thenawidowerforty(40)years
ofage,cohabitedwithCora,awidowthirty(30)
years of age. While living together, they
acquired from their combined earnings a parcel
of riceland. After Rico and Cora separated, Rico
livedtogetherwithMabel,amaidensixteen(16)
years of age. While living together, Rico was a
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
1. RicoandCoraarethecoownersofthe
riceland. The relations is that of co
ownership (Art. 147, Family Code, first
paragraph).
VI.THEFAMILY
A.THEFAMILYASANINSTITUTION
Q:Whatisincludedinfamilyrelations?
A:
1. Betweenhusbandandwife
2. Betweenparentsandchildren
3. Among other ascendants and
descendants
4. Amongbrothersandsisters,whetherof
thefullothalfblood.
Q:Whatgovernsfamilyrelations?
A:Thelaw.
Q:Whataretherequisitesbeforeasuitbetween
membersofthesamefamilymayprosper?
A:
1. Earnest efforts toward a compromise
havebeenmade;
2. Sucheffortsfailed;
3. The fact that earnest efforts toward a
compromise have been made but the
samehavefailedappearsintheverified
complaintorpetition..
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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B.THEFAMILYHOME
Q:Whatismeantbyfamilyhome(FH)andhow
isitconstituted?
A:Itisthedwellinghousewherethehusbandand
wife and their family reside, and the land on
whichitissituated;itisconstitutedjointlybythe
husbandandthewifeorbyanunmarriedheadof
afamily.
Q:CanFHbeconstitutedonahouseconstructed
onalandbelongingtoanother?
A:No.
Reason:Thelandwherethehouseiserectedisan
integralpartofthehomeandthehomeshouldbe
permanentincharacter.
Q:Whataretheexceptionstotherulethatthe
FH is exempt from execution, forced sale or
attachment?
A:LTPM
1. Debts due to Laborers, mechanics,
architects, builders, material men and
others who rendered service or
furnishedmaterialsfor theconstitution
ofthebuilding;
2. NonpaymentofTaxes;
3. DebtsincurredPriortoconstitution;
4. Debts secured by Mortgages on the
familyhome.
56
A:Itisnotexempt.UnderArt.155oftheFC,the
family home shall be exempt from execution,
forced sale, or attachment except for, among
other things, debts incurred prior to the
constitution of the family home. In the case at
bar, the house and lot was not constituted as a
familyhome,whetherjudiciallyorextrajudicially,
at the time that the debtor incurred her debts.
Under prevailing jurisprudence, it is deemed
constitutedassuchbyoperationoflawonlyupon
the effectivity of the Family Code on August 3,
1988, thus, the debts were incurred before the
constitutionofthefamilyhome.(GomezSalcedo,
etal.v.Sta.Ines,etal.,G.R.No.132537,Oct.14,
2005)
Q:Whataretheguidelinesintheconstitutionof
thefamilyhome?
A:1SAPOC
1. FHisdeemedconstitutedfromthetime
of Actual occupation as a family
residence;
2. Only1FHmaybeconstituted;
3. Must be Owned by the person
constitutingit;
4. MustbePermanent;
5. Same rule applies to both valid and
voidable marriages and even to
common law spouses; (Arts. 147 and
148)
6. It Continues despite death of one or
both spouses or an unmarried head of
the family for 10 years or as long as
thereisaminorbeneficiary.
Q:WhoarethebeneficiariesofaFH?
A:
1. Husband and wife, or unmarried head
ofthefamily
2. Parents (may include parentsinlaw),
ascendants, brothers and sisters
(legitimate or illegitimate) living in the
FH and dependent on the head of the
familyforsupport
Q:Whataretherequisitesinthesale,alienation,
donation, assignment or encumbrance of the
FH?
A:Thefollowingmustgivetheirwrittenconsent:
1. ThepersonwhoconstitutedtheFH;
2. The spouse of the person who
constitutedtheFH;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Note:Incaseofconflict,courtshalldecide.
A:
1. Hemustbeajudgmentcreditor;
2. His claim must not be among those
exceptedunderArt.155;
3. He has reasonable grounds to believe
that the family home is worth more
thanthemaximumamountfixedinArt.
157.
Q:Whatistheprocedureinexercisingtheright
toexecute?
A:
1. Creditormustfileamotioninthecourt
proceeding where he obtained a
favorable judgment for a writ of
executionagainsttheFH;
2. There will be a hearing on the motion
wherethecreditormustprovethatthe
actual value of the FH exceeds the
maximum amount fixed by the Family
Code, either at the time of its
constitution or as a result of
improvements introduced after its
constitution;
3. If the creditor proves that the actual
valueexceedsthemaximumamout,the
courtwillorderitssaleinexecution;
4. Ifthefamilyhomeissoldformorethan
thevalueallowed,theproceedsshallbe
appliedasfollows:
a. TheobligationsenumeratedinArt.
155mustbepaid
b. The judgment in favor of the
creditor will be paid, plus all the
costsofexecution
The excess, if any, shall be delivered to the
judgmentdebtor(Art.160,FamilyCode).
VII.PATERNITYANDFILIATION
Q:Towhatdopaternityandfiliationreferto?
A:Paternityandfiliationrefertotherelationship
existingbetweenparentandchild.
Q:Whataretheclassificationsoffiliation?
A:LILA
GENERALRULE
EXCEPTIONS
Legitimate
Conceivedorbornwithinavalidmarriage
Illegitimate
Conceivedandbornoutsideavalidmarriage
Legitimated
Conceivedorbornoutsideofwedlockofparents
withoutimpedimenttomarryatthetimeof
conceptionandhadsubsequentlymarried.
RequisitesofLegitimation:
1. Nolegalimpedimentforparentstomarry
attimeofconception;
2. Validmarriagesubsequenttochildsbirth.
Adopted
(PleaserefertorelatednotesonAdoptionlaws)
A.LEGITIMATECHILDREN
Q: When is a child conceived by artificial
inseminationconsideredlegitimate?
A:Thefollowingconditionsmustbepresent:
1. The artificial insemination is made on
thewife,notonanotherwoman;
2. Theartificialinseminationonthewifeis
donewiththespermofthehusbandor
of a donor, or both the husband and a
donor;
3. The artificial insemination has been
authorizedorratifiedbythespouseon
a written instrument executed and
signed by them before the birth of the
child;and
4. The written instrument is recorded in
thecivilregistrytogetherwiththebirth
certificateofthechild.
Q:Whatistheruleonstatusofchildwherethe
mothercontractedanothermarriagewithin300
daysafterterminationoftheformer?
A:Thechildshallbeconsideredasconceived
duringthe:
1. Formermarriageifchildisborn:
a. Before 180 days after the
solemnization of the subsequent
marriage,provideditisborn
b. Within 300 days after termination
offormermarriage
2. Subsequentmarriageifachildborn:
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a.
b.
Illustrations:
1. 180thdaytakesplacebefore300thday
Subsequent marriage
Former marriage
solemnized
terminated
2.
th
th
180 daytakesplaceafter300 day
Former marriage
terminated
58
Subsequent marriage
solemnized
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
ACTIONTOIMPUGN
ACTIONTOCLAIM
LEGITIMACY
LEGITIMACY
Remedy
Actiontoclaim
legitimacy
Actiontoimpugn
(compulsory
legitimacyorillegitimacy
recognition)
Realpartyininterest
GR:Husband
XPN:Heirs,incases
GR:Child
where:
1. Husbanddied
beforethe
XPN:Heirsofthechild,
expirationofthe
incaseswhere:
periodforbringing
1. Childdiedinstate
theaction;
ofinsanity
2. Husbanddiedafter
2. Childdiedduring
filingthe
minority
complaint,without
havingdesisted;
Note:Mustbefiled
3. Childwasborn
within5years.
afterthedeathof
husband.
Prescription
GR:Duringthelifetime
ofthechild
1yearhusbandreside
inthesamemunicipality
XPN:Lifetimeofthe
orcitywherebirthtook
putativefather
place
Incaseswherethe
2yearshusband
actionisforthe
resideNOTinthesame
recognitionof
municipalityorcity
illegitimatechildby
3yearshusbandis
openandcontinuous
livingabroad
possessionofthe
status.
Q:Whatarethegroundstoimpugnlegitimacyof
thechild?
A:
1. Physicalimpossibilityforthehusbandto
have sexual intercourse with his wife
withinthefirst120daysofthe300days
which immediately preceded the birth
ofthechildbecauseof:
a. Physical incapacity of the husband
tohavesexualintercoursewithhis
wife,
b. Thefactthatthehusbandandwife
were living separately in such a
way that sexual intercourse was
notpossible,or
c. Serious illness of the husband
which
absolutely
prevented
intercourse;
2.
3.
CLAIMINGFILIATION
A:
GR: The right to claim filiation may be used
onlybythechild.Itisnottransmissibletothe
heirs.
XPN:Incaseswherechilddied:
1. Duringminorityor
2. Inastateofinsanity.
Q:Whenshouldanactiontoclaimlegitimacybe
brought?
A:Itdependsonwhoisbringingtheaction:
1. Bythechildduringhislifetime
2. Byhisheirswithin5yearsshouldthe
childdieduringminorityorinastateof
insanity
Note:Questioninglegitimacymaynotbecollaterally
attacked.Itcanbeimpugnedonlyinadirectaction.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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B.PROOFOFFILIATION
1. Primaryproofconsistsoftheff:
a. Record of birth appearing in civil
registrarorfinaljudgment;
b. Admission of legitimate filiation in
public document or private
handwritten instrument signed by
parentconcerned.
2. Secondaryconsistsoftheff:
a. Open and continuous possession
oflegitimacy;
b. AnymeansallowedbytheRulesof
Courtandbyspeciallaws.
Note:Continuousdoesnotmeanthattheconcession
ofstatusshallcontinueforeverbutonlythatitshall
not be of an intermittent character while it
continues.Thepossessionofsuchstatusmeansthat
the fatherhas treated the child as his own,directly
andnotthroughothers,spontaneouslyandwithout
concealmentthoughwithoutpublicity.
Theremustbeashowingofpermanentintentionof
thesupposedfathertoconsiderthechildashisown
by continuous and clear manifestation andpaternal
affectionandcare.(Mendozav.CA,G.R.No.86302,
Sept.24,1991)
Suchactsmustbeofsuchanaturethattheyreveal
not only the conviction of paternity, but also the
apparentdesiretohaveandtreatthechildassuchin
all relations in society and in life, not accidentally,
butcontinuously.(Jisonv.CA,G.R.No.124853,Feb.
24,1998)
Q:Whataretherulesonprovingfiliation?
A:
GR: Primary proof shall be used to prove
filiation.
60
Q:Rosanna,assurvivingspouse,filedaclaimfor
death benefits with the SSS upon the death of
her husband, Pablo. She indicated in her claim
thatthedecedentisalsosurvivedbytheirminor
child, Jeylynn, who was born in 1991. The SSS
granted her claim but this was withdrawn after
investigation, when a sister of the decedent
informed the system that Pablo could not have
sired a child during his lifetime because he was
infertile. However in Jeylynns birth certificate,
Pablo affixed his signature and he did not
impugn Jeylynns legitimacy during his lifetime.
Was the SSS correct in withdrawing the death
benefits?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:Yes.CitingtheearliercaseofDeJesusv.Estate
ofJuanDizon,(366SCRA499),theSupremeCourt
held that the Ma. Theresa was able to establish
that Vicente was in fact her father. The due
recognition of an illegitimate child in a record of
birth,awill,astatementbeforeacourtofrecord,
or in any authentic writing is, in itself, a
consummated act of acknowledgment of the
child,andnofurthercourtactionisrequired.The
ruleis,anyauthenticwritingistreatednotjustas
agroundforcompulsoryrecognition;itisinitself
a voluntary recognition that does not require a
separate action for judicial approval. (Eceta v.
Eceta,G.R.No.157037,May20,2004)
A:Thefirstmarriagebeingfoundtobevalidand
subsisting, whereas that between Gerardo and
Ma.Theresawasvoidandnonexistent,thechild
should be regarded as a legitimate child out of
the first marriage. This is so because the child's
best interest should be the primordial
considerationinthiscase.
Q:GerardoandMa.Theresa,however,admitted
that the child was their son. Will this affect the
statusofthechild?
A:No.Theadmissionofthepartiesthatthechild
wastheirsonwasinthenatureofacompromise.
The rule is that the status and filiation of a child
cannotbecompromised.Art.164oftheFCisclear
that a child who is conceived or born during the
marriageofhisparentsislegitimate.(Concepcion
v.CA,G.R.No.123450.Aug.31,2005)
Q:WhatistheeffectofMa.Theresasclaimthat
thechildisherillegitimatechildwithhersecond
husbandtothestatusofthechild?
Insaidbirthcertificate,itwasindicatedthather
birth was recorded as the legitimate child of
RamonandVanBolatis,andcontainsaswellthe
word"married"toreflecttheunionbetweenthe
two. However, it was not signed by Ramon and
Vanemon Bolatis. It was merely signed by the
attending physician, who certified to having
attended to the birth of a child. Does the
presumptionoflegitimacyapplytoCherimon?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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support,heldthattheplaintiffminoristhechild
of the defendant with the plaintiffminor's
mother. Was the trial court correct in holding
such?
Note:Thebirthcertificatethatwaspresentedbythe
plaintiffminor appears to have been prepared
without the knowledge or consent of the putative
father. It is therefore not a competent piece of
evidenceonpaternity.Thelocalcivilregistrarinthis
case has no authority to record the paternity of an
illegitimate child on the information of a third
person. Similarly, a baptismal certificate, while
considered a public document, can only serve as
evidenceoftheadministrationofthesacramenton
thedatespecifiedthereinbutnottheveracityofthe
entries with respect to the child's paternity
(Macadangdang v. CA, 100 SCRA 73). Thus,
certificates issued by the local civil registrar and
baptismal certificates are per se inadmissible in
evidence as proof of filiation and they cannot be
admitted indirectly as circumstantial evidence to
prove the same (Jison v. CA, 350 Phil. 138).
(Cabataniav.CA,G.R.No.124814.Oct.21,2004)
C.ILLEGITIMATECHILDREN
Q:Whoareillegitimatechildren?
A:Childrenconceivedandbornoutsideavalid
marriage.
A:RAP
1. Filiation has been Recognized by the
father through the record of birth
appearinginthecivilregister
2. Admissioninpublicdocument
3. Privatehandwritteninstrumentismade
bythefather
62
D.LEGITIMATEDCHILDREN
Q:Whatislegitimation?
Q:Whoareentitledtolegitimation?
Q:Arechildrenbornofparents,whoatthetime
of conception and birth, were minors may be
legitimated?
A:
1. Child must have been conceived and
bornoutsideofwedlock;
2. Childs parents, at the time of formers
conception, were not disqualified by
anyimpedimenttomarryeachother;
3. The subsequent valid marriage of the
parents.(Art.177,NCC)
WasthemarriageofRoderickandFayevalid?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
WhatisthefiliationstatusofLaica?
A:HavingbeenbornduringthemarriageofFaye
and Brad, she is presumed to be the legitimate
childofFayeandBrad,sheispresumedtobethe
legitimate child of Faye and Brad. This
presumptionhadbecomeconclusivebecausethe
periodoftimetoimpugnherfiliationhadalready
prescribed.
A:Noshecannotbelegitimatedbythemarriage
of her biological parents. In the first place she is
not, under the law, the child of Roderick. In the
second place, her biological parents could not
have validly married each other at the time she
wasconceivedandbornsimplybecauseFayewas
still married to Roderick at that time. Under
Article 177 of the Family Code, only children
conceived or born outside of wedlock of parents
who, at the time of the conception of the child
were not disqualified by any impediment to
marryeachother,maybelegitimated.(2008Bar
Question)
RIGHTSOFCHILDREN
A:
LEGITIMATE
CHILDREN
ILLEGITIMATE
CHILDREN
Surname
Bearthesurnameof
Bearthesurnamesof
eitherthemotheror
bothparents(mother
thefatherunderR.A.
andfather)
9255
Support
Receivesupportfrom:
1. Parents;
2. Ascendants;and
Receivesupport
3. inpropercases,
accordingtoprovision
brothersand
ofFC
sistersunderArt
174.
Legitime
FullLegitimesand
Shareisequivalentto
othersuccessional
oftheshareofa
rightsundertheCivil
legitimatechild
Code
Periodforfilingactionforclaimoflegitimacyor
illegitimacy
Forprimaryproof:
His/herwholelifetime
his/herwholelifetime
regardlessoftypeof
proofprovidedunder
Forsecondaryproof:
Art172
onlyduringthelifetime
oftheallegedparent
Transmissibilityofrighttofileanactiontoclaim
legitimacy
Yes
No
Righttoinheritabintesto
Norighttoinheritab
intestofromlegitimate
childrenandrelativesof
Yes
fatherandmother
underArt992,NCC
(IronCurtainRule)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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VIII.ADOPTION
A.DOMESTICADOPTIONLAW
1.WHOCANADOPT
Q:Whomayadopt?
A:
1. Filipino;
2. Alien;
3. Guardianwithrespecttohisward.
A:LPGFEC16
1. MustbeofLegalage;
2. InaPositiontocareforhischildren;
3. Goodmoralcharacter;
4. Fullcivilcapacityandlegalrights;
5. Not been Convicted of any crime
involvingmoralturpitude;
6. Emotionallyandpsychologicallycapable
ofcaringforchildren;
7. GR: At least 16 years older than
adoptee
XPN:Itisnotnecessarythatadopterbe
atleast16yearsolder:
a. Adopter is the biological parent of
theadoptee,
b. Adopteristhespouseofadoptees
parent.
A:SD3
1. Possesses Same qualifications as those
enumeratedforFilipinoadopters;
2. His country has Diplomatic relations
withthePhilippines;
3. GR: Has been living in the Philippines
for at least 3 continuous years prior to
the application for adoption and
maintainssuchresidenceuntiladoption
decreehasbeenentered.
XPN:
a. He is a former Filipino who seeks
to adopt a relative within the 4th
civil degree of consanguinity or
affinity,
b. He is married to a Filipino and
seeks to adopt jointly with his
th
spouse a relative within the 4
degreeofconsanguinityoraffinity,
64
c.
Q:Howmayaguardianadopthisward?
A:
GR: Such person must adopt with his spouse
jointly. The general rule is that husband and
wifeshalljointlyadopt.
XPN:
1. One spouse seeks to adopt the
legitimatechildoftheother;
2. One spouse seeks to adopt his own
illegitimatechild;
3. Spousesarelegallyseparated.
A:Yes.Section7Article3ofR.A.8552reads:Sec.
7Husbandandwifeshalljointlyadopt,xxx.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Thelawis clear.Thereisnoroomforambiguity.
Monina, having remarried at the time the
petitions for adoption were filed, must jointly
adopt.Sincethepetitionsforadoptionwerefiled
only by Monina herself, without joining her
husband, Olario, the trial court was correct in
denyingthepetitionsforadoptiononthisground.
(InRe:PetitionforAdoptionofMichelleP.Lim,In
Re: Petition for Adoption of Michael Jude P. Lim,
Monina P. Lim, G.R. Nos. 16899293, May 21,
2009)
ADOPTEE.
Q:Whomaybeadopted?
A:
1. Any person below 18 of age who has
been administratively or judicially
declaredavailableforadoption;
2. Legitimate child of one spouse by the
otherspouse;
3. Illegitimate child by a qualified adopter
to improve the status of said child to
thatoflegitimacy;
4. Person of legal age, if prior to the
adoption, said person has been
consistently considered and treated by
adoptersastheirchildsinceminority;
5. Child whose adoption has been
previouslyrescinded;
6. Child whose biological parents have
died provided no proceedings have
been initiated within 6 months from
timeofdeath.
Q:Whatisthedefinitionofchild?
A:Achildisanypersonbelow18yearsold.
Q:Whatisthedefinitionofchildlegallyfreefor
adoption?
A:
1. Adoptee,if10yearsofageandover;
2. Biologicalparentsofthechild,ifknown
or the legal guardian, or the proper
government instrumentality which has
legalcustodyofthechild;
3. Legitimatechildrenoftheadopter,if10
yearsoldorover;
4. Illegitimate children of the adopter, if
10yearsoldoroverandlivingwithhim;
5. Spouseoftheadopted,ifmarried;
6. Spouseoftheadopter,ifmarried.
Q:Bernadettefiledapetitionforadoptionofthe
threeminorchildrenofherlatebrother,Ian.She
allegedthatwhenherbrotherdied,thechildren
were left to the care of their paternal
grandmother, Anna, who went to Italy. This
grandmotherdiedhowever,andsoshefiledthe
petition for adoption. The minors gave their
writtenconsenttotheadoptionandsodidallof
her own grownup children. The trial court
grantedthedecreeofadoptioneventhoughthe
written consent of the biological mother of the
children was not adduced by Bernadette. Was
the trial court correct in granting the decree of
adoption?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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A:
1. Attemptonthelifeoftheadoptee;
2. Sexualassaultorviolence;
3. Abandonment and failure to comply
withparentalobligations;
4. Repeated
physical
or
verbal
maltreatmentbytheadopter.
Note:Adoptercannotrescindbutmaydisinheritthe
adoptee.
A:
1. Groundless accusation against the
testator of a crime punishable by 6
yearsormoreimprisonment;
2. Foundguiltyofattemptagainstthelife
of the testator, his/her spouse,
descendantorascendant;
3. Causesthetestatortomakechangesor
changes a testators will through
violence, intimidation, fraud or undue
influence;
4. Maltreatment of the testator by word
ordeed;
5. Conviction of a crime which carries a
penaltyofcivilinterdiction;
6. Adultery or concubinage with the
testatorswife;
7. Refusal without justifiable cause to
supporttheparentorascendant;
8. Leadsadishonorableordisgracefullife.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofadoption?
A:
1. GR: Severance of all legal ties between
the biological parents and the adoptee
and the same shall then be vested on
theadopters
XPN: In cases where the biological
parentisthespouseoftheadopter;
66
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q:Statetheeffectsofrescissionoftheadoption
intheDomesticAdoptionActof1998(RA8552).
A:
1. If adoptee is still a minor or is
incapacitatedRestorationof:
a. Parentalauthorityoftheadoptees
biologicalparents,ifknownor
b. LegalcustodyoftheDSWD;
2. Reciprocal rights and obligations of the
adopters and adoptee to each other
shallbeextinguished;
3. Court shall order the civil registrar to
cancel the amended certificate of birth
of the adoptee and restore his/her
originalbirthcertificate;
4. Succession rights shall revert to its
status prior to adoption, but only as of
the date of judgment of judicial
rescission;
5. Vested rights acquired prior to judicial
rescissionshallberespected.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
ThereisalegalobstacletotheadoptionofSandy
by Andrew and Elena. Andrew and Elena cannot
adoptjointlybecausetheyarenotmarried.
Inhisoldage,canAndrewbelegallyentitledto
claimsupportfromAmy,Jon,Ryan,Vina,Wilma
and Sandy assuming that all of them have the
meanstosupporthim?
CanJonandJanelegallymarry?
B.INTERCOUNTRYADOPTIONACTOF1995.
(RA8043).
ADOPTER
Q:Whomayadopt?
A:
1. Anyalien;
2. Filipino citizen, both permanently
residingabroad.
Filipinooralientoadopt?
A:
1. Atleast27yearsoldand16yearsolder
thanthechildtobeadoptedatthetime
of the application unless adopter is the
parentbynatureofthechild;
2. If married, his spouse must jointly file
foradoption;
3. Has the capacity to act or assume all
rights and responsibilities of parental
authority;
4. Notbeenconvictedofacrimeinvolving
moralturpitude;
5. Eligibletoadoptunderhisnationallaw;
6. Inapositiontoprovideforpropercare
and support and give necessary moral
values;
7. Agreestoupholdthebasicrightsofthe
child mandated by the UN convention
of rights of Child and the Philippine
Laws;
8. Comes from a country with which the
Philippineshasdiplomaticrelationsand
adoption is allowed under his national
law;
9. Possesses all the qualifications and
none of the disqualifications under the
laworotherapplicablePhilippinelaws.
Whilethepetitionforadoptionwasfiledin1990,
it was considered refiled upon the effectivity of
R.A.8552.Thisisthelawapplicable,thepetition
being still pending with the lower court. Under
the Act, Sarah and Sonny must adopt jointly
becausetheydonotfallinanyoftheexceptions
where one of them may adopt alone. When
husband and wife must adopt jointly, the
Supreme Court has held in a line of cases that
both of them must be qualified to adopt. While
Sarah, an alien, is qualified to adopt, for being a
former Filipino citizen who seeks to adopt a
th
relativewithinthe4 degreeofconsanguinityor
affinity,Sonny,analien,isnotqualifiedtoadopt
becauseheisneitheraformerFilipinocitizennor
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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ADOPTEE
Q:Whomaybeadopted?
Q:Whatisthedefinitionofchild?
A:Achildisanypersonbelow15yearsold.
Q:Whatisalegallyfreechild?
XPN:
1. Adoptionbyrelative;
2. Childwithspecialmedicalcondition.
INTERCOUNTRYADOPTIONBOARD
68
ofthechild
Q:Whatistrialcustody?
A:Itisthepreadoptiverelationshipwhichranges
6 months from the time of the placement. It
startsfromtheactualtransferofthechildtothe
applicantwho, asactualcustodian,shallexercise
substitute parental authority over the person of
thechild
Note:
1.
2.
Ifunsatisfactorytherelationshipshallbe
suspended by the board and the foreign
adoption agency shall arrange for the
childsvoluntarycare.
IfsatisfactorytheBoardshallsubmitthe
written consent of the adoption to the
foreign adoption agency within 30 days
aftertherequestofthelattersrequest.
IX.SUPPORT
Q:Whatissupport?
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofsupport?
A:PRIMPEN
1. Personal
2. Reciprocalonthepartofthosewhoare
bylawboundtosupporteachother
3. Intransmissible
4. Mandatory
5. Provisional character of support
judgment
6. Exemptfromattachmentorexecution
7. Notsubjecttowaiverorcompensation
A.WHATITCOMPRISES
Q:Whatcomprisessupport?
A:Supportcomprisesofeverythingindispensable
for:SDCMET
1. Sustenance
2. Dwelling
3. Clothing
4. Medicalattendance
5. Education includes schooling or
training for some profession, trade or
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
6.
Q:Whataretherulesontheamountofsupport?
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofsupport?
A:
1. Legalrequiredorgivenbylaw;
2. Judicialrequiredbycourt;
Maybe:
a. Pendentelite
b. Inafinaljudgment
3. Conventionalbyagreement.
Q:Whataretherulesonsupportofillegitimate
childrenofeitherspouse?
Note:Thesamebeingconsideredas
advance made by the absolute
communitytosaidspouse.
2.
CPG:
a. Property of the debtorspouse is
liable.
b. If the debtor spouse has no
property or the same is
insufficient, it may be enforced
againsttheconjugalproperty.
B.WHOAREOBLIGED
A:
1. Spouses;
2. Legitimateascendants&descendants;
3.
4.
5.
A:
GR:Yes.
Q:Whatarethesourcesofsupport?
A:
SOURCESOFSUPPORT
During
After
PendingLitigation
Marriage
Litigation
Spouses
ACP
Inwhich
property
CPG
case,the
Support
is courtmay
considered
an requirethe
advance of such guiltyspouse
spousesshare.
togive
support
*Theruledoesnot
apply
if
the
spouses are under
ACP based on Art
153.
Children
Fromthe
Fromthe
Fromthe
separate
community
community
propertiesof
property
property
thespouses
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Towhomdoestheliabilitytosupportdevolve
upon?
A:Inthefollowingorder:SDAB
1. Spouse
2. Descendants in the in the nearest
degree
3. Ascendantsinthenearestdegree
4. Brothersandsisters
Theobligationtogivesupportrestsprincipallyon
those more closely related to the recipient.
However,themoreremoterelativesmaybeheld
toshouldertheresponsibilityshouldtheclaimant
provethatthosewhoarecalledupontoprovide
support do not have the means to do so. Here,
since it has been shown that the girls' father,
Federico, had no means to support them, then
Francisco, as the girls grandfather, should then
extendthesupportneededbythem.
70
C.SUPPORTDURINGMARRIAGELITIGATION
Q:Arethespousesstillobligedtorendermutual
support after final judgment granting the
petition?
A:
GR: No. The obligation of mutual support ceases
afterfinaljudgment.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whatistheamountofsupport?
A:Amountshallbeinproportiontotheresources
ormeansofthegiverandtothenecessitiesofthe
recipient.
E.WHENDEMANDABLE
#
Q:Whenshallsupportbepaid?
A:
1. ToGiveafixedmonthlyallowance;or
2. ToReceiveandmaintaintherecipientin
thegivershomeorfamilydwelling.
notbecompelledtogivesupportifhiswifelived
outside of the conjugal home, unless there was
legalseparation.Isthedismissalproper?
G.ATTACHMENT
A:
GR: No. The right to receive support
andanymoneyorpropertyobtainedas
support cannot be attached no be
subject to execution to satisfy any
judgmentagainsttherecipient.
Q:Jurisdictionalquestionsmayberaisedatany
time. What is the exception with respect to the
provisional character of judgment for support
andtheapplicationofestoppels?
However,ifthelowercourtsvoiddecisionisnot
assailed on appeal which dealt only with the
matter of support, the losing party is now
estopped from questioning the declaration of
nullity and the SC will not undo the judgment of
the RTC declaring the marriage null and void for
beingbigamous.
Itisaxiomaticthatwhileajurisdictionalquestion
mayberaisedatanytime,thishoweveradmitsof
an exception where estoppel has supervened.
(Lamv.Chua,G.R.No.131286,Mar.18,2004)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:NoelhelpedLeabyextendingfinancialhelpto
support Leas children with Edward. May Noel
seekreimbursementofhiscontributions?Ifyes,
fromwhommayhedoso?
72
If,inacriminalcase,anaccusedwhoseverylifeis
at stake can be compelled to submit to DNA
testing, so much more so may a party in a civil
case,whodoesnotfacesuchdireconsequences,
belikewisecompelled.DNAtestinganditsresults
is now acceptable as object evidence without
runningafoulselfincriminationrightsofaperson.
(Agustinv.CA,GRNo.162571,Jun.15,2005)
X.PARENTALAUTHORITY
A.GENERALPROVISIONS
Q:Whatispatriapotestas?
A:Thesumtotaloftherightsofparentsoverthe
persons and property of their unemancipated
child.
Q:Whatdoesparentalauthorityinclude?
A:Itshallinclude:
1. Caring for and rearing of such children
forcivicconsciousnessandefficiency;
2. Development of their moral, mental
andphysicalcharacterandwellbeing.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:JoNaRePuTe
1. Jointly exercised by the father and
mother;
2. Naturalrightanddutyoftheparents;
3. Cannot be Renounced, transferred or
waived;
XPN:Incasesauthorizedbylaw;
4. Purelypersonal;
5.
Temporary.
A:
1. The father and the mother shall jointly
exercise parental authority over the
personsoftheircommonchildren.
A:Thenaturalparents,whoareofgoodcharacter
andwhocanreasonablyprovideforthechildare
ordinarily entitled to custody as against all
persons.
Q:Whoshallexerciseparentalauthorityincase
oflegalordefactoseparationofparents?
A:ParentdesignatedbytheCourt.
Q:WhatshalltheCourttakeintoaccountinthe
designationoftheparent?
A:Intheabsenceofajudicialgrantofcustodyto
one parent, both are entitled to the custody of
theirchild/children.
Theparentwhohasbeendeprivedoftherightful
custodyofthechildmayresorttotheremedyof
habeas corpus. (Salientes v. Abanilla, G.R. No.
162734,Aug.29,2006)
Q:Thepetitionfordeclarationofnullityfiledby
Crisanto against his wife included a prayer for
custodypendenteliteoftheir4yearoldson.The
supplication for custody was based on the
alleged immorality of the mother who, the
husband asserted, was a lesbian. However, the
trial court citing Art. 213 of the FC, denied
Crisanto's prayer for temporary custody of his
son,therehavingbeennocompellingreasonto
soorderit.Wasthetrialcourtcorrectindenying
Crisantosprayerfortemporarycustody?
A:Yes.Thepetitionerfailedtoovercometheso
called "tenderage presumption" rule under Art.
213oftheFC.Therewasnocompellingevidence
of the mother's unfitness. 'Sexual preference or
moral laxity alone does not prove parental
neglectorincompetencetodeprivethewifeof
custody, the husband must clearly establish that
her moral lapses have had an adverse effect on
the welfare of the child or have distracted the
errant spouse from exercising proper parental
care.
Note:Thegeneralrulethatchildrenlessthanseven
yearsofageshallnotbeseparatedfromthemother
finds its raison d'etrein the basic need of minor
children for their mother's loving care. This is
predicated on the "best interest of the child"
principle which pervades not only child custody
cases but also those involving adoption,
guardianship,support,personalstatusandminorsin
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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conflictwiththelaw.(PabloGualbertov.Gualberto,
G.R.No.154994/G.R.No.156254,Jun.28,2005)
Q:Inapetitionforhabeascorpuswhichhefiled
beforetheCourtofAppeals,Joeysoughtcustody
ofhisminorsonfromhisformerliveinpartner,
Loreta.Joeyallegedthatthechild'smotherwas
abroadmostofthetimeandthus,heshouldbe
given joint custody over their son. The CA
howeverdeniedthepetition,andonthebasisof
Art. 213, par (2) of the FC, awarded custody of
the child in favor of the mother. Was the CA
correct in denying Joeys petition for habeas
corpusforthecustodyofhisminorson?
Note:However,theCAerredinapplyingSec.6,Rule
99oftheRulesofCourt.Thisprovisionappliesonly
when the parents of the child are married to each
otherbutareseparatedeitherbyvirtueofadecree
of legal separation or because they are leaving
separately de facto. In this case, the child's parents
were never married. Hence, the portion of the CA
decisionallowingthechild,uponreachingtheageof
ten, to choose which parent to live, should be
deletedtherefrom.(Brionesv.Miguel,etal.,G.R.No.
156343.Oct.18,2004)
Q:Inapetitionforhabeascorpusthatwasfiled
by Loran against his estranged wife, as well as
againsthisparentsinlawwhomheallegedwere
unlawfully restraining him from having custody
of his child, the trial court issued an order
directing the aforesaid persons to appear in
court and produce the child in question and to
show cause why the said child should not be
discharged from restraint. Does trial court's
orderruncountertoArt.213oftheFC?
A:No.Theassailedorderofthetrialcourtdidnot
grant custody of the minor to any of the parties
but was merely a procedural directive addressed
tothepetitionersforthemtoproducetheminor
in court and explain why they are restraining his
74
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:GOC
1. SurvivingGrandparent;
2. Oldestbrotherorsister,over21years;
XPN:unfitordisqualified
3. ActualCustodianover21year;
XPN:unfitordisqualified
C.EFFECTSOFPARENTALAUTHORITYUPONTHE
PERSONOFTHECHILDREN
A:
GR: Parents are never deprived of the
custodyandcareoftheirchildren.
XPNS:
1. Forcause
Note: the law presumes that the
childswelfarewillbebestservedin
thecareandcontrolofhisparents.
2.
A:Personsexercisingparentalauthoritymay:
1. Impose discipline on minor children as
mayberequiredunderthecircumstances.
A:Personsexercisingsuchrightisnotallowedto:
1. treat the child with excessive harshness or
cruelty;or
2.inflictcorporalpunishment.
Otherwise,thefollowingareitsconsequences:
1.Parentalauthoritymaybesuspended;
2. Parent concerned may be held criminally
liable for violation of RA 7160 (Special
Protection of Children against Abuse,
ExploitationandDiscriminationAct)
A:
GR: Parents are dutybound to represent their
unemancipated children in all matters affecting
theirinterests;
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Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweensubstitute
parental authority and special parental
authority?
A:
SUBSTITUTE
SPECIALPARENTAL
PARENTALAUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
1. Exercised
Exercisedincaseof:
concurrentlywith
DAU
theparental
authorityofthe
1. Death,
parents;
2. Absence,or
3. Unsuitabilityof
2. Restsonthetheory
parents.
thatwhilethechild
isinthecustodyof
theperson
exercisingspecial
parentalauthority,
theparents
temporarily
relinquishparental
authorityoverthe
childtothelatter.
Note:Parents,judicialguardiansorthoseexercising
substitute parental authority over the minor are
subsidiarily liable for said acts and omissions of the
minor.
D.EFFECTSOFPARENTALAUTHORITYUPONTHE
PROPERTYOFTHECHILDREN
Note:Incaseofdisagreement,thefathersdecision
shall prevail unless there is a judicial order to the
contrary.
Q:Whenisaparentrequiredtopostabond?
76
Q:Whatarethekindsofpropertiesofaminor?
Distinguish.
A:
ADVENTITIOUS
PROSFECTITIOUS
1.
Earnedor
acquiredbythe
1. Property
childthroughhis
workorindustry
givenbythe
byonerousor
parentstothe
gratuitoustitle;
childforthe
2. Ownedbythe
latterto
child;
administer;
3. Childisalsothe
2. Ownedbythe
parents;
usufructuary,but
thechildsuseof
3. Parentsare
thepropertyshall
usufructuary;
besecondaryto
4. Property
allcollectivedaily
administered
needsofthe
bythechild.
family;
4. Administeredby
theparents.
Q: What are the rules regarding the use of the
childsproperty?
A:
3. Thepropertyofminorchildrenshallbe
devotedtotheirsupportandeducation
unless the title or transfer provides
otherwise.
4. The parents have the right to use only
the fruits and income of said property
forthefollowingpurposes:
a. Primarily,tothechildssupport;
b. Secondarily, to the collective daily
needsofthefamily.
A:Theparents,aslegalguardiansoftheproperty
oftheirminorchildren,donothavethepowerto
dispose or encumber the property of the latter,
such power is granted by law only to a judicial
guardian of the wards property, and even then,
only with the courts prior approval, secured in
accordancewiththeproceedingssetforthunder
theRulesofCourt.
A:
GR: The parents, as legal guardians of the
minors property, may validly lease the
same, even without court authorization,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
XPNS:Courtauthorizationisrequiredif:
1. If the lease will be recorded in the
RegistryofProperty;
2. If the lease is for a period of more
than one year, because this is already
deemedanactofdominion.
E.SUSPENSIONORTERMINATIONOFPARENTAL
AUTHORITY
Q:Whenisparentalauthorityterminated?
A:
1. Permanent:DED
a. Deathofparents;
b. Emancipationofthechild;
c. Deathofchild.
2. Temporary:AGAFIAitmayberevived
a. Adoptionofthechild;
b. AppointmentofgeneralGuardian;
c. Judicial
declaration
of
Abandonment;
d. Finaljudgmentdivestingparentsof
PA;
e. IncapacityofparentexercisingPA;
f. JudicialdeclarationofAbsence.
Q:WhatarethegroundsforsuspensionofPA?
A:CHAINB
1. Gives Corrupting orders, counsel and
example;
2. Treats child with excessive Harshness
andcruelty;
3. Subjects/allows child be subjected to
Actsoflasciviousness;
4. Convictionofcrimewithpenaltyofcivil
Interdiction;
5. Culpable Negligence of parent or
personexercisingPA;
6. CompelschildtoBeg.
A:Theremustbeacasefiledforthepurposeorin
the same proceeding if the court finds that the
cause therefore had ceased and will not be
repeated.
XPN:Incaseauthorizedbylaw.
XI.EMANCIPATION
Q:Howdoesemancipationtakeplace?
A:Byattainmentofmajorityattheageof(18)
eighteenyears.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofemancipation?
A:
1. Parental authority over the person and
propertyofthechildisterminated
2. Child shall be qualified and responsible
for all acts of civil life, save exceptions
establishedbyexistinglaws.
3. Contracting marriage shall require
parental consent until the age of (21)
twentyone.
4. The responsibility of parents or
guardiansforchildrenandwardsbelow
(21) twentyone under the second and
thirdparagraphsofArt.2180oftheCivil
Codeshallnotbederogated.
XII.SUMMARYJUDICIALPROCEEDINGSINTHE
FAMILYLAW
A:
1. Petition for judicial authority to
administer or encumber specific
separate property of the abandoning
spouse.
2. Petition for an order providing for
disciplinarymeasuresoverachild.
3. Petitionforapprovalofbondofparents
who exercise parental authority over
thepropertyoftheirchildren.
4. Judicial declaration of presumptive
death.
5. Action of a child for delivery of
presumptivelegitime
6. Judicial determination of family
domicile in case of disagreement
betweenthespouses
7. Objection of one spouse as to the
professionoftheother.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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8.
A:Allcasesrequiringsummarycourtproceedings
shall be decided in an expeditious manner,
withoutregardtotechnicalrules.
A:No.InSummaryJudicialProceedingsunderthe
Family Code, there is no reglementary period
within which to perfect an appeal, precisely
because judgments rendered thereunder, by
express provision of Art. 247, Family Code, are
immediately final and executory. An appellate
court acquires no jurisdiction to review a
judgment which, by express provision of law, is
immediately final and executory. The right to
appealisnotanaturalrightnorisitapartofdue
process, for it is merely a statutory privilege.
Since, by express mandate of Article 247 of the
FamilyCode,alljudgmentsrenderedinsummary
judicial proceedings in Family Law are
78
XIII.FINALPROVISIONS
Q:Whatistheruleontheretroactivityofthe
FamilyCode?
A:
GR:TheCodeshallhaveretroactiveeffect.
XPN:Noretroactivityifitwouldprejudicevested
rights.
Q:Whatisavestedright?
A:Somerightorinterestinpropertythathas
becomefixedorestablished,andisnolonger
opentodoubtorcontroversy.Rightsarevested
whentherighttoenjoyment,presentor
prospective,hasbecomethepropertyofsome
personaspresentinterest.
XIV.FUNERAL
Q:Whataretherulesregardingfuneral?
A:GeneralGuidelines:
1. Dutyandrighttomakearrangementsin
funerals in accordance with Art. 199,
FC:
a. Spouse,
b. Descendantsinthenearestdegree,
c. Ascendantsinthenearestdegree,
d. BrothersandSisters;
2. Funeralshallbe:
a. in keeping with the social position
ofthedeceased,
b. in accordance with the expressed
wishesofthedeceased,
c. Inabsenceoftheexpressedwishes,
his religious beliefs or affiliation
shalldetermine;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Anypersonwhodisrespectsthedeador
allows the same shall be liable for
damages;
4.
XV.USEOFSURNAMES
A:CLEARED
1. One has Continuously used and been
known since childhood by a Filipino
name and was unaware of alien
parentage;
2. The change results as a Legal
consequence,asinlegitimation;
3. There is a sincere desire to adopt a
Filipino name to Erase signs of former
alienage, all in good faith and without
prejudicinganyone;
4. ThechangewillAvoidconfusion;
5. Thenameis:
a. Ridiculous,
b. Extremely difficult to write or
pronounce,
c. Dishonorable.
thematterbelefttohisjudgmentanddiscretion
whenhereacheslegalage.
Q:Canapersonchangehisregisteredfirstname
andsexonthebasisofasexreassignment?
A:
1. 3yearsresidencyintheprovincewhere
thechangeissoughtpriortothefiling;
2. Mustnotbefiledwithin30dayspriorto
anelection;
3. Petitionmustbeverified.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
CHILDCONCERNED
Legitimate
Legitimated
Adopted
SURNAMETOBEUSED
Fathers
Adopters
MothersorFathersif
requisitesofR.A.9255
arecompliedwith
Illegitimate
Conceivedpriorto
annulmentofmarriage
Conceivedafter
annulmentofmarriage
Fathers
Mothers
FACTUALCIRCUMSTANCE
OFTHEWIFE
SURNAMETOBE
USED
1. firstnameand
maidenname+
husbands
surname
2. firstname+
husbands
surname
3. husbandsfull
name+prefix
indicatingthatshe
ishiswife(e.g.
Mrs.)
4. retaintheuseof
hermaidenname
*useofhusbands
surnameisnotaduty
butmerelyanoption
forthewife
Shallresumeusing
hermaidenname
Choices:
1. resumeusing
hermaiden
name
2. continueusing
husbands
surname
Unless:
a. court
decrees
otherwise;
b. sheorthe
former
husbandis
married
againto
another
person
Wifeshallcontinue
Validmarriage(before
husbanddies)
Art370
Wifeis
guiltyparty
Marriageis
Annuled
Art.371
Wifeis
innocent
LegallySeparated
80
Art.372
Divorced(atleastifthey
allowitlaterorforthose
whogotdivorcedduring
thejapaneseoccupation)
usingthenameand
surnameemployedby
herpriortothelegal
separation.
Choicessameas
widowedspouse.She
mayuseher
husbandssurname.
Art.373
Q:VirginiaRemo,aFilipinocitizen,ismarriedto
FranciscoRallonza.Inherpassport,thefollowing
entries appear: "Rallonza" as her surname,
"MariaVirginia"ashergivenname,and"Remo"
as her middle name. Prior to the expiration of
herpassport,Virginiaappliedfortherenewalof
her passport with the DFA, with a request to
revert to her maiden name and surname in the
replacementpassport.Virginia,relyingonArticle
370 of the Civil Code, contends that the use of
thehusbandssurnamebythewifeispermissive
ratherthanobligatory.IsVirginiacorrect?
A:No.Amarriedwomanhasanoption,butnota
duty,tousethesurnameofthehusbandinanyof
the ways provided by Article 370 of the Civil
Code. However, R.A. 8239 or the Philippine
PassportActof 1996limitstheinstanceswhena
married woman applicant may exercise the
option to revertto the use of her maiden name.
Thesearedeathofhusband,divorce,annulment,
anddeclarationofnullityofmarriage.
Incaseofrenewalofpassport,amarriedwoman
may either adopt her husbands surname or
continuously use her maiden name. However,
oncesheoptedtouseherhusbandssurnamein
her original passport, she may not revert to the
useofhermaidenname,exceptifanyofthefour
groundsprovidedunderR.A.8239ispresent.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:AUD
1. Actual use of anothers name by the
defendant;
2. UseisUnauthorized;
3. Use of anothers name is to Designate
personalityoridentifyaperson.
A:
1. Civil insofar as private persons are
concerned:
a. Injunction
b. Damages
A:No.Itisnotactionablewhenitisusedasstage,
screenorpenname.
Provided:GIM
1. UseisinGoodfaith;
2. No Injury is caused to the rights of the
personwhosenamewasused;
3. UseisMotivatedby:
a. Modesty
b. desire to avoid unnecessary
trouble
c. otherreasonnotprohibitedbylaw
ormorals.
MIDDLENAME
A:No.Thenameofanindividualhastwoparts
thegivennameorpropernameandthesurname
or family name. The given name may be freely
selected by the parents for the child, but the
surnametowhichthechildisentitledisfixedby
law. The Civil Code (Arts. 364 to 380) is silent as
totheuseofamiddlename.EvenArt.176ofthe
FC, as amended by R.A. 9255 (An Act Allowing
Illegitimate Children to Use the Surname of
TheirFather)issilentastowhatmiddlenamea
childmayuse.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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b. ChangehersurnamefromthatofAndysto
Aimeesmaidensurname?
82
A:UnderR.A.9048,onlytypographicalerrorsare
allowed to be corrected administratively. The
changeofstatusfromlegitimatetoillegitimateis
notatypographicalerrorandevenassumingthat
it is, its administrative correction is not allowed
under R.A. 9048. Typographical errors involving
status, age, citizenship, andgender are expressly
excluded from what may be corrected
administratively.
AssumingthatAimeeissuccessfulindeclaring
her former marriage void, and Andy and
Aimee subsequently married each other,
wouldGiannabelegitimated?
Question)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.PROVISIONALMEASURESINCASEOF
ABSENCE
Q:Whatisabsence?
Q:Whatarethekindsofabsence?
A:
1. PhysicalAbsence
2. LegalAbsence
Q:Whatisprovisionalabsence?
A:
1. When a person disappears from his
domicile
2. Hiswhereaboutsareunknownand:
a. hedidnotleaveanyagent
b. he left an agent but the agents
powerhasexpired
Q:Whatistheremedyofaninterestedparty,a
relativeorafriendoftheabsenteetoprotect
thelatter'sinterest?
Q:WhatisthedutyoftheCourtafterappointing
therepresentative?
A:TheCourtshall:
1.
2.
3.
Takethenecessarymeasuresto
safeguardtherightsandinterestsofthe
absentee.
Specifythepowers,obligations,and
remunerationoftherepresentative.
Regulatethepowers,obligationsand
remunerationaccordingtothe
circumstancesbytherulesconcerning
guardians.
Q:Whatistheorderofpreferenceinthe
appointmentofarepresentative?
A:
1. Spousepresent,except,whenlegally
separated.
2. Intheabsenceofspouse,any
competentperson.
Note:Theadministratoroftheabsentee'sproperty
shallbeappointedinaccordancewiththesame
order.
B.DECLARATIONOFABSENCE
Q:Whenmayabsencebejudiciallydeclared?
A:Itdepends.
1. Where the absentee left no agent to
administer his property after two (2)
years without any news about the
absentee or since receipt of the last
news.
2. Wheretheabsenteehasleftapersonto
administer his property after five (5)
years.
Q:Whomayaskforthedeclarationofabsence?
A:
1. Spousepresent
2. Heirsinstitutedinawill
3. Relativeswhomaysucceedbyintestacy
4. Persons who may have over the
property of the absentee some right
subordinated to the condition of his
death.
Q:Whenshallthejudicialdeclarationofabsence
takeeffect?
C.ADMINISTRATIONOFTHEPROPERTYOFTHE
ABSENTEE
Q:Whenshalltheadministrationoftheproperty
oftheabsenteecease?
A:ADD
1. WhenabsenteeAppearspersonallyor
bymeansofanagent.
2. WhenDeathoftheabsenteeisproved
andhistestateorintestateheirs
appear.
3. Whenathirdpersonappears,showing
byaproperDocumentthathehas
acquiredtheabsentee'spropertyby
purchaseorothertitle.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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D.PRESUMPTIONOFDEATH
Q:Whatarethekindsofpresumeddeath?
A:
1. Ordinary
presumption
ordinary
absence; absentee disappears under
normal conditions without danger or
ideaofdeath.
Q:Whataretherulesinordinarypresumptionof
death?
A:Incaseof:
1.
Disappearanceuponorbeforereaching
theageofseventyfive(75)years:
a.
Afteranabsenceofseven(7)years?
A: The absentee is presumed dead for
allpurposesexcept,succession.
Afteranabsenceoften(10)years?
A: The absentee is presumed dead for
allpurposesincludingsuccession.
b.
2.
Disappearanceattheageofseventysix
(76)yearsorolder:
a.
Afteranabsenceoffive(5)years?
A: The absentee is presumed dead for
allpurposesincludingsuccession.
Q:Whenistheabsenteepresumedtohavedied
underanordinarypresumption?
A:Attheendofthefive,sevenortenyearperiod
asthecasemaybe.
A:VAD
1. Person on board a Vessel lost during a
sea voyage, or an airplane which is
missing,whohasnotbeenheardoffor
four (4) years since the loss of the
vesselorairplane;
2. Person in the Armed forces who has
takenpatinwar,andhasbeenmissing
forfour(4)years;
3. Person who has been in Danger of
death under other circumstances and
84
Q:Whenistheabsenteepresumedtohavedied
underanextraordinarypresumption?
a.WastheRTCcorrectindismissingthepetition
basedonArticle41oftheFamilyCode?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
rights.Toretroactivelyapplytheprovisionsofthe
Further,thepresumptionofdeathcannotbethe
FC requiring Juana to exhibit "wellfounded
subject of court proceedings independent of the
belief"will,ultimately,resultintheinvalidationof
settlement of the absentees estate. In case the
hersecondmarriage,whichwasvalidatthetime
presumptionofdeathisinvokedindependentlyof
it was celebrated. Such a situation would be
such an action or special proceeding there is no
untenable and would go against the objectives
righttobeenforcednoristherearemedyprayed
thattheFamilyCodewishestoachieve.
forbythepetitioneragainstherabsenthusband.
presentsobelievesatthetimeofthecelebration
ofthemarriage.Sincedeathispresumedtohave
Q:Discussthedistinctionsbetweendeclarationofpresumptivedeathforpurposeofcontracting
subsequentmarriageandopeningsuccessionanddeclarationofabsenceunderRulesofCourt.
A:
DECLARATIONOFPRESUMPTIVEDEATHFORPURPOSEOF:
OPENINGOFSUCCESSION
CONTRACTINGSUBSEQUENT
MARRIAGE
Arts.390396,CivilCode
Arts.4144,FamilyCode
DECLARATIONOFABSENCE
Applicablelaws
Rule107,RulesofCourt
Whomayfilepetition
Absenteescoheirs,heirs,assigns,
representativeorsuccessorsin
interest
Spousepresent
1. Spousepresent;
2. Heirsinstitutedinthewill;
3. Relatives who will succeed by
intestacy;or
4. Thosewhohaveoverthepropertyof
the
absentee
some
right
subordinated to the condition of his
death.(Sec.2,Rule107)
Purposeofpetition
Toopensuccession
Forthepurposeofcontracting
subsequentmarriagebyspouse
present
Itistoappointanadministratoroverthe
propertiesoftheabsentee.Thisisproper
onlywheretheabsenteehasproperties
tobeadministered
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Whentofilepetition
GR:Absenceoftenyears.
After2years:
1. From his disappearance and
without any news about the
absentee;or
2. Of the last news about the
absentee.
Effectivityofdeclaration
6 months after its publication of place
and time of hearing in a newspaper of
general circulation and in the Official
Upon institution of a summary Upon institution of a summary
Gazette.Theordermustalsoberecorded
proceedingincourt.
proceedingincourt.
in the Civil Registry of the place where
theabsenteelastresided.(par.2,Sec.6,
Rule107)
Groundsforterminationofdeclaration
1. Absentee appears personally or
throughanagent;
Upon recording of the affidavit of
reappearanceoftheabsentspouse, 2. Absenteesdeathisprovedandheirs
Upon recording of the affidavit of
appear;or
unlessthereisajudgmentannulling
reappearance.
the previous marriage or declaring 3. Thirdpersonappearsshowingthathe
acquired title over the property of
itvoidabinitio.
theabsentee(Sec.8).
Effectofreappearance
86
Itdoesnotautomaticallyterminate
the subsequent marriage. To cause
the termination of the subsequent
marriage, the reappearance must
be made in an affidavit of
reappearance and the recording of
a sworn statement of the fact and
circumstances
of
such
reappearanceinthecivilregistry.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.ARTICLE407413
Q:Whatisthecivilregister?
A:Referstothevariousregistrybooksandrelated
certificatesanddocumentskeptinthearchivesof
the local civil registry offices, Philippine
Consulate,andoftheOfficeoftheCivilRegistrar
General.
Q:Whatshallberecordedinthecivilregister?
Acts
Events
Judicialdecrees
Q:Whatiscivilstatus?
A:Thecircumstancesaffectingthelegalsituation
or sum total of capacities or incapacities of a
person in view of his age, nationality and family
membership (Beduya v. Republic, G.R. L71639,
May 29, 1964). It also includes all his personal
qualitiesandrelations,moreorlesspermanentin
nature, not ordinarily terminable at his own will,
suchashisbeinglegitimateorillegitimate,orhis
beingmarriedornot.
Q:Whataretheactsauthorizedtobeenteredin
thecivilregister?
A:
1. legitimation
2. acknowledgmentofillegitimate
children
3. naturalization
Q:Whataretheeventsauthorizedtobeentered
inthecivilregister?
A:
1. births
2. marriages
3. naturalization
4. deaths
A:
1. legalseparations
2. annulmentsofmarriage
3. declarationsofnullityofmarriage
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
adoption
naturalization
lossorrecoveryofcitizenship,
civilinterdiction
judicialdeterminationoffiliation
changes of name (Silverio v. Republic,
G.R.No.174689,October22,2007)
A:Thebooksanddocumentsshallbeconsidered
public documents and shall be prima facie
evidenceofthefactsthereincontained.
B.RA9048
Q:WhendidR.A.9048takeeffect?
A:March22,2001.
GR:Noentryinacivilregistershallbechangedor
correctedwithoutajudicialorder.
XPN:
1. clericalortypographicalerrorsand
2. changeoffirstnameornicknamewhich
can be corrected or changed
administratively by the concerned city
or municipal civil registrar or consul
general in accordance with the
provisions of RA 9048 (Clerical Error
Law).
Q:Whatisaclericalortypographicalerror?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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C.RULE108,RULESOFCOURT
Q:Whatisafirstname?
88
RA9048doesnotsanctionachangeoffirstname
on the ground of sex reassignment. Rather than
avoiding confusion, changing petitioners first
name for his declared purpose may only create
grave complications in the civil registry and the
public interest. Before a person can legally
change his given name, he must present proper
or reasonable cause or any compelling reason
justifyingsuchchange.Inaddition,hemustshow
that he will be prejudiced by the use of his true
andofficialname.Inthiscase,hefailedtoshow,
orevenallege,anyprejudicethathemightsuffer
asaresultofusinghistrueandofficialname.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
PROPERTY
I.CHARACTERISTICS
Q:Whatisproperty?
A:Itisanobjectorarightwhichisappropriated
or susceptible of appropriation by man, with
capacity to satisfy human wants and needs
(PinedaProperty,p.1,1999Ed)
A:USA
1. Utility capability to satisfy a human
need
2. Substantivity/Individuality
independentexistence
3. Appropriability susceptibility to
ownership/possession, even if not yet
actuallyappropriated
Commonthings(rescommones)
2.
Not susceptible
impossibility
e.g.Sun
due
to
physical
3.
Notsusceptibleduetolegalimpossibility
e.g.Humanbody
II.CLASSIFICATIONOFPROPERTY
Q:Whataretheclassificationsofproperty?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Astomobility
a. Immovableorrealproperty
b. Movableorpersonalproperty
Astoownership
a. Publicdominion
b. Privateownership
Astoalienability
a. Alienable
b. Inalienable
4.
5.
6.
7.
Astoindividuality
a. Specificproperty
b. Genericproperty
Astosusceptibilitytotouch
a. Tangible
b. Intangible
Astosusceptibilitytosubstitution
a. Fungible
b. Nonfungible
Astoaccession
a. Principal
b. Accessory
A.HIDDENTREASURE
Q:Whatistheconceptofhiddentreasure?
A:HUM
1.
2.
3.
Hiddenandunknown
Unknownowner
Consists of Money, jewels, or other
preciousobjects.(Notrawmaterials)
Q:Isoilorgoldconsideredashiddentreasure?
A:No,thesearenaturalresources.
Q:Whatistheruleregardingdiscoveryofhidden
treasure?
A:
GR: If the finder is the owner of the land,
building,orotherpropertywhereitisfound,
theentirehiddentreasurebelongstohim.
XPN: If the finder is not the owner or is a
stranger (includes the lessee or
usufructuary), he is entitled to thereof.
(Art566,NCC)
Q:Whatistheeffectifthefinderismarried?
A:Ifthefinderismarriedheorshegetsonehalf
of the treasure or its value his or her spouse is
entitledtoshareonehalfofthatshareitbeinga
conjugalproperty.(Art.117,par.4,FC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whenisthefinderentitledtoanyshareinthe
hiddentreasure?
A:Requisites:ACTA
1.
2.
3.
Discoverywasmadeonthepropertyof
Another, or of the State or any of its
politicalsubdivisions;
MadebyChance;and
He is not a Trespasser or Agent of the
landowner.(Art.438par.2,NCC)
Note:Ifthethingsfoundbeofinteresttoscienceor
thearts,theStatemayacquirethemattheirjust
price,whichshallbedividedinconformitywiththe
rulestated.(Art.438,NCC)
Q:WhatisthemeaningofByChance?
A: The finder had no intention to search for the
treasure. There is no agreement between the
owner of the property and the finder for the
search of the treasure. (Pineda Property, p. 86,
1999ed)
Q:Adam,abuildingcontractor,wasengagedby
Blastoconstructahouseonalotwhichhe(Blas)
owns. While digging on the lot in order to lay
down the foundation of the house, Adam hit a
veryhardobject.Itturnedouttobethevaultof
the old Banco de las Islas Filipinas. Using a
detonation device, Adam was able to open the
vaultcontainingoldnotesandcoinswhichwere
in circulation during the Spanish era. While the
notesandcoinsarenolongerlegaltender,they
were valued at P 100 million because of their
historical value and the coins silver and nickel
content.Thefollowingfiledlegalclaimsoverthe
notesandcoins:
i)
ii)
Adam,asfinder;
Blas, as owner of the property where
theywerefound;
iii) Bank of the Philippine Islands, as
successorininterest of the owner of
thevault;and
iv) ThePhilippineGovernmentbecauseof
theirhistoricalvalue.
Q:Whoownsthenotesandcoins?
A: Hidden treasure is money jewelry or other
preciousobjectstheownershipofwhichdoesnot
appear (Art. 439, CC). The vault of the Banco de
las Islas Filipinas has been buried for about a
century and the Bank of the Philippine Islands
cannotsucceedbyinheritancetothepropertyof
BancodelasIslasFilipinas.Theownershipofthe
vault,togetherwiththenotesandcoinscannow
legallybeconsideredashiddentreasurebecause
90
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
whether naturally or artificially (accession
continua).(PinedaProperty,p.88,1999ed)
1.FRUITS
Q:Whatistheobligationoftheownerwho
receivesthefruitfromathirdperson?
Q:Whatistheruleontheownersrightof
accessionwithrespecttowhatisproducedby
hisproperty?
A: Totheownerbelongsthe:
1. naturalfruits;
2. industrialfruits;
3. civilfruits.(Art.441,NCC)
Withrespecttoanimals,itissufficientthattheyare
inthewombofthemother,althoughunborn.
2.ACCESSION;IMMOVABLEPROPERTYFRUITS
Q:Whatistheruleiftheplanterandownerofthelandaredifferent?
A:Asto:
GatheredFruits
PlanterinGF
PlanterinBF
Planter
Keepsfruits
Reimbursedforexpensesfor
production,gathering,and
preservation
Owner
Nonecessitytoreimbursethe
planterofexpensessinceheretains
thefruits
Getsfruits,payplanterexpenses
StandingCrops
PlanterinGF
PlanterinBF
Reimbursedforexpenses,
Planter
forproduction,gathering,and
preservation.
Loseseverything.Norightof
reimbursement
Ownsfruitsprovidedhepays
planterexpenses,
Ownsfruits
Owner
forproduction,gathering,and
preservation.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Givetherulewhenthelandowneristhebuilder,planterorsower.
A:
LandOwner
OwnerofMaterials
andBuilder,PlanterorSower
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
Acquirebuildingetc.afterpayingindemnityforvalueof
materials.
1.Removematerialsifw/oinjuryto
works,plantingsorconstructions;or
2.Receiveindemnityforvalueof
materials
BadFaith
GoodFaith
Acquirebuildingetc.afterpayingvalueofmaterialsAND
indemnityfordamages,subjecttotherightoftheownerof
materialstoremove
1.Removematerials,w/orw/oinjury
andbeindemnifiedfordamages;or
2.Beindemnifiedforvalueofmaterials
anddamages
GoodFaith
BadFaith
Acquirew/opayingindemnityandrighttodamages.
Losematerialsw/obeingindemnified
andpaydamages
BadFaith
BadFaith
Asthoughbothactedingoodfaith
(inparidelicto)
92
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Givetherulewhenlandownerisnotbuilder,planterorsower.
A:
LandOwner
Builder,Planter,SowerandOwnerofMaterials
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
LOhasoptionto:
1.Acquireimprovementsafterpayingindemnitywhich
couldeitherbe:
Incaselandownerexercises(1),builderhastherightto
retainuntilindemnityispaidandcannotberequiredto
payrent.
a.Originalcostsofimprovements
b.Increaseinthevalueofthewhole.
2.Sellthelandtobuilderandplanterorcollectrentfrom
sowerunlessthevalueofthelandisconsiderablygreater
thanthebuildingetc.,inwhichcase,thebuilderandplanter
shallpayrentunderthetermsfixedbytheparties.
GoodFaith
BadFaith
1.Optionto:
a.Acquireimprovementswithoutpayingindemnity
andcollectdamages.
b.Sellthelandtobuilderandplanterorrentittothe
sower,andcollectdamagesinbothcases.
c.Orderthedemolitionofworkorrestorationto
formerconditionandcollectdamagesinbothcases.
1.Loseimprovementswithoutrighttobeindemnified.
2.Recovernecessaryexpensesforpreservationofland.
3.Paydamagestolandowner.
2.Paynecessaryexpensesforpreservation.
BadFaith
GoodFaith
1.Landownermustindemnifybuilder,planter,sowerfor
improvementsandpaydamages.
1.Receiveindemnityforimprovementsandreceive
damages;or
2.Removetheminanyeventandreceivedamages
2.CannotcompelBuilder,planterandsowertobuyland.
BadFaith
BadFaith
Asthoughbothactedingoodfaith
(inparidelicto)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Givetherulewhenthelandowner,builder,planter,sowerandownerofmaterialsaredifferentpersons.
A:
LandOwner
Builder,Planter,Sower
OwnerofMaterials
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
1.Acquireimprovementsandpay
indemnitytobuilder,planter,sower
andbesubsidiarilyliabletoownerof
materialsforvalueofmaterials
1.Collectvalueofmaterials
1.Rightofretentionfornecessary
andusefulexpensesand2.Payvalue primarilyfromBPSandsubsidiarily
fromLOifformerisinsolvent
ofmaterialstoitsowner.
2.Removeonlyifw/oinjury
2.Either
a.Sellthelandtobuilderand
planterexceptifitsvalueis
considerablymore.
b.Renttosower.
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
BadFaith
1.Rightofretentionfornecessary
andusefulexpenses.
1.Losematerialswithoutrightto
indemnity.
a.Acquireimprovementsandpay
indemnitytobuilder,planter,
sower.
b.
2.Paydamages.
2.Keepbuildingetc.without
indemnitytoownerofmaterialsand
collectdamagesfromhim.
1.Optionto:
i.Selltobuilder,planterexceptif
thevalueoflandis
considerablymore,then,
forcedlease.
ii.Renttosower
2.Withoutsubsidiaryliabilityforcost
ofmaterials.
94
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
GoodFaith
BadFaith
BadFaith
1.Optionto:
1.Recovervaluefrombuilder,
planter,sower(inparidelicto)
a.Acquireimprovementswithout
payingindemnityandcollect
damages.
1.Recovernecessaryexpensesfor
landpreservation.
b.Demolition/restoreplus
damages.
2.Ifbuilder,planter,soweracquired
improvements,removematerialsif
possiblewithoutinjury.
2.Losesimprovementswithoutright
toindemnityfromlandownerunless
thelattersellstheland.
3.Noactionagainstlandownerand
maybeliabletothelatterfor
2.Paynecessaryexpensestobuilder,
damages.
planter,sower
c.Selltobuilder,planterorcollect
rentfromsowerplusdamages.
BadFaith
BadFaith
BadFaith
Sameasthoughbothactedingoodfaith
(inparidelicto)
BadFaith
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
1.Removematerialsifpossible
withoutinjury.
1.Acquireimprovementsafterpaying 1.Removeimprovements
indemnityanddamagestobuilder,
2.Beindemnifiedfordamagesinany
planter,sower,unlessthelatter
2.Collectvalueofmaterialsprimarily
event
decidestoremove.
frombuilder,planter,sower,
subsidiarilyfromlandowner.
BadFaith
1.Acquireimprovementsafter
indemnity,subsidiarilyliabletoowner
ofmaterials.
2.
a.Selltobuilder,planterexceptif
valueoflandismore.
BadFaith
GoodFaith
1.Rightofretentionfornecessary
expenses
1.Collectvalueofmaterialsprimarily
frombuilder,planter,sower,
subsidiarilyfromlandowner.
2.Payvalueofmaterialstoownerof
materialsandpayhimdamages.
b.Renttosower.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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GoodFaith
BadFaith
GoodFaith
1.Optionto:
a.Acquirewithoutpaying
indemnityandcollectdamages. 1.Recovernecessaryexpenses.
1.Collectvalueofmaterialsand
damagesfrombuilder,planter,
sower.
b.Selltobuilder,planterorrentto
sowerandcollectdamages
2.Loseimprovementswithoutright
2.Paynecessaryexpensestobuilder, ofindemnityfromlandownerunless
2.Removematerialsinanyeventif
thelattersellstheland.
planter,sower.
builder,planter,sower.
3.Subsidiarilyliabletoownerof
materials.
BadFaith
GoodFaith
BadFaith
Noindemnity,losesmaterials.
1.Indemnityfordamages
Acquire improvements and pay
indemnity and damages to builder,
planter, sower unless the latter
2. Remove improvements in any
decidestoremove.
event.
Q:Whencantheownerofthelandappropriate
ashisowntheworks,sowingorplantingofthe
builder,planter,sowerrespectively.
A:Onlywhenthebuilder,planter,sowerbelieves
that he has the right to so build, plant, or sow
because he thinks he owns the land or believes
himself to have a claim of title. (Morales v. CA,
G.R.No.12196,Jan.28,1998)
Q:Maytheownerofthelandchooseneitherto
paythebuildingnortosellthelandanddemand
theremovalofthestructuresandrestorationof
possessionofthelot.Decide.
A: The ownerhas the option of paying the value
of the building or selling the land. He cannot
refuseeithertopayorsellandcompeltheowner
ofthebuildingtoremoveitfromthelandwhere
it is erected. He is entitled to such removal only
when, after having chosen to sell the land, the
other party fails to pay for the same. (Ignacio v.
Hilario,76Phil606,1946)
Q: Felix cultivated a parcel of land and planted
sugarcane,believingittobehisown.Whenthe
cropwaseightmonthsold,andharvestableafter
96
Q:Becauseofconfusionastotheboundariesof
the adjoining lots that they bought from the
same subdivision company, X constructed a
house on the adjoining lot of Y in the honest
beliefthatitisthelandthatheboughtfromthe
subdivisioncompany.
1.
A:TherightsofY,asownerofthelot,andofX,as
builderofahousethereon,aregovernedbyArt.
448 which grants to Y the right to choose
betweentworemedies:(a)appropriatethehouse
by indemnifying X for its value plus whatever
necessary expenses the latter may have incurred
for the preservation of the land, or (b) compel X
to buy the land if the price of the land is not
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
considerablymorethanthevalueofthehouse.If
itis,thenXcannotbeobligedtobuythelandbut
he shall pay reasonable rent, and in case of
disagreement,thecourtshallfixthetermsofthe
lease.
2.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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XPN:Optionexercisedwascompulsory
sellingandbuilderfailedtopay.
Q:Whatistherecourselefttothepartieswhere
thebuilderfailstopaythevalueoftheland?
A: While the Civil Code is silent on this point,
guidancemaybehadfromthesedecisions:
A:No.ThereisnothinginArt.448and546which
would justify the conclusion that upon failure of
the builder to pay the value of the land, when
such is demanded by the landowner, the land
owner becomes automatically the owner of the
improvementunderArt.445.
Q: The Church, despite knowledge that its
intended contract of sale with the National
Housing Autority had not been perfected,
proceeded to introduce improvements on the
disputed land. On the other hand, NHA
knowinglygrantedtheChurchtemporaryuseof
the subject properties and did not prevent the
Churchfrommakingimprovementsthereon.Did
theChurchandNHAactinbadfaith?
A: Yes. The Church and the NHA, both acted in
bad faith, hence, they shall be treated as if they
were both in good faith. (National Housing
Authority v. Grace Baptist Church, G.R. No.
156437,Mar.1,2004)
USUFRUCTUARY
Q: What are the rights of the usufruct over
improvements he introduced on the property
heldinusufruct?
A:
1.
2.
3.
98
InMirandav.Fadullon,G.R.No.L8220,
Oct. 29, 1955, the builder might be
madetopayrentalonly,leavethingsas
they are, and assume the relation of
lessorandlessee;
InIgnaciov.Hilario,G.R.L175,April30,
1946, owner of the land may have the
improvementremoved;or
XPN:Hemayremovetheimprovementseven
against the will of the owner. Provided, that
nodamagewouldbecausedtotheproperty.
(Art.579,NCC)
Note: The usufructuary may introduce useful or
luxurious improvements but is prohibited from
alteringtheformandsubstanceoftheproperty
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Note:Iftheusufructuaryhasnotchosentoremove
the improvements, he may not be compelled to do
so(PinedaProperty,p.329,1999ed)
Q:Whatiftheimprovementscannotberemoved
withoutcausingdamagetotheproperty?
A.ALLUVION
Q:Whatisalluviumoralluvion?
A:Itisthegradualdepositofsedimentbynatural
actionofacurrentoffreshwater(notseawater),
the original identity of the deposit being lost.
Where is by sea water, it belongs to the State.
(Government of Philippine Islands v. Cabangis,
G.R.No.L28379,Mar.27,1929)
Note:Art.457statesTotheownersofthelands
adjoining the banks of the rivers belong the
accretion which they gradually receive from the
effectsofthecurrentofthewaters.
Q:Distinguishaccretionfromalluvium?
A: Accretion is the process whereby the soil is
depositedwhilealluviumisthesoildeposited.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofalluvium?
A:GMA
1.
2.
3.
DepositisGradualandimperceptible
Madethroughtheeffectsofthecurrent
ofthewater
The land where the accretion takes
place is Adjacent to the banks of the
river
A:Theriparianownerisautomaticallyentitledto
theaccretion.
b. fortheencumbrancesandother
easementsonhisland
dangeroflossthathesuffersdue
tothelocationofhisland
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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B.CHANGEINTHECOURSEOFRIVER
3
Q: What happens when a river changes its
course by natural causes and its bed is formed
onaprivateestate?
Q:Distinguishalluviumfromavulsion.
A:
ALLUVIUM
AVULSION
Gradualand
imperceptible
Suddenorabrupt
process
Soilcannotbe
identified
Identifiableand
verifiable
Belongstotheowner
ofthepropertyto
whichitisattached
Belongstotheowner
fromwhosepropertyit
wasdetached
Merelyanattachment
Detachmentfollowedby
attachment
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavulsion?
A:CAP
1. Transfer is caused by the Current of a
river,creek,ortorrent.
2. TransferissuddenorAbrupt
3. The Portion of the land transported is
knownoridentifiable.
C.AVULSION
Q:Whatisavulsion?
A:Itisthedepositofknown(identifiable)portion
of land detached from the property of another
whichisattachedtothepropertyofanotherasa
resultoftheeffectofthecurrentofariver,creek
ortorrent.
Note:Art.459statesthatWheneverthecurrentof
a river, creek, or torrent segregates from an estate
onitsbanksaknownportionoflandandtransfersit
to another estate, the owner of the land to which
the segregated portion belonged retains the
100
Abandonment;or
Expiration of 2 years, whether the
failure to remove be voluntary or
involuntary,andirrespectiveofthe
areaoftheportionknowntohave
beentransferred.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
4.ISLANDS
Q:Whataretherulesonownershipwithregard
toformationofislands?
Dodongthusmayacquiresaidlandbyacquisitive
prescription. But here, Dodongs possession
cannot be considered to be in good faith, so 30
years of possession is needed. (Jagualing v. CA,
G.R.No.94283,Mar.4,1991)
A:
LOCATION
OWNER
Ifformedonthesea
W/interritorialwaters
State
Outsideterritorial
waters
Firstcountrytooccupy
Ifformedonlakesornavigable/floatablerivers
State
Ifformedonnonnavigable/floatablerivers
Nearerinmarginto
onebank
Ownerofnearer
marginisthesole
owner
Ifequidistant
Islanddivided
longitudinallyinhalves
Note:Thereisnoaccessionwhenislandsareformed
by the branching of a river; the owner retains
ownershipoftheisolatedpieceofland.
C.BYOBJECT
1.REALORIMMOVABLE
A:RealPropertyby:NIDA
1. Nature cannot be carried from place
toplace.
IMMOVABLEBYNATURE&
BYINCORPORATION
Par.1,Art.415.Land,buildings,roadsand
constructionsofallkindsadheredtothesoil.
Q:Arebarongbarongsimmovableproperty?
A:Thesaleinvolvesmovableproperty.Whatare
reallysoldarethematerials.
Q:Whatistheeffectofdemolitionofahouse?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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2.
IMMOVABLEBYINCORPORATION
Par.3,Art.415.Everythingattachedtoan
immovableinafixedmanner,insuchawaythat
itcannotbeseparatedtherefromwithout
breakingthematerialordeteriorationofthe
object.
Q:Whatisresvinta?
A:Theseareimmovablebyincorporation,which
whenseparatedfromtheimmovable,theyregain
theirconditionasmovable?
IMMOVABLEBYINCORPORATION&BY
DESTINATION
Par.4,Art.415.Statutes,reliefs,paintingsorother
objectsforuseorornamentation,placedinbuildingsor
onlandsbytheowneroftheimmovableinsucha
mannerthatitrevealstheintentiontoattachthem
permanentlytothetenements.
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyplacedbytheowner?
A: The objects must be placed by the owner of
the immovable and not necessarily the owner of
theobject.
Par.2,Art.415.Trees,plantsandgrowingfruits,
whiletheyareattachedtothelandorforman
integralpartofanimmovable.
Q:Aretreesimmovableormovable?
A:
1.
102
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
from the act of the owner in giving by contract a
permanent destination to the machinery. (Valdez v.
CentralAltagracia,225U.S.58,1912)
Q:DistinguishPar.3fromPar.4.
A:
PAR.3
PAR.4
Cannotbeseparated
fromtheimmovable
withoutbreakingor
deterioration
Canbeseparatedfrom
theimmovablewithout
breakingor
deterioration.
Neednotbeplacedby
theowner
Mustbeplacedbythe
ownerofthe
immovable,orbyhis
agentwhetherexpress
orimplied
Realpropertyby
incorporation
Realpropertyby
incorporationand
destination
Par.5,Art.415.Machinery,receptacles,
instrumentsorimplementsintendedbythe
ownerofthetenementforanindustryorworks
whichmaybecarriedoninabuildingorona
pieceofland&whichtenddirectlytomeetthe
needsofthesaidindustryorworks.
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2.PERSONALORMOVABLE
Q:Whataremovableproperties?
D.BYOWNER
Q: How are properties classified according to
ownership?
A:SOFTSS
A:
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Privateownershippropertyownedby:
a.
b.
4.
5.
6.
c.
A:MES
1.
1.PUBLICDOMINION
A:Propertieswhichare:USD
1.
2.
2.
3.
ByreasonofaSpeciallawimmovable
bynaturebutmovableforthepurpose
ofthespeciallaw.
Note: e.g. Growing crops for purposes
oftheChattelMortgageLaw.
ForpublicUse;
Intended for public Service and not for
publicuse;and
For the Development of the national
wealth.(Art.420,NCC)
3.
2.
3.
4.
104
1.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
5.
Q:Whohastheauthoritytoclassifyorreclassify
publiclands?
A: As provided in the Public Land Act, the
classification or reclassification of public lands
into alienable or disposable, mineral or forest
lands is a prerogative of the executive
department of the government and not of the
courts.
Q:Canpropertyofpublicdominionbeconverted
topatrimonialproperty?
A: Yes, through a formal declaration by the
executive or legislative body that the property is
no longer needed for public use or for public
service.
Q:Maypublicstreetsorthoroughfaresbeleased
orlicensedtomarketstallholdersbyvirtueofa
cityordinanceorresolutionoftheMetroManila
Commission?
A: No. The right of the public to use the city
streets may not be bargained away through
contract.Hence,theagreementbetweenthecity
government and stall holders is contrary to law
andthereforevoid.
Q:Arealiensprohibitedtoprivatelyownlands?
A:Yes.Alienshavenorighttoacquireanypublic
or private agriculture, commercial or residential
lands(exceptbyhereditarysuccession).(Krivenko
v.RegisterorDeeds)
Note:Thesameruleappliestoaforeigncorporation
evenifitisareligiousnonstockcorporation.
E.BYNATURE
Q: How are properties classified according to
consumability?
A:
1.
i.e.Aglassofwine
2.
A:AllpropertiesnotbelongingtotheStateorto
its political subdivision are properties of private
ownership pertaining to private persons, either
individuallyorcollectively.
2.PRIVATEOWNERSHIP
Q: What are properties in private ownership of
privatepersonsorentities?
Fungiblepropertythatpropertywhich
belongstoacommongenuspermitting
itssubstitution.
i.e.grainsofsugarorsalt,oil,vinegar
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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2.
4.
5.
1.BUNDLEOFRIGHTSPERSONALORMOVABLE
A.JUSUTENDI,FRUENDI,ABUTENDI,
VINDICANDI,DISPODENDI,POSSIDENDI
III.OWNERSHIP
A.RIGHTSINGENERAL
Q:Whatisownership?
Q:Whatarethekindsofownership?
A:FNSC
1. Full ownership includes all the rights
ofanowner;
Note:Nakedownership+Usufruct
Note:FullownershipUsufruct
3. Soleownershipownershipisvestedin
onlyoneperson;
4. Coownershipownershipisvestedin2
ormorepersons.
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofownership?
A:
1. Elastic power/s may be reduced and
thereafter automatically recovered
upon the cessation of the limitingq;
rights.
106
Q:Whataretheattributesofownership?
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Righttoenjoy
Righttothefruits
Righttoabuse
Righttodispose
Righttorecover
(jusutendi)
(jusfruendi)
(jusabutendi)
(jusdispodendi)
(jusvindicandi)
REMEDIESTORECOVERPOSSESSION
1.ACTIONSTORECOVEROWNERSHIPAND
POSSESSIONOFREALPROPERTY
A:
1. Personalpropertyreplevin
2. Realproperty
a. AccionInterdictal
i. ForcibleEntry
ii. Unlawfuldetainer
b. AccionPubliciana
c. AccionReinvindicatoria
A.DISTINCTIONSBETWEENACCION
REIVINDICATORIA,ACCIONPUBLICIANA,ACCION
INTERDICTAL
ACCIONINTERDICTAL
Q:Whatisaccioninterdictal?
A: A summary action to recover physical or
material possession only and must be brought
withinoneyearfromthetimethecauseofaction
arises.
1.
2.
ForcibleEntry
Unlawfuldetainer
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
ACCIONPUBLICIANA
Q:Whatisaccionpubliciana?
A:Ordinarycivilproceedingtorecoverthebetter
right of possession, except in cases of forcible
entry and unlawful detainer. What is involved
hereisnotpossessiondefactobutpossessionde
jure.
ACCIONREINVINDICATORIA
Q:Whatisaccionreinvindicatoria?
A: Action to recover real property based on
ownership.Here,theobjectistherecoveryofthe
dominionoverthepropertyasowner.
Q: What are the requisites of accion
reinvindicatoria?
A:Requisites:
1.
2.
IdentityofProperty
Plaintiffstitletotheproperty
B.DISTINCTIONBETWEENFORCIBLEENTRYAND
UNLAWFULDETAINER
Q: Distinguish forcible entry from unlawful
detainer.
A:
ForcibleEntry
Note: Where the facts averred in the complaint
reveals that the action is neither one of forcible
entrynorunlawfuldetainerbutessentiallyinvolvesa
boundarydispute,thesamemustberesolvedinan
accion reinvindicatoria (Sarmiento v. CA, G.R. No.
116192,Nov.16,1995).
Q:AcontractofleaseexecutedbyAlava(lessor)
and Anita Lao (lessee) was not registered with
the Register of Deeds. Aside from Anita, Rudy
Lao also leased a portion of the same property
whereheputuphisbusiness.Atthattime,Rudy
knew that Anita and her husband were the
owners of the said building. He also knew that
shehadleasedthatportionoftheproperty,and
that Jaime Lao, their son, managed and
maintainedthebuilding,aswellasthebusiness
thereon. Rudy eventually purchased the entire
propertyfromAlava.Rudythenfiledacomplaint
forunlawfuldetaineragainstJaimeallegingthat
thelatterhadoccupiedaportionofhisproperty
without any lease agreement and without
payinganyrentals,andprayedthatanorderbe
rendereddirectingJaimetovacatethepremises.
Shouldthecomplaintbedismissed?
A: Yes. The records in this case show that the
respondent has been in possession of the
property in question, not by mere tolerance or
generosity of Rudy, but as the manager of his
mother, who conducted her business in the
buildingwhichstoodonaportionoftheproperty
UnlawfulDetainer
Astowhenpossessionbecameunlawful
Possessionisinceptively
lawful but becomes
illegal from the time
defendant unlawfully
withholds possession
after the expiration or
Possession of the termination of his right
defendant is unlawful thereto.
from the beginning as
he acquires possession
by force, intimidation,
strategy, threat or Note: The question of
stealth(FISTS).
possession is primordial,
while the issue of
ownership is generally
unessential in unlawful
detainer.(RosaRicaSales
Center v. Sps. Ong, G.R.
132197,Aug.16,2005)
Astonecessityofdemand
No previous demand Demandisjurisdictional
for the defendant to if the ground is non
vacateisnecessary.
payment of rentals or
failure to comply with
theleasecontract.
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Astonecessityofproofofpriorphysical
possession
Plaintiff must prove
that he was in prior
physical possession of
the premises until he
was deprived thereof
bythedefendant.
3.
Q:Whataretherequisitesinanactionto
recoverproperty?
A:
1.
2.
Astowhen1yearperiodiscountedfrom
1 year period is
generally counted from
thedateofactualentry
oftheland.
1yearperiodiscounted
from the date of last
demandorlastletterof
demand.
2.ACTIONSFORRECOVERYOFPOSSESSIONOF
MOVABLEPROPERTY
REPLEVIN
REQUISITESFORRECOVERYOF
PROPERTY
Clearlyidentifythelandheisclaimingin
accordancewiththetitle/sonwhichhe
baseshisrightofownership;and
Provethathehasabettertitlethanthe
defendant
weaknessofdefendantstitle?
A:
Q:Whatisreplevin?
A:Itistheremedywhenthecomplaintpraysfor
the recovery of the possession of personal
property.
1.
Q:Mayapropertyincustodialegisbesubjectof
areplevinsuit?
2.
3.
4.
108
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
2.DISTINCTIONBETWEENREALANDPERSONALRIGHTS
Q:Distinguishrealfrompersonalrights
A:
RealRight
PersonalRight
Creation
Createdbytitlealonesavewhentitleisalsothe
madeasinsuccession.Itisnotdirectlycreatedover
athingbutisexercisedthroughanotheragainst
whomtheactionistobebrought.
Createdbybothtitleandmodedirectlyoverathing
Object
Generallycorporealortangible.Objectisspecific
prorpertyorthing
Incorporealorintangible.Objectcoversallthe
presentandfuturepropertyofthedebtor(Art.2236)
Subjects
(a) Onedefiniteactivesubject(e.g.owner)
(b) Oneindefinitepassivesubjectwhichisthe
wholeworld
(a) Anactivesubject(creditor)
(b) Adefinitepassivesubject(debtor)
Rightofpursuitisthereforeavailable.Real
rightfollowsitsobjectinthehandsofany
possessor
Enforceability
Enforceableonlyagainsttheoriginaldebtororhis
transfereechargedwithnoticeofthepersonalrights
Enforceableagainstthewholeworld
Limit
Limitedbyusefulness,valueorproductivityofthe
thing
Nosuchlimitation
Extinguishment
Notsoextinguished.Claimfordamagesmaystillbe
pursuedincaseoflossordestructionofthething
Extinguishedbylossordestructionofthething
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B.MODESOFACQUIRINGOWNERSHIP
IV.ACCESSION
Q:Whatarethemodesofacquiringownership?
A:
1.
Originalarethosewhichdonotarise
ordependuponanypreexistingright
ortitleofanotherperson
i.e.Occupation,IntellectualCreation,
AcquisitivePrescription
2.
Derivativearethosewhichariseor
dependuponapreexistingor
precedingrightortitleofanother
person
i.e.Law,Donation,Successionmortis
causa,tradition(delivery)
C.LIMITATIONS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stateintheexerciseof:
a. Poweroftaxation
b. Policepower
c. Powerofeminentdomain
Law
a. Legaleasementsand
b. The requirement of legitime in
succession;
Ownerhimself
a. Voluntaryeasement
b. Mortgage
c. Pledge
d. Lease;
Grantorofthepropertyonthegrantee,
eitherby:
a. Contract
b. Donationor
c. Will;
Those arising from Conflicts of private
rights
a. Those which take place in
accessioncontinua;
Constitution
a. Prohibition against the acquisition
ofprivatelandsbyaliens.
A.RIGHTTOHIDDENTREASURES
SeeII.Classification;A.HiddenTreasuresp.89
B.GENERALRULES
1.FORIMMOVABLES
ACCESSIONDISCRETA
Q:Whatisaccessiondiscreta?
A:Itistherightpertainingtotheownerofathing
overeverythingproducedthereby.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofaccessiondiscreta?
A:
1. Increaseoradditiontotheoriginalthing
2. Atrepeatedintervals
3. Byinherentforces
Q:Whatarethekindsoffruits?
A:NIC
1. Natural
a. Spontaneousproductsofthesoil;
b. Theyoungand
c. Other products of animals,
whether brought about by
scientificmeansornot.
2. Industrial produced by lands of any
kindthrough:
a. Cultivationor
b. Labor
3. Civilfruits
a. Derived from the use of property
or
b. Income from the property itself.
They consist of rents of buildings
and the prices of leases of lands.
(Art.442,NCC)
Q:Towhomdothefruitsbelong?
A:
GR:Totheowneroftheland.(Art.441,NCC)
XPNS:Ifthethingis:[PULPA]
1. In Possession of a possessor in good
faith (Art 546, NCC); before the
possessionislegallyinterrupted.
2. SubjecttoaUsufruct(Art.566,NCC)
3. Leaseofruralland
110
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
4. Pledged (Art. 1680 and Art. 2102, par.
7, NCC); pledge is entitled to the fruits
buthastheobligationtocompensateor
setoff what he receives with those
whichareowingtohim.
5.
6.
4.
7.
A:Theoffspringfollowsthedam(mother).
ACCESSIONCONTINUA
Q:Whatisaccessioncontinua?
A:Itistherightpertainingtotheownerofathing
overeverythingincorporatedorattachedthereto
eithernaturallyorartificially;byexternalforces.
1.
2.
ACCESSIONINDUSTRIAL
Q: What are the maxims in connection with
accessionindustrial?
A:
1. Theaccessoryfollowstheprincipal.
2. Theaccessoryfollowsthenatureofthat
towhichitrelates.
Withrespecttorealproperty[IN]
a. Accession Industrial (building,
plantingorsowing)
b. Accession Natural (alluvium,
avulsion, change of a river course,
andformationofislands)
3. Whatisbuiltuponthelandgoeswithit;
or the land is the principal, and
whatever is built on it becomes the
accessory.
Q: What is the rule on ownership regarding
accessionindustrial?
A:
GR: The owner of the land is the owner of
whatever is built, planted or sown on that land,
including the improvements or repairs made
thereon.
XPN:
Withrespecttopersonalproperty[SAC]
a. Specification
b. Adjunctionorconjunction
c. Commixtionorconfusion
1.
Whenthedoerisingoodfaiththerule
ismodified.
2.
Improvementsonthelandofoneofthe
spouses at the expense of the conjugal
partnership will belong to the
partnershiportothespousewhoowns
thelanddependingonwhichofthetwo
propertieshasahighervalue(Art.120,
FC)
Note:Ifthedoerisinbadfaith,heisentitledonlyto
necessaryexpensesforthepreservationoftheland
(PinedaProperty,p.98,1999ed)
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ACCESSIONNATURAL
Q: To whom does the offspring of animals
belong when the male and female belong to
differentowners?
A: Under the Partidas, the owner of the female
was considered also the owner of the young,
unlessthereisacontrarycustomorspeculation.
Thelegalpresumption,intheabsenceofproofto
thecontrary,isthatthecalf,aswellasitsmother
belongstotheownerofthelatter,bytherightof
accretion. (US v. Caballero, G.R. No. 8608, Sept.
26,1913).
Note: This is also in accord with the maxim
pratussequitorventrem
2.FORMOVABLES
A.ACCESSIONCONTINUA
A:AMS
1.Adjunctionorconjunction
2.Mixture
3.Specification
ADJUNCTION
Q:Whatisadjunction?
Q:Whatareitscharacteristics?
A:Thatthereare:2BUS
1. 2movables;
2. Belongingtodifferentowners;
3. Unitedformingasingleobject;
4. Separationwouldimpairtheirnatureor
result in substantial injury to either
thing.
112
A:PEWWS
1. Painting(pintura)
2. Engraftment like setting a precious
stoneonagoldenring)
3. Writing(escritura)
4. Weaving
5. Soldering joining a piece of metal to
anothermetal)
a. Ferruminacion principal and
accessoryareofthesamemetal
b. Plumbaturadifferentmetals(Art.
468,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
single object, the owner of the principal thing
acquires the accessory, indemnifying the former
ownerthereofforitsvalue.
Q:Whenisseparationofthingsallowed?
A:WAB
1.
2.
3.
SeparationWithoutinjury
Accessory is more precious than the
principal
OwneroftheprincipalactedinBad
faith.(Art.469,NCC)
Q:Whataretherulesasregardsrightsofowners
overthethinginadjunction?
A:
OWNEROFTHE
PRINCIPLE
GoodFaith
1. Acquireaccessory
andpayownerof
theaccessoryforits
value;OR
2. Demandseparation
providedthething
suffersnoinjury.
OWNEROFTHE
ACCESSORY
GoodFaith
1. Receivepaymentfor
valueofaccessory;OR
2. GR:Demand
separationprovided
thethingsuffersno
injury
XPN:Ifaccessoryismore
preciousthan
principal,hemay
demandseparationw/
orw/oinjurytothe
thing.
GoodFaith
BadFaith
Acquireaccessoryw/o
Loseaccessoryandpay
payingtheownerof
damages.
accessoryandentitled
todamages.
BadFaith
GoodFaith
1. Payvalueof
1. Receivepaymentand
accessoryandpay
damages;OR
damages;OR
2. Havethethings
separated,even
2. Haveaccessory
thoughthereis
separatedw/orw/o
injurytothe
injurytoprincipaland
principalandpay
receivedamages
damages.
BadFaith
BadFaith
Sameasthoughbothactedingoodfaith
Q:Howistheindemnitymade?
A:
1. Delivery of a thing equal in kind and
value;or
2. Payment of its price including the
sentimentalvalue.(Article471,NCC)
MIXTURE
Q:Whatisamixture?
A: It is the combination of materials where the
respective identities of the component elements
arelosteithervoluntarilyorbychance.(Arts.472
473,NCC)
Q:Whatarethekindsofmixtures?
A:COMCON
1.Commixtionmixtureofsolids
2. Confusionliquids
Q:Whataretherulesregardingmixtures?
A:
1st Owner
ByWillofBothOwnersofbyAccident
GoodFaith
1.
2.
GoodFaith
Rightissubjecttostipulations;OR
Rightisinproportiontothepart
belongingtohim(Coownershiparises)
ByWillofOnly1Owner/ByChance
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
Havethethingsseparatedprovidedthethingsuffers
noinjury;OR
If cannot be separated w/o injury, acquire interest
onmixtureinproportiontohispart(coownership)
BadFaith
(causedthemixture)
GoodFaith
2ndOwner
GoodFaith
(causedthemixture)
AsifbothactedinGF,
sincethe1stowneris
inBFandthe2nd
ownerwhocausedthe
mixtureinGFinaway
ratifiestheBFof1st
owner.
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SPECIFICATION
Q:Distinguishadjunction,mixtureand
specification.
Q:Whatisaspecification?
A:
A: It is the giving of new form to anothers
material thru application of labor. The material
undergoesatransformationorchangeofidentity.
ADJUNCTION
MIXTURE
SPECIFICATION
Involvesatleast
2things
Involvesat
least2things
Mayinvolve1
thing(ormore)
butformis
changed
Accessory
followsthe
principal
Coownership
results
Accessory
followsthe
principal
A:
Maker(M)
OwnerofMaterials
(OM)
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
Appropriatethething
transformedandpaythe
ownerofthematerialsfor
itsvalue
XPN:Ifthematerialis
morepreciousthanthe
Receivepaymentfor
thingtransformed,the
valueofmaterials
ownerofthematerials
hastheoptionto:
Thingsjoined
retaintheir
nature
Thingsmixed
Thenewobject
orconfused
retainsor
mayeither
preservesthe
retainorlose
natureofthe
theirrespective
originalobject
natures
B.RULESFORDETERMININGTHEPRINCIPALAND
ACCESSORY
Q:Whatarethefactorstodeterminethe
principalandtheaccessory?
1. acquiretheworkand
indemnifythemaker
forhislabor;or
2. demandindemnityfor
thematerial.
GoodFaith
GoodFaith
new
1. Receive payment for 1. Appropriate
thing and pay the
valueofhiswork;OR
maker for the work;
2. Appropriate the new
OR
thing and pay the
owner of materials for 2. Receivepaymentfor
valueofmaterials
itsvalue.
BadFaith
GoodFaith
1. Losethenewthingand 1. Appropriatethenew
thingwithoutpaying
pay damages to owner
and
receive
ofthematerials;OR
damages;OR
A:PrimaryFactors(Importance/purpose)
1. The thing which is incorporated to
another thing as an ornament is the
accessory.Theotheristheprincipal
2. Thethingtowhichisaddedtoorjoined
toanotherfortheuseorperfectionof
thelatteristheaccessory.Theotheris
theprincipal
SecondaryFactors
1. Theonewhichhasagreatervalueshall
beconsideredprincipal
2. Iftheyhaveequalvalue,theonewith
greatervolumeshallbeconsidered
principal(Art.467468.PinedaProperty,
p.141142,1999ed)
114
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
V.QUIETINGOFTITLE
A.REQUIREMENT
Q:Whataretherequisitesforanactiontoquiet
title?
A:LCDR
1.
2.
3.
4.
PlaintiffmusthaveaLegalorequitable
titleto,orinterestintherealproperty
which is the subject matter of the
action;
TheremustbeCloudinsuchtitle;
SuchcloudmustbeDuetosome
a. Instrument;
b. Record;
c. Claim;
d. Encumbrance;or
e. proceeding which is apparently
valid but is in truth invalid,
ineffective,
voidable
or
unenforceable,andisprejudicialto
theplaintiffstitle;and
Plaintiffmust
a. Returntothedefendantall
benefitshemayhavereceived
fromthelatter;or
b. reimbursehimforexpensesthat
mayhaveredoundedtohis
benefit.
3.
ThereisanApparentlyvalidoreffective
instrument.
ButsuchinstrumentisinTruth:
a. Invalid;
b. ineffective;
c. voidable;
d. unenforceable;
e. has been extinguished or
terminated;
f. has been barred by extinctive
prescription.
Such instrument may be Prejudicial to
thetitle.
B.DISTINCTIONBETWEENQUIETINGTITLE.
ANDREMOVING/PREVENTINGACLOUD.
Q:Differentiateanactiontoquiettitlefroman
actiontoremovecloudontitle.
A:
ACTIONTOREMOVE
ACTIONTOQUIETTITLE
CLOUDONTITLE
Toputanendto
troublesomelitigation
withrespecttothe
propertyinvolved
Fortheremovalofa
possiblefoundationfor
afuturehostileclaim
Aremedialaction
Apreventiveaction
Involvingapresent
adverseclaim
Topreventafuture
cloudonthetitle
C.PRESCRIPTIONORNONPRESCRIPTION
OFACTION
Q:Whataretheprescriptiveperiodsforbringing
anactiontoquiettitle?
A:
1.
2.
Plaintiffinpossessionimprescriptible
Plaintiff not in possession 10 years
(ordinary)or30years(extraordinary)
Note:Lachesisdefinedasthefailureorneglect,for
unreasonableandunexplainedlengthoftime,todo
that which by exercising due diligence, could or
shouldhavebeendoneearlier.
Thenegligenceoromissiontoassertarightwithina
reasonabletime,warrantingapresumptionthatthe
partyentitledtoassertiteitherhasabandoneditor
declinedtoassertit.(TijamvSibonghanoy,L21450,
Apr.15,1968)
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VI.COOWNERSHIP
A.CHARACTERISTICSOFCOOWNERSHIP
1.INGENERAL
Q:Whatiscoownership?
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofcoownership?
A:PRESLG
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pluralityofsubjects/owners;
There is no mutual Representation by
thecoowners;
It exists for the common Enjoyment of
thecoowners;
There is a Single object which is not
materiallydivided;
IthasnodistinctLegalpersonality
ItisGovernedfirstofallbythecontract
of the parties; otherwise, by special
legal provisions, and in default of such
provisions, by the provisions of Title III
oftheNewCivilCodeoncoownership.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofcoownership?
A:POL
1.
2.
3.
Pluralityofowners;
Object, which is an undivided thing or
right;
Each coowners right must be Limited
only to his ideal share of the physical
whole
116
A:Thesalewillaffectonlyhisownsharebutnot
those of the other coowners who did not
consenttothesale.
Note:Asaleoftheentirepropertybyonecoowner
without the consent of the other coowners is not
null and void but affects only his undivided share
andthetransfereegetsonlywhatwouldcorrespond
tohisgrantorinthepartitionofthethingownedin
common(Paulmitanvs.CA,GRNo.51584,Nov.25,
1992.)
Q:Cantherebeanagreementtokeepthething
undividedforacertainperiodoftime?
A: Yes. An agreement to keep the thing n
undivided for a certain period of time, not
exceedingtenyears,shallbevalid.Thistermmay
beextendedbyanewagreement.
A donor or testator may prohibit partition for a
periodwhichshallnotexceedtwentyyears.
Neither shall there be any partition when it is
prohibitedbylaw.
Q:Distinguishcoownershipfromjointtenancy
A:
COOWNERSHIP
JOINTOWNERSHIP
Tenancyincommon
JointTenancy
Astotheextentofownership
Eachcoowneristhe
Eachjointownerowns
ownerofhisownideal
thewholething.
share.
Astodisposition
Jointownermaynot
Eachcoownermay
disposeofhisown
disposeofhisundivided
sharewithoutofallthe
sharewithouttheother
rest,becausehereally
coownersconsent.
hasnoidealshare.
Astotransferofsharesincaseofdeath
Upon the death of a
Uponthedeathofaco
joint owner, his share
owner, his ideal share
goes to the other joint
goestohisheirs.
ownersbyaccretion.
Astominorityorlegaldisability
In case of a minor who The legal disability of
isacoowner,thisdoes one
joint
owner
notbenefittheothers. benefitstheothers.
Prescription
Prescription
will
Prescriptionwillnotrun
continue to run among
amongthem.
coowners
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Distinguishcoownershipfrompartnership.
A:
ORDINARY
PARTNERSHIP
Nolegalpersonality.
Withlegalpersonality.
Canbecreatedwithout Canbecreatedonlyby
theformalitiesofa
contract,expressor
contract.
implied.
Bycontractorbywill.
Bycontractonly.
Agreementtoexistfor
Notermlimitissetby
morethan10yearsis
law.
void.
Nomutual
Thereismutual
representation.
representation.
Notdissolvedbythe
Dissolvedbydeathor
death/incapacityofa
incapacityofapartner.
coowner.
Acoownercandispose
ofhissharew/othe
Apartnercannotbe
consentoftheothers
substitutedw/othe
henceinawayaco
consentoftheothers.
ownerissubstituted.
Profitsmaybe
Profitsofacoowner
stipulatedupon(for
dependonhis
e.g.,profitsharing
proportionateshare.
agreements)
Forcollective
Forprofit.
enjoyment.
Nopublicinstrumentis
neededevenifthe
Maybemadeinany
objectoftheco
formexceptwhenreal
ownershipisan
propertyiscontributed.
immovable.
2.SPECIALRULES:
A.CONCEPTOFCONDOMINIUM
(1)CONDOMINIUMCORPORATION
Q:Whatisacondominiumcorporation?
COOWNERSHIP
Therealrightincondominiummaybeownership
or any other interest in real property recognized
by law, on property in the Civil Code and other
pertinentlaws.(Sec.2,RANo.4726)
(2)INTERESTINREALPROPERTY
Q:Whatisacondominium?
A:Aninterestinrealpropertyconsistingof;
1.
2.
(3)CONCEPTOFCOMMONAREAS,AMENDMENT
Q:Whatarecommonareas?
A: The entire project excepting all units
separatelygrantedorheldorreserved.
Q:Whatisaproject?
A:Theentireparcelofrealpropertydividedorto
be divided in condominiums, including all
structuresthereon.
Q: Where the common areas in the
condominium are held by the owners of
separate units as coowners thereof, to whom
cantheunitsthereinbeconveyed?
A:
GR:OnlytoFilipinocitizens.
XPN: To aliens in case of hereditary
succession.
(4)DOCUMENTSTOCONSIDER
Q:Whataretherequirementsbeforeaproperty
be considered divided or to be divided into
condominiums?
A:Anenablingormasterdeedmustberecorded
intheRegisterofDeedsoftheprovinceorcityin
whichthepropertyliesanddulyannotatedinthe
correspondingcertificateofthetitleoftheland,if
thelatterhasbeenpatentedorregisteredunder
either the Land Registration or Cadastral Acts.
(Sec.4,RA.No.4726)
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
shallincludetheregisteredownersofcondominiums
intheproject.Untilregistrationofarevocation,the
provisionsofRA.No.4726shallcontinuetoapplyto
suchproperty.(Sec.4,RA.No.4726)
B.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOF
CONDOMINIUMOWNER
(1)CONTRIBUTIONS/DUES
2.
3.
4.
Note:Theenablingormasterdeedmaybeamended
or revoked upon registration of an instrument
executed by the registered owner or owners of the
propertyandconsentedtobyallregisteredholders
of any lien or encumbrance on the land or building
or portion thereof. The term registered owner
118
5.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
6.
7.
C.GROUNDSFORPARTITIONOFCOMMON
AREAS,ORDISSOLUTIONOFTHE
CONDOMINIUM
Q:Canthecommonareasbedivided?
Q:WhencanaCorporationCondominiumbe
voluntarilydissolved?
A:
1.
2.
GR:Whentheenablingormasterdeed
isrevoked
XPN:
1.
A:
GR:No,therecanbenojudicialpartition.
XPNs: A partition shall be made only upon a
showingthat:COURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
2. ToShareinthebenefitsinproportionto
his interest, provided the charges are
borneinthesameproportion.(Art.485,
NCC)
B.SOURCEOFCOOWNERSHIP
4.
Q:Whatarethesourcesofcoownership?
A:LOSTCC
1. Law ex. easement of party walls
(Article658,NCC)
5. ToOpposetoanyactofalteration(Art.
491, NCC) even if beneficial to the co
owners.
6. To Protect against acts of majority
which are prejudicial to the minority
(Art.492,par.3,NCC)
7.ToExerciselegalredemption.
8.
ToaskforPartition(Art.494,NCC)
EJECTMENT
6. byChanceorfortuitousevent
Example:Hiddentreasure
C.RIGHTSOFCOOWNERS
Q:Whataretherightsofeachcoownerasto
thethingownedincommon?
A:USACOPEP
1. To Use the thing according to the
purposeintendedprovidedthat:
b. W/opreventingtheuseofother
coowners.(Art.486,NCC)
120
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
2.ACTSOFALTERATION
Q:Whatisanalteration?
A:
GR:No.
XPN: They were also served with summons,
evenasunwillingplaintiffs.
Q:Cansuitforejectmentbebroughtbyoneco
owneragainstanothercoowner?
A: No, since the latter also has a right of
possession;theonlyeffectoftheactionwillbeto
obtainrecognitionofthecoownership.
1.DISTINCTIONBETWEENRIGHTTOPROPERTY
OWNEDINCOMMONANDFULLOWNERSHIP
OVERHIS/HERIDEALSHARE
Righttopropertyownedincommon
Eachcoownerisgrantedtherighttousethe
propertyownedincommonforthepurposefor
whichitisintended.
Therearetworestrictionsintheenjoymentof
thisright:
i.
ii.
ACTSOF
ADMINISTRATION
ACTSOFALTERATION
Refertothe
enjoyment,
exploitation,
alterationofthe
thingwhichdonot
affectits
substance,form,
orpurpose
Acts,byvirtueofwhich,aco
owner,inoppositiontothe
expressedortacitagreement
ofallthecoowners,andin
violationoftheirwill,changes
thethingfromthestatein
whichtheothersbelieveit
wouldremain,orwithdraws
itfromtheusetowhichthey
believeitisintended
Transitoryin
character
Permanent
Donotaffectthe
substanceorform
Affectorrelatethesubstance
oressenceofthething
Inrelationtothe
rightofaco
owner,they
requirethe
consentofthe
majority
Requirestheconsentofall
coowners
Canbeexercised
bythecoowners
throughothers
Mustbeexercisedbytheco
ownersthemselves
thecoownershipshallnotbeinjured;
theexerciseshallnotpreventtheother
coownersfromusingtheproperty
accordingtotheirownrights.
b.
Fullownershipoverhis/heridealshare
Acoownerhasfullownershipofhisshare
(undividedinterest)andthefruitsandbenefits
arisingtherefrom.Beingthefullownerthereofhe
mayalienate,assignormortgageit;hecanalso
substituteanotherpersonintheenjoymentofhis
share,exceptonlywhenpersonalrightsare
involved.
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Q:Whatistheliabilityofacoownerwhomakes
an alteration without the express or implied
consentoftheothers?
A:Heshall:LDP
1. Losewhathehasspent;
2. be obliged to Demolish the
improvementsdone;and
3. Pay for the loss and damages the
community property or other co
ownersmayhavesuffered.
Q:Whatisconversion?
A: It refers to the act of using or disposing of
anotherspropertywithoutlawfulauthoritytodo
so in a manner different from that with which a
property is held by the trustees to whom the
ownerhadentrustedthesame.Itisnotnecessary
that the use for which the property is given be
directly to the advantage of the person
misappropriating or converting the property of
another. (People v. Carballo, 17136CR, Nov. 17,
1976)
A:
GR:Everycoownerhastherighttodemand
partition.
XPNs:EASPAUL
1. When partition would render the thing
Unserviceable;or
2. WhenthethingisessentiallyIndivisible;
3. PartitionisprohibitedbyLawbyreason
of their origin or juridical nature ex.
partywallsandfences;
4. WhenthecoownersAgreetokeepthe
propertyundividedforaperiodoftime
butnotmorethan10yrs;
5. PartitionisProhibitedbythetransferor
(donor/testator)butnotmorethan20
yrs;
3.RIGHTTOPARTITION
Q: What are the rights of coowners as to the
idealshareofeach?
A:FARTS
1. EachhasFullownershipofhispartand
ofhisshareofthefruitsandbenefits;
2. RighttoAlienate,disposeorencumber;
3. RighttoRenouncepartofhisinterestto
reimburse necessary expenses incurred
byanothercoowner;
4. RighttoenterintoTransactionaffecting
hisidealshare;
5.
RighttoSubstituteanotherpersoninits
enjoyment,exceptwhenpersonalrights
areinvolved.
Note:Personalrightsorjusinpersonamis
the power belonging to one person to
demand from another, as a definite
passivesubjectdebtor,thefulfillmentofa
prestation to give, to do, or not to do.
(Paras,p.773)
122
6.
7.
8.
Iftheycannotagree,maySellthething
anddistributetheproceeds.
A:No,suchwaiverorrenunciationisvoid.
A:
GR: As long as he expressly or impliedly
recognizesthecoownership,itcannot.
Reason:Possessionofacoownerislikethatof
atrusteeandshallnotberegardedasadverse
totheothercoownersbutinfactisbeneficial
to all of them. Acts considered adverse to
strangers may not be considered adverse
insofar as coowners are concerned. (Salvador
v.CA,G.R.No.109910,Apr.5,1995)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
XPN: Coowner's possession may be deemed
adversetothecestuiquetrustortheotherco
owners provided the following elements must
concur:
1. Thathehasperformedunequivocalacts
of repudiation amounting to an ouster
of the cestui que trust or the other co
owners;
Note:Prescriptionbeginstorunfromthe
timeofrepudiation.
Exampleofactsofrepudiation:filingof
anactionto:
1. Quiettitle;or
2. Recoveryofownership.
XPNtoXPN:Constructivetrustscanprescribe.
Express trust cannot prescribe as long as the
relationship between trustor and trustee is
recognized.(Paras,p.362)
willnotlieinfavorofPastor.(Salvadorv.CA,G.R.
No.109910,Apr.5,1995)
Q:Shouldcreditorsand/orassigneesbenotified
oftheproposedpartition?
A:Thelawdoesnotrequirethatanotificationbe
givenbut:
A:
GR:No.
XPN:
1. In case of fraud, regardless of
notificationandopposition;
2. Incaseofpartitionwasmadeovertheir
objection even in absence of fraud
(Article497,NCC)
Q:Whatarerightsofcoownersarenotaffected
bypartition?
A:MRSP
1.Rightsof:
a. Mortgage;
b. Servitude;
c. any other Real rights existing
beforepartition.
Example:A,BandCwherecoownersofparcelof
land mortgaged to M. If A, B, and C should
physicallypartitiontheproperty,themortgagein
Ms favor still covers all the three lots, which,
together, formerly constituted one single parcel.
If A alone had contracted an unsecured
obligation, he would of course be the only one
responsible.(Paras,p.376)
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4.RIGHTTOCONTRIBUTIONSFOREXPENSES
Q: What are the expenses which the coowners
canbecompelledtocontribute?
A:Onlynecessaryexpenses.Usefulexpensesand
thoseforpureluxuryarenotincluded.
Q: Differentiate necessary, useful, expense of
pureluxury.
A: Necessary expenses are those made for the
preservationofthething,orthosewithoutwhich
the thing would deteriorate or be lost, or those
that augment the income of the things upon
which are expended, or those incurred for
cultivation, production, upkeep, etc. (Mendoza v
DeGuzman,52Phil.171)
Useful expenses incurred for the preservation of
the realty in order that it may produce the
natural, industrial, and civil fruits it ordinarily
produce.(Marcelinov,Miguel,53OG5650)
Ornamentalexpensesaddvaluetothethingonly
for a certain persons in view of their particular
whims, neither essential for preservation nor
usefultoeverybodyingeneral.
Q: When may acts of preservation made in the
propertyofthecoowners?
A: At the will of one of the coowners, but he
must, if practicable, first notify the others of the
necessityofsuchrepairs.
Q: What are those acts which require the
majorityconsentofthecoowners?
A:IME
a. Management
b. Enjoyment
c. Improvementorembellishment
124
1.WAIVER
Q:Mayacoowneroptnottocontributetothe
expenses for the preservation of the property?
How?
A:
GR: Yes, by renouncing his undivided
interestequaltotheamountofcontribution.
XPN: If the waiver or renunciation is
prejudicial to the coownership, otherwise
he cannot exempt himself from the
contribution(Art.488,NCC)
Note: The value of the property at the time of the
renunciation will be the basis of the portion to be
renounced.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
6.RIGHTTOREDEMPTIONOFCOOWNERS
SHARE
Q:Whosesharesmayacoownerredeem?
A:Thesharesofalloranyothercoownerifsold
toathirdperson.
Q: What if two or more coowners want to
redeem?
A: They may do so in proportion to the shares
theyrespectivelyhave.
Q: What is the effect of redemption by a co
owner?
A: Redemption of the whole property by a co
owner does not vest in him sole ownership over
said property. Redemption within the period
prescribed by law will inure to the benefit of all
coowners. Hence, it will not put an end to
existing coownership (Mariano v. CA, GR. No.
101522,May28,1993).
Q: Fortunato, his siblings and mother are co
owners of a parcel of land. Lumayno purchased
the shares of Fortunatos coowners. When
Fortunatodied,hiswifeclaimedthatshehasthe
right of redemption over the shares previously
soldbythecoownerstoLumaynobecausethey
have not formally subdivided the property.
However, although the lot had not yet been
formallysubdivided,still,theparticularportions
belonging to the coowners had already been
ascertained. In fact the coowners took
possession of their respective parts. Can
Fortunatos wife be entitled to right of legal
redemption?
A: No. She is no longer entitled to the right of
legal redemption under Art. 1632 of the Civil
Code.Aslegalredemptionisintendedtominimize
coownership, once the property is subdivided
and distributed among the coowners the
community ceases to exist and there is no more
reason to sustain any right of legal redemption.
The exercise of this right presupposes the
existence of a coownership at the time the
conveyanceismadebyacoownerandwhenitis
demanded by the other coowners. Even an oral
agreement of partition is valid and binding upon
theparties.(Vda.deApev.CA,G.R.No.133638,
Apr.15,2005)
A:CALSTEP
1. Consolidation or merger in one co
owner;
2. Acquisitive prescription in favor of a
third person or a coowner who
repudiates;
3. Lossordestructionofthingcoowned;
4. Saleofthingcoowned;
5. Terminationofperiodagreedupon;
6. Expropriation;
7. JudicialorextrajudicialPartition.
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VII.POSSESSION
A.CHARACTERISTICS
1.EFFECTOFPARTITION
Q:Whataretheeffectsofpartition?
A:
1.
2.
Q:Whatispossession?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofpossession?
A:PAP
1. Possession in fact or holding or control
ofathingorright;
2. Animus possidendi or the deliberate
intentiontopossess;
2.RIGHTSAGAINSTINDIVIDUALCOOWNERSIN
CASEOFPARTITION
Q: What are the obligations of coowners upon
partition?
A:WARD
1. Mutual Accounting for benefits
received,fruitsandotherbenefits
2. MutualReimbursementsforexpenses
3. Indemnity for Damages caused by
reasonofnegligence/fraud
4. Reciprocal Warranty for defects of title
and quality of the portion assigned to
thecoowner(Art.500501,NCC)
3. Possessionbyvirtueofonesownright
Q: What are the degrees of possession?
Distinguish.
A:NJJS
1.
e.g.Possessionofathieforausurperof
land.
2.
3.PARTITIONINCASECOOWNERSCANNOT
AGREE
Q:Howispartitioneffected?
A:
1. Byagreementbetweentheparties;or
2. Byjudicialproceedings(Art.496)
3.
4.
WithatitleinfeeSimplespringsfrom
ownership;
highest
degree
of
possession.
126
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Whataretheclassesofpossession?
A:OVALOHGBC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Note:Noneoftheseholdersmayasserta
claim of ownership for himself over the
thing but they may be considered as
possessorsintheconceptofanowner,or
underaclaimofownership,withrespect
to the right they respectively exercise
overthething.
7.
8.
9.
PossessioninGoodfaith
PossessioninBadfaith
Constructive possession does not
meanthatamanhastohavehisfeeton
everysquaremeterofground.
Q:Whatkindofpossessioncanserveastitle?
A:Possessionwithtitleinfeesimple.
B.ACQUISITIONOFPOSSESSION
Q:Whatarethewaysofacquiringpossession?
A:FAMS
1.
2.
3.
By Material occupation/exercise of a
right
BySubjectionofthething/righttoour
will
ByproperActsandlegalFormalities
establishedforacquiringsuchright
(Art.531,NCC)
Q:Whatifthepossessionisacquiredbya
stranger?
A:Wherepossessionisacquirednotbyanagent
or representative but by a stranger without
agency,possessionisnotacquireduntiltheactof
the agent or representative is ratified (Art. 532,
NCC).
Q:Differentiatepossessionandoccupation
Q: What are the acts which do not give rise to
possession?
A:
POSSESSION
Applytoproperties
whetherwithorwithout
anowner
Possessiondoesnot
conferownership
Therecanbepossession
withoutownership
OCCUPATION
Appliesonlyto
propertywithoutan
owner
Occupationconfers
ownership
Therecanbeno
occupationwithout
ownership
A:Possessionthrough:FATV
1.
Forceorintimidationaslongasthereis
a possessor who objects thereto. (Art.
536,NCC)
2.
b.unknowntotheownerorpossessor
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3.
1.POSSESSORINGOODFAITH
Q:Whenisapossessoringoodfaith?
Q:Whendoespossessioningoodfaithcease?
However,thereisacontraryviewthatthedateof
summons may be insufficient to convince the
possessorthathistitleisdefective.
A:Possessorinbadfaithisrequiredtopayrentor
in case vacate the property, in both cases he is
required to pay damages to the lawful owner or
possessoroftheproperty.
128
Q:Whataretherightsofapossessor?
A:
GOODFAITH
BADFAITH
Astofruitsreceived
Reimburse
fruits
Entitled
while
receivedorwhichlawful
possession is in good
possessor would have
faith
received
Astopendingfruits
Liable to the lawful Norighttosuch
possessorforexpenses pendingfruits
of cultivation and shall
shareinnetharvestto
timeofpossession
Astoexpenses:
(Necessaryexpenses)
Right
of Rightof
reimbursement and reimbursementand
retention
retention
(Usefulexpenses)
Rightofremoval
Norightofremoval
Astoliabilityincaseof
deteriorationorloss
No liability, unless due Alwaysliablefor
tohisfault/negligence deteriorationorloss
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
A.RIGHTTOPENDINGFRUITS
Q:Whenarefruitsconsideredreceived?
Q:Whatareusefulexpenses?
A:Thosewhichincreasethevalueorproductivity
oftheproperty.
A:
1. Natural and industrial fruits from the
timetheyaregatheredorsevered
Q:Whatifthepossessorrefuses,foranyreason,
tofinishthecultivationandgathering?
A: He forfeits the right to be indemnified in any
othermanner.(Art.545,par.3,NCC))
B.RIGHTTOBEREIMBURSED
(1)NECESSARYANDUSEFULEXPENSES
Q:Whatarenecessaryexpenses?
A: Expenses incurred to preserve the property,
without which, said property will physically
deteriorateorbelost.
Q: Who is entitled to reimbursement for
necessaryexpenses?
Q:Whatistheeffectofvoluntarysurrenderof
property?
A: It is a waiver of the possessors right of
retentionbuthisrighttoberefundedmaystillbe
enforced, unless he also waived the same.
(PinedaProperty,p.282,1999ed)
Q: May a possessor remove the useful
improvementsheintroduced?
A:Yes,butonlybyapossessoringoodfaithand
onlywhennosubstantialdamageorinjurywould
becausedtotheprincipalthing.(Art.547)
Note: However, this right of removal is only
subordinate to the owners right to keep the
improvements himself by paying the expenses
incurredortheconcomitantincreaseinthevalueof
the property caused by the improvements. (Pineda
Property,p.283,1999ed)
(2)EXPENSESFORPURELUXURY
Q:Whatareluxuriousexpenses?
A: Expenses incurred for improvements
introduced for pure luxury or mere pleasure.
(PinedaProperty,p.281,1999ed)
Q:Areluxuriousexpensesrefundable?
A:No,evenifthepossessorisingoodfaith.
Note: But he may remove the luxurious
improvementsiftheprincipalthingsuffersnoinjury
thereby,andifhissuccessorinthepossessiondoes
not prefer to refund the amount expended. (Art.
548)
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2.POSSESSORINBADFAITH
Q:Whenisapossessorinbadfaith?
A: When he isaware that there exists in his title
ormodeofacquisitionanyflawwhichinvalidates
it.
Note: Only personal knowledge of the flaw in
onestitleormodeofacquisitioncanmakehima
possessorinbadfaith.
Q: When is good or bad faith material or
immaterial?
A:Itisimportantinconnectionwiththe
1.
2.
3.
receiptoffruits,
indemnityforexpenses,and
acquisition
of
ownership
by
prescription.
Itbecomesimmaterialwhentherighttorecover
isexercised.(Article539,NCC)
Q: What are the requisites to constitute
possessionwhetheringoodfaithorinbadfaith?
A:
1. Possessor has a title/mode of
acquisition;
2. There is a flaw or defect in said
title/mode;
3. The possessor is aware or unaware of
theflawordefect.
A:Itdepends.
GR: Possession cannot be recognized in two
differentpersonalities
XPNincaseofcopossessionwhenthereisno
conflict.
Q:Whatarethecriteriaincasethereisadispute
ofpossessionof2ormorepersons?
A:Criteriaincaseofdispute:[A2DE]
1.
2.
3.
4.
Note:Mistakeuponadoubtfulordifficultquestion
oflawreferstothehonesterrorintheapplication
or interpretation of doubtful or conflicting legal
provisions/doctrines,andnottotheignoranceofthe
law.(Article526,par.3,NCC)
130
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
D.LOSSORUNLAWFULDEPRIVATIONOFA
MOVABLE
3.
Reimbursetheexpensesforpublication
if there was a public auction sale.
(PinedaProperty,p.505,1999ed)
Q:Whatisalostthing?
1.PERIODTORECOVER
A:Itisonepreviouslyunderthelawfulpossession
and control of a person but is now without any
possessor.
See:PrescriptivePeriods
2.FINDEROFLOSTMOVABLE
Note:Itisnotanabandonedproperty(Pineda
Property,p.503,1999ed)
Q:Whatisthedutyofafinderofalost
movable?
A: Whoever finds a lost movable, which is not a
treasure,mustreturnittoitspreviouspossessor.
If the latter is unknown, the finder shall
immediatelydeposititwiththemayorofthecity
ormunicipalitywherethefindinghastakenplace.
Note:Themayorinturnmustpubliclyannouncethe
findingofthepropertyfortwoconsecutiveweeks.
Q:Whatistherightofapossessorwhoacquires
amovableclaimedbyanother?
A:
1. Badfaithnoright
2. Good faith presumed ownership. It is
equivalenttotitle.
Requisites:
a. possessioningoodfaith
b. owner has voluntarily parted with
thepossessionofthething;and
c. Possessor is in the concept of an
owner.
2.
XPNs:
1. Whentheownerhaslost;or
2. Has been unlawfully deprived of a
movable.
In which case the possessor cannot
retain the thing as against the owner,
whomayrecoveritwithoutpayingany
indemnity
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3.DISTINGUISHEDFROMVOIDABLETITLE
Q: What is the rule in case the seller of a thing
hasvoidabletitleonthethingsold?
A: Where the seller of goods has a voidable title
thereto,buthistitlehasnotbeenavoidedatthe
timeofthesale,thebuyeracquiresagoodtitleto
the goods, provided he buys them in good faith,
forvalue,andwithoutnoticeoftheseller'sdefect
oftitle.(Art.1506,NCC)
E.INCONCEPTOFOWNER,HOLDER,INONES
OWNNAME,INNAMEOFANOTHER
F.RIGHTSOFTHEPOSSESSOR
Q:Whataretherightsofapossessor?
A:RPR
1. tobeRespectedinhispossession
2. to be Protected in said possession by
legalmeans
3. tosecureinanactionforforcibleentry
the proper writ to Restore him in his
possession(Article539,NCC)
132
1. Goodfaith
2. Continuityofinitialgoodfaith
3. Enjoyment in the same character in
whichpossessionwasacquireduntilthe
contraryisproved
4. Noninterruptioninfavorofthepresent
possessor
5. Continuous possession by the one who
recovers possession of which he was
wrongfullydeprived
6. Extensionofpossessionofrealproperty
toallmovablescontainedtherein.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Whataretherightsofapossessorasregards
necessaryexpenses?
A:
GOODFAITH
BADFAITH
1.Righttorefund;
2.Rightofretention;
Rightto
refund
A:Aspunishmentforhisbadfaith.
Q:Isthererightofremoval?
A:None,whetheringoodfaithorbadfaith.
Q:Whataretherightsofapossessorwithregard
tousefulexpenses?
A:Ifingoodfaith:
1.Righttorefund
2.Rightofretentionuntilpaid
3.Rightofremoval,provided:
a. withoutdamagetotheprincipalthing
b. subject to the superior right of the
prevailing party to keep the
improvements by paying the expenses
ortheincreaseinvalueofthething
Note:Ifthepossessorisinbadfaith,hehasnoright.
Q:Whataretherightsofapossessorwithregard
toexpensesforpureluxury?
A:
GOODFAITH
BADFAITH
Rightofremoval,
Provided:
1.withoutinjuryto
principalthing;
2.successorin
possessiondoesnot
prefertorefund
amountexpended.
samerights,butliable
onlyforthevalueofthe
ornamentsatthetime
heentersinto
possession,incasehe
preferstoretain
Q:Whatareotherrightsofpossessor?
A:
Withrespectto
Oncapital
Taxesand
Onfruits
Charges
Charges
GOODFAITH
Chargedtoowner
Chargedtopossessor
Prorata
Gatheredorseveredfruits
Possessorisentitledtothefruits
Cultivationexpensesofgathered
fruits
Possessorisnotentitledtobe
reimbursed
Shareproratabetweenpossessor
Pendingorungatheredfruits
andownerofexpenses,net
harvest,andcharges
indemnitytopossessorinprorata:
(ownersoption)
Productionexpensesofpending
a. money
fruits
b. allowingfullcultivationand
gatheringofallfruits
Improvementsnolongerexisting
Noreimbursement
Liableifactingwithfraudulent
Liabilityforaccidentallossor
intentornegligence,after
deterioration
summons
Improvementsduetotimeor
Inuretotheownerorlawful
nature
possessor
Note:Apossessorisprotectedregardlessofthemannerofacquisition.
BADFAITH
Chargedtoowner
Chargedtoowner
Chargetoowner
Possessormustreturnvalueoffruits
alreadyreceivedaswellasvalueof
fruitswhichtheownerorlegitimate
possessorshouldbeentitled
(doesnotapplytopossessorinBF)
Possessorisentitledtobereimbursed
Ownerisentitledtothefruits
Noindemnity
Noreimbursement
Liableineverycase
Inuretotheownerorlawfulpossessor
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4. Destructionortotallossofthethinga
thingislostwhenitperishesorgoesout
of commerce, or disappears in such a
waythatitsexistenceisunknown,orit
cannot be recovered. (Art. 1189, Civil
Code)
G.LOSS/TERMINATION
Q:Howispossessionlost?
VIII.USUFRUCT
A.CHARACTERISTICS
A:PRADA
1. Possession of another subject to the
provisionsofArt.537,ifapersonisnot
in possession for more than one year
but less than 10 years he losses
possession de fact. This means that he
cannolongerbringanactionofforcible
entry or unlawful detainer, since the
prescriptive period is one year for such
actions. But he may still institute an
accionpublicianatorecoverpossession
de jure, possession as a legal right or
the real right of possession. (Paras, p.
548)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofusufruct?
A:ENA
1. Essential those without which it
cannotbetermedasusufruct:
a. real right (whether registered in
theregistryofpropertyornot);
b. constitutedonproperty.
i.real
ii.personal;
iii.consumable;
iv.nonconsumable;
v.tangible;
vi.intangible.
c. temporaryduration;
d. purpose:toenjoythebenefitsand
derive all advantages from the
objectasaconsequenceofnormal
useorexploitation.
2. Abandonment
Note: Abandonment involves a voluntary
renunciationofallrightsoverathing
Requisites:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Recoveryofthethingbythelegitimate
owner
134
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q: Is the usufructuary bound to preserve the
formandsubstanceofthethinginusufruct?
A:
GR:Yes.
XPN: In case of an abnormal usufruct,
whereby the law or the will of the parties
mayallowthemodificationofthesubstance
ofthething.
Q: Chayong owned a parcel of land which she
mortgaged to Michael. Upon the OCT was an
annotation of usufructuary rights in favor of
Cheddy. Is Michael obliged to investigate
Chayongstitle?
A: No. The annotation is not sufficient cause to
require Michael to investigate Chayongs title
becausethelattersownershipovertheproperty
remains unimpaired despite such encumbrance.
Only the jus utendi and jus fruendi over the
propertyaretransferredtotheusufructuary.The
owner of the property maintains the jus
disponendi or the power to alienate, encumber,
transform,andevendestroythesame.(Hemedes
v. CA, G.R. Nos. 107132 and 108472, Oct. 08,
1999)
Q:Differentiateusufructfromlease.
A:CRONEC
USUFRUCT
LEASE
Natureoftheright
Realrightonlyif,asinthecaseofa
leaseoverrealproperty,thelease
Alwaysareal
isregistered,orisformorethan
right
oneyear,otherwiseitisapersonal
right
CreatorofRight
Ownerorhis
agent
Maynotbetheowner,asinthe
caseofasublessorora
usufructuary
Origin
Bycontract,bywayofexceptionby
Bylaw,
law(asinthecaseofanimplied
contract,
newlease,orwhenabuilderhas
willoftestator
builtingoodfaithonthelandof
or
anotherabuilding,whenthelandis
by
considerablyworthmoreinvalue
prescription
thanthebuilding.
ExtentofEnjoyment
Allfruits,uses
andbenefits
Onlythoseparticularorspecific
use.
Apassive
Anactiveownerwhomakesthe
Cause
ownerwho
allowsthe
usufructuary
toenjoythe
objectof
usufruct
lesseeenjoy
RepairsandTaxes
Usufructuary
paysfor
ordinary
repairsand
paysfor
annual
chargesand
taxesonthe
fruits
Lesseeisnotobligedtopayfor
repairs/taxes
B.CLASSIFICATION
Q:Whatarethekindsofusufruct?
A:ONESE
1. AstoOrigin:
a. Legal created by law such as
usufruct of the parents over the
property of their unemancipated
children
b. Voluntary created by will of the
parties either by act inter vivos
(e.g. donation) or by act mortis
causa e.g. in a last will and
testament)
c. Mixed (or prescriptive) created
by both law and act of the person
(e.g. acquired by prescription: I
possessedingoodfaithaparcelof
land which really belonged to
another.Stillingoodfaith,Igavein
my will to X, the naked ownership
of land and to Y, the usufruct. In
due time, Y may acquire the
ownership of the usufruct by
acquisitive prescription.) (Paras, p.
572)
2. AstoNumberofbeneficiary
a. Simple if only one usufructuary
enjoystheusufruct
b. Multipleifseveralusufructuaries
enjoytheusufruct
i. simultaneous at the same
time.
ii. successive one after the
other.
Note: In this latter case, if usufruct is
created by donation, all the donees must
bealive,oratleasedalreadyconceived,at
thetimeoftheperfectionofthedonation.
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3. AstoExtentofobject:
a. Total constituted on the whole
thing
b.Partialconstitutedonlyonapart
4. AstoSubjectmatter:
a. Overthings
i. Normal(orperfectorregular)
involves non consumable
things where the form and
substancearepreserved
ii. Abnormal (or imperfect or
irregular)
involves
consumablethings
b. Over rights involves intangible
property; rights must not be
personal or intransmissible in
character so present or future
support cannot be an object of
usufruct.
5. AstoEffectivityorextinguishment:
a. Purenotermorcondition
b. With a term there is a period
whichmaybeeithersuspensiveor
resolutory
i. exdiefromacertainday
ii. indiemuptoacertainday
iii. exdieindiemfromacertain
dayuptoacertainday.
c. Conditionalsubjecttoacondition
whichmaybeeithersuspensiveor
resolutory.
C.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOF
USUFRUCTUARY
Q:Whataretherightsoftheusufructuaryasto
thethinganditsfruits?
A:RISERICR
1.
2.
3.
4.
136
ToReceivethefruitsofthepropertyin
usufructandhalfofthehiddentreasure
he accidentally finds on the property
(Arts.566,438,NCC)
ToenjoyanyIncreasewhichthethingin
usufructmayacquirethroughaccession
(Art.571,NCC)
TopersonallyEnjoythethingorleaseit
to another (Arts. 572577, NCC)
generallyforthesameorshorterperiod
astheusufruct
To make such Improvements or
expensesonthepropertyhemaydeem
proper and to remove the
improvements provided no damage is
causedtotheproperty(Art.579,NCC)
5.
6.
7.
8.
Q:Whataretherightsoftheusufructuaryasto
theusufructitself?
A:ARC
a. To Alienate or mortgage the right of
usufruct(Art.572,NCC)
XPN: parental usufruct (Arts. 225, 226
FC)
b. In a usufruct to Recover property/real
right, to bring the action and to oblige
the owner thereof to give him the
proper authority and the necessary
proof to bring the action (Art. 578,
NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
c. In a usufruct of part of a Common
property, to exercise all the rights
pertainingtothecoownerwithrespect
to the administration and collection of
fruitsorinterests.
Q:Canusufructuaryexerciseactsofownership?
A:
GR:Ausufructuarycannotexerciseacts
of ownership such as alienation or
conveyance.
XPNs: When what is to be alienated or
conveyedisa:CIA
1.
2.
3.
Consumable
PropertyIntendedforsale;
Property which has
Appraisedwhendelivered.
Q:Whatiftheexpensesexceedtheproceedsof
thegrowingfruits?
A:Theownerhasnoobligationtoreimbursethe
difference.(Art.567,NCC)
Q: May the usufructuary lease the thing in
usufructevenwithouttheownersconsent
A: Yes, but not being the owner, he cannot
alienate,pledgeormortgagethethingitself.
Q: May the usufructuary alienate, pledge, or
mortgagetherightofusufruct?
been
Note:ifithasnotyetbeenappraisedorifitisnota
consumable:returnthesamequality(mutuum)
Q:Whataretherightsoftheusufructuaryasto
advancesanddamages?
A:Tobe:ITD
a. reimbursed
for
Indispensable
extraordinaryrepairsmadebyhim
Note: The reimbursement shall be in the
amount equal to the increase in value of
theproperty(Art.594,NCC)
A:Untiltheexpirationoftheusufruct.Transferof
usufructuary rights, gratuitous or onerous, is co
terminouswiththetermofusufruct.
Q:Whathappensifthethingsubjectofusufruct
ismortgagedbytheowner?
A: Usufructuary has no obligation to pay
mortgage.Butifthesameisattached,theowner
becomes liable for whatever is lost by the
usufructuary.
Q:Towhatmaytheusufructuarybeliablefor?
A: For the damages suffered by the usufructuary
onaccountoffraudcommittedbyhimorthrough
hisnegligence.
Q:Whenistheusufructuarynotliable?
A:
A:
Fruits
Growing:
Rightsoftheusufructuary
Atthe
beginning
ofthe
usufruct
notboundtorefundtotheowner
theexpensesofcultivationand
production
Atthe
termination
ofthe
usufruct
belongtotheownerbutheisbound
toreimbursetheusufructuaryof
theordinarycultivationexpenses
(Art.545,NCC)outofthefruits
received(Art.443,NCC)
1.
2.
Fordeteriorationduetowearandtear
For deterioration due to a fortuitous
event
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g.
3.Atthetermination
a.
Q:Whatifthedamagesexceedthevalueofthe
improvements?
A:Theusufructuaryisliableforthedifferenceas
indemnity.
Q: What if the improvements exceed the
amountofdamages?
A: He may remove the portion of the
improvementsrepresentingtheexcessinvalueif
it can be done without injury; otherwise, the
excessinvalueaccruestotheowner.
b.
c.
Returnthethinginusufructtothe
nakedownerunlessthereisaright
ofretention
Paylegalinterestforthetimethat
theusufructlasts
Indemnifythenakedownerforany
losses due to his negligence or of
histransferees
OBLIGATIONSBEFORETHEUSUFRUCTT
Q:Whydoimprovementsaccruetotheowner?
A: Because there is no indemnity for
improvements.
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffailuretopostabond
orsecurity?
A:
1. The owner shall have the following
options:
a. receivershipofrealty;
b.saleofmovables;
c.depositofsecurities;or
d.investmentofmoney;or
e. retention of the property as
administrator.
2. The net product shall be delivered to
theusufructuary;
3. The usufructuary cannot collect credit
dueormakeinvestmentsofthecapital
withouttheconsentoftheownerorof
thecourtuntilthebondisgiven.
A:
1.Beforetheusufruct
a.
b.
Makeaninventory
Givesecurity
2.Duringtheusufruct
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
138
Takecareofproperty
Replace the young of animals that
die or are lost or become prey
when the usufruct is constituted
onaflockorherdoflivestock;
Makeordinaryrepairs
Notify the owner of urgent extra
ordinaryrepairs
Permit works & improvements by
thenakedownernotprejudicialto
theusufruct
Pay annual taxes and charges on
thefruits
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Whenmaytheusufructuarybeexemptfrom
theobligationtogivesecurity?
Q:Whatareextraordinaryrepairs?
A:
A:When:SIR
1. NoonewillbeInjuredbythelackofthe
bond;
2. The donor (or parent) Reserved the
usufructofthepropertydonated;
3. The usufruct is Subject to caucion
juratoriawhere:
a. Theusufructuary:takesanoathto
takecareofthethingsandrestore
them to its previous state before
theusufructisconstituted.
b. The property subject to such
cannot
be
alienated
or
encumberedorleased.
Q:Whopaysforextraordinaryrepairs?
Q:Whatiscaucionjuratoria?
2. Ifmadebytheusufructuary
GR:theusufructuarymaymakethembut
he is not entitled to indemnity because
theyarenotneededforthepreservation
ofthething.
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D.RIGHTSOFTHEOWNER
Q:Whataretherightsofanakedownerandthe
limitationsimposeduponhim?
A:
Rights
Alienation
Alteration
Enjoyment
Constructionand
Improvement
Limitations
Canalienatethethingin
usufruct
Cannotaltertheform
andsubstance
Cannotdoanything
prejudicialtothe
usufructuary
Canconstructanyworks
andmakeany
improvementprovided
itdoesnotdiminishthe
valueortheusufructor
prejudicetherightsof
theusufructuary.
Q:Isrenunciationanassignmentofright?
A: No, it is really abandonment by the
usufructuaryofhisrightanddoesnotrequirethe
consent of the naked owner but it is subject to
therightsofcreditors.
Q: What is the obligation of the owner if the
property held in usufruct is expropriated for
publicuse?
A:Theownerisobligedto:
1.
2.
eitherreplaceit;or
paylegalinteresttousufructuaryofthe
netproceedsofthesame.
MinervanotifiedPetronilathattheusufructhad
been extinguished by the death of Manuel and
demanded that the latter vacate the premises
and deliver the same to the former. Petronila
refused to vacate the place on the ground that
theusufructinherfavorwouldexpireonlyon1
June1998whenManuelwouldhavereachedhis
30th birthday and that the death of Manuel
th
before his 30 birthday did not extinguish the
usufruct.
Whosecontentionshouldbeaccepted?
A:Petronilascontentioniscorrect.UnderArticle
606 of the Civil Code, a usufruct granted for the
time that may elapse before a third person
reachesacertainageshallsubsistforthenumber
ofyearsspecifiedevenifthethirdpersonshould
die unless there is an express stipulation in the
contractthatstatesotherwise.
A:Yes,butitcannotbeformorethan50years.
Inthecaseatbar,thereisnoexpressstipulation
that the consideration for the usufruct is the
existence of Petronilas son. Thus, the general
rule and not the exception should apply in this
case.(1997BarQuestion)
140
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Whatareconsideredspecialusufructs?
IX.EASEMENTS
A.CHARACTERISTICS
A:Theseareusufructon:
1. Pensionorincome(Art.570,NCC)
2. Property owned in common (Art. 582,
NCC)
3. Cattle(livestock)(Art.591,NCC)
4. OnVineyardsandwoodland
(Arts575576,NCC)
5. Rightofaction(Art.578,NCC)
6. Mortgagedproperty(Art.600,NCC)
7. over the Entire patrimony (Art. 598,
NCC)
8. thingswhichGraduallydeteriorate
(Art.573,NCC)
9. Consumableproperty(Art.574,NCC)
E.EXTINCTION/TERMINATION
Q:Howisusufructextinguished?
Q:Whatisaneasementorservitude?
A:PLDTERM
1.
AcquisitivePrescription
Note:theusebyathirdpersonandnot
thenonusebytheusufructuary
2.
TotalLossofthething
Note: if the loss is only partial, the
usufruct continues with the remaining
part.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Whichtherightbelongs
Theimmovableinfavorofwhich,theeasementis
established is called the dominant estate; that
whichissubjectthereto,theservientestate.
Q:Cantherebeaneasementoveranother
easement?Explain.
7.
SERVIENTESTATE
Thatpropertyorestate
whichissubjecttothe
dominantestate
Uponwhichan
obligationrests.
EASEMENT
SERVITUDE
AnEnglishlawterm
Usedincivillaw
countries
Real
Realorpersonal
Therightenjoyed
Burdenimposedupon
another
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Q:Whatarecharacteristicsofeasement?
Q:Distinguisheasementfromusufruct.
A:NICELIAR
A:
1.
Q:Whatareessentialqualitiesofeasements?
EASEMENT
Constitutedon
Onrealproperty
Includesallusesand
fruits
Astorightofpossession
Nonpossessingrightover
animmovable
Involvesarightof
possessioninan
immovableormovable
Astoeffectofdeath
Notextinguishedby
Extinguishedbydeathof
deathofdominantowner
usufructuary
Natureofright
Realrightwhetherornot Realrightwhetherornot
registered
registered
Astotransmissibility
Transmissible
Transmissible
Howitmaybeconstituted
Maybeconstitutedin
favor,or,burdening,a
pieceoflandheldin
usufruct
Cannotbeconstitutedon
aneasementbutitmay
beconstitutedonthe
landburdenedbyan
easement
Q:Cantherebe:
a.Aneasementoverausufruct?
A: There can be no easement over a
usufruct. Since an easement may be
constituted only on a corporeal immovable
property, no easement may be constituted
onausufructwhichisnotacorporealright.
Q:Whatismeantbyeasementestablishedonly
onanimmovable?
b.Ausufructoveraneasement?
A:Thetermimmovablemustbeunderstoodin
itscommonandnotinitslegalsense.
142
Realorpersonal
Usegranted
Limitedtoaparticularor
specificuseofthe
servientestate
A:
1. Incorporeal;
2. Imposeduponcorporealproperty;
3. Confernorighttoaparticipationinthe
profitsarisingfromit;
4. Imposed for the benefit of corporeal
property;
5. Has2distincttenements:dominantand
servientestate;
6. Causemustbeperpetual.
USUFRUCT
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Distinguisheasementfromlease.
A:
Easement
Lease
Nature
Realorpersonal
Limitationsontheuseofright
There is limited right to
Limited right to both
the use of real property
possession and use of
of another but w/o right
anothersproperty
ofpossession
ScopeandUses
Coversallfruitsanduses Generally covers only a
asarule
particularorspecificuse
Whomaycreate
The lessor may or may
Can be created only by
not be the owner as
the owner, or by a duly
whenthereisasublease
authorized agent, acting
orwhenthelessorisonly
inbehalfoftheowner
ausufructuary
Howitiscreated
Maybecreatedby:
law,
contract,
lastwillor
prescription
GR:onlybycontract;
APPARENTSIGN
Q:Whatisthedoctrineofapparentsign?
A: Easements are inseparable from the estate to
which they actively or passively pertain. The
existence of apparent sign under Art. 624 is
equivalenttoatitle.Itisasifthereisanimplied
contract between the two new owners that the
easement should be constituted, since no one
objected to the continued existence of the
windows.
Note: It is understood that there is an exterior sign
contrarytotheeasementofpartywallwhenever:
1. there is a window or opening in the
dividingwallofbuildings
2. entire wall is built within the boundaries
ofoneoftheestates
3. the dividing wall bears the burden of the
binding beams, floors and roof frame of
oneofthebuildings,butnotthoseofthe
others
4. the lands enclosed by fences or live
hedges adjoin others which are not
enclosed
In all these cases, ownership is deemed to belong
exclusivelytotheownerofthepropertywhichhasin
its favor the presumption based on any of these
signs.
Q:Whatistheeffectofacknowledgementofan
easementinoneownsproperty?
A: An acknowledgement of the easement is an
admission that the property belongs to another
(BOMEDCOv.HeirsofValdez,G.R.No.124669).
PARTIESTOANEASEMENT
PassiveorActiveOwner
Theownerismoreorless The owner or lessor is
passive, and he allows moreorlessactive
theusufructuarytoenjoy
the thing given in
usufruct
Q:Whoarethepartiestoaneasement?
A:
1.
Whohasthedutytomakerepairs
Usufructuary has the Lessee generally has no
duty to make the dutytopayforrepairs
ordinaryrepairs
Whobearspaymentoftaxesandchargesonthe
property
2.
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DOMINANTOWNER
Q:Whataretherightsofthedominantowner?
A:IC
A:MARE
1.
Exerciseallrightsnecessaryfortheuse
oftheeasement(Art.625,NCC)
2. Make on the servient estate all works
necessary for the use and preservation
oftheservitude(Art.627par.1,NCC)
3. Renouncetheeasementifhedesiresto
exempt from contributing necessary
expenses(Art.628,NCC)
4. Askformandatoryinjunctiontoprevent
impairment of his right. (Resolme v.
Lazo,27Phil416)
1.
2.
B.CLASSIFICATIONSOFEASEMENT
Q:Whataretheclassificationsofeasements?
A:
1. Astorecipientofthebenefit:
a. Real(orPredial)Theeasementis
infavorofanotherimmovable.
b. PersonalTheeasementisinfavor
ofacommunity,orofoneormore
personstowhomtheencumbered
estate does not belong (easement
of right of way for passage of
livestock).
A:CANC
1.
2.
3.
4.
SERVIENTOWNER
2.Astopurposeornatureoflimitation:
a. PositiveOnewhichimposeupon
the servient estate the obligation
of allowing something to be done
orofdoingithimself.
b. Negative That which prohibits
the owner of the servient estate
from doing something which he
could lawfully do if the easement
didnotexist
3. Astothemannerofexercised:
a. ContinuousTheirusemayormay
notbeincessant
Q:Whataretherightsoftheservientowner?
Note:
For
acquisitive
prescription, the easement of
aqueduct and easement of light
and view are considered
continuous.
A:RMC
1.
2.
3.
Retaintheownershipoftheportionof
the estate on which easement is
imposed
Makeuseoftheeasementunlessthere
is an agreement to the contrary. (Art.
628par.2,NCC),
Changetheplaceormanneroftheuse
oftheeasement,provideditbeequally
convenient(Art.629,par.2,NCC)
144
b.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
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PROPERTY
a.
e.g.rightofwaywhenthereis
an alley or a permanent
path
b.
NonapparentTheyshowno
external indication of their
existence.
5.
Astotherightgiven:
e.grightofway
b. Right to get specific materials
or objects from the servient
estate
c. right to participate in
ownership
e.geasementofpartywall
d. Right to impede or prevent
the neighboring estate from
performing a specific act of
ownership.
1.LEGALEASEMENT
Q:WhatisaLegalEasement?
A:Aneasementestablishedbylawforpublicuse
orfortheinterestofprivatepersons.
Q:WhatisaPublicLegalEasement?
A: A Public Legal Easement is for public or
communaluse.
Q:WhatisaPrivateLegalEasement?
A:APrivateLegalEasementsisfortheinterestof
privatepersonsorforprivateuse.
Q:Whatarethekindsoflegaleasements?
A:WINDPLW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6. Astosource:
a. Legal those created by law for
publicuseorprivateinterests.
b. Voluntary constituted by will or
agreement of the parties or by
testator.
c. Mixed created partly by
agreementandpartlybylaw.
7. Astothedutyoftheservientowner:
a. PositiveImposesupontheowner
of the servient estate the
obligationofallowingsomethingto
bedoneordoingithimself.
EasementrelatingtoWaters
EasementrelatingtorightofWay
Intermediate distances and works for
certainconstructionandplantings
EasementagainstNuisance
DrainageofBuilding
EasementofPartywall
EasementofLightandview
A.RIGHTOFWAY
Q:Whatisrightofway?
A:Itistherighttodemandthattheownerofan
estatesurroundedbyotherestatesbeallowedto
pass thru the neighboring estates after payment
ofproperindemnity.
Q:Caneasementofrightofwaybeacquiredby
prescription?
A:No,becauseitisdiscontinuousorintermittent
(Ronquillo, et al. vs. Roco, GR No. L10619, Feb.
28,1958).
Q: What kind of servitude in favor of the
government is a private owner required to
recognize?
A: The only servitude which he is required to
recognizeinfavorofthegovernmentis:
1.
2.
theeasementofapublichighway,
privatewayestablishedbylaw,or
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3.
Q:Whataretherequisitesforeasementonright
ofway?
A:POOND
1.
146
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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PROPERTY
A: No, David is not entitled to the right of way
beingclaimed.Theisolationofhissubdivisionwas
duetohisownactoromissionbecausehedidnot
developanaccessroadtothericefieldswhichhe
was supposed to purchase according to his own
representation when he applied for a license to
establish the subdivision. (Floro vs. Llenado, 244
SCRA713)
Q: How much is the proper indemnity to the
servientestate?
A:Ifthepassageis:
1.
2.
Q:Howwideshouldaneasementofrightofway
be?
A:Thewidthoftheeasementshallbethatwhich
is sufficient for the needs of the dominant
estate.(Art.651,NCC)
Q: Can a dominant owner demand a driveway
forhisautomobile?
A: Yes, due to necessity of motor vehicles in the
presentage.
Q:Issaidextinguishmentautomatic?
A: No. There must be a demand for
extinguishmentcoupledwithtenderofindemnity
bytheservientowner.
Q:EmmaboughtaparceloflandfromEquitable
PCI Bank, which acquired the same from Felisa,
theoriginalowner.Thereafter,Emmadiscovered
that Felisa had granted a right of way over the
landinfavorofthelandofGeorgina,whichhad
no outlet to apublic highway, but the easment
wasnotannotatedwhentheservientestatewas
registeredundertheTorrenssystem.Emmathen
filed acomplaint for cancellation of the right of
way, on the ground that it had been
extinguished by such failure to annotate. How
wouldyoudecidethecontroversy?
A:Thecomplaintforcancellationofeasementof
rightofwaymustfail.Thefailuretoannotatethe
easement upon the title of the servient estate is
not among the grounds for extinguishing an
easementunderArt.631oftheCivilCode.Under
Art 617, easements are inseparable from the
estatetowhichtheyactivelyorpassivelybelong.
Once it attaches, it can only be extinguished
underArt631,andtheyexisteveniftheyarenot
stated or annotated as an encumbrance on the
Torrens title of the servient estate. (2001 Bar
Question)
OTHERLEGALEASEMENTS
Q:Whoisresponsibleforrepairsandtaxes?
A:
1.
WATERS
Q:Whatarethedifferenteasementsrelatingto
waters?
A:Theseare:DRAWBN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A:
6.
1. Theopeningofapublicroad,or
2. Joining the dominant tenement to
another which has an exit to a public
road.
Naturaldrainage(Art.637)
drainageofBuildings(Art.674)
easementonRiparianbanksfor
navigation,floatage,fishing,
salvage,andtowpath(Art.638)
easementofaDam(Arts.639,647)
easementfordrawingWaterorfor
wateringanimals(Arts.640641)
easementofAqueduct(Arts.642
636)
NATURALDRAINAGE
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PARTYWALL
Q:Whatareitslimitations?
A:
Q:Whatisapartywall?
a. Dominantownermustnotincreasethe
burdenbuthemayerectworkstoavoid
erosion.
b. The servient owner must not impede
thedescentofwater(butmayregulate
it).
EASEMENTFORDRAWINGWATERORFOR
WATERINGANIMALS
Note:Thisisacombinedeasementfordrawingof
waterandrightofway.
Q:Whataretherequisitesforeasementfor
wateringcattle?
A:
1.
2.
Itmustbeimposedforreasonsofpublic
use
Itmustbeinfavorofatownorvillage
indemnitymustbepaid
Note:therighttomakethewaterflowthruor
underinterveningorlowerestates
Q:Whataretherequisitesfordrawingwateror
forwateringofanimals?
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
EASEMENTOFAQUEDUCT
Q:Howistheeasementofaqueductconsidered?
A:Forlegalpurposes,itisconsideredcontinuous
andapparenteventhoughtheflowofwatermay
not be continuous or its use depends upon the
needsofthedominantestateoruponaschedule
ofalternatedaysorhours.(Art.646,NCC)
PARTYWALL
COOWNERSHIP
Canbedivided
Sharesofcoowners
physically;acoowner
cannotbephysically
cannotpointtoany
segregatedbuttheycan definiteportionofthe
bephysicallyidentified propertybelongingto
him
Noneofthecoowners
mayusethecommunity
Nolimitationastouse
propertyforhis
ofthepartywallfor
exclusivebenefit
exclusivebenefitofa
becausehewouldbe
party
invadingontherightsof
theothers
Anyownermayfree
himselffrom
contributingtothecost
Partialrenunciationis
ofrepairsand
allowed
constructionofaparty
wallbyrenouncingALL
hisrights
Rebuttalofpresumption:
1. Title
2. bycontraryproof
3. bysignscontrarytotheexistenceofthe
servitude(Arts.660&661,NCC)
Note: If the signs are contradictory, they
canceleachother.
148
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q: Who spends for the cost of repairs and
constructionofpartywalls?
A: The partowners. They are obliged to
contribute in proportion to their respective
interests.
Noadequateoutlet
The outlet must be at the point where
egress is easiest and establishing a
conduitforthedrainageofwater
3. Properindemnity
LATERALANDSUBJACENTSUPPORT
Q:Mayanownerrefusetocontribute?
A:
GR: Yes, any owner may free himself from
the obligation to contribute by renouncing
hisrightsinthepartywall.
XPN: When the party wall actually supports
his building, he cannot refuse to contribute
fortheexpensesorrepairandconstruction.
(Art.662,NCC)
XPNtoXPN:Iftheownerrenounceshispart
ownership of the wall, in this case he shall
bear the expenses of repairs and work
necessary to prevent any damage which
demolitionmaycausetothepartywall.(Art.
663,NCC)
Q:Mayanownerincreasetheheightofaparty
wall?
A:Yes,providedthathemust:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
dosoathisownexpense;
payforanydamagecausedevenifitis
temporary;
He must bear the cost of maintaining
theportionadded;
He must pay the increased cost of
preservationofthewall(Art.664,NCC);
He shall be obliged to reconstruct the
wall at his expense if necessary for the
walltobeartheincreasedheightandif
additionalthicknessisrequired,heshall
provide the space therefore from his
ownland.
DRAINAGEOFBUILDINGS
Q:Whenisaneasementvoluntary?
A:itisvoluntarywhenitisestablishedbythewill
oftheowners.
Q:Whomayconstitutevoluntaryeasements?
A: The owner possessing capacity to encumber
property may constitute voluntary servitude. If
there are various owners, all must consent; but
consentoncegivenisnotrevocable.
Q: For whose favor are voluntary easements
established?
A:
1. Predialservitudes:
a. for the owner of the dominant
estate
b. for any other person having any
juridical relation with the
dominant estate, if the owner
ratifiesit.
2. Personal servitudes: for anyone
capacitatedtoaccept.
Q:Definedrainageofbuildings
A: It is the right to divert the rain waters from
onesownrooftotheneighboringestate.
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Q:Whatiseasementofview(jusprospectus)?
A: The right to make openings or windows to
enjoytheviewthrutheestateofanotherandthe
power to prevent all constructions or works
whichcouldobstructsuchviewormakethesame
difficult.
Note:Itnecessarilyincludeseasementoflight.
C.MODESOFACQUIRINGEASEMENTS
1.COMPULSORYEASEMENTS
Q:Howareeasementsacquired?
A:FARTP
1. ByTitleAlleasements:
a. Continuous and apparent (Art.
620)
b. Continuous nonapparent (Art.
622)
c. discontinuous,
whether
apparentornonapparent(Art.
622)
2. ByPrescriptionoftenyears
continuousandapparent(Art.620)
3. BydeedofRecognition
4. ByFinaljudgment
5. By Apparent sign established by the
ownerofthetwoadjoiningestates
Q:Howistheprescriptiveperiodcomputed?
A:
a. Positive easement the period is
counted from the day when the owner
of the dominant estate begins to
exerciseit
b.
1.bytitle
2.byprescription
Q:Whatistheprescriptiveperiodforacquisition
ofeasementoflightandview?
A:10years.
Q:Fromwhendoestheprescriptiveperiodstart
torun?
A: The reckoning point depends on whether the
easementispositiveornegativewhich,inturn,is
dependent on where the opening is made if it is
made:
1.
Commencement
of
Period
of
prescription starts from the time
formalprohibitionismade.
Reason: The owner merely exercises his
rightofdominionandnotofaneasement.
Negative easement is not automatically
vested as formal prohibition is a pre
requisite.
2.
Q:Whatiseasementoflight(jusluminum)?
CommencmentofPeriodofprescription
starts from the time the window is
opened.
Reason: owner of the neighboring estate
who has a right to close it up allows an
encumbranceonhisproperty.
150
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
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PROPERTY
Q:Howaboutwithregardtoopeningsatheight
ofceilingjoists?
3.
1. Merger
2. When the easement can no longer be
used
3. Expirationoftheterm(iftemporary)or
fulfillment of the condition (if
conditional)
4. Renunciation of the owner of the
dominant estate of the redemption
agreedupon
5. Nonuserfor10years
EXTINGUISHMENTOFEASEMENTS
4.
A:
1. Direct Views: the distance of 2 meters
between the wall and the boundary
mustbeobserved
2. Oblique Views: (walls perpendicular or
at an angle to the boundary line) must
notbe60cmtothenearestedgeofthe
window.
Q:Howareeasementsextinguished?
A:MARINECREW
1.
X.NUISANCE
Q:Whatisanuisance?
A:Any:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
act,
omission,
establishment,
businessor
conditionofpropertyor
anythingelsewhich:ISAHO
a. Injures/dangers the health or
safetyofothers
b. Shocks, defies or disregards
decencyormorality
c. Annoysoroffendsthesenses
d. Hinders or impairs the use of
propertyor
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e.
Q:Mayanuisancebebothpublicandprivate?
Q:Distinguishnuisancepersefromnuisanceper
accidens.
A:
PERSE
Asamatteroflaw
A:Yes,itiscalledmixednuisance.
e.g.Ahousewashedontoastreetrailwaytrack:
private nuisance to the railway company and a
publicnuisancebecauseitobstructsthestreet.
Needonlybeproved
inanylocality
Q:Distinguishnuisancefromtrespass.
Maybesummarily
abatedunderthelaw
ofnecessity
A:
Nuisance
Trespass
Useofonesown
propertywhichcauses
injurytoanother
Directinfringementof
anothersrightor
property
PERACCIDENS
Asamatteroffact
Dependsuponits
locationand
surroundings,the
mannerofitsconduct
orothercircumstances
Maybeabatedonly
withreasonablenotice
tothepersonallegedto
bemaintainingordoing
suchnuisance
ATTRACTIVENUISANCE
Q:Whatisthedoctrineofattractivenuisance?
Injuryisdirectand
immediate
Injuryisconsequential
Q:Whatarethekindsofnuisance?
A:
1.
2.
Accordingtothenumberofpersons
affected:
a. Public(orcommon)nuisanceis
onewhichaffectsthecommunity
orneighborhoodorconsiderable
numberofpersons
b. Privatenuisanceisonewhich
affectsanindividualorfew
personsonly.
Otherclassificationofnuisance:
a. NuisancePerSethatkindof
nuisancewhichisalwaysa
nuisance.Byitsnature,itisalways
anuisanceatalltimesandunder
anycircumstancesregardlessof
locationofsurroundings.
b. NuisancePerAccidensthatkind
ofnuisancebyreasonoflocation,
surroundingorinthemanneritis
conductedormanaged.
152
Q:Isaswimmingpoolanattractivenuisance?
A:
GR:Aswimmingpoolorwatertankisnotan
attractivenuisance,forwhileitisattractive,
it is merely an imitation of the work of
nature.Hence,ifsmallchildrenaredrowned
in an attractive water tank of another, the
ownerisnotliableeveniftherebenoguards
in the premises (Hidalgo Enterprises v.
Balandan,et.al,L3422Jun.13,1952).
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
XPN:Swimmingpoolwithdangerousslides
Note: The doctrine of attractive nuisance does not
generally apply to bodies of water, artificial as well
asnaturalintheabsenceofsomeunusualcondition
or artificial other than the mere water and its
location.
REMEDIESAGAINSTNUISANCE
Q:Whataretheremediesagainstnuisance?
XI.ACTIONTOQUIETTITLE
Q:Whatisanactiontoquiettitle?
A:Itisanactionforthepurposeofputtinganend
to vexatious litigation with respect to the
propertyinvolved.
Note: An action to quiet title is quasi in rem an
action in personam concerning real property where
judgment therein is enforceable only against the
defeatedpartyandhisprivies.
A:Ifthenuisanceis:
Q:Whatarethereasonsforquietingtitle?
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
Civilaction
CivilAction
Abatementw/ojudicial Abatementw/ojudicial
proceedings
proceedings
Prosecutionunder
RPC/localordinance
4.
5.
6.
ThenuisancemustbespeciallyInjurious
tothepersonaffected.
No Breach of peace or unnecessary
injurymustbecommitted
Demand must first be made upon the
owner or possessor of the property to
abatethenuisance.
DemandisRejected
Abatement is Approved by the district
health officer and executed with the
assistanceofthelocalpolice,and
Value of destruction does not exceed
P3,000
A:
1.
2.
3.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhereactiontoquiet
titledoesnotapply?
A:
GR:
1.
Toquestionsinvolvinginterpretationof
documents;
2. Tomerewrittenororalassertionsof
claims.
XPNs:
1. Ifmadeinalegalproceeding
2. If it is being asserted that the
instrumentorentryinplaintiffsfavoris
notwhatitpurportstobe
3. Toboundarydisputes
4. Todeedsbystrangerstothetitleunless
purporting to convey the property of
theplaintiff
5. Toinstrumentsinvalidontheirface
6. Where the validity of the instrument
involvespurequestionsoflaw
preventlitigation;
protecttruetitleandpossession;
real interest of both parties which
requires the determination of the
precisestateoftitle.
Q:Doestherighttoquestiontheexistenceofa
nuisanceprescribe?
A:No.Itisimprescriptible.
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A.OCCUPATION
Q:Whataretherequisitesofoccupation?
A:WISCS
1. TheremustbeSeizureofathing,
2. which must be a Corporeal personal
property,
3. which must be Susceptible of
appropriationbynature
4. ThethingmustbeWithoutanowner
5. There must be an Intention to
appropriate.
Q:Distinguishoccupationfrompossession.
A:
OCCUPATION
Modeofacquiring
ownership
Merelyraisesthe
presumptionof
ownershipwhen
exercisedinthe
conceptofowner
Astopropertyinvolved
Involvesonlycorporeal
personalproperty
Q:Differentiatemodefromtitle.
POSSESSION
Asregardsacquisitionofownership
Anykindofproperty
Asregardsownershipofthethingbyanother
A:
MODE
TITLE
Directly
and Serves merely to give
immediatelyproducesa the occasion for its
realright
acquisitionorexistence
Cause
Means
Proximatecause
Remotecause
Requiresthattheobject
bewithoutanowner
Thepropertymaybe
ownedbysomebody
Asregardstheintenttoacquire
Theremustbeanintent
toacquireownership
Maybehadinthe
conceptofamere
holder
Asregardspossession
Maynottakeplacew/o
someformof
possession
Mayexistw/o
occupation
Astoperiod
Q:Whatarethemodesofacquiringownership?
Generallylonger
Astoleadingtoanothermodeofacquisition
A:OLDTIPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Shortduration
Occupation
Law
Donation
Tradition
Intellectualcreation
Prescription
Succession
Cannotleadtoanother
modeofacquisition
Mayleadtoanother
modeprescription
154
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
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PROPERTY
Q:Whatarethethingssusceptibleof
occupation?
A:
1. Thingsthatarewithoutanownerres
nullius;abandoned
Note:Stolenpropertycannotbesubjectof
occupation
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whencanlandbetheobjectofoccupation?
A:Itdepends.
1.
2.
3.
B.DONATION
1.DEFINITION
Q:Whatisdonation?
A:Itisanactofpureliberalitywherebyaperson
disposesgratuitouslyofathingorrightinfavorof
anotherwhoacceptsit.(Art.725,CivilCode.)
OBJECTOFDONATIONS
Q:Whatmaydonationcover?
A: Donation may cover all present property.
Donationscannotcomprehendfutureproperty.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofdonation?
(Art.751,NCC)
A:ACID
Q:Canfutureinheritanceortheinchoaterightto
inheritbedonated?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A:No,becauseitisfutureproperty.
Q: May property, the acquisition of which is
subjecttosuspensiveconditionbedonated?
A: Yes, because once the condition is fulfilled, it
retroacts to the day the contract is constituted.
(Art.1187par1,NCC)
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Ifthedonorhasforcedheirshecannot
give or receive by donation more than
whathecangiveorreceivebywill.
2. If the donor has no forced heirs,
donation may include all present
property provided he reserves in full
ownershiporinusufruct:
a. the amount necessary to support
himandthoserelativesentitledto
supportfromhim.
b. property sufficient to pay the
donors debt contracted prior to
thedonation.
2.CHARACTERISTICS
A.EXTENTTOWHICHDONORMAYDONATE
PROPERTY
3.KINDS
Q:Whatarethekindsofdonation?
A:
1.
Q:Uptowhatextentmayadonationcover?
2.
A:Itmaycomprehendallthepresentpropertyof
thedonor,orpartthereof,providedhereserves,
in full ownership or in usufruct, sufficient means
for the support of himself, and of all relatives
who, at the time of the acceptance of the
donation,arebylawentitledtobesupportedby
thedonor.(Art.750,NCC)
3.
Q:Canfuturepropertiesbesubjectofdonation?
B.RESERVATIONSANDREVERSIONS
Q:Whatistheeffectifthedonorviolatesthe
requirementforreservationunderArticle750?
Accordingtomotiveorcause:SRMO
Simple
Remuneratory(1stkind)
Remuneratory(2ndkind):
ConditionalorModaldonations
d. Onerousdonations
Astoperfectionorextinguishment:
a. Pure
b. Withacondition
c. Withaterm
Accordingtoeffectivity:
a. Intervivos(Art.729,CivilCode)
b. MortisCausa(Art.728,CivilCode)
c. PropterNuptias
a.
b.
c.
156
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Q:Discussthekindsofdonationaccordingto
motiveorcause?
2.
A:
3.
PURPOSE
FORM
Simple
sametothatofformsin
pureliberality
donations
Remuneratory(1stkind)
torewardpastservices
providedtheservicesdo sametothatofformsin
donations
notconstitutea
demandabledebt.
Remuneratory(2ndkind)
1. rewardfuture
services;or
1. Oneroussame
2. becauseof
formofthatof
futurecharges
contracts
orburdens,
2. Gratuitious
whenthevalue
sameformof
ofsaidservices,
thatof
burdens,or
donations
chargesisless
thanthevalueof
thedonation.
Onerous
Burdens,chargesor
sameasthatof
servicesareequalin
contracts
valuetothatofthe
donation.
Q:Discussthekindsofdonationaccordingto
motiveorcause?
A:
1. Pure donation is one which is not
subjecttoanycondition
2. Conditionalisonewhereinthedonor
imposes on the donee a condition
dependentonthehappeningofafuture
event or past event unknown to the
parties.
3. WithaTermisonewhereinthedonor
imposes on the donee a condition
dependent upon the happening of a
futureandcertainevent.
B.DONATIONBYREASONOFMARRIAGE
Q:Whataredonationsbyreasonofmarriageor
donationspropternuptias(DPN)?
A:
1. Marriageisnotcelebrated
2. Marriageisjudiciallydeclaredvoid
3. Marriagetookplacewithoutconsentof
parents,whenrequiredbylaw
4. Marriageisannulledanddoneeactedin
badfaith
5. Uponlegalseparation,doneebeingthe
guiltyspouse
6. Donation subject to resolutory
conditionandittookplace
7. Doneecommittedanactofingratitude
C.DONATIONMORTISCAUSA
Q:Whatisdonationmortiscausa?
A: These are donations which are to take effect
uponthedeathofthedonor.
NOTE: it partakes of the nature of testamentary
provisionsandgovernedbytherulesonsuccession.
(Art.728,NCC)
A.DONATIONINTERVIVOS
Q:Whatarethelimitationsimposedbylawin
makingdonationsintervivos?
A:RFM
1. Donor must Reserve sufficient means
forhissupportandforhisrelativeswho
are entitled to be supported by him
(Art.750,NCC)
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MORTISCAUSA
Astowhenittakeseffect
Takeseffectduringthe
Takeseffectupon
lifetimeofthedonor,
donorsdeath
independentlyofthehis
death
Astocauseorconsideration
Incontemplationof
donorsdeathwithout
Causeisdonorspure
intentiontodisposeof
generosity
thethingincaseof
survival
Onpredecease
Validifdonorsurvives
Voidifdonorsurvives
thedone
Onrevocability
Alwaysrevocableatany
Generallyirrevocable
timeandforanyreason
exceptforgrounds
beforethedonors
providedforbylaw
death
Onformalities
Mustcomplywiththe
Mustcomplywiththe
formalitiesofdonations
formalitiesofawill
Onwhenacceptanceismade
Acceptanceduring
Afterdonorsdeath
donorslifetime
Onwhenpropertyisconveyedtothedonee
Propertyretainedbythe
Propertycompletely
donorwhileheisstill
conveyedtothedonee
alive
Ontaxpayable
Donorstax
Estatetax
D.ONEROUSDONATION
Q:Whatisanonerousdonation?
A:Adonationgivenforwhichthedonorreceived
a valuable consideration which is the equivalent
ofthepropertysodonated.
Q:Whatarethekindsofonerousdonations?
A:
158
Q:Whatlawswillapplytoonerousdonations?
A:
1. Totallyonerousrulesoncontracts
2. Partiallyonerous
a. Portionexceedingthevalueof
the burden simple
donations
b. Portion equivalent to the
burden law on contracts
(PinedaProperty,p.547,1999
ed)
E.SIMPLE,MODAL,CONDITIONAL
Q:Whatisasimpledonation?
A:Onewhichisnotsubjecttoanycondition
Q:Whatisaconditionaldonation?
A:Onewhereinthedonorimposesonthedonea
condition dependent on the happening of a
future event or past event unknown to the
parties.
Q:Whatisamodaldonation?
4.FORMALITIESREQUIRED
A.HOWMADEANDACCEPTED
Q:Whomustmaketheacceptance?
A:Acceptancemaybemadebythedoneehimself
or thru an agent with special power of attorney
otherwise,donationshallbevoid.(Art.745,NCC)
Q:Whyisthereaneedforanacceptance?
A:Becausethedoneemaynotwanttoacceptthe
donors liberality or if donation is onerous, he
maynotagreewiththeburdenimposed.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
Note:Donationisperfectedoncetheacceptanceof
the donation was made known to the donor.
Accordingly,ownershipwillonlyreverttothedonor
iftheresolutoryconditionisnotfulfilled.
A:Donationsmadetoincapacitatedpersonsshall
be void, though simulated under the guise of
another contract or through a person who is
interposed(Art.743,NCC)
A:Ifthedonationispureandsimpleanddoesnot
require written acceptance, the minors can
acceptthedonationbythemselves
Ifthedonationneedswrittenacceptance,itmay
be accepted by their guardian or legal
representatives
Q:Whenisadonationperfected?
Q:Whatistheformalitiesrequiredfordonation
ofrealandpersonalproperties?
A:
1. Ofmovableproperty:
a. With simultaneous delivery of
propertydonated:
i. for P 5,000 or less may be
oral/written
ii. for more than P 5,000
written in public or private
document
b. Withoutsimultaneousdelivery:
i. The donation and acceptance
mustbewritteninapublicor
privateinstrument(Statuteof
Frauds),regardlessofvalue.
Otherwise,
donation
is
unenforceable
2.
Ofimmovableproperty:
a. Must be in a public instrument
specifying
i. thepropertydonatedand
ii. the burdens assumed by the
donee
b. Acceptancemaybemade:
i. Inthesameinstrumentor
ii. In another public instrument,
notified to the donor in
authentic form, and noted in
bothdeeds.
Otherwise,donationisvoid.
5.QUALIFICATIONSOFDONOR,DONEE
Q:Whoqualifiesasadonor?
Q:Whyisthereaneedforcapacitytocontract?
A:Becauseadonationintervivosiscontractualin
natureandisamodeofalienationofproperty.
Q:Whenisthepossessionofcapacitytocontract
bythedonordetermined?
A:Hiscapacityshallbedeterminedasofthetime
ofthemakingofdonation.(Art.737,NCC)
Note: Making of donation shall be construed to
meanperfection.
Q:Whomayqualifyasdonees?
Q:Mayanunbornchildbeadonee?Adonor?
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6.EFFECTSOFDONATION/LIMITATIONS
A.INGENERAL
c.
B.DOUBLEDONATIONS
Thedoneshallnotbeliable
beyondthevalueofdonation
received.
Q:Whenistheredoubledonation?
A:Whenthesamethinghasbeendonatedtotwo
ormorepersons.
Q:Whatistheruleincaseofadoubledonation?
A:TheruleondoublesaleunderArticle1544
shallbeapplicable:
a.
b.
MovableOwnerwhoisfirsttopossess
ingoodfaith
Immovable
a. Firsttoregisteringoodfaith
b. No inscription, first to possess in
goodfaith
c. No inscription & no possession in
good faith Person who presents
oldesttitleingoodfaith
C.EXCESSIVE/INOFFICIOUS
A:
1. Where donor imposes obligation upon
the done; (Art. 758, NCC) the done is
liable:
a.
b.
Note:Notliablefordebtsinexcessofthe
value of donation received, unless the
contraryisintended.
2. Wherethereisnostipulationregarding
thepaymentofdebts:(Art.759,NCC)
a. Doneeisgenerallynotliabletopay
donorsdebts
b. Donee is responsible only if
donation has been made in fraud
ofcreditors.
Note:Thepresumptionthatthedonations
was made in fraud of creditors arises
when the donor has not left sufficient
assets to pay his debts, at the time of
donation.
160
Reason:ifthedoneecanreceivebydonation
(devise or legacy) more than what the
testator is allowed by law to give, the
donation is inofficious and it may be
suppressed totally or reduced as to its
excess.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
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ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PROPERTY
D.SCOPEOFAMOUNT
1.
By individuals, associations or
corporations not permitted by Law to
makedonations;
2. By persons guilty of Adultery or
concubinageatthetimeofdonation;
3. By a Ward to the guardian before the
approvalofaccounts;
4. By Spouses to each other during the
marriage or to persons of whom the
otherspouseisapresumptiveheir.
5. Between persons found guilty of the
same Criminal offense in consideration
thereof;
6. To Relatives of such priest, etc. within
the 4th degree, or to the church to
whichsuchpriestbelongs;
7. ToanAttestingwitnesstotheexecution
of donation, if there is any, or to the
spouse, parents or children or anyone
claimingunderthem;
8. TothePriestwhoheardtheconfession
of the donor during the latters last
illness, or the minister of the gospel
who extended spiritual aid to him
duringthesameperiod;
9. To a public Officer or his/her spouse,
descendants or ascendants in
considerationofhis/heroffice;
10. To a Physician, surgeon, nurse, health
officerordruggistwhotookcareofthe
donorduringhis/herlastillness;
Q:Whatpropertiesmaybedonated?
A:Thedonationmaycoverallpresentpropertyof
thedonor.Presentpropertyreferstopropertyof
the donor which he could dispose of at the time
ofthedonation.
Q: What is the standing of the donation where
thedonordidnotreservedpropertyorassetsfor
himself sufficient for his support and all his
relativeslegallydependentuponhim?
A: It is valid. It is merely reducible to the extent
that the support to himself and his relatives is
impairedorprejudiced.(Agapitov.DeJoya,[CA].
40Off.Gaz.P.3526)
Q:Mayfuturepropertiesbedonated?
A: No. The donor is not yet the owner of said
property.Apersoncannotgivewhathedoesnot
own.
NOTE:Futureinheritanceisfutureproperty,butnot
all future property is future inheritance. Future
inheritance like future property cannot be disposed
of bydonation.However, accrued inheritance,even
if not yet delivered, may be alienated by the heir
because hereditary rights are transmitted from the
moment of the death of the decedent. (Art. 777,
NCC)
E.INFRAUDOFCREDITORS
REVOCATIONORREDUCTION
A.GROUNDSFORREVOCATIONANDREDUCTION
NOTE:Ifthedonordidnotreservedenough
assetstopayhiscreditorswhomheowned
beforethedonation,thedonationispresumedto
beinfraudofcreditors.
7.VOIDDONATIONS
2.
Q:Whatarethedonationsprohibitedbylaw?
A:Donationsmade:LAWSCRAPOP
3.
UnderArt.760
a. Birthofadonorschildorchildren
(legitimate,
legitimated,
or
illegitimate) after the donation,
eventhoughbornafterhisdeath.
b. Appearanceofadonorschildwho
is missing and thought to be dead
bythedonor
c. Subsequentadoptionbythedonor
ofaminorchild.
UnderArt.764
When the donee fails to comply with
any of the conditions which the donor
imposeduponthedonee.
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161
a.
Q:Isrevocationorreductionautomatic?
A: No. The emergence of the circumstances
enumerated in Art. 760 does not automatically
revokeorreducethedonation.Therevocationor
reduction is authorized only if the amount or
value of the property donated exceeds the
disposablefreeportion.
Q:Forpurposesofprescriptionofaction,whatis
the rule in case of concurrence of two or more
groundsforrevocationorreduction?
A: In the event that two or more causes are
present, the earliest among them shall be the
starting point in the reckoning of the period of
prescriptionoftheaction.
162
2.
3.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
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PROPERTY
Q:Isthedoneerequiredtoreturnthefruits?
A:
1. If due to noncompliance with any
condition imposed on the donation
fruits acquired after noncompliance
shallbereturned
2. If due to causes stated under Art. 760,
ingratitude, or inofficious donations
fruits acquired from the time the
complaintisfiledshallbereturned(Art.
768)
D.PRESCRIPTION
Q: What is the period of prescription of action
forrevocationorreduction?
A:
Birthofchild
PRESCIPTIVE
PERIOD
4years
Legitimation
4years
Recognition
ofan
illegitimate
child
4years
Adoption
4years
Appearance
ofachild
believedto
bedead
Non
compliance
withany
condition
imposed
Actof
ingratitude
4years
4years
1year
RECKONING
PERIOD
From the birth of
thefirstchild
From Birth of the
legitimated child,
not from the date
of marriage of the
parents
From the date the
recognition of the
childbyanymeans
enumerated
in
Article 712 of the
FamilyCode
From the date of
filingoftheoriginal
petition
for
adoption, provided
a
decree
of
adoption is issued
thereafter
From the date an
information was
received as to the
existence
or
survivalofthechild
believed to be
dead
From the non
compliance with
thecondition
A:Duringthelifetimeofthedonor,theinofficious
donation is effective since the excessiveness of
the donation can only be determined after the
donorsdeath.
Note: Consequently, the donee is entitled to the
fruitsofthepropertydonatedduringthelifetimeof
the donor (Art. 771, Pineda Property, p. 599, 1999
ed)
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Q:Whatistheremedyofthedonor?
A: If the property is already transferred in the
name of the buyer or mortgagee, the remedy of
thedonoristorecoverthevalueoftheproperty
determined as of the time of the donation. (Art.
767,PinedaProperty,p.594,1999ed)
Q:Canthedonormakearenunciationofactions
torevokeinadvance?
A:No.Suchwaiverisvoid.
SUMMARYOFTHERULESONREDUCTIONOFDONATIONS
TIMEOFFILINGOFTHE
ACTION
TRANSMISSIBILITYOF
ACTION
EXTENTOFREDUCTION
RIGHTSTOTHEFRUITS
1.Failureofthedonortoreservesufficientmeansforsupport(Art.750,NCC)
Nottransmissible
Note:thedutytogive
andrighttoreceive
supportarepersonal(Art.
195,FC)
Anytimebythedonoror
byrelativesentitledto
supportduringthe
donorslifetime(Art.750,
NCC)
Donationreducedto
extentnecessaryto
providesupport(Art.750,
NCC)
Doneeisentitledtothe
fruitsasownerofthe
propertydonated(Art.441,
NCC)
2.Inofficiousnessforbeinginexcessofwhatthedonorcangivebywill(Art.750,771,NCC)
Transmissibletodonors
heirsasdonationshallbe
reducedasregardsthe
excessatdonorsdeath
(Art.771,NCC)
Within5yearsafterthe
donorsdeath(Art.771,
1149,NCC)
Donationeffectiveduring
thedonorslifetime
subjecttoreductiononly
uponhisdeathwith
regardtotheexcess(Art.
771,NCC)
Doneeappropriatesfruits
(Art.441,NCC)
retumthosefromfilingof
complaint
3.Birth,appearanceoradoptionofachild (Art.760,NCC)
[Sameasin#1
Revocation]
W/in4yearsfrombirth
of1stchild,legitimation
(recognition),adoption,
judicialdeclarationof
filiationorreceiptofinfo
ofexistenceofthechild
believedtobedead
(Art.763,NCC)
[Sameasin#1Revocation]
Tochildren&descendants
ofdonoruponhisdeath
(Art.763,2,NCC)
[Sameasin#1
Reduction]
Donationreducedto
extentnecessaryto
providesupport(Art.
750,NCC)
Doneeappropriatesfruits
notaffectedbyreduction
(Art.441,NCC).When
donationisrevokedforany
ofthecausementionedin
article760,thedoneeshall
notreturnthefruitsexcept
fromthefilingofthe
complaint(Art.768,NCC).
4.Fraudagainstcreditors(Art.759,NCC)
Within4yearsfrom
perfectionofdonationor
fromknowledgebythe
creditorofthedonation
(Art.1389,NCC)
164
Tocreditorsheirsor
successorsininterest
(Art.1178,NCC)
Propertyreturnedforthe
benefitofcreditors
subjecttotherightsof
innocent3rdpersons(Art.
1387,NCC)
Fruitsshallbereturnedin
casedoneeactedinbad
faith;ifimpossibleto
return,indemnifythe
donorscreditorfor
damages(Art.1388,,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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PROPERTY
MODESOFEXTINGUISHINGOWNERSHIP
Q:Whatarethemodesofextinguishing
ownership?
A:
1. Absoluteallpersonsareaffected
a. physicallossordestruction
b. legal loss or destruction (when it
goesoutofcommerceofman)
g.
Prescription(Paras,p.779)
Q:Whatisadefactocaseofeminentdomain?
A: Expropriation resulting from the actions of
nature as in a case where land becomes part of
thesea.Inthiscase,theownerloseshisproperty
infavorofthestatewithoutanycompensation.
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PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION
Resultsintheacquisition
Resultsinthelossofa
ofownershiporotherreal
realorpersonalright
rightsinapersonaswell
orbarsthecauseof
asthelossofsaid
actiontoenforcethe
ownershiporrealrightsin
right
another
Q:Whatismeantbyprescription?
Howproved
Shouldbe
Canbeprovenunderthe
affirmativelypleaded
generalissuewithoutits
andprovedtobarthe
beingaffirmatively
actionorclaimofthe
pleaded
adverseparty
Relationshipbyownerandpossessor
Q:Whatarethekindsofprescription?
Relationshipbetweenthe
occupantandthelandin Onedoesnotlookto
theactofthe
termsofpossessionis
capableofproducinglegal possessorbuttothe
neglectoftheowner
consequences;itisthe
possessorwhoistheactor
A:
1.
Q:Whomayacquirebyprescription?
A:PSM
1. Persons who are capable of acquiring
propertybyotherlegalmodes
2. State
3. Minors through guardians of
personally
2.
Extinctiveprescriptionlossofproperty
rightsoractionsthroughthepossession
by another of a thing for the period
provided by law or failure to bring the
necessary action to enforce ones right
withintheperiodfixedbylaw.
A:
ACQUISITIVE
EXTINCTIVE
Howacquired
A:MAPJ
1.
Q:Againstwhomdoesprescriptionnotrun?
A:SPG
Inactionoftheowner
ofpossessionor
neglectofhisrightto
bringanaction
Requirespossessionbya
claimantwhoisnotthe
owner
1.
Rightscovered
2.
Applicabletoallkinds
ofrightswhetherreal
orpersonal
Applicabletoownership
andotherrealrights
3.
Effect
Producesthe
extinctionofrightsor
barsarightofaction
Vestsownershipand
otherrealrightsinthe
occupant
166
BetweenSpouses,eventhoughtherebe
a separation of property agreed upon in
the marriage settlements or by judicial
decree.
Between Parents and children, during
theminorityorinsanityofthelatter.
Between Guardian and ward during the
continuanceoftheguardianship
CIVILLAWTEAM:
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PRESCRIPTION
Q:Whatcanbesubjectofprescription?
A:PP
Q:Whenisapossessoringoodfaith?
1. Privateproperty
2. Patrimonialpropertyofthestate
A.ACQUISITIVE
1.CHARACTERISTICS
A:Itisbasedontheassertionofausurperofan
adverse right for such a long period of time,
uncontestedbythetrueowneroftheright,asto
give rise to the presumption that the latter has
given up such right in favour of the former.
(Tolentino,CivilCodeofthePhilippines,Vol.IV,p.
2)
Q: What are the basic requirements of
prescription as a mode of acquiring ownership?
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A.GOODFAITH
A:Ifheisnotawareoftheexistenceofanyflaw
ordefectinhistitleormodeofacquisitionwhich
invalidates it (Art. 526 in relation to Art. 1128)
and has reasonable belief that the person from
whom he received the thing was the owner
thereof, and could transmit his ownership (Art.
1127)
Q:Whenmustgoodfaithexist?
A: It must exist not only from the beginning but
throughout the entire period of possession fixed
by law. (Pineda Succession and Prescription, p.
643,2009ed)
B.JUSTTITLE
Q:Whatdoesjusttitlemean?
A: It means that the possessor obtained the
possession of the property through one of the
modesrecognizedbylawforacquiringownership
but the transferor or grantor was not the owner
of the property or he has no power to transmit
theright(Art.1129)
Note: Just title is never presumed, it must be
proved.(Art.1130,NCC)
Note: The title for prescription must be true and
valid(Art.1130)
Q:Whatisatruetitle?
A: One which actually exists and is not just a
pretendedone.
Note: An absolutely simulated or fictitious title is
voidandcannotbeabasisforordinaryprescription.
(PinedaSuccessionandPrescription,p.646,2009ed)
Q:Whatisavalidtitle?
2.ORDINARY
Q:Whatisordinaryprescription?
A: It requires possession of things in good faith
andwithjusttitleforthetimefixedbylaw.
A:Atitlewhichissufficienttotransmitownership
of the property or right being conveyed had the
transferor or grantor been the real owner
thereof.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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3.EXTRAORDINARY
Q:Whatisextraordinaryprescription?
A: Prescription where the possessor is in bad
faith. It does not require good faith or just title
but possession for a period longer than ordinary
acquisitive prescription (Pineda Succession and
Prescription,p.607,2009ed)
5.PERIOD
Q: What are the periods as regards prescription
asamodeofacquisitionofownership?
A:
1. Movables
a. 4yearsgoodfaith
b. 8yearsbadfaith
2. Immovables
a. 10yearsgoodfaith
b. 30yearsbadfaith
2.
Q: What are the requisites of extraordinary
prescription?
A:CLASG
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Capacityofthepossessortoacquireby
prescription;
Susceptibilityofobjecttoprescription;
Adverse possession of the character
prescribedbylaw;
Lapseoftimerequiredbylaw;
Goodfaithofpossessororproofofjust
title.
4.REQUISITES
A:
1. Capacitytoacquirebyprescription;
2. A thing capable of acquisition by
prescription;
3. Possession of the thing under certain
conditions;and
4. Lapseoftimeprovidedbylaw
Thepresentpossessormaycompletethe
period necessary for prescription by
tacking his possession to that of his
grantororpredecessorininterest.
Itispresumedthatthepresentpossessor
whowasalsothepossessorataprevious
time, has continued to be in possession
duringtheinterveningtime,unlessthere
isprooftothecontrary.
The first day shall be excluded and the
lastdayincluded.(Art1138,NCC)
6.WHATCANNOTBEREQUIREDBYACQUISITIVE
PRESCRIPTION
Q:Whatcannotbesubjectofprescription?
A:PRIM
1. Publicdomain;
2. Registeredland;
3. Intransmissiblerights;
4. Movablespossessedthroughacrime;
168
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PRESCRIPTION
A:Yes.Whiletheactiontodemandpartitionofa
coowned property does not prescribe, a co
owner may acquire ownership thereof by
prescription, where there exists a clear
repudiation of the coownership, and the co
owners are apprised of the claim of adverse and
exclusiveownership.Inthiscase,therespondents
neverpossessedthelot,muchlessassertedtheir
claim thereto until 1999 when they filed the
complaint for partition. In contrast, Flores took
possession of the lot after Emilios death and
exercised acts of dominion thereon tilling and
cultivating the land, introducing improvements,
and enjoying the produce thereof. The statutory
period of prescription commenced in 1960 when
Flores, who had neither title nor good faith,
secured a tax declaration in his name and may,
therefore, be said to have adversely claimed
ownership of the lot. On said date, respondents
werealsodeemedtohavebecomeawareofthe
adverse claim. Floress possession thus ripened
into ownership through acquisitive prescription
after the lapse of 30 years. (Heirs of Restar v.
HeirsofCichon,G.R.No.161720,Nov.22,2005)
Q:Sixto,ownerofaparcelofland,died.Hewas
survived by hiswife and 3 children. The subject
land was donated by his wife to Silverio, who
immediatelyenteredintopossessionoftheland,
builtafencearoundit,constructedaresidential
house,declareditfortaxpurposesandpaidthe
taxesthereon,andresidedthereuntilhisdeath.
After 45 years from the time of donation,
Soledad, one of Sixtos children, filed a
complaint for recovery of ownership, and
possession against Silverio. Who is the rightful
owneroftheland?
A: By extraordinary acquisitive prescription,
Silveriobecametherightfulowneroftheland.In
extraordinary prescription ownership and other
realrightsoverimmovablepropertyareacquired
through uninterrupted adverse possession
thereof for 30 years without need of title or of
goodfaith.
When Soledad filed the case, Silverio was in
possessionofthelandfor45yearscountedfrom
the time of the donation. This is more than the
required 30 years of uninterrupted adverse
possessionwithoutjusttitleandgoodfaith.Such
possessionwaspublic,adverseandintheconcept
of an owner. He declared the land for taxation
purposes and religiously paid the realty taxes
thereon. Together with his actual possession of
theland,thesetaxdeclarationsconstitutestrong
evidence of ownership of the land occupied by
him. (Calicdan v. Cendea, G.R.No. 155080, Feb.
5,2004)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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1.CHARACTERISTICS
negligentintheassertionofhisright.(Tolentino,
CivilCodeofthePhilippines,Vol.IV,p.2)
2.REQUISITES
Q:Whatarethebasicrequirementsof
prescriptionasamodeofacquiringownership?
A:
1. Capacitytoacquirebyprescription;
2. Athingcapableofacquisitionby
prescription;
3. Possessionofthethingundercertain
conditions;and
4. Lapseoftimeprovidedbylaw
Q:Whatisextinctiveprescription?
3.PERIODS
A:Itreferstothetimewithinwhichanaction
maybebrought,orsomeactdone,topreservea
right(PinedaSuccessionandPrescription,p.660,
2009ed)
NOTE:Itisalsoreferredtoasprescriptionofactions,
statuteoflimitations,andstatuteofrepose
Q:Whatisthebasisofextinctiveprescription?
A:Itbasedontheprobability,bornofexperience,
thattheallegedrightwhichaccruedinthepast
neverexistedorhasalreadybeenextinguished;
orifitexists,theinconveniencecausedbythe
lapseoftimeshouldbebornebytheparty
170
1. Movables
c.
d.
4yearsgoodfaith
8 years bad faith (Art. 1140 in
relationtoArt.1132)
2. Immovables
c.
d.
10yearsgoodfaith
30yearsbadfaith(Art.1141)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PRESCRIPTION
II.NOPRESCRIPTIONAPPLICABLE
NOPRESCRIPTIONAPPLICABLE
Whenitispossessedthroughacrimesuchasrobbery,theft,orestafa.
ByOffender
Note:Thepersonwhocannotinvoketherightofprescriptionistheoffenderorpersonwhocommitted
thecrimeoroffense,notasubsequenttransfereewhodidnotparticipateinthecrimeoroffense,
unlessthelatterknewthecriminalnatureoftheacquisitionofthepropertybythetransferor.(Art.
1133,PinedaSuccessionandPrescription,p.651,2009ed)
1.
2.
Anactiontorecoveraregisteredlandbytheowner
Right to petition for the issuance for the issuance of a Writ of Possession filed by the
applicantforregisteredland
RegisteredLands(PD1529)
Note:Similarly,anactiontorecoverpossessionofaregisteredlandneverprescribes.
1.Actionlegaltodemand
arightofway
2.Toabateanuisance
Imprescriptible
Actiontoquiettitleif
plaintiffinpossession
Voidcontracts
Imprescriptible
Appliestobothactionanddefense.
Note:However,anactiontoannulavoidablecontractprescribesafter4years
Actiontodemand
partition
Note:Distinguishedfrom
laches
Aslongasthecoownershipisrecognizedexpresslyorimpliedly(Art.494)
Propertyofpublic
dominion
RightofreversionorreconveyancetotheStateofthepublicpropertiesregisteredandwhicharenot
capableofprivateappropriationorprivateacquisitiondoesnotprescribe
Note: In contrast, where private property is taken by the Government for public use without first
acquiringtitletheretoeitherthroughexpropriationornegotiatedsale,theownersactiontorecover
thelandorthevaluethereofdoesnotprescribe.
III.PRESCRIPTIONORLIMITATIONOFACTIONS
Q:WhataretherespectiveprescriptiveperiodsofactionsspecifiedundertheCivilCode?
ACTIONS
RecoverMovables
RecoverImmovables
MortgageAction
Basedonwrittencontract
Note:Ifcontractisoralorquasi,prescriptiveperiodis6
years(Art.1145)
Basedonobligationcreatedbylaw
Basedonjudgment
Baseduponaninjurytotherightsofplaintiff
Basedonquasidelicts
Forcibleentryanddetainer
Defamation
Allotheractionsnotspecified
PRESCRIPTIVEPERIOD
8years(goodfaith)or4years(badfaith)fromthetime
thepossessionislost(Art.1140,PinedaSuccessionand
Prescription,p.666,2009ed)
30years(Recoverownership)(Art.1141)
10years(Recoverrealrightofpossession)(Art.555(4),
PinedaSuccessionandPrescription,p.667,2009ed)
10yearsfromdefaultofmortgagor(Art.1142)
10years
10yearsfromthetimetherightofactionaccrues
10yearsfromthedayjudgmentbecamefinaland
executory(Art.1144)
4years
4years(Art.1146)
1year
1year(Art.1147)
5years(Art.1149)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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IV.INTERRUPTION
Q:Whatarethegroundsforinterruptionof
prescriptiveperiod?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Whentheyarefiledbeforethecourt.
Whenthereisawrittenextrajudicial
demandbythecreditors
Whenthereisanywritten
acknowledgmentofthedebtbythe
debtor.(Art.1155)
V.NUISANCE
Note:seediscussionunderNuisance(X.Nuisance)
172
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
OBLIGATIONS
I.DEFINITION
Q:Whatisanobligation?
A:Itisajuridicalnecessitytogive,todo,ornotto
do.(Art.1156,NCC)
Note:Art.1156refersonlytocivilobligationswhich
areenforceableincourtwhenbreached.Itdoesnot
cover natural obligations (Arts. 14231430, NCC)
because these are obligations that cannot be
enforcedincourtbeingbasedmerelyonequityand
natural law and not on positive law. (Pineda,
ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.3)
II.ELEMENTSOFANOBLIGATION
Q:Whataretheelementsofanobligation?
A:JAPOC
1. Juridicalorlegaltievinculumjuris;
2. Activesubjectobligeeorcreditor;
3. Passivesubjectobligorordebtor;
4. Objectprestation;and
5. Causeefficientcauseisthesamewith
vinculumjuris.
VINCULUMJURIS
Q:Whatisvinculumjuris?
A:Itistheefficientcauseorjuridicaltiebyvirtue
of which the debtor has become bound to
performtheprestation.
Q:Howisvinculumjurisestablished?
A:By:
1. law(i.e.relationofhusbandandwife
forsupport)
2. bilateralacts(i.e.contracts)
3. unilateral acts (i.e. crimes and quasi
delicts)(Tolentino, Civil Code Vol. IV, p.
59,1999ed)
ACTIVESUBJECT
Q:Whoisanactivesubject?
A:Onewhoisdemandingtheperformanceofthe
obligation.Itishewhoinhisfavortheobligation
isconstituted,establishedorcreated.Heiscalled
thecreditor(CR)orobligee.
PASSIVESUBJECT
Q:Whoisapassivesubject?
Note:Whenthereisarightthereisacorresponding
obligation.Rightistheactiveaspectwhileobligation
is the passive aspect. Thus, it is said that the
conceptsofcreditanddebtaretwodistinctaspects
ofunitaryconceptofobligation.(Pineda,Obligations
andContracts,p.2,2000ed)
OBJECT
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidobject?
A:Theobjectmustbe:
1. licitorlawful;
2. possible,physically&judicially;
3. determinateordeterminable;and
4. pecuniary value or possible equivalent
inmoney.
III.DIFFERENTKINDSOFPRESTATION
Q:Whatisprestation?
A:Itisaconductthatmayconsistofgiving,doing,
ornotdoingsomething.
Note:Itistheconductthatmustbeobservedbythe
debtor/obligor.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
OBLIGATION
TOGIVE
OBLIGATIONTO
DO
Consistsinthe Coversallkinds
ofworksor
deliveryofa
Consistsin
services
movableor
refrainingfrom
whether
immovable
doingsomeacts
physicalor
thingtothe
mental
creditor
i.e.Sale,
deposit,
pledge,
donation,
antichresis
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidprestation?
A:
1. Possible,physicallyandjuridically;
2. Determinate, or at least determinable
according to preestablished elements
orcriteria;and
3. Has a possible equivalent in money
(Tolentino,CivilCodeVol.IV,p.58,1999
ed).
IV.CLASSIFICATIONOFOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarethekindsofobligation?
A:Fromtheviewpointof:
1. Sanction
a. Civil gives a right of action to
compeltheirperformance
b. Naturalnotbasedonpositivelaw
but on equity and natural law;
does not grant a right of action to
enforce their performance, but
after voluntary fulfillment by the
obligor,theyauthorizeretentionof
whathasbeendelivered/rendered
byreasonthereof.
c. Moral cannot be enforced by
actionbutarebindingontheparty
who makes it in conscience and
naturallaw.
174
Performance
a. Positivetogive;todo
b. Negativenottodo
3.
Subjectmatter
a. Personaltodo;nottodo
b. Realtogive
Object
a. Determinate/specific
particularlydesignatedor
physicallysegregatedfromall
othersofthesameclass.
b. Generic is designated merely by
itsclassorgenus.
c. Limited generic generic objects
confined to a particular class (e.g.
an obligation to deliver one of my
horses)(Tolentino,CivilCodeofthe
Philippines,Vol.IV,2002ed,p.91)
OBLIGATION
NOTTODO
i.e.Easement
prohibiting
building
proprietoror
i.e.Contract possessorfrom
forprofessional
committing
serviceslike
nuisance(Art.
painting,
682,NCC),
modeling,
restrainingorder
singing,etc.
orinjunction
(Pineda,
Obligationsand
Contracts,p.3,
2000ed)
2.
4.
5.
Personobliged
a. Unilateral only one party is
bound
b. Bilateralbothpartiesarebound
6.
Creation
a. Legalimposedbylaw(Art.1158,
NCC)
b. Conventional established by the
agreement of the parties like
contracts
7.
Susceptibilityofpartialfulfillment
a. Divisibleobligationissusceptible
ofpartialperformance
8.
Existenceofburdenorcondition
a. Pure is not burdened with any
conditionorterm.Itisimmediately
demandable.
b. Conditional is subject to a
conditionwhichmaybesuspensive
(happeningofwhichshallgiverise
to the obligation) or resolutory
(happening
terminates
the
obligation).
Characterofresponsibilityorliability
a. Joint each debtor is liable only
forapartofthewholeliabilityand
toeachcreditorshallbelongonlya
partofthecorrelativerights
b. Solidary a debtor is answerable
for the whole of the obligation
without prejudice to his right to
9.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
collect from his codebtors the
latters shares in the obligation
(Art.1207,NCC)
11. Impositionofpenalty
10. Righttochooseandsubstitution
a. Alternative obligor may choose
to completely perform one out of
the several prestations(Art. 1199,
NCC)
b. Facultative only one prestation
has been agreed upon, but the
obligor may render one in
V.SOURCESOFOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarethesourcesofobligations?Distinguish.
A:LCQDQ
Sources
Obligations
Perfection
Law
exlege
Fromthetimedesignatedbythelawcreatingorregulatingthem.
GR:Fromthetimeoftheperfectionofthecontract(i.e.meetingof
theminds)
XPNs:
Contracts
excontractu
1. Whenthepartiesmadestipulationontherightofthecreditor
tothefruitsofthething
2. When the obligation is subject to a suspensive condition or
period;arisesuponfulfillmentoftheconditionorexpirationof
theperiod.
Quasi
exquasicontractu
contracts
exmaleficioorex
Fromthetimedesignatedbythelawcreatingorregulatingthem.
Delicts
delicto
Quasi
exquasimaleficioorex
delict
quasidelicto
Note:Theenumerationisexclusive.
A.OBLIGATIONEXLEGE
A:
1. Does not need the consent of the
obligor;
2. Must be expressly set forth in the law
creating it and not merely presumed;
and
3. Inorderthatthelawmaybeasourceof
obligation, it should be the creator of
theobligationitself.
Q:Whatgovernsobligationsarisingfromlaw?
B.OBLIGATIONEXCONTRACTU
Q:Whataretherequisitesforacontracttogive
risetoobligationsexcontractu?
A:
1. It must contain all the essential
requisitesofacontract
2. It must not be contrary to law, morals,
good customs, public order, and public
policy
Q:Whatiscomplianceingoodfaith?
Note:Thecontractisthelawbetweentheparties.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
GR:Neither party may unilaterally evade his
obligationinthecontract.
XPNs:Unilateralevasionisallowedwhenthe:
1. contractauthorizessuchevasion
2. otherpartyassentsthereto
Q:Istherealimitationontherightoftheparties
tofreelyenterintostipulations?
A:
GR:These obligations shall be governed
primarily by the stipulations, clauses, terms
andconditionsofthepartiesagreements.
C.OBLIGATIONEXQUASICONTRACTU
Q:Whatisquasicontract?
Q:Whatispresumptiveconsent?
A:
176
1.
2.
Negotiorium
gestio
(inofficious
manager) arises when a person
voluntarily takes charge of the
management of the business or
propertyofanotherwithoutanypower
fromthelatter.
Solutio indebiti (unjust enrichment)
takes place when a person receives
something from another without any
right to demand for it, and the thing
was unduly delivered to him through
mistake.
Note:Thedeliverymustnotbethroughliberalityor
someothercause.
NEGOTIORUMGESTIO
Uponlearningofwhathappenedtohishouse,X
suedYfordamages.Ypleadedasadefensethat
he merely took charge of his house under the
principleofnegotiorumgestio.Hewasnotliable
astheburningofthehouseisafortuitousevent.
IsYliabletoXfordamagesundertheforegoing
circumstance?
A:No.Yisnotliablefordamages,becauseheisa
gestor in negotiorum gestio(Art. 2144,
NCC).Furthermore, B is not liable to A for any
fortuitous event because he did not commit any
of the instances provided under Art. 2147 of the
CivilCode:
1. He did not undertake risky operation
which the owner was not accustomed to
embarkupon;
2. He has not preferred his own interest to
thatoftheowner;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
3.
4.
Hehasnotfailedtoreturnthepropertyor
businessafterdemandoftheowner;and
He has not assumed the management in
badfaith.(1993BarQuestion)
Thereafter,YborrowedmoneyfromWandused
themoneytobuynewsuppliesoffishfryandto
preparethefishpondforthenextcrop.
Explainallyouranswers.
A:
1. The juridical relation is that of the
quasicontractof"negotiorumgestio".Y
is the "gestor" or "officious manager"
andXisthe"owner"(Art.2144,NCC).
2. Y must render an account of his
operationsanddelivertoXthepricehe
received for the sale of the harvested
fish.(Art.2145,NCC).
3. XmustpaytheloanobtainedbyYfrom
W because X must answer for
obligations contracted with third
persons in the interest of the owner
(Art.2150,NCC).
4. Express ratification by X provides the
effects of an express agency and X is
liabletopaythecommissionshabitually
receivedbythegestorasmanager(Art.
2149,NCC).(1992BarQuestion)
SOLUTIONINDEBITI
A:Yes.ItcannotbedeniedthatXwasarecipient
of benefits that were properly disallowed by the
COA. These COA disallowances would otherwise
have been deducted from his salaries. The GSIS
can no longer recover these amounts by any
administrative means due to the specific
exemption of retirement benefits from COA
disallowances. X resultantly retained benefits to
which he was not legally entitled which, in turn,
gaverisetoanobligationonhisparttoreturnthe
amounts under the principle of solutio indebiti.
(GSIS v. COA, G.R. No. 138381, Nov. 10, 2004;
GSIS v. Pineda, et. al., G.R. No. 141625, Nov. 10,
2004).
D.OBLIGATIONSEXDELICTO
Q:Whatisthebasisforcivilliabilityarisingfrom
delictsasaccordingtothepenalcode?
Q:Whatisdelict?
A:Itisanactoromissionpunishedbylaw.
E.OBLIGATIONSEXQUASIDELICTO
Q:Whatisquasidelictortort?
Q:Whataretheelementsofaquasidelict?
A:
1. Actoromission;
2. Fault or negligence attributable to the
personcharged;
3. Damageorinjury;
4. Direct relation of cause and effect
between the act arising from
fault/negligence and the damage or
injury(proximatecause);and
5. No preexisting contractual relation
betweentheparties.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Whatisthescopeofcivilliability?
A:RRI
1. Restitution;
2. Reparationfordamagecaused;and
3. Indemnityforconsequentialdamages.
F.NATURALOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarenaturalobligations?
Q:Whataretheinstancesofnaturalobligations?
A:
1. Performance after the civil obligation
hasprescribed;
2. Reimbursement of a third person for a
debtthathasprescribed;
3. Restitutionbyminorafterannulmentof
contract;
4. Deliverybyminorofmoneyorfungible
thinginfulfillmentofobligation;
5. Performance after action to enforce
civilobligationhasfailed;
6. Payment by heir of debt exceeding
valueofpropertyinherited;and
7. Payment of legacy after will has been
declaredvoid.
Q:Distinguishnaturalfromcivilobligation.
A:
NATURALOBLIGATION
Basedonequityand
naturallaw
Cannotbeenforcedin
courtbecausethe
obligeehasnorightof
actiontocompelits
performance
CIVILOBLIGATION
Basedfromlaw,
contracts,quasi
contracts,delicts,and
quasidelicts
Canbeenforcedincourt
becausetheobligeehasa
rightofaction
(Pineda,Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.
636)
VI.NATUREANDEFFECTSOFOBLIGATIONS
A.OBLIGATIONTOGIVE
A:Itdependsuponthekindofobligation.
SPECIFIC
GENERIC
Deliverthethingwhichis
Deliverthethingagreed
neitherofsuperiornor
upon(Art.1165,NCC)
inferiorquality
Takecareofthething Specificperformancei.e.
withtheproperdiligence deliveryofanotherthing
withinthesamegenusas
ofagoodfatherofa
thethingpromisedif
familyunlessthelaw
suchthingisdamaged
requiresorparties
duetolackofcareora
stipulateanother
generalbreachis
standardofcare(Art.
committed
1163,NCC)
Deliverallaccessions,
accessoriesandfruitsof
thething(Art.1166,NCC)
Iftheobjectisgeneric,
butthesourceis
specifiedordelimited,
theobligationisto
preservethesource
Paydamagesincaseof
breachofobligationby
reasonofdelay,fraud,
negligence,
contraventionofthe
tenorthereof
Paydamagesincaseof
breachofobligationby
reasonofdelay,fraud,
negligence,
contraventionofthe
tenorthereof(Art.1170)
Fortuitousevent
extinguishesthe
obligation
Obligationisnot
extinguished(genus
nunquamperuitgenus
neverperishes)
A:Yes,bywayofnovation.Thenaturalobligation
becomesavalidcauseforacivilobligationafterit
hasbeenaffirmedorratifiedanewbythedebtor.
(Pineda, Obligations and Contracts, 2000 ed, p.
634)
178
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q: In failing to deliver a thing, what are the
remediesofthecreditor?
A:
SPECIFICOBLIGATION
GENERICOBLIGATION
Specificperformance
Specificperformance
(deliveryofanything
belongingtothesame
species)
Rescission(actionto
rescindunderArt.1380,
NCC)
Askthattheobligation
becompliedwithatthe
debtorsexpense
Resolution(actionfor
cancellationunderArt.
1191,NCC)
Resolutionor specific
performance,with
damagesineithercase
(Art.1191,NCC)
Damages,inbothcases(Art.1170,NCC)
Note:Maybeexclusiveorinadditiontotheabove
mentionedremedies(Pineda,Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.37)
Q:Whatisthenatureoftherightofthecreditor
withrespecttothefruits?
A:
1. Beforedeliverypersonalright
2. Afterdeliveryrealright
Q:Distinguishpersonalrightfromrealright.
A:
PERSONAL
REAL
Jusadrem
Jusinre
Enforceableonlyagainst
adefiniteperson/group
ofpersons
Enforceableagainstthe
wholeworld
Righttodemandfrom
another,asadefinite
passivesubject,the
fulfillmentofthe
prestationtogive,todo
ornottodo.
Rightoveraspecific
thing,withoutadefinite
passivesubjectagainst
whomtherightmaybe
personallyenforced.
Hasadefinitepassive
subject
Nodefinitepassive
subject
B.OBLIGATIONTODOORNOTTODO
Q:Whatarethetypesofpersonalobligations?
A:
1. positivetodo
2. negativenottodo
Q:Whataretheremediesinpersonal
obligations?
A:
1. positivepersonalobligations
a. notpurelypersonalactto
haveobligationexecutedat
debtor'sexpenseplus
damages
b. purelypersonalactdamages
only.
Note;sameruleappliesifobligationisdonein
contraventionofthetermsoftheobligation.
2.
Q:Isspecificperformancearemedyinpersonal
obligations?
A:No.Otherwisethismayamounttoinvoluntary
servitudewhichisprohibitedbytheConstitution.
Q:Whenmayathingbeorderedundone?
A:
1. ifmadepoorly
2. negativepersonalobligations
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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179
C.BREACHESOFOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whataretheformsofbreachofobligations?
A:
1. Voluntarydebtorisliablefordamages
ifheisguiltyof:
a. default(mora)
b. fraud(dolo)
c. negligence(culpa)
d. breach through contravention of
thetenorthereof
A:TheSupremeCourtdescribedagoodfatherof
afamilybyfirststatingwhoisnot.Heisnotandis
not supposed to be omniscient of the future;
rather, he is one who takes precautions against
anyharmwhenthereissomethingbeforehimto
suggest or warn him of the danger or to foresee
it(Picart v. Smith, G.R. No. L12406, Mar. 15,
1918).
1.COMPLETEFAILURETOPERFORM
Q:Whataretheeffectsofbreachofobligation?
A:Ifapersonobligedtodosomethingfailstodo
it,orifhedoesitincontraventionofthetenorof
the obligation, the same shall be executed at his
cost.Andwhathasbeenpoorlydone,beundone.
(Art.1167,NCC)
A:
1. Where the effects of the act which is
forbidden are definite in character
even if it is possible for the creditor to
ask that the act be undone at the
expense of the debtor, consequences
contraryto theobjectoftheobligation
will have been produced which are
permanentincharacter.
180
2.
Note:Ineithercase,theremedyistoseekrecovery
fordamages.
DEFAULT(MORA))
Q:Whendoesdelayordefaultarise?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofdelay?
A:
1. Obligation must be due, demandable
andliquidated;
2. Debtor fails to perform his positive
obligationonthedateagreedupon;
3. Ajudicialorextrajudicialdemandmade
by the creditor upon the debtor to
fulfill, perform or comply with his
obligation;and
4. Failure of the debtor to comply with
suchdemand.
2.DELAY
Q:Whatarethekindsofdelayordefault?
A:
1. Mora solvendi default on the part of
thedebtor/obligor
a. Ex re default in real obligations
(togive)
b. Ex personae default in personal
obligations(todo)
2. Moraaccipiendidefaultonthepartof
thecreditor/obligee
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
3.
MORASOLVENDI
Q:Whataretherequisitesofmorasolvendi?
A:
1. Obligationpertainstothedebtor;
2. Obligation is determinate, due and
demandable,andliquidated;
3. Obligation has not been performed on
itsmaturitydate;
4. Thereisjudicialorextrajudicialdemand
bythecreditor;
5. Failure of the debtor to comply with
suchdemand
A:Nobecauseonecanneverbelateinnotgiving
ordoingsomething.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofmorasolvendi?
A:
1. Debtor may be liable for damages or
interests;and
2. Whenithasforitsobjectadeterminate
thing, debtor may bear the risk of loss
of the thing even if the loss is due to
fortuitousevent(Art.1165,NCC).
Q:Maythedebtorsliabilitybemitigatedevenif
heisguiltyofdelay?
MORAACCIPIENDI
Q:Whataretherequisitesofmoraaccipiendi?
A:
1. Offer of performance by a capacitated
debtor;
2. Offermustbetocomplyprestationasit
shouldbeperformed;and
3. Refusal of the creditor without just
cause.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofmoraaccipiendi?
A:
1. Responsibility of DR is limited to fraud
andgrossnegligence
2. DR is exempted from risk of loss of
thing;CRbearsriskofloss
3. Expenses by DR for preservation of
thingafterdelayischargeabletoCR
4. Iftheobligationbearsinterest,DRdoes
nothavetopayfromtimeofdelay
5. CRliablefordamages
6. DRmayrelievehimselfofobligationby
consigningthething
Q:Whataretherulesondefault?
A:
1. Unilateralobligations
GR: Default or delay begins from
extrajudicial or judicial demand mere
expiration of the period fixed is not
enough in order that DR may incur
delay.
XPNs:
a. Theobligationorthelawexpressly
sodictates;
b. Timeisoftheessence;
c. Demand would be useless, as DR
has rendered it beyond his power
toperform;or
d. DRhasacknowledgedthatheisin
default.
2. Reciprocalobligations
GR: Fulfillment by both parties should
besimultaneous.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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181
Q:Whatarereciprocalobligations?
Q:Inreciprocalobligations,whendoesaparty
incurindelay?
A:Onlywhentherespectiveobligationsaretobe
performedonseparatedates.
Q:Whatistheeffectofnoncomplianceofboth
partiesinreciprocalobligations?
A:
1. Renunciation(express/implied);or
2. Prescription.
3.FRAUD
Q:Whatisfraud?
Q:Whattypeoffraudmustbepresentinorder
thattheobligormaybeheldliablefordamages?
182
WAIVEROFFUTUREFRAUD
Q:Mayanactionarisingfromfraudbewaived?
Note:Waiverofpastfraudisvalidsincesuchcanbe
deemed an act of generosity. What is renounced is
the effect of fraud, particularly the right to
indemnity.
Q:Whatarethekindsoffraud?Distinguish.
A:
FRAUDDURINGTHE
FRAUDDURINGTHE
PERFECTIONOFTHE
PERFORMANCEOFTHE
CONTRACTORCAUSAL
OBLIGATIONOR
FRAUD
INCIDENTALFRAUD
(ART.1338)
(ART.1344)
WhenEmployed
Duringtheperformance
Beforeorduringthe
ofa
perfectionofacontract
preexistingobligation
PurposeofExecution
Toevadethenormal
Tosecuretheconsentof
fulfillmentofthe
anothertoenterintothe
obligation
contract
ResultantEffect
Vitiationofconsent
Breachofanobligation
StatusoftheContract
Voidable
Valid
RightorRemedyofAggrievedParty
Rightofinnocent
Rightofinnocentparty
party/creditortoclaim
toannulthecontract
fordamages
withdamages
A:
1. Specificperformance(Art.1233,NCC)
2. Resolution of the contract (Art. 1191,
NCC)
3. Damages,ineithercase
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
4.NEGLIGENCE
Q:Distinguishfraudfromnegligence.
A:
Fraud
Negligence
Thereisdeliberate
intentiontocause
damage
Thereisnodeliberate
intentiontocause
damageorinjuryevenif
theactwasdone
voluntarily
Liabilitycannotbe
mitigated
Liabilitymaybe
mitigated
GR:Waiverforfuture
negligencemaybe
allowedincertaincases
Waiverforfuturefraud
XPN:Natureofthe
isvoid
obligationorpublic
policyrequires
extraordinarydiligence
(e.g.commoncarrier)
Note:Whennegligenceissogrossthatitamountsto
wantonattitudeonthepartofthedebtor,thelaws
incaseoffraudshallapply.
Wherenegligenceshowsbadfaith(i.e.,deliberately
committed)itisconsideredequivalenttofraud.Any
waiverofanactionforfuturenegligenceofthiskind
isthereforevoid.(DeLeon,ObligationsandContract,
2003ed.,p.57)
A:
GR:Itreducesormitigatesthedamageswhich
hecanrecover.
A:
CULPA
CULPACONTRACTUAL
AQUILIANA(QUASI
(CONTRACT)
DELICT)
Negligenceismerely
Negligenceis
anincidentinthe
substantiveand
performanceofan
independent
obligation
Thereisalwaysapre Theremayormaynotbe
existingcontractual
apreexisting
relation
contractualrelation
Thesourceof
obligationof
Thesourceofobligation
defendanttopay
isdefendants
damagesisthebreach
negligenceitself
ornonfulfillmentof
thecontract
Proofoftheexistence
ofthecontractandof
Thenegligenceofthe
itsbreachornon
defendantmustbe
fulfillmentissufficient
proved
primafacietowarrant
recovery
Proofofdiligencein
Proofofdiligenceinthe
theselection&
selection&supervision
supervisionofthe
oftheemployeesisa
employeesisnotan
defense
availabledefense
Q:Whatisthedegreeofdiligencerequired?
A:
1. Thatagreedupon
2. In the absence of such, that which is
requiredbythelaw
3. In the absence of the foregoing,
diligence of a good father of afamily
that reasonable diligence which an
ordinary prudent person would have
done under the same circumstances.
carriers
requiring
XPN:Common
extraordinary diligence (Arts. 1998
2002)
5.CONTRAVENTIONOFTENOROFOBLIGATION
(VIOLATIO)
A:Itistheactofcontraveningthetenororterms
or conditions of the contract. It is also known as
violatio,i.e.failureofcommoncarriertotakeits
passenger
to
their
destination.(Pineda,
ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.50)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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183
6.FORTUITOUSEVENT
Q:Whatisfortuitousevent?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofafortuitousevent?
A:
1. Cause is independent of the will of the
debtor;
2. The event is unforeseeable or
unavoidable;
3. Occurrence renders it absolutely
impossible for the debtor to fulfill his
obligation in a normal manner;
impossibility must be absolute not
partial, otherwise not force majeure;
and
4. Debtor is freefrom any participation in
the aggravation of the injury to the
creditor.
Q:DistinguishActofGodfromActofMan
A:
ACTOFGOD
Fortuitousevent
Eventwhichis
absolutelyindependent
ofhumanintervention
i.e.earthquakes,
storms,floods,
epidemics
ACTOFMAN
Forcemajeure
Eventcausedbythe
legitimateorillegitimate
actsofpersonsother
thantheobligor
i.e.armedinvasion,
robbery,war(Pineda,
Obligationsand
Contract,2000ed,p.60)
184
A:
GR: There is no liability for loss in case of
fortuitousevent.
XPNs:LaNSPCBaG
1. Law
2. Nature of the obligation requires the
assumptionofrisk
3. Stipulation
4. The debtor is guilty of dolo, malice or
badfaith,hasPromisedthesamething
to two or more persons who does not
havethesameinterest
5. ThedebtorContributedtotheloss(Tan
v.Inchausti&Co.,G.R.No.L6472,Mar.
7,1912)
6. ThepossessorisinBadfaith(Art.552)
7. TheobligorisGuiltyoffraud,negligence
or delay or ifhe contravened the tenor
of the obligation (Juan Nakpil v. United
Construction Co., Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. L
47851,Apr.15,1988)
A:No.TheactofGoddoctrinerequiresallhuman
agencies to be excluded from creating the cause
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
ofthemischief.Suchdoctrinecannotbeinvoked
to protect a person who has failed to take steps
toforestallthepossibleadverseconsequencesof
loss or injury. Since the delay in payment in the
present case was partly a result of human
participation whether from active intervention
orneglectthewholeoccurrencewashumanized
and was therefore outside the ambit of a caso
fortuito.
Q:JALcancelledallitsflighttoManiladuetothe
Mt. Pinatubo eruption and NAIA's indefinite
closure.Thepassengerswerethenforcedtopay
for their accommodations and meal expenses
from their personal funds. Thus, they filed an
action for damages against JAL. Can JAL avoid
liability by invoking that delays were caused by
forcemajeure?
A:Yes.TheMt.PinatuboeruptionpreventedJAL
from proceeding to Manila on schedule. Such
eventcanbeconsideredas"forcemajeure"since
the delayed arrival in Manila was not imputable
toJAL.
WhenJALwaspreventedfromresumingitsflight
to Manila due to the effects of Mt. Pinatubo
eruption,whateverlossesordamagesintheform
of hotel and meal expenses the stranded
passengers incurred, cannot be charged to JAL.
Indeed,intheabsenceofbadfaithornegligence,
JAL cannot be liable for the amenities of its
stranded passengers by reason of a fortuitous
event.(JapanAirlinesv.CA,G.R.No.118664,Aug.
7,1998).
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffortuitousevent?
A:
1. On determinate obligation the
obligationisextinguished
2.
Ongenericobligationtheobligationis
not extinguished (genus nun quam
peruitgenusneverperishes)
A:Laborunrestisnotafortuitouseventthatwill
excuse AB Corp. from complying with its
obligation of constructing the research and
laboratory facilities of XY Corp.The labor unrest,
whichmayevenbeattributedinlargeparttoAB
Corp. itself, is not the direct cause of non
compliance by AB Corp. It is independent of its
obligation. It is similar to the failure of a DBP
borrower to pay her loan just because her
plantation suffered losses due to the cadang
cadang disease. It does not excuse compliance
withtheobligation(DBPv.Vda.DeMoll).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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185
CanXYCorp.unilaterallyandimmediatelycancel
thecontract?
MustABCorp.returnthe50%downpayment?
A:No,undertheprincipleofquantummeruit,AB
Corp. had the right to retain payment
corresponding
to
his
percentage
of
accomplishment less the amount of damages
suffered by XY Corp. because of the delay or
default.(2008BarQuestion)
D.REMEDIES
Q:Whataretheremediesthatmaybeavailedof
incaseofbreach?
A:
1. Specific performance, or substituted
performance by a third person in case
of an obligation to deliver a generic
thing,andinobligationstodo,unlessit
isapurelypersonalact;or
2. Rescission (or resolution in reciprocal
obligations);
3. Damages,inanycase;
4. Subsidiaryremediesofcreditors:
a. Accionsubrogatoria
b. Accionpauliana
c. Acciondirecta
1.SPECIFICPERFORMANCE
A:
1. Exhaustion of the properties of the
debtor (not exempt from attachment
underthelaw)
2. Accion subrogatoria (subrogatory
action) an indirect action brought in
thenameofthedebtorbythecreditor
toenforcetheformersrightsexcept:
186
a.
b.
3.
personalrightsofthedebtor
rightsinherentinthepersonofthe
debtor
c. properties exempt from execution
(e.g.familyhome)
Accionpauliana(rescissoryaction)an
actiontoimpugnorassailtheactsdone
orcontractsenteredintobythedebtor
infraudofhiscreditor;
Presupposesajudgmentandtheissuance
bythetrialcourtofawritofexecutionfor
the satisfaction of the judgment and the
failureoftheSherifftoenforceandsatisfy
thejudgmentofthecourt.
Thesalewasnotmadeinfraudofcreditors.Art.
1177 of the Civil Code provides for successive
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
measuresthatmustbetakenbyacreditorbefore
he may bring an action for rescission of an
allegedly fraudulent sale. Without availing of the
first and second remedies, Salvador simply
undertook the third measure and filed an action
forannulmentofthesale.Thiscannotbedone.
Anactionforrescissionisasubsidiaryremedy;it
cannot be instituted except when the party
suffering damage has no other legal means to
obtain reparation for the same. Considering
Article 1380 of the Civil Code, which states that
contractvalidlyagreeduponmayberescindedin
thecasesestablishedbylaw,Salvador,etal.have
not shown that they have no other means of
enforcingtheircredit.(Adorable,et.al.v.CA,G.R.
No.119466,Nov.25,1999)
Q:Whilethecasewaspending,Felixdonatedhis
of parcels of land in favor of his children.
JudgmentwasrenderedagainstFelix.Whenthe
sheriff, accompanied by counsel of Philam,
sought to enforce the alias writ of execution,
they discovered that Felix no longer had any
property and that he had conveyed the subject
properties to his children. Thus, Philam filed an
accionpauliana for rescission of the donations.
Felix countered that an action for rescission of
the donation had already prescribed since the
timeofprescriptionhastorunfromthedateof
registration. Has the action filed by Philam
prescribed?
Q:Whatissubstituteperformance?
Q:Whenmaytherebesubstituteperformance?
A:
1. Positivepersonalobligation:
a. If not purely personal
substitute performance; the
obligation shall be executed
at debtors cost if he fails to
doit.(Art.1167,NCC)
b. Purelypersonalnosubstitute
performance
may
be
demanded because of the
personal qualifications taken
into consideration. The only
remedyisdamages.
2. Realobligation:
a. Generic thing substitute
performance;deliverymaybe
made by a person other than
the debtor since the object is
merelydesignatedbyitsclass
or genus. The creditor may
ask that the obligation be
complied with at the expense
ofthedebtor.(1165,NCC)
b. Specific
thing
specific
performance
may
be
demanded, that is, the
creditor may compel the
debtortomakethedelivery.
2.RESCISSION
Q:WhatisrescissionunderArticle1191?
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Q:Whomaydemandresolution?
A:Injuredparty.
Q:Whendoesliabilityfordamagesarise?
A:ThoseliableunderArt.1170shallpaydamages
onlyifasidefromthebreachofcontract,
prejudiceordamagewascaused.(Bergv.Teus,
G.R.No.L6450,Oct30,1954)
Q:Whatarethekindsofdamages?
A:
1. Moral
2. Exemplary
3. Nominal
4. Temperate
5. Actual
6. Liquidated4.SUBSIDIARYDEMEDIES
A:
1. Thedebtorsassetsmustbeinsufficient
tosatisfyclaimsagainsthim
2. The creditor must have pursued all
properties of the debtor subject to
execution
3. The right of action must not be purely
personal
4. The debtor whose right of action is
exercised must be indebted to the
creditor.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofaccionpauliana?
A:
1. Defendantmustbeindebtedtoplaintiff
2. The fraudulent act performed by the
debtorsubsequent to the contractgives
advantagetoanother
3. Thecreditorisprejudicedbysuchact.
4. Thecreditormusthavepursuedall
propertiesofthedebtorsubjectto
execution
5. Thecreditorhasnootherlegalremedy.
188
Q:Whatisacciondirecta?
A:Itistherightofthelessortogodirectlyagainst
thesublesseeforunpaidrentsofthelessee.
VII.KINDSOFCIVILOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarethekindsofcivilobligations?
A:
1. Pureobligations;
2. Conditionalobligations;
3. Obligationswithaperiodorterm;and
4. AlternativeorFacultativeobligations
Q:Differentiateacivilobligationfromanatural
obligation.
A:
CIVILOBLIGATION
NATURALOBLIGATION
Astobindingforce
Arisesfromequityand
Arisesfrompositivelaw
justice
Astoenforcementincourt
Cannotbeenforcedin
court.Itdepends
Canbeenforcedbycourt
exclusivelyuponthe
action
goodconscienceofthe
debtor.
A.PUREOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatispureobligation?
A:Onewhoseeffectivityorextinguishmentdoes
not depend upon the fulfillment or non
fulfillment of a condition or upon the expiration
ofaperiodandisdemandableatonce.(Art.1179,
NCC)
B.CONDITIONALOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatisconditionalobligation?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q: Ramon, the judicial administrator of the
estate of Juan, found out that Rodriguez had
enlarged the area of the land which he
purchased from Juan before his death. Thus,
Ramon demanded Rodriguez to vacate the
portion allegedly encroached by him. Rodriguez
refused and contested there was indeed a
conditional sale with the balance of the
purchase price payable within five years from
the execution of the deed of sale. Ramon then
filedanactionforrecoveryofpossessionofthe
disputedlot.Isthecontractofsaleaconditional
one?
Q:Distinguishperiodfromcondition.
A:
PERIOD
CONDITION
AstoTime
Mayrefertopastevent
Referstothefuture
unknowntotheparties
AstoFulfillment
Itwillhappenatan
exactdateoratan
Mayormaynothappen
indefinitetime,butis
suretoarrive
AstoitsInfluenceontheObligationtobeFulfilledor
Performed
Maygiverisetoan
Noeffectorinfluence
obligation(suspensive)
upontheexistenceof
orthecessationofone
theobligationbutonlyin
alreadyexisting
itsdemandabilityor
(resolutory)
performance
1.SUSPENSIVECONDITION
Q:Whatisasuspensivecondition?
A:
RESOLUTORY
CONDITION
EffectofFulfillment
Obligationarisesor
Obligationis
becomeseffective
extinguished
EffectofNonfulfillment
Ifnotfulfilled,no
Ifnotfulfilled,juridical
juridicalrelationis
relationisconsolidated
created
WhenRightsareAcquired
Rightsarenotyet
Rightsarealready
acquired,butthereis
acquired,butsubjectto
hopeorexpectancythat
thethreatordangerof
theywillsoonbe
extinction
acquired
SUSPENSIVECONDITION
A:
WITHDRSFAULT
WITHOUTDRSFAULT
Loss
DRpaysdamages
Obligationextinguished
Deterioration
CR chooseb/w
rescissionofobligation
ImpairmentbornebyCR
orfulfillment(with
indemnityfordamagesin
eithercase)
Improvement
1. By the things nature or bytime inure to the
benefitoftheCR
2. AtthedebtorsexpenseDRshallhavenoright
otherthanthatgrantedtoausufructuary
Q:WhataretherequisitesforArt.1189toapply?
A:
1. Mustbearealobligation;
2. Objectisaspecific/determinatething;
3. Obligation is subject to a suspensive
condition;
4. Theconditionisfulfilled;and
5. There is loss, deterioration or
improvement of the thing during the
pendency of the happening of the
condition.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:GSISapprovedtheapplicationofAgcaoilifor
the purchase of a house and lot in the GSIS
Housing Project; it is subject to the condition
that he should immediately occupy the house.
But he could not because the house was
uninhabitable. He paid the first installment and
otherfeesbutrefusedtomakefurtherpayment
until GSIS had made the house habitable. GSIS
refused and opted to cancel the award and
demand the vacation by Agcaoili of the
premises.CanGSIScancelthecontract?
2.RESOLUTORYCONDITION
Q:Whatisaresolutorycondition?
A:Aconditionwheretherightsalreadyacquired
arelostuponfulfillmentofthecondition.
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffulfillmentof
resolutorycondition?
A:
1. Realobligations:
a. Thepartiesshallreturntoeach
otherwhattheyhavereceived.
b. Obligationisextinguished.
c. Incaseoftheloss,deteriorationor
improvementofthething,Art.
1189,withrespecttothedebtor,
shallbeappliedtothepartywhois
boundtoreturn.
2. Personalobligationsthecourtsshall
determine,ineachcase,theretroactive
effectoftheconditionthathasbeen
compliedwith.
190
Q:Xdonatedaparceloflandtothemunicipality
of Tarlac under a condition that a public school
shall be erected and a public park be made
within6monthsfromthedateoftheratification
of the donation by the parties. After the
registration of the said donation, X sold the
same land to Y. Thereafter, Ybrought an action
against the Province of Tarlac, alleging that the
conditions of the donation is a condition
precedent, thus, the municipality of Tarlac did
not acquire ownership over the land when it
failed to comply with the saidcondition. Is the
contentionofYcorrect?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
the condition. If there was no fulfillment or
compliancewiththecondition,thedonationmay
now be revoked and all rights which the donee
mayhaveacquiredunderitshallbedeemedlost
andextinguished.(CentralPhilippineUniversityv.
CA,G.R.No.112127,July17,1995)
2.POTESTATIVECONDITION
Q:Whenisaconditionsaidtobepotestative?
Q:Doesaconditionwhichdependsuponthewill
of the debtor invalidate both the condition and
the obligation? What about a condition which
dependsuponthewillofthecreditor?
A:Yes.Thisisbecauseitsvalidityandcompliance
is left to the will of the debtor, and cannot
therefore be easily demanded. But if the
conditionisapreexistingone,onlythecondition
isvoid,leavingtheobligationitselfvalid.Further,
if the condition is resolutory, it is valid because
whatislefttothesolewillofthedebtorisnotthe
existence or the fulfillment of the obligation but
merelyitsextinguishment.
Q:Whataretheothertypesofconditions?
A:CaMPNIDCAPI
1. Casualtheperformanceorfulfillment
of the condition depends upon chance
and/orthewillofathirdperson
2. Mixed the performance or fulfillment
of the condition depends partly upon
thewillofapartytotheobligationand
partlyuponchanceand/orthewillofa
thirdperson
3. Positiveinvolvesthedoingofanact
4. Negative involves the omission of an
act
5. Divisible is susceptible of partial
performance
6. Indivisibleisnotsusceptibleofpartial
performance
7. Conjunctive there are several
conditions in an obligation all of which
mustbeperformed
8. Alternative there are several
conditionsinanobligationbutonlyone
mustbeperformed
9. Possible is capable of fulfillment
according to the nature, law, public
policyorgoodcustoms
10. Impossibleisnotcapableoffulfillment
according to nature, law, public policy
orgoodcustoms(Art.1183,NCC)
A:
GR: Impossible conditions annul the
obligation which depends upon the parties
butnotofathirdperson.
XPNs:PDDoNT.
1. Preexistingobligation
2. ObligationisDivisible
3. InsimpleorremuneratoryDonations
4. In case of conditions Not to do an
impossiblething
5. InTestamentarydispositions
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
1. Inanobligationtogiveitretroactsto
the day of the constitutionof the
obligation
2. Inanobligationtodoornottodothe
court may determine to what date
retroactivityshallbeallowed,oritmay
even refuse to permit retroactivity
(Tolentino,Civil CodeofthePhilippines,
Vol.IV,2002ed,p.166)
C.OBLIGATIONSWITHAPERIOD
Q:Whatisanobligationwithaperiodoraterm?
A:
1. Future
2. Certain
3. Possible,legallyandphysically
Q:Isthestatementofadebtorthathewillpay
whenhismeanspermithimtodosorelatetoa
periodoracondition?Issuchastatementvalid
considering that the same is left to the will of
thedebtor?
A:Whenthedebtorbindshimselftopaywhenhis
means permit him to do so, the obligation is
deemed with a period or term. This is valid
because it is not the payment itself that is
dependent upon the will of the debtor, but the
momentofpayment.
192
Q:Forwhosebenefitistheperiodconstituted?
A:
GR:Whenaperiodhasbeenagreeduponfor
the performance or fulfillment of an
obligation, it is presumed to have been
established for the benefit of both the
creditorandthedebtor.
A:
1. WhenitisforthebenefitoftheCreditor
Creditor
may
demand
the
performance of the obligation at any
time but the DR cannot compel him to
accept payment before the expiration
oftheperiod(e.g.ondemand)
2. WhenitisforthebenefitoftheDebtor
Q:Whatistheeffectofafortuitouseventinan
obligationwithaperiod?
A:Itonlyrelievesthecontractingpartiesfromthe
fulfillment of their respective obligation during
thetermorperiod.
Q:Whenmaythecourtfixtheperiod?
A:
1. If the obligation does not fix a period,
butfromitsnatureandcircumstancesit
can be inferred that a period was
intendedbytheparties
2. If the duration of the period depends
uponthewilloftheDR
3. In case of reciprocal obligations, when
thereisajustcauseforfixingtheperiod
4. IftheDRbindshimselfwhenhismeans
permithimtodoso
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q:Whenmayadebtorlosehisrighttomakeuse
oftheperiod?
A:
1. Insolvency of the DR, unless security is
provided
2. Didnotdeliversecuritypromised
3. Impaired security through his own acts
or through fortuitous event, unless he
givesanewsecurityequallysatisfactory
(if impairment is without the fault of
DR,heshallretaintheright)
4. Violatesundertakinginconsiderationof
extensionofperiod
5. DR attempts to abscond (Art. 1198,
NCC)
D.ALTERNATIVEOBLIGATION
A:
FACULTATIVE
OBLIGATIONS
Fortuitouslossextinguishes
theobligation
Culpablelossobligesthe
debtortodeliversubstitute
prestationwithoutliability
todebtor
Choicepertainsonlyto
debtor
Onlyoneobjectisdue
Maybecompliedwithby
substitutionofonethatis
due
Ifprincipalobligationis
void,thecreditorcannot
compeldeliveryofthe
substitute
Ifthereisimpossibilityto
delivertheprincipalthingor
prestation,theobligationis
extinguished,evenifthe
substituteobligationisvalid
Lossofsubstitutebefore
thesubstitutionthroughthe
faultofthedebtordoesnt
makehimliable
ALTERNATIVE
OBLIGATIONS
Fortuitouslossofall
prestationwillnot
extinguishtheobligation
Culpablelossof
anyobjectduewillgive
risetoliabilitytodebtor
GR:Choicepertainto
debtor
XPN:Expresslygranted
tocreditororthird
person
Severalobjectsaredue
Maybecompliedwith
byfulfillinganyofthose
alternatelydue
Ifoneprestationisvoid,
theothersfreefrom
vicespreservethe
validityoftheobligation
Ifvariousprestationsare
impossibletoperform
exceptone,thisone
mustbedelivered.
Ifallprestationsare
impossibletoperform,
theobligationis
extinguished
Wherethechoiceis
giventothecreditor,the
lossofthealternative
throughthefaultofthe
debtorrendershim
liablefordamages
Note:Thenoticeofselectionorchoicemaybeinany
formprovideditissufficienttomaketheotherparty
know that the election has been made. (Tolentino,
CivilCodeofthePhilippines,2002ed,p.205)
Q:DoesthechoicemadebytheDRrequirethe
concurrenceoftheCR?Whathappenswhen
throughtheCRsfault,selectionisdeemed
impossible?
A:No.Toholdotherwisewoulddestroythevery
natureoftherighttoselectgiventotheDR.Once
a choice is made, it can no longer be renounced
andthepartiesareboundthereto.
A:Debtorcannotchooseprestationswhichare:
1. Impossible;
2. Unlawful;and
3. could not have been the object of the
obligation.
A:When:
1. thepersonwhohasarightofchoicehas
communicatedhischoice;or
2. onlyoneispracticable.(Art.1202,NCC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
Allare
lost
Some
butnot
allare
lost
Only
one
remains
Allare
lost
Some
butnot
allare
lost
Only
one
remains
DUETO
DUETODEBTORS
FORTUITOUS
FAULT
EVENT
ChoiceBelongstoDebtor
CRshallhavearight
toindemnifyfor
damagesbasedon
DRreleased
thevalueofthelast
fromthe
thingwhich
obligation
disappeared/service
whichbecome
impossible
DRshalldeliverthat
DRshalldeliver
whichheshallchoose
thatwhichhe
fromamongthe
shallchoose
remainderwithout
fromamong
damages
theremainder
Deliverthatwhichremains
ChoiceBelongstoCreditor
CRmayclaimthe
DRreleased
price/valueofanyof
fromthe
themwithindemnity
obligation
fordamages
CRmayclaimanyof
thosesubsisting
DRshalldeliver
withoutarightto
thatwhichhe
damagesOR
shallchoose
price/valueofoneof
fromamong
thoselostwithright
theremainder
todamages
Deliverthatwhichremains.Incaseof
faultofDR,CRhasarighttoindemnity
fordamages
VIII.JOINTANDSOLIDARYOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarejointobligations?
A:Itiswheretheentireobligationistobepaidor
performed proportionately by the debtors (Art.
1208,NCC).
Q:Whataresolidaryobligations?
194
Q:Distinguishjointfromsolidaryobligation.
A:
JOINTOBLIGATION
Presumedbylaw
SOLIDARYOBLIGATION
Notpresumed.Mustbe
expresslystipulatedby
theparties,orwhenthe
laworthenatureofthe
obligationrequires
solidarity.(Art.1207,
NCC)
Eachdebtorisliableonly
foraproportionatepart
oftheentiredebt
Eachdebtorisobligedto
paytheentireobligation
Eachcreditor,ifthereare
several,isentitledonly
toaproportionatepart
ofthecredit
Eachcreditorhasthe
righttodemandfrom
anyofthedebtors,the
paymentorfulfillmentof
theentireobligation
(Tolentino,CivilCodeVol
IV,1999ed.p.217)
A:
GR: When two or more creditors or two or
more debtors concur in one and the same
obligation, the presumption is that the
obligationisjoint.
Q:ChuaboughtandimportedtothePhilippines
dicalciumphosphate.Whenthecargoarrivedat
thePortofManila,itwasdiscoveredthatsome
wereinapparentbadcondition.Thus,Chuafiled
withSmith,Bell,andCo.,Inc.,theclaimagentof
First Insurance Co., a formal statement of claim
for the loss. No settlement of the claim having
been made, Chua then filed an action. Is Smith,
Bell, and Co., solidarily liable upon a marine
insurance policy with its disclosed foreign
principal?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
A: No. Article 1207 of the Civil Code clearly
provides that "there is a solidary liability only
whentheobligationexpresslysostates,orwhen
the law or the nature of the obligation requires
solidarity." The wellentrenched rule is that
solidary obligation cannot lightly be inferred. It
must be positively and clearly expressed. (Smith,
Bell & Co., Inc. v. CA,G.R. No. 110668, Feb. 6,
1997)
A.JOINTOBLIGATIONS
A:
1. Each debtor is liable only for a
proportionatepartoftheentiredebt;
2. Each creditor, if there are several, is
entitledonlytoaproportionatepartof
thecredit;
3. Thedemandmadebyonecreditorupon
onedebtor,produceseffectsofdefault
onlyasbetweenthem;
4. Interruption of prescription caused by
thedemandmadebyonecreditorupon
one debtor, will NOT benefit the co
creditorsorthecodebtors;
5.
Insolvencyofadebtorwillnotincrease
theliabilityofhiscodebtors;
6. Vicesofeachobligationemanatingfrom
a particular debtor or creditor will not
affecttheothers;and
7. In indivisible or joint obligation, the
defenseofresjudicataofonedoesnot
extendtotheothers.
B.JOINTINDIVISIBLEOBLIGATIONS
A:
1. If there are two or more debtors,
compliancewiththeobligationrequires
the concurrence of all the debtors,
although each for his own share. The
obligation can be enforced only by
precedingagainstallofthedebtors.
2. If there are two or more creditors, the
concurrence or collective act of all the
creditors, although each of his own
share, is also necessary for the
enforcementoftheobligation.
3. Eachcreditisdistinctfromoneanother;
therefore a joint debtor cannot be
requiredtopayfortheshareofanother
withdebtor,althoughhemaypayifhe
wantsto.
4. In case of insolvency of one of the
debtors, the others shall not be liable
forhisshares.Toholdotherwisewould
destroy the joint character of the
obligation.
A:Ifoneofthejointdebtorsfailstocomplywith
his undertaking, the obligation can no longer be
fulfilledorperformed.Itistheconvertedintoone
ofindemnityfordamages.InnocentjointDRshall
not contribute to the indemnity beyond their
correspondingshareoftheobligation.
C.SOLIDARYOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatistheeffectofsolidaryobligation?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Joey,JovyandJojoaresolidarydebtorsunder
a loan obligation of P300, 000.00 which has
fallendue.Thecreditorhas,however,condoned
Jojo's entire share in the debt. Since Jovy has
becomeinsolvent,thecreditormakesademand
onJoeytopaythedebt.
A:
1. Joey can be compelled to pay only the
remainingbalanceofP200,000, inview
of the remission of Jojos share by the
creditor.(Art.1219,NCC)
2. Jojo can be compelled by Joey to
contribute P50,000. When one of the
solidary debtors cannot, because of his
insolvency, reimburse his share to the
debtorpayingtheobligation,suchshare
shall be borne by all his codebtors, in
proportion to the debt of each.(par. 3,
Art.1217,NCC)
Sincetheinsolventdebtor'ssharewhichJoey
paid was Pl00,000, and there are only two
remaining debtors namely Joey and Jojo
these two shall share equally the burden of
reimbursement.Jojomaythusbecompelled
by Joey to contribute P50,000. (1998 Bar
Question)
Q:Whatarethekindsofsolidaryobligation?
A:
1. Passive solidarity onthe part of the
debtors
2. Active solidarity on thepart of the
creditors
3. Mixedsolidarityonbothsides
Q:Distinguishsolidarityfromindivisibility.
A:
INDIVISIBILITY
SOLIDARITY
Referstothevinculum
existingbetweenthe
subjectsorparties
Referstotheprestation
orobjectofthecontract
Doesnotrequire
pluralityofsubjectsor
parties
Incaseofbreach,itis
convertedtooneof
indemnityfordamages
andtheindivisibilityof
theobligationis
terminated
196
Requiresthepluralityof
partiesorsubjects
Incaseofbreach,the
liabilityofthesolidary
debtorsfordamages
remainssolidary
Q:Whataretherulesinasolidaryobligation?
A:
1. Anyone of the solidary creditors may
collect or demand payment of whole
obligation; there is mutual agency among
solidarydebtors(Arts.1214,1215)
2. Any of the solidary debtor may be
required to pay the whole obligation; there
is mutual guaranty among solidary debtors
(Arts.1216,1217,1222)
3. Each one of solidary creditors may do
whatever maybe useful to the others, but
notanythingprejudicialtothem(Art.1212);
however, any novation, compensation,
confusion or remission of debt executed by
any solidary creditor shall extinguish the
obligation without prejudice to his liability
forthesharesoftheothersolidarycreditors.
Q:Incasesofsolidarycreditors,mayoneactfor
all?Whatarethelimitations?
A:
GR: Solidary creditor cannot assign his right
because it is predicated upon mutual
confidence,meaningpersonalqualificationof
each creditor had been taken into
consideration when the obligation was
constituted.(Art.1213,NCC)
XPNs:
1. Assignmenttococreditor;or
2. Assignment is with consent of co
creditor.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q: To whom must payment be made in a
solidaryobligation?
A:
GR:Toanyofthesolidarycreditors.
D.DIVISIBLEANDINDIVISIBLEOBLIGATIONS
A:
DIVISIBLE
INDIVISIBLE
Susceptibilityofan
obligationtobe
performedpartially
Nonsusceptibility tobe
performedpartially
Partialperformanceis
tantamounttonon
performance
A:Whetherornottheprestationissusceptibleof
partial performance, not in the sense of
performance in separate or divided parts, but in
the sense of the possibility of realizing the
purposewhichtheobligationseekstoobtain.Ifa
thing could be divided into parts and as divided,
itsvalueisimpaireddisproportionately,thatthing
is indivisible. (Pineda, Obligations and Contracts,
2000ed,p.174)
Q:Whenmayanobligationtodeliveradivisible
thingbeconsideredindivisible?
A:
1. Whenthelawsoprovides;or
rd
2. By stipulation of the parties.(3 par.,
Art.1255,NCC)
A:
1. Divisible contract illegal part is void
and unenforceable. Legal part is valid
andenforceable.(Art.1420,NCC)
2. Indivisible contract entire contract is
indivisibleandunenforceable.
Q:Whatistheeffectofpartialperformancein
indivisibleobligation?
A:Itistantamounttononperformance.(Pineda,
ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.179)
E.OBLIGATIONSWITHAPENALCLAUSE
Q:Whatisapenalclause?
A:
GR: The penalty fixed by the parties is a
compensation or substitute for damages in
caseofbreach.
XPNs:Damagesshallstillbepaidevenifthere
isapenalclauseif:
1. thereisastipulationtothecontrary
2. the debtor refuses to pay the agreed
penalty
3. the debtor is guilty of fraud in the
fulfillmentoftheobligation.(Art.1126,
NCC)
Note:Thenullityofthepenalclausedoesnotcarry
withitthatoftheprincipalobligation.
The nullity of the principal obligation carries with it
thatofthepenalclause.(Art.1230,NCC)
Q:Whenmaypenaltybereducedbythecourts?
A:PIU
1. Partialperformanceoftheobligation;
2. Irregularperformanceoftheobligation;
or
3. PenaltyisUnconscionableevenifthere
hasbeennoperformance.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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IX.EXTINGUISHMENTOFOBLIGATIONS
Q:Whatarethemodesofextinguishmentofan
obligation?
A:
1. Paymentorperformance
2. Lossofthethingdue
3. Condonationorremissionofdebt
4. Confusionormerger
5. Compensation
6. Novation
7. Annulment
8. Rescission
9. Fulfillmentofaresolutorycondition
10. Prescription(Art.1231,NCC)
Note:Theenumerationisnotexclusive.
MUTUALDESISTANCE
Q:Ifthepartiesmutuallydisagreeasregardsthe
obligation,mayitbecancelled?
A.PAYMENTORPERFORMANCE
Q:Whatistenderofpayment?
XPNs:
1. Whenmadebyathirdperson whohas
interest in the fulfillment of the
obligation
2. Contrarystipulation
A:
1. With knowledge and consent of the
debtor:
a. can recover entire amount paid
(absolutereimbursement)
b. can be subrogated to all rights of
thecreditor
2. Without knowledge or against the will
ofthedebtorcanrecoveronlyinsofar
as payment has been beneficial to the
debtor
(right
of
conditional
reimbursement)
Q:Statetherequisitesofavalidpayment.
A:CCPAD
1. Capacityofthepayor
2. Capacityofthepayee
3. Proprietyofthetime,place,mannerof
payment
4. Acceptancebythecreditor
5. Delivery of the full amount or the full
performanceoftheprestation
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofpayment?
A:
1. Integrity;
2. Identity;and
3. Indivisibility.
198
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
INTEGRITY
Q:Howshouldperformancebemade?
A:
GR:Performanceshouldalwaysbeinfull.
XPNs:
1. Substantial performance performed in
goodfaith
2. Creditor accepts the performance
knowing its incompleteness or
irregularitywithoutprotestorobjection
3. Debt is partly liquidated and partly
unliquidated, but the liquidated part of
thedebtmustbepaidinfull
IDENTITY
A:
GR:Thingpaidmustbetheverythingdueand
cannot be another thing even if of same
qualityandvalue.
XPNs:
1. Dationinpayment
2. Novationoftheobligation
3. Obligationisfacultative
INDIVISIBILITY
A:
GR: Debtor cannot be compelled by the
creditor to perform obligation in parts and
neithercanthedebtorcompelthecreditorto
acceptobligationinparts.
XPNs:When:
1. partial performance has been agreed
upon
2. part of the obligation is liquidated and
partisunliquidated
3. torequirethedebtortoperforminfull
isimpractical
Toimplythatcreditorsacceptpartialpaymentas
complete performance of their obligation, their
acceptance must be made under circumstances
that indicate their intention to consider the
performance complete and to renounce their
claimarisingfromthedefect.
Note:WhileArticle1248oftheCivilCodestatesthat
creditors cannot be compelled to accept partial
payments,itdoesnotprohibitthemfromaccepting
such payments. (Selegna Management and
Development Corp. v. UCPB, G.R. No. 165662, May
30,2006)
Q:Towhompaymentshouldbemade?
A:Paymentshallbemadetothepersoninwhose
favor the obligation has been constituted, or his
successorininterest,oranypersonauthorizedto
receiveit.(Art.1240)
Q:Ispaymenttoanunauthorizedpersonavalid
payment?
A:
GR:Paymenttoanunauthorizedpersonisnot
avalidpayment.
XPNs:
1. Paymenttoanincapacitatedpersonif:
a. hekeptthethingdelivered,or
b. ithasbeenbeneficialtohim
2. Payment to a third person insofar as it
redoundedtothebenefitoftheCR
3. Paymentingoodfaithtothepossessor
ofcredit
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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SPECIALFORMSOFPAYMENT
Q:Whatarethespecialformsofpayment?
A:
CONCEPT
DationinPayment
AlienationbytheDRofaparticularpropertyinfavor
ofhisCR,withthelattersconsent,forthe
satisfactionoftheformersmoneyobligationtothe
latter,withtheeffectofextinguishingthesaid
moneyobligation(Pineda,Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.212)
ApplicationofPayment
Designationoftheparticulardebtbeingpaidbythe
DRwhohastwoormoredebtsorobligationsofthe
samekindinfavorofthesameCRtowhomthe
paymentismade(Pineda,ObligationsandContracts,
2000ed,p.229)
PaymentbyCession
DRcedeshispropertytohisCRssothelattermay
sellthesameandtheproceedsrealizedappliedto
thedebtsoftheDR
TenderofPayment
VoluntaryactoftheDRwherebyheofferstotheCR
foracceptancetheimmediateperformanceofthe
formersobligationtothelatter
Consignation
Actofdepositingtheobjectoftheobligationwith
thecourtorcompetentauthorityaftertheCRhas
unjustifiablyrefusedtoacceptthesameorisnotina
positiontoacceptitduetocertainreasonsor
circumstances
1.DATIONINPAYMENT
Note:Theconsentofthecreditorisessential.
Theundertakingpartakesofthenatureofsale,that
is,thecreditorisreallybuyingthethingorproperty
of the debtor, payment for which is to be charged
againstthedebtorsdebt.
200
Assuch,theessentialelementsofacontractofsale,
namely, consent, object certain, and cause or
considerationmustbepresent.
A:Thestockassignmentconstitutesapledgeand
not a dacion en pago. Dation in payment is the
deliveryandtransmissionofownershipofathing
by the debtor to the creditor as an accepted
equivalent of the performance of the obligation.
Lopezs loan has not yet matured when he
"alienated" his 4,000 shares of stock to
Philamgen. Lopez's obligation would arise only
when he would default in the payment of the
principal obligation which is the loan and
Philamgenhadtopayforit.Sinceitiscontraryto
thenatureandconceptofdationinpayment,the
same could not have been constituted when the
stockassignmentwasexecuted.Incaseofdoubt
astowhetheratransactionisapledgeoradation
inpayment,thepresumptionisinfavorofpledge,
the latter being the lesser transmission of rights
andinterests.(Lopezv.CA,G.R.No.L33157,June
29,1982)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
pago."IsthedacionenpagobyAsiancarsinfavor
ofMBTCvalid?
2.FORMOFPAYMENT
A:
1. Payment in cash all monetary
obligations shall be settled in the
Philippinecurrencywhichislegaltender
inthePhilippines.However,theparties
may agree that the obligations or
transactions shall be settled in any
othercurrencyatthetimeofpayment.
(Sec.1,R.A.8183)
2.
PAYMENTINCASH
Q:NorthwestAirlines,throughitsJapanBranch,
entered into an International Passenger Sales
Agency Agreement with CF Sharp, authorizing
thelattertosellitsairtransporttickets.CFSharp
failed to remit the proceeds of the ticket sales,
thus, Northwest Airlines filed a collection suit
before the Tokyo District Court which rendered
judgment ordering CF Sharp to pay 83,158,195
Yenanddamagesforthedelayattherateof6%
per annum. Unable to execute the decision in
Japan,NorthwestAirlinesfiledacasetoenforce
said foreign judgment with the RTC of Manila.
What is the rate of exchange that should be
appliedforthepaymentoftheamount?
A:InEasternShippingLines,Inc.v.CA,itwasheld
that absent any stipulation, the legal rate of
interest in obligations which consists in the
paymentofasumofmoneyis12%perannumto
be reckoned from the time of filing of the
complaintthereinuntilthesaidforeignjudgment
is fully satisfied. (C.F. Sharp & Co., Inc. v.
NorthwestAirlines,Inc.,G.R.No.133498,Apr.18,
2002)
PAYMENTBYNEGOTIABLEINSTRUMENT
Q:Diaz&CompanyobtainedaloanfromPacific
BankingCorpwhichwassecuredbyarealestate
mortgageovertwoparcelsoflandownedbythe
plaintiffDiazRealty.ABCrentedanofficespace
in the building constructed on the properties
covered by the mortgage contract. The parties
then agreed that the monthly rentals shall be
paid directly to the mortgagee for the lessor's
account, either to partly or fully pay off the
aforesaid mortgage indebtedness. Thereafter,
FEBTC purchased the credit of Diaz & Company
in favor of PaBC, but it was only after 2 years
thatDiazwasinformedaboutit.Diazaskedthe
FEBTC to make an accounting of the monthly
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:Yes.True,jurisprudenceholdsthat,ingeneral,
acheckdoesnotconstitutelegaltender,andthat
a creditor may validly refuse it. It must be
emphasized, however, that this dictum does not
prevent a creditor from accepting a check as
payment. In other words, the creditor has the
optionandthediscretionofrefusingoraccepting
it. (FEBTC v. Diaz Realty Inc., G.R. No. 138588,
Aug.23,2001)
Q:Whohastheburdenofprovingpaymentinan
actionforsumofmoney?
A:Thepartywhopleadspaymentasadefensehas
the burden of proving that such payment has, in
fact,beenmade.
EXTRAORDINARYINFALTIONORDEFLATION
A:No.Therule thatthevalueofthecurrencyat
the time of the establishment of the obligation
shall be the basis of payment finds application
only when there is an official pronouncement or
declaration of the existence of an extraordinary
inflationordeflation.
202
4.APPLICATIONOFPAYMENTS
A:
1. Onedebtorandonecreditor
2. Twoormoredebtsofthesamekind
3. Amountpaidbythedebtormustnotbe
sufficienttocoveralldebts
4. Debtsarealldue
5. Parties have not agreed previously on
theapplication
Q:Whatisthegoverningruleincasethedebtor
failstoascertainwhichdebthispaymentistobe
applied?
A:Thechoicemaybetransferredtothecreditor
aswhenthedebtormakespaymentanddoesnot
makeapplicationanddebtoracceptsareceiptin
whichtheapplicationismade.Insuchacase,the
debtor cannot complain of the application the
creditor has made unless there be a cause for
invalidatingthecontract.
A:Legalapplicationofpaymentgovernswherein
thelawmakestheapplication.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
6.
7.
Note:Ifthedebtshappentobeofsamenatureand
burden, the payment shall be applied
proportionately.
PAYMENTBYCESSION
A:
DATIONINPAYMENT
Maybeonecreditor
Notnecessarilyinstate
offinancialdifficulty
Thingdeliveredis
consideredasequivalent
ofperformance
Paymentextinguishes
obligationtotheextent
ofthevalueofthething
deliveredasagreed
upon,provedorimplied
fromtheconductofthe
creditor
Ownershipistransferred
toCRupondelivery
Anactofnovation
Doesnotpresuppose
insolvency
PAYMENTINCESSION
Pluralityofcreditors
Debtormust bepartially
orrelativelyinsolvent
Universalityorproperty
ofdebtoriswhatis
ceded
Merelyreleasesdebtor
fornetproceedsof
thingscededor
assigned,unlessthereis
contraryintention
Ownershipisnot
transferred
Notanactofnovation
Presupposesinsolvency
5.TENDEROFPAYMENT
Q:Whatconstitutesavalidtenderofpayment?
A:Voluntaryactofthedebtorwherebyheoffers
to the creditor for acceptance the immediate
performance of the formers obligation to the
CONSIGNATION
Q:Whatisconsignation?
Q:Whenandwhereisconsignationmade?
A:Consignationismadebydepositingtheproper
amount to the judicial authority, before whom
thetenderofpaymentandtheannouncementof
the consignation shall be proved. (Sps.
Benosv.Sps.Lawilao, G.R. No. 172259, Dec. 5,
2006)
A:
GR: Consignation shall produce effects of
payment only if there is a valid tender of
payment.
XPNs:When:ARTIT
1. Creditor is Absent or unknown,
ordoesntappearatplaceofpayment
2. Creditor Refuses to issue a receipt
withoutjustcause
3. Titleoftheobligationhasbeenlost
4. Creditor
is
Incapacitated
to
receivepaymentatthetimeitisdue
5. Twoormorepersonsclaimtherightto
collect
Note:Theexpensesofconsignation,whenproperly
made,shallbechargedagainstthecreditor.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Whataretherequisitesofconsignation?
A:VPCPAS
1. Validexistingdebtwhichisalreadydue;
2. Prior valid tender except when prior
tenderofpaymentisdispensable;
3. Creditor unjustly refuses the tender of
payment;
4. Prior notice of consignation given to
persons interested in the fulfillment of
theobligation;
5. Amount or thing is deposited at the
disposalofjudicialauthority;and
6. Subsequent notice of the fact of
consignation to persons interested in
thefulfillmentoftheobligation.
Q:Canthedebtorwithdrawthething
deposited?
A:Before the creditor has accepted the
consignation,orbeforeajudicialdeclarationthat
the consignation has been properly made, the
debtor may withdraw the thing or the sum
deposited, allowing the obligation to remain in
force.(Art.1260,NCC)
A:
TENDEROFPAYMENT
CONSIGNATION
Nature
Principalor
Antecedentof
consummatingactfor
consignationor
theextinguishmentof
preliminaryactto
theobligation
consignation
Effect
Itextinguishesthe
Itdoesnotbyitself
obligationwhendeclared
extinguishthe
valid
obligation
Character
Judicialforitrequiresthe
filingofacomplaintin
court(Pineda,
Extrajudicial
Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.
242)
Q:Inanejectmentcase,Xrefusedtovacatethe
land alleging that Y had sold to him the
additionalarea,thepaymentofwhichwouldbe
effected five years after the execution of a
formaldeedofsale.However,thepartiesfailed
to execute a deed of sale. During the pendency
of the action, X deposited the payment for the
additiontothelotwiththecourt.Isthereavalid
consignation?
Q:Underapactoderetrosale,XsoldtoYhislot
and the building erected thereon. They agreed
thathalfoftheconsiderationshallbepaidtothe
bank to pay off the loan of X. After paying the
firstinstallment,Y,insteadofpayingtheloanto
the bank, restructured it twice. Eventually, the
loanbecamedueanddemandable.Thus,Xpaid
the bank. On the same day, Y also went to the
bank and offered to pay the loan, but the bank
refusedtoacceptthepayment.
A:No.Yfiledthepetitionforconsignationagainst
thebankwithoutnotifyingtheX,resultingtothe
formers failure to prove the payment of the
balance of the purchase price and consignation.
Infact,evenbeforethefilingoftheconsignation
case, Y never notified the X of their offer to
pay.(Sps. Benosv. Sps.Lawilao, G.R. No. 172259,
Dec.5,2006)
204
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q: Because of Ligayas refusal to accept several
tendersof payment and notices ofconsignation
given by OSSA in its desire to comply with its
obligationtopayoninstallments,OSSAbrought
a complaint for consignation against Ligaya
before the RTC. The RTC allowed OSSA, among
others,todepositwithit,bywayofconsignation,
allfuturequarterlyinstallmentswithoutneedof
formaltendersofpaymentandserviceofnotices
ofconsignation.
Ligayaassailsthevalidityoftheconsignationon
the ground that there was no notice to her
regarding OSSA's consignation of the amounts
corresponding to certain installments. Is Ligaya
correct?
B.LOSSOFTHETHINGDUE
Q:Whenisathingconsideredlost?
A:When:DOPE
1. It Disappears in such a way that its
existenceisunknown;
2. ItgoesOutofcommerce;
3. ItPerishes;or
4. ItsExistenceisunknownorifknown,it
cannotberecovered.
Q:Whatistheeffectoflossofthethingwhichis
theobjectoftheobligation?
A:Iftheobligationisa:
1. Determinateobligationtogive:
XPNs:LASCDPCG
a. Lawprovidesotherwise
b. Nature of the obligation requires
theAssumptionofrisk
c. Stipulationtothecontrary
d. DebtorContributedtotheloss
e. Loss the of the thing occurs after
thedebtorincurredinDelay
f.
g.
h.
2.
Genericobligationtogive:
3.
Q:Differentiatelegalfromphysicalimpossibility
toperformanobligationtodo.
A:
1. Legalimpossibilityactstipulatedtobe
performed is subsequently prohibited
bylaw.
2. Physical impossibility act stipulated
could not be physically performed by
the obligor due to reasons subsequent
to the execution of the contract.
(Pineda, Obligations and Contracts,
2000ed,p.261)
Q:Whatistheeffectofpartialloss?
A:
1. Due to the fault or negligence of the
debtor Creditor has the right to
demandtherescissionoftheobligation
or to demand specific performance,
plusdamages,ineithercase.
2. Duetofortuitousevent:
a. Substantial loss obligation is
extinguished.
b. Unsubstantial loss the CR shall
deliver the thing promised in its
impairedcondition.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Whatistheeffectwhenthethingislostinthe
possessionofthedebtor?
A:
GR: It is presumed that loss is due to DRs
fault.
XPN:Presumptionshallnotapplyincaseloss
is due to earthquake, flood, storm or other
naturalcalamity.
XPNtotheXPN:Debtorstillliableevenifloss
isduetofortuitouseventwhen:
1. Debtorincurredindelay;or
2. Debtorpromisedtodeliverthethingto
two or more persons with different
interests(par.3,Art.1165,NCC)
Q:Whatdoesrebussicstantibusmean?
Q:Whataretherequisitesinordertorelievethe
debtor from his obligation, in whole or in part,
basedonunforeseendifficultyofservice?
A:
1. Event or change in circumstance could
not have been foreseen at the time of
theexecutionofthecontract;
2. Such event makes the performance
extremelydifficultbutnotimpossible;
3. Theeventmustnotbeduetotheactof
anyoftheparties;and
4. The contract is for a future prestation.
(Tolentino,Civil CodeofthePhilippines,
Vol.IV,2002ed,p.347)
C.CONDONATION
Q:Whatiscondonation?
206
Q:Whataretherequisitesofcondonation?
A:GAIDE
1. MustbeGratuitous;
2. Acceptancebythedebtor;
3. MustnotbeInofficious;
4. Formalities provided by law on
Donations must be complied with if
condonationisexpress;and
5. AnExistingdemandabledebt.
IMPLIEDCONDONATION
Q:Whatistheeffectofthedeliveryofaprivate
documentevidencingacredit?
A:Thedeliveryofaprivatedocumentevidencinga
credit, made voluntarily by the creditor to the
debtor, implies the renunciation of the action
whichtheformerhadagainstthelatter.
If in order to nullify this waiver it should be
claimedtobeinofficious,thedebtorandhisheirs
mayupholditbyprovingthatthedeliveryofthe
documentwasmadeinvirtueofpaymentofthe
debt.(Art.1271,NCC)
NOTE:Whenevertheprivatedocumentinwhichthe
debt appears is found in the possession of the
debtor, it shall be presumed that the creditor
delivered it voluntarily, unless the contrary is
proved.(Art.1272,NCC)
Q:Whatistheeffectofinofficiouscondonation?
Q:Cantherebeaunilateralcondonation?
A:No.Sinceitisadonationofanexistingcredit,
considered a property right, in favor of the
debtor,itisrequiredthattheDRgiveshisconsent
thereto by making an acceptance. If there is no
acceptance, there is no condonation. (Pineda,
ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.267)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
D.CONFUSIONORMERGER
A:Themeetinginonepersonofthequalitiesofa
creditoranddebtorofthesameobligation.
A:
1. Merger in the same person of the
characters of both a creditor and d
debtor;
2. Must take place in the persons of a
principal creditor and a principal
debtor;and
3. Mergerisdefiniteandcomplete.
Q:Cantherebepartialconfusion?
A:Yes.Itwillbedefiniteandcompleteuptothe
extentoftheconcurrentamountorvalue,butthe
remaining
obligation
subsists.
(Pineda,
ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.278)
Q:Whatistheeffectwhenconfusionormerger
isrevoked?
Q:Whatistheeffectofconfusionormergerin
relationtotheguarantors?
A:
1.
2.
Mergerwhichtakesplaceintheperson
of the principal debtor or principal
creditor benefits the guarantors. The
contractofguarantyisextinguished.
Confusion which takes place in the
person of any of the guarantors does
A:
GR: Joint obligation is not extinguished since
confusion is not definite and complete with
regard to the entire obligation. A part of the
obligationstillremainsoutstanding.
E.COMPENSATION.
Q:Whatiscompensation?
A:Itisamodeofextinguishingtotheconcurrent
amount, the obligations of those persons who in
their own right are reciprocally debtors and
creditors of each other (Art. 1232, NCC). It
involves the simultaneous balancing of two
obligations in order to extinguish them to the
extentinwhichtheamountofoneiscoveredby
thatoftheother.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofcompensation?
A:
1. Bothpartiesmustbemutuallycreditors
and debtors in their own right and as
principals;
2. Both debts must consist in sum of
money or if consumable, of the same
kindorquality;
3. Bothdebtsaredue;
4. Both debts are liquidated and
demandable;
5. Neither debt must be retained in a
controversy commenced by third
person and communicated with debtor
(neitherdebtisgarnished);and
6. Compensation must not be prohibited
bylaw.
Note:WhenalltherequisitesmentionedinArt.1279
of the Civil Code are present, compensation takes
effectbyoperationoflaw,evenwithouttheconsent
orknowledgeofthecreditorsanddebtors.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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1.KINDSOFCOMPENSATION
Q:Whatarethekindsofcompensation?
A:
1. Legal compensation by operation of
law
2. Conventional by agreement of the
parties
3. Judicial by judgment of the court
when there is a counterclaim duly
pleaded, and the compensation
decreed
LEGALCOMPENSATION
A:
1. Debtsarisingfromcontractsofdeposit
2. Debts arising from contracts of
commodatum
3. Claims for support due by gratuitous
title
4. Obligations arising from criminal
offenses
5. Certain obligations in favor of
government (e.g. taxes, fees, duties,
andothersofasimilarnature)
Note: If a person should have against him several
debts which are susceptible of compensation, the
rules on the application of payments shall apply to
theorderofthecompensation.(Art.1289,NCC)
Q:DeLeonsoldanddeliveredtoSilahisvarious
merchandise. Due to Silahis' default, De Leon
filed a complaint for the collection of said
accounts.Silahisasserts,asaffirmativedefense,
a debit memo as unrealized profit for a
supposed commission that Silahis should have
received from De Leon. Was there legal
compensation?
208
CONVENTIONAL
Q:Whatisconventionalcompensation?
A:Itisonethattakesplacebyagreementofthe
parties.
JUDICIALCOMPENSATION
Q:Whatisjudicialcompensation?
FACULTATIVECOMPENSATION
Q:Whatisfacultativecompensation?
A:Whenoneofthedebtsarisesfrom:
1. Depositum
2. Obligationsofadepositary
3. Obligationsincommudatum
4. Claimofsupportduetogratuitoustitle
XPN:Futuresupport.
5. Civilliabilityfromacrime
Q:Distinguishcompensationfrompayment.
A:
COMPENSATION
Amodeofextinguishing
totheconcurrent
amount,theobligations
ofthosepersonswhoin
theirownrightare
reciprocallydebtorsand
creditorsofeachother
Capacityofpartiesnot
necessary
Reason:Compensation
operatesbylaw,notby
theactoftheparties
Therecanbepartial
extinguishmentofthe
obligation
Legalcompensation
takesplacebyoperation
oflawwithout
simultaneousdelivery
Partiesmustbemutually
debtorsandcreditorsof
eachother
PAYMENT
Paymentmeansnotonly
deliveryofmoneybut
alsoperformanceofan
obligation
Debtormusthave
capacitytodisposeof
thethingpaid;
creditormusthave
capacitytoreceive
payment
Theperformancemust
becompleteunless
waivedbythecreditor
Involvesdeliveryor
action
Itisnotnecessarythat
thepartiesbemutually
debtorsandcreditorsof
eachother
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
Q:Distinguishcompensationfromconfusion.
A:
COMPENSATION
(Arts.12781279)
Twopersonswhoare
mutualdebtorsand
creditorsofeachother
Atleasttwoobligations
CONFUSION
(Arts.12751277)
Onepersonwhere
qualitiesofdebtorand
creditoraremerged
Oneobligation
A:MPCCandPacweldwerecreditorsanddebtors
ofeachother,theirdebtstoeachotherconsisting
infinalandexecutoryjudgmentsoftheCFIintwo
separate cases. The two obligations, therefore,
respectively offset each other, compensation
having taken effect by operation of law and
extinguished both debts to the concurrent
amountofP10,000.00,pursuanttotheprovisions
of Arts. 1278, 1279 and 1290 of the Civil Code,
since all the requisites provided in Art. 1279 of
thesaidCodeforautomaticcompensation"even
though the creditors and debtors are not aware
of the compensation" were present. (Mindanao
Portland Cement Corp. v. CA,G.R. No. L62169,
Feb.28,1983)
A:Ybankiscorrect.AlltherequisitesofArt.1279,
Civil Code are present. Compensation shall take
placewhentwopersonsarereciprocallycreditor
and debtor of each other. In this connection, it
CanXYZBankvalidlyassertlegalcompensation?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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CanRicardospropertybeforeclosedtopaythe
fullbalanceoftheloan?
AlternativeAnswer2:Yes.Ricardospropertycan
beforeclosedtopaythefullbalanceoftheloan.
He is admittedly individually and collectively
liable. His liability is solidary. He and Eduardo
have waived notice for a prior demand as
providedinthepromissorynote.
DoesRicardohavebasisundertheCivilCodefor
claimingthattheoriginalcontractwasnovated?
210
intheobligationunderArt.1302,NCC.(2008Bar
Question)
F.NOVATION
Q:Whatisnovation?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofnovation?
A:
1. Previousvalidobligation;
2. Anagreementbythepartiestocreatea
newoneoramodifiedversion;
3. Extinguishment or modification of the
oldobligation;and
4. Validnewobligation.
Q:Isnovationpresumed?
A: No. Novation is never presumed, it must be
provenasafacteitherby:
1. Explicitdeclarationifitbesodeclared
inunequivocalterms;or
2. Material incompatibility that the old
and the new obligations be on every
point incompatible with each other.
(Art.1293,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS
first credit card issued to Danilo Alto, basically
since it was committed with the intent of
cancelling and replacing the said card. However,
the novation did not serve to release Jeanette
fromhersuretyobligationsbecauseinthesurety
undertaking she expressly waived discharge in
case of change or novation in the agreement
governingtheuseofthefirstcreditcard.(Molino
v. Security Diners International Corp.,G.R. No.
136780,Aug.16,2001)
Q:Whataretheeffectsofnovation?
A:
1. Extinguishment of principal also
extinguishestheaccessory,except:
a. Mortgagor, pledgor, surety or
guarantor agrees to be bound by
thenewobligation(Tolentino,Civil
Code of the Philippines, Vol. IV,
1999ed,p.395)
b. Stipulationmadeinfavorofathird
person such as stipulation pour
atrui(Art. 1311, NCC), unless
beneficiary consents to the
novation.
2. Ifthenewobligationis:
a. Void old obligation shall subsist
since there is nothing to novate,
except when the parties intended
that the old obligation be
extinguishedinanyevent.
b. Voidable novation can take
place, exceptwhen such new
obligationisannulled.Insuchcase,
oldobligationshallsubsist.
c. Pureobligationconditionsofold
obligationdeemedattachedtothe
new, unless otherwise stipulated
(Tolentino, Civil Code of the
Philippines, Vol. IV, 1999 ed, p.
399)
d. Conditionalobligation:
i.
if resolutory valid until
the happening of the
condition
ii.
if suspensive and did
not materialize no
novation, old obligation
isenforced
b.
ifsuspensiveanditdidnotoccur
it is as if there is no obligation;
thus,thereisnothingtonovate
Did the assignment amount to payment by
cession?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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CONTRACTS
Q:Whatisacontract?
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenanobligation
andacontract?
I.ESSENTIALREQUISITESOFACONTRACT
Q:Statetheessentialelementsofcontracts.
A:COC
1. Consent;
2. Objectorsubjectmatter;and
3. Causeorconsideration.
Q:Statethecharacteristicsofacontract.
A:ROMA
1. Relativity(Art.1311,NCC)
2. Obligatoriness and consensuality(Art.
1315,NCC)
3. Mutuality(Art.1308,NCC)
4. Autonomy(Art.1306,NCC)
CONSENT
Q:Whataretheelementsofconsent?
A:LMCR
1. Legal capacity of the contracting
parties;
2. Manifestation of the conformity of the
contractingparties;
3. PartiesConformitytotheobject,cause,
terms and condition of the contract
must be intelligent, spontaneous and
freefromallvicesofconsent;and
4. TheconformitymustbeReal.
212
Note:Wefollowthetheoryofcognitionandnotthe
theory of manifestation. Under our Civil Law, the
offer & acceptance concur only when the offeror
comes to know, and not when the offeree merely
manifestshisacceptance.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidconsent?
A:Itshouldbe:
Note:Intelligenceinconsentisvitiatedby
error; freedom by violence, intimidation
or undue influence; and spontaneity by
fraud.
2.
3.
Free;and
Spontaneous.
Q:Whatistheeffectonthevalidityofacontract
ifconsentisreluctant?
Q:Whatarethekindsofsimulationofcontract?
A:
1. Absolute the contracting parties do
notintendtobeboundbythecontract
atall,thusthecontractisvoid.
2. Relativetherealtransactionishidden;
the contracting parties conceal their
true agreement; binds the parties to
their real agreement when it does not
prejudice third persons or is not
intended for any purpose contrary to
law, morals, etc. If the concealed
contract is lawful, it is absolutely
enforceable, provided it has all the
essential requisites: consent, object,
andcause.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
Q:Tiroisaholderofanordinarytimberlicense
issuedbytheBureauofForestry.Heexecuteda
deedofassignmentinfavoroftheJaviers.Atthe
timethesaiddeedofassignmentwasexecuted,
Tirohadapendingapplicationforanadditional
forest concession. Hence, they entered into
anotheragreement.
A:Thecontemporaneousandsubsequentactsof
Tiro and the Javiers reveal that the cause stated
inthefirstdeedofassignmentisfalse.Itissettled
that the previous and simultaneous and
subsequent acts of the parties are properly
cognizable indicia of their true intention. Where
thepartiestoacontracthavegivenitapractical
constructionbytheirconductasbyactsinpartial
performance, such construction may be
considered by the court in construing the
contract, determining its meaning and
ascertainingthemutualintentionofthepartiesat
the time of contracting. The first deed of
assignment is a relatively simulated contract
which states a false cause or consideration, or
one where the parties conceal their true
agreement. A contract with a false consideration
isnotnullandvoidperse.UnderArticle1346of
the Civil Code, a relatively simulated contract,
when it does not prejudice a third person and is
not intended for any purpose contrary to law,
morals, good customs, public order or public
policy binds the parties to their real agreement.
(Javierv.CA,G.R.No.L48194,Mar.15,1990)
Q:Whatarecontractsofadhesion?
A:
1. Definiteunequivocal
2. Intentional
3. Completeunconditional
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidoffer?
A:
1. Mustbecertain
2. Maybemadeorallyorinwriting,unless
thelawprescribesaparticularform
Q:Whendoesofferbecomeineffective?
A:
1. Death, civil interdiction, insanity or
insolvency of either party before
acceptanceisconveyed
Q:Whatistheruleoncomplexoffer?
A:
1.
2.
Q:Whatistheruleonadvertisementsasoffers?
A:
1. Businessadvertisementsnotadefinite
offer, but mere invitation to make an
offer,unlessitappearsotherwise
2. Advertisement
for
bidders
Q:Whataretheeffectsofanoption?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidacceptance?
A:
1. Must be absolute; a qualified
acceptanceconstitutesacounteroffer
2. Nospecifiedformbutwhentheofferor
specifies a particular form, such must
becompliedwith
Q:Whatistheperiodforacceptance?
A:
1. Statedfixedperiodintheoffer
a. Must be made within the period
givenbytheofferor
i. Astowithdrawaloftheoffer:
2.
Nostatedfixedperiod
a. Offerismadetoapersonpresent
acceptance must be made
immediately
b. Offerismadetoapersonabsent
acceptance may be made within
such time that, under normal
circumstances, an answer can be
receivedfromhim
OBJECT
Q:Whataretherequisitesofanobject?
A:
1. Determinate as to kind (even if not
determinate, provided it is possible to
determine the same without the need
ofanewcontract);
2. Existing or the potentiality to exist
subsequenttothecontract;
3. Mustbelicit;
4. Withinthecommerceofman;and
5. Transmissible.
214
A:
GR:Allthingsorservicesmaybetheobjectof
contracts.
XPNs:
1. Thingsoutsidethecommerceofmen;
2. Intransmissiblerights;
3. Future inheritance, except in cases
expresslyauthorizedbylaw;
4. Services which are contrary to law,
morals, good customs, public order or
publicpolicy;
5. Impossiblethingsorservices;and
6. Objects which are not possible of
determinationastotheirkind.
A:No,itisnot.Thestipulationisnotacondition
whichaffectstheefficacyofthecontractofsale.
It merely provides the manner by which the full
consideration is to be computed and the time
within which the same is to be paid. But it does
not affect in any manner the effectivity of the
contract. (Heirs of San Andresv.Rodriguez, G.R.
No.135634,May31,2000)
CAUSE
Q:Whataretherequisitesofacause?
A:Itmust:
1. exist
2. betrue
3. belicit
A:
1. Every contract is presumed to have a
cause;and
2. Thecauseisvalid.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
Q:Whatarethekindsofcauses?
A:
1. Cause of onerous contracts the
prestation or promise of a thing or
servicebytheother
2. Cause of remuneratory contracts the
serviceorbenefitremunerated
3. Cause of gratuitous contracts the
mere liberality of the donor or
benefactor
4. Accessory identical with cause of
principal contract, the loan which it
derived its life and existence (e.g.:
mortgageorpledge)
Q:Distinguishcausefrommotive.
A:
CAUSE
Directandmost
proximatereasonofa
contract
Objectiveandjuridical
reasonofcontract
Legalityorillegalityof
causeaffectsthe
existenceorvalidityof
thecontract
Causeisalwaysthesame
foreachcontracting
party
MOTIVE
Indirectorremote
reasons
Psychologicalorpurely
personalreason
Legalityorillegalityof
motivedoesnotaffect
theexistenceorvalidity
ofcontract
Motivediffersforeach
contractingparty
A:
1. Absenceofcause(wantofcause;there
is total lack or absence of cause)
Confers no right and produces no legal
effect
2. Failure of cause Does not render the
contractvoid
3. Illegalityofcause(thecauseiscontrary
to law, morals, good customs, public
orderandpublicpolicy)Contractisnull
andvoid
4. Falsityofcause(thecauseisstatedbut
the cause is not true)Contract is void,
unless the parties show that there is
anothercausewhichistrueandlawful
5. Lesion or inadequacy of cause Does
notinvalidatethecontract,unless:
a. there is fraud, mistake, or undue
influence;
b. when the parties intended a
donation
or
some
other
contract;or
c.
II.KINDSOFCONTRACT
Q:Whatarethekindsofcontracts?
A:
1. Consensual contracts which are
perfected by the mere meeting of the
mindsoftheparties
A:
GR: A contract is binding not only between
partiesbutextendstotheheirs,successorsin
interest, and assignees of the parties,
provided that the contract involves
transmissible rights by their nature, or by
stipulationorbyprovisionoflaw.
XPNs:
1. Stipulation pour autrui (stipulation in
favor of a third person) benefits
deliberately conferred by parties to a
contractuponthirdpersons.
Requisites:
a. The stipulation must be part, not
wholeofthecontract;
b. Contracting parties must have
clearly and deliberately conferred
afavoruponthirdperson;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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c.
2.
Third
person
must
have
communicatedhisacceptance;and
d. Neither of the contracting parties
bears the legal representation of
thethirdperson.
Whenathirdpersoninducesapartyto
violatethecontract
3.
4.
Requisites:
a. Existenceofavalidcontract
b. Third person has knowledge of
suchcontract
c. Third person interferes without
justification
Thirdpersonscomingintopossessionof
the object of the contract creating real
rights
Q:Fieldmen'sInsuranceissued,infavorofMYT,
a common carrier, accident insurance policy.
50%ofthepremiumwaspaidbythedriver.The
policyindicatedthattheCompanywillindemnify
the driver of the vehicle or his representatives
upon his death. While the policy was in force,
the taxicab driven by Carlito, met with an
accident.Carlitodied.MYTandCarlito'sparents
filedacomplaintagainstthecompanytocollect
theproceedsofthepolicy.Fieldmensadmitted
theexistencethereof,butpleadedlackofcause
ofactiononthepartoftheparents.Decide.
A:Yes.Carlitosparentswho,admittedly,arehis
soleheirshaveadirectcauseofactionagainstthe
Company. This is so because pursuant to the
stipulations, the Company will also indemnify
third parties. The policy under consideration is
typical of contracts pour autrui, this character
being made more manifest by the fact that the
deceased driver paid 50% of the premiums.
(Coquia v. Fieldmens Insurance Co., Inc.,G.R. No.
L23276,Nov.29,1968)
Q:Whatistheobligatoryforceofcontracts?
216
hisdebtassoonasheisable,evenafter10years
and that he waives his right to prescription.
What are the effects of said stipulation to the
actionforcollectionfiledbyBorromeo?
Q:Whatistheprincipleofautonomyof
contracts?
A:Itisthefreedomofthepartiestocontractand
includes the freedom to stipulate provided the
stipulationsarenotcontrarytolaw,morals,good
customs,publicorderorpublicpolicy.(Art.1306,
NCC)
A.CONSENSUALCONTRACTS
Q:Whatareconsensualcontracts?
A:Theyarecontractsperfectedbymereconsent.
Note:Thisisonlythegeneralrule.
B.REALCONTRACTS
Q:Whatarerealcontracts?
A:Theyarecontractsperfectedbydelivery
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
C.FORMALCONTRACTS
Q:Whatareformalcontracts?
2.
3.
Antichresistheamountoftheprincipal
andinterestmustbeinwriting.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.FORMOFCONTRACTS
Q:Whatarerulesontheformofcontracts?
A:
1. Contracts shall be obligatory, in
whatever form they may have been
entered into, provided all essential
requisitesfortheirvalidityarepresent.
Note:
GR:Formisnotrequiredinconsensualcontracts.
A:
1. Donationofrealproperties(Art.719);
2. Partnership
where
immoveable
property or real rights are contributed
to the common fund (Arts. 1171 &
1773);
3. Actsandcontractswhichhavefortheir
object the creation, transmission,
modification or extinguishment of real
rights over immovable property; sales
ofrealpropertyorofaninteresttherein
is governed by Arts. 1403, No. 2, and
1405[Art.1358(1)];
4. The
cession,
repudiation
or
renunciation of hereditary rights or of
those of the conjugal partnership of
gains[Art.1358(2)]
5. The power to administer property or
anyotherpowerwhichhasforitsobject
an act appearing or which should
appear in a public document or should
prejudiceathirdperson[Art.1358(3)];
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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6.
Q:Whatarecontractsthatmustberegistered?
A:
1. Chattelmortgages(Art.2140)
2. Sale or transfer of large cattle (Cattle
RegistrationAct)
REFORMATION
Q:Whatisreformationofinstruments?
A:Itisaremedytoconformtotherealintention
of the parties due to mistake, fraud, inequitable
conduct,accident.(Art.1359)
Note:Reformationisbasedonjusticeandequity.
A:
1. Meetingofthemindstothecontract
2. True intention is not expressed in the
instrument
3. ByreasonofMARFI:
a. Mistake,
b. Accident,
c. Relativesimulation,
d. Fraud,or
e. Inequitableconduct
4. ClearandconvincingproofofMARFI
A:
1. Simple, unconditional donations inter
vivos
2. Wills
3. Whentheagreementisvoid
4. When an action to enforce the
instrumentisfiled(estoppel)
Q:Whatistheprescriptiveperiodinreformation
ofinstruments?
A:10yearsfromthedateoftheexecutionofthe
instrument.
218
A:Itmaybeorderedattheinstanceof:
1. ifthemistakeismutualeitherpartyor
hissuccessorsininterest;otherwise;
2. uponpetitionoftheinjuredparty;or
3. hisheirsandassigns.
Note:Whenoneofthepartieshasbroughtanaction
to enforce the instrument, no subsequent
reformationcanbeasked(estoppel).
IV.DEFECTIVECONTRACTS
Q:Whatmaybethestatusofcontracts?
A:
1. Valid
2. Void
3. Voidable
4. Rescissible
5. Unenforceable
6. Inexistent
A.RESCISSIBLECONTRACTS
Q:Whatarerescissiblecontracts?
Q:Whichcontractsarerescissible?
A:
1. Entered into by persons exercising
fiduciarycapacity:
a. Enteredintobyguardianwhenever
ward suffers damage more than
ofvalueofproperty.
b. Agreed upon in representation of
absentees, if absentee suffers
lesion by more than of value of
property.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
c.
d.
e.
f.
Contractswhererescissionisbased
on fraud committed on creditor
(accionpauliana)
Objects of litigation; contract
enteredintobydefendantwithout
knowledge or approval of litigants
orjudicialauthority
Payment by an insolvent on
debts which are not yet due;
prejudicesclaimofothers
Provided for by law (Arts. 1526,
1534, 1538, 1539, 1542, 1556,
1560,1567&1659,NCC)
2.
Paymentsmadeinstateofinsolvency:
a. Plaintiff has no other means to
maintainreparation
b. Plaintiff must be able to return
whatever he may be obliged to
returnduetorescission
c. The things must not have been
passed to third persons in good
faith
d. Itmustbemadewithin4yrs.
A:
1. There must be credit existing prior to
thecelebrationofthecontract;
2. There must be fraud, or at least, the
intenttocommitfraudtotheprejudice
ofthecreditorseekingrescission;
3. Thecreditorcannotinanylegalmanner
collecthiscredit(subsidiarycharacterof
rescission);and
4. The object of the contract must not be
legallyinpossessionofathirdpersonin
goodfaith.
Q:Distinguishrescissionfromresolution.
RESOLUTION
RESCISSION
(ART.1191)
(ARTICLE1381)
Bothpresupposecontractsvalidlyenteredintoand
subsistingandbothrequiremutualrestitutionwhen
proper
Nature
Principalaction.
Subsidiaryremedy
retaliatoryincharacter
GroundsforRescission
5groundsunderArt.
1381.(lesionsorfraudof
Onlygroundisnon
creditors)
performanceof
Nonperformanceisnot
obligation
important
Applicability
Appliestobothunilateral
Appliesonlytoreciprocal
andreciprocal
obligations
obligations
PersonwhocanInitiatetheAction
Eventhirdpersons
Onlytheinjuredparty
prejudicedbythe
whoisapartytothe
contractmaybringthe
contract
action
FixingofPeriodbytheCourt
Courtmayfixaperiodor
grantextensionoftime
Courtcannotgrant
forthefulfillmentofthe
extensionoftime
obligationwhenthereis
sufficientreasonto
justifysuchextension
Purpose
Reparationfordamage
Cancellationofthe
orinjury,allowingpartial
contract
rescissionofcontract
Note:WhileArticle1191usesthetermrescission,
the original term which was used in the old Civil
Code, from which the article was based, was
resolution.(Ongv.CA,G.R.No.97347,July6,1999)
Q:Whenismutualrestitutionnotapplicable?
A:
1. Creditor did not receive anything from
contract;or
2. Thing already in possession of third
persons in good faith; subject to
indemnityonly,iftherearetwoormore
alienationsliabilityoffirstinfractor.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Trialcourt,inthiscase,directedReyestodeposit
the P10 million downpayment with the clerk of
court but Reyes refused. Does Reyes have the
obligation to deposit the P10 million
downpaymentinthecourt?
Byseekingrescission,asellernecessarilyoffersto
returnwhathehasreceivedfromthebuyer.Such
a seller may not take back his offer if the court
deemsitequitable,topreventunjustenrichment
and ensure restitution, to put the money in
judicialdeposit.
Note:Inthiscase,itwasjust,equitableandproper
forthe trialcourt to order the deposit ofthedown
payment to prevent unjust enrichment by Reyes at
theexpenseofLim.Depositingthedownpaymentin
courtensureitsrestitutiontoitsrightfulowner.Lim,
ontheotherhand,hasnothingtorefund,ashehas
not received anything under the contract to sell.
(Reyes v. Lim, Keng and Harrison Lumber, Inc., G.R.
No.134241,Aug.11,2003)
Q:Whatarethebadgesoffraudattendingsales,
asdeterminedbythecourts?
A:
1. Consideration of the conveyance is
inadequateorfictitious;
2. TransferwasmadebyaDRafterasuit
hasbeenbegunandwhileitispending
againsthim
3. SaleuponcreditbyaninsolventDR;
4. The presence of evidence of large
indebtednessorcompleteinsolvencyof
thedebtor;
5. Transfer of all his property by a DR
when he is financially embarrassed or
insolvent;
6. Transfer is made between father and
son, where there are present some or
anyoftheabovecircumstances;and
7. Failure of the vendee to take exclusive
possessionoftheproperty.
220
A:
1. Can be demanded only if plaintiff is
ready, willing and able to comply with
hisownobligationanddefendantisnot;
2. Notabsolute;
3. Needs judicial approval in the absence
of a stipulation allowing for extra
judicial rescission, in cases of non
reciprocalobligations;
4. Subject to judicial review if availed of
extrajudicially;
5. May be waived expressly or impliedly;
and
6. Impliedtoexistinreciprocalobligations
therefore need not be expressly
stipulatedupon.
Q:Mayaninjuredpartyavailofbothfulfillment
andrescissionasremedy?
A:
GR:The injured party can only choose
between fulfillment and rescission of
theobligation,andcannothaveboth.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
The question of whether a breach of contract is
substantial depends upon the attendant
circumstances. Seneca did not fail to fulfill its
obligation in the offsetting agreement. The
discontinuance of delivery of construction
materialstoVermenstemmedfromthefailureof
Vermen to send purchase orders to Seneca.
Vermen would never have been able to fulfill its
obligation in allowing Seneca to exercise the
optiontotransferfromPhaseItoPhaseII,asthe
construction of Phase II has ceased and the
subject condominium units will never be
available. The impossibility of fulfillment of the
obligation on the part of Vermen necessitates
resolution of the contract, for indeed, the non
fulfillment of the obligation aforementioned
constitutes substantial breach of the agreement.
(Vermen Realty Development Corp. v. CA and
Seneca Hardware Co., Inc., G.R. No. 101762, July
6,1993)
Theagreementofpurchaseandsaleshowsthatit
isinthenatureofacontracttosell.Ongsfailure
to complete payment of the purchase price is a
nonfulfillment of the condition of full payment
which rendered the contract to sell ineffective
and without force and effect. The breach
contemplatedinArticle1191,NCCistheobligors
failuretocomplywithanobligation.Inthiscase,
Ongs failure to pay is not even a breach but
merely an event which prevents the vendors
obligation to convey title from acquiring binding
force.
Note:Thecontractenteredintobythepartiesinthe
case at bar does not fall under any of those
mentioned by Article 1381. Consequently, Article
1383isinapplicable.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
1. Under Art. 1381, no.1 within 4 years
from the time the termination of the
incapacityoftheward;
2. Under Art. 1381, no. 2 within 4 years
from the time the domicile of the
absenteeisknown;or
3. UnderArt.1381,nos.3&4&Art.1382
within 4 years from the time of the
discoveryoffraud.
B.VOIDABLECONTRACTS
Q:Whenisthereavoidablecontract?
A:When:
1. one of the parties is incapacitated to
giveconsent;or
2. consentwasvitiated.
A:DIM
1. Deafmutes who do not know how to
readandwrite(illiterates)
2. Insaneordementedpersons,unlessthe
contractwasenteredintoduringalucid
interval
3. Minorsexcept:
a. Contractsfornecessaries
b. Contracts by guardians or legal
representatives&thecourthaving
jurisdictionhadapprovedthesame
c. When
there
is
active
misrepresentation on the part of
theminor(minorisestopped)
d. Contracts of deposit with the
Postal Savings Bank provided that
theminorisover7yearsofage
e. Upon reaching age of majority
theyratifythesame
222
Q:Whatarethevicesofconsent?
A:MIVUF
1. Mistake substantial mistake and not
merely an accidental mistake; must
refertothe:
a. substanceofthethingwhichisthe
subjectofthecontract;or
b. to those conditions which have
principally moved one or both
partiestoenterthecontract.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q:Whatarethekindsofmistake?
A:
1. Mistake of fact When one or both of
the contracting parties believe that a
factexistswheninrealityitdoesnot,or
that such fact does not exist when in
realityitdoes.
2. MistakeoflawWhen1orbothparties
arrive at erroneous conclusion or
interpretation of a question of law or
legal effects of a certain act or
transaction.
Note:
GR: Mistake as a vice of consent refers to
mistakeoffactsandnotoflaw.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
XPN:Whenmistakeoflawinvolveserrorasto
the effect of an agreement when the real
purpose of the parties is frustrated (Art. 1334,
NCC).
Todeterminetheeffectofanallegederror,boththe
objectiveandsubjectiveaspectsofthecasewhichis
the intellectual capacity of the person who
committedthemistake.
Q:Whenwillmistakeinvalidateconsent?
A:Mistake,inordertoinvalidateconsent,should
refer to the substance of the thing which is the
object of the contract, or to those conditions
whichhaveprincipallymovedoneorbothparties
to enter into the contract.(Leonardo v. CA, G.R.
No.125485,Sept.13,2004)
A:No.Whenoneofthepartiesisunabletoread,
orifthecontractisinalanguagenotunderstood
by him, and mistake or fraud is alleged, the
personenforcingthecontractmustshowthatthe
terms thereof have been fully explained to the
former. (Art. 1332, NCC) Leonardo was not in a
position to give her free, voluntary and
spontaneous consent without having the
document,whichwasinEnglish,explainedtoher.
Therefore, the consent of Leonardo was
invalidated by a substantial mistake or error,
rendering the agreement voidable. The
extrajudicial partition between the Sebastians
and Leonardo should be annulled and set aside
on the ground of mistake. (Leonardo v. CA, G.R.
No.125485,Sept.13,2004)
A:
1. Mistake must be with respect to the
legaleffectoftheagreement;
2. Itmustbemutual;and
3. Real purpose of the parties must have
beenfrustrated.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofintimidation?
A:
1. One of the parties is compelled to give
his consent by a reasonable and well
groundedfearofanevil;
2. Theevilmustbeimminentandgrave;
3. Itmustbeunjust;and
4. Theevilmustbethedeterminingcause
forthepartyuponwhomitisemployed
inenteringintothecontract.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofviolence?
A:Itmustbe:
1. seriousorirresistible;and
2. the determining cause for the party
upon whom it is employed in entering
intothecontract.
Q:Whatarethekindsoffraud?
A:
1. Fraudintheperfectionofthecontract
a. Causalfraud(dolocausante)
b. Incidentalfraud(doloincidente)
Requisites:
a. Fraud, insidious words or
machinations must have been
employed by one of the
contractingparties;
b. Itmusthavebeenserious;
c. Itinducedtheotherpartytoenter
intoacontract;and
d. Shouldnothavebeenemployedby
bothcontractingpartiesorbythird
persons.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
DOLOCAUSANTE
(ART.1338)
Referstofraudwhichis
seriousincharacter
Itisthecausewhich
inducesthepartyto
enterintoacontract
Rendersthecontract
voidable
DOLOINCIDENTE
(ART.1344)
Referstofraudwhichis
notseriousincharacter
Itisnotthecausewhich
inducesthepartyto
enterintoacontract
Rendersthepartyliable
fordamages
Note:Incontracts,thekindoffraudthatwillvitiate
consent is one where, through insidious words or
machinations of one of the contracting parties, the
other is induced to enter into a contract which,
withoutthem,hewouldnothaveagreedto.Thisis
known as dolo causante or causal fraud which is
basicallyadeceptionemployedbyonepartypriorto
or simultaneous to the contract in order to secure
the consent of the other. (Samson v. CA, G.R. No.
108245,Nov.25,1994)
A:No,Santoswasnotguiltyoffraudnorbadfaith
inclaimingthattherewasimpliedrenewalofhis
contractof leasewithhislessor.Thelettergiven
by the lessor led Santos to believe and conclude
thathisleasecontractwasimpliedlyrenewedand
thatformalrenewalthereofwouldbemadeupon
the arrival of Tanya Madrigal. Thus, from the
start,itwasknowntobothpartiesthat,insofaras
the agreement regarding the transfer of Santos
leasehold right to Samson was concerned, the
object thereof relates to a future right. It is a
conditional contract, the efficacy of which
dependsuponanexpectancytheformalrenewal
oftheleasecontractbetweenSantosandlessor.
The efficacy of the contract between the parties
wasthusmadedependentuponthehappeningof
224
thissuspensivecondition.(Samsonv.CA,G.R.No.
108245,Nov.25,1994)
Q:Whatarethecausesofextinctionofactionto
annul?
A:
1. Prescription the action must be
commenced within 4 years from the
timethe:
a. incapacity ends; guardianship
ceases;
b. violence, intimidation or undue
influenceends;or
c. mistakeorfraudisdiscovered
2. Ratificationcleansesthecontractofits
defects from the moment it was
constituted
Requisites:
a. there must be knowledge of the
reason which renders the contract
voidable;
b. suchreasonmusthaveceased;and
c. the injured party must have
executedanactwhichexpresslyor
impliedly conveys an intention to
waivehisright
Q:Whomayinstituteactionforannulment?
Q:Whataretheeffectsofannulment?
A:
1. If contract not yet consummated
parties shall be released from the
obligationsarisingtherefrom.
2. If contract has already been
consummated rules provided in Arts.
13981402,NCC,shallgovern.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
Q:Whatisconfirmation?
Q:Whatisrecognition?
A:Itisanactwherebyadefectofproofiscured
such as when an oral contract is put into writing
orwhenaprivateinstrumentisconvertedintoa
publicinstrument.
Q:Whatisratification?
A:Itisanactbywhichacontractenteredintoin
behalf of another without or in excess of
authorityiscuredofitsdefect.
Q:Whatarethemodesofratification?
A:
1. For contracts infringing the Statute of
Frauds:
a. expressly
b. impliedly by failure to object to
the presentation of oral evidence
to prove the contract, or by the
acceptance of benefits under the
contract.
2. If both parties are incapacitated,
ratificationbytheirparentsorguardian
shallvalidatethecontractretroactively
C.UNENFORCEABLECONTRACTS
Q:Whatareunenforceablecontracts?
Q:WhatisStatuteofFrauds?
Q:WhatisthepurposeoftheStatuteofFrauds?
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Anagreementthatbyitstermsisnotto
be performed within a year from the
makingthereof;
A special promise to answer for the
debt,defaultormiscarriageofanother
Anagreementmadeinconsiderationof
marriage, other than a mutual promise
tomarry;
An agreement for the sale of goods,
chattels or things in action, at a price
not lower that 500 pesos, unless the
buyeracceptsandreceivespartofsuch
goodsandchattels,ortheevidences,or
someofthem,ofsuchthingsinaction,
or pay at the time some part of the
entry is made by the auctioneer in his
sales book, at the time of the sale, of
the amount and kind of property sold,
terms of sale, price, names of the
purchasers and person on whose
account the sale is made, it is a
sufficientmemorandum
An agreement for the leasing for a
longer period than one year, or for the
sale of real property or of an interest
therein;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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225
6.
Arepresentationtothecreditofathird
person
Q:Cenido,asanheirofAparatoandclaimingto
be the owner of a house and lot, filed a
complaint for ejectment against spouses
Apacionado. On the other hand, spouses
Apacionado allege that they are the owners
whichareunregisteredpurchasedbythemfrom
its previous owner, Aparato. Their claim is
anchored on a 1page typewritten document
entitled "Pagpapatunay," executed by Aparato.
IsthePagpapatunayenteredintobyBonifacio
andspouseApacionadovalidandenforceable?
Thesaleofrealpropertyshouldbeinwritingand
subscribed by the party charged for it to be
enforceable.The"Pagpapatunay"isinwritingand
subscribed by Aparato, hence, it is enforceable
under the Statute of Frauds. Not having been
subscribed and sworn to before a notary public,
however, the "Pagpapatunay" is not a public
document, and therefore does not comply with
par.1,Art.1358,NCC.
Moreover,therequirementofapublicdocument
in Article 1358 is not for the validity of the
instrument but for its efficacy. Although a
conveyance of land is not made in a public
document, it does not affect the validity of such
conveyance.Theprivateconveyanceofthehouse
and lot is therefore valid between Aparato and
the spouses. (Cenidov.Spouses Apacionado,G.R.
No.132474,Nov.19,1999)
Q:Whatarethetwowaysofratifyingcontracts
whichinfringetheStatuteofFrauds?
A:
1. Failure to object during the trial to the
admissibility of parol evidence to
support a contract covered by the
StatuteofFrauds.
2. Acceptance of benefits when the
contract has been partly executed
because estoppel sets in by accepting
performance.
226
D.VOIDCONTRACTS
Q:Whatarethekindsofvoidcontracts?
A:
1. Thoselackinginessentialelements:
Noconsent,noobject,nocausesomeor
allelementsofavalidcontractareabsent
a. Thosewhichareabsolutelysimulated
orfictitious:nocause
b. Thosewhosecauseorobjectdidnot
exist at the time of the transaction:
nocauseorobject
c. Those whose object is outside the
commerceofman:noobject
d. Those which contemplate an
impossibleservice:noobject
e. Those where the intention of parties
relative to principal object of the
contractcannotbeascertained
2. Contractsprohibitedbylaw
a. Pactum commisorium the creditor
appropriates to himself the things
given by way of pledge or mortgage
tofulfillthedebt
b. Pactum de non alienando an
agreement prohibiting the owner
from alienating the mortgaged
immovable
c. Pactum leonina a stipulation in a
partnership
agreement
which
excludes one or more partners from
anyshareintheprofitsorlosses
3. Illegalorillicitcontracts(e.g.contractto
sellmarijuana)
A:Thedeedisvaliduntilandunlessannulled.The
deedwasenteredintoonJuly6,1976,whilethe
Family Code took effect only on August 3, 1998.
Lawsshouldbeappliedprospectivelyonly,unless
alegislativeintenttogivethemretroactiveeffect
is expressly declared or is necessarily implied
fromthelanguageused.Hence,theprovisionsof
theCivilCode,nottheFamilyCodeareapplicable.
According to Article 166 of the Civil Code, the
husband cannot alienate or encumber any real
property of theconjugal partnership without the
wifes consent. This provision, however, must be
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CONTRACTS
read in conjunction with Article 173 of the same
Code.Thelatterstatesthatanactiontoannulan
alienation or encumbrance may be instituted by
thewifeduringthemarriageandwithintenyears
fromthetransactionquestioned.Hence,thelack
of consent on her part will not make the
husbands alienation or encumbrance of real
property of the conjugal partnership void, but
merelyvoidable.(Villarandav.Villaranda,G.R.No.
153447,Feb.23,2004)
A:
Itisvoid.Gildasconsenttothecontractofsaleof
their conjugal property was totally inexistent or
absent. Thus, said contract properly falls within
theambitofArticle124oftheFC.
A:
VOID
Absenceofessential
element/sofacontract
Noeffectevenifnotset
aside
Cannotberatified
Nullitycanbesetup
againstanyperson
assertingrightarising
fromit,andhissuccessors
VOIDABLE
Consentisvitiatedor
thereisincapacityto
giveconsent
Validcontractuntilset
aside
Canberatified
Nullitycanbesetup
onlyagainstaparty
thereto
ininterestnotprotected
bylaw
Actiontodeclarenullity
doesnotprescribe
Actiontoannul
contractprescribesin4
years(Pineda,
Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.
606)
Q:Distinguishvoidcontractfromrescissible
contract.
A:
VOID
Defectisinherent
inthecontract
itself
Nullityisamatter
oflawandpublic
interest
Nolegaleffects
evenifnoactionis
filedtosetitaside
Actiontodeclare
itsnullitydoesnot
prescribe(Art.
1410,NCC)
RESCISSIBLE
Defectisinitseffects,either
againstoneofthepartiesora
thirdperson
Basedonequityandmatterof
privateinterest
Produceslegaleffectsand
remainsvalidifnoactionis
filed
Actiontorescindprescribes
within4years(Art.1389,NCC;
Pineda,Obligationsand
Contracts,2000ed,p.605)
A:
VOIDCONTRACT
Thosewhereallthe
requisitesofacontract
arepresent,butthe
cause,objectorpurpose
iscontrarytolaw,
morals,goodcustoms,
publicorderorpublic
policyorthecontract
itselfisprohibitedor
declaredprohibited.
Principleofinpari
delictoisapplicable.
INEXISTENTCONTRACT
Thosewhereoneor
someoftherequisites
whichareessentialfor
validityareabsolutely
lacking
Principleofinpari
delicto
isnotapplicable.
V.EFFECTOFCONTRACTS
Q:Betweenwhomdocontractstakeeffect?
A:Contractstakeeffectonlybetweentheparties,
andtheirassignsandheirs,thelatterbeingliable
only to the extent of the property received from
thedecedent.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
1. The contracting parties must have
clearly and deliberately conferred a
favoruponthethirdperson;
2. Thethirdpersonsinterestorbenefitin
such fulfillment must not be merely
incidental;and
3. Such third person communicated his
acceptance to the obligor before the
stipulationsinhisfavorarerevoke.
228
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
SALES
Q:Whatisasale?
I.INTRODUCTION
A.DEFINITIONOFTHECONTRACTOFSALE
Q:Whatisacontractofsale?
A:Bythecontractofsale,oneofthecontracting
parties obligates himself to transfer the
ownershipofandtodeliveradeterminatething,
and the other to pay therefor a price certain in
moneyoritsequivalent.(Art.1458,NCC)
KINDSOFSALES
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofsales?
A:Asto:
1. Natureofthesubjectmatter:
a. Saleofrealproperty;
b. Saleofpersonalproperty
2. Valueofthethingsexchanged:
a. Commutativesale;
b. Aleatorysale
3. Whether the object is tangible or
intangible:
a. Sale of property (tangible or
corporeal);
Note:Atangibleobjectisalsocalled
choseinpossession
Validityordefectofthetransaction:
a. Valid
b. Rescissible
c. Voidable
d. Unenforceable
e. Void
Legalityoftheobject:
a. Licitobject
b.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
b. Illicitobject
Presenceorabsenceofconditions:
a. Absolute
b. Conditional
Wholesaleorretail:
a. Wholesale
b. Retail
Proximateinducementforthesale:
a. Salebydescription
b. Salebysample
c. Salebydescriptionandsample
Whenthepriceistendered:
a. Cashsale
b. Saleoninstallmentplan
ASTOPRESENCEORABSENCEOFCONDITION
ABSOLUTESALE
Q:Whenisasaleabsolute?
Q:Whenisadeedofsaleconsideredabsolutein
nature?
A:Adeedofsaleisconsideredabsoluteinnature
where there is neither a stipulation in the deed
that title to the property sold is reserved in the
selleruntilthefullpaymentoftheprice,norone
givingthevendortherighttounilaterallyresolve
the contract the moment the buyer fails to pay
withinafixedperiod.
CONDITIONALSALE
Q:Whenisasaleconditional?
A:Itisconditionalwherethesalecontemplatesa
contingency,andingeneral,wherethecontractis
subject to certain conditions, usually in the case
of the vendee, the full payment of the agreed
purchasepriceandinthecaseofthevendor,the
fulfillmentofcertainwarranties.(DeLeon,p.15)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
CONDITIONALSALE
Onewheretheselleris
grantedtherightto
unilaterallyrescindthe
contractpredicatedon
thefulfillmentornon
fulfillment,asthecase
maybe,ofthe
prescribedcondition.
Contractexecuted
betweenthesellerand
thebuyer
ABSOLUTESALE
Onewherethetitleto
thepropertyisnot
reservedtotheselleror
ifthesellerisnot
grantedtherightto
rescindthecontract
basedonthefulfillment
ornonfulfillment,asthe
casemaybe,ofthe
prescribedcondition.
Contracts,firstthe
contracttosell(whichis
conditionalor
preparatorysale)and
second,thefinaldeedof
saleortheprincipal
contractwhichis
executedafterfull
paymentofthepurchase
price
Q:Whatistheeffectofthenonperformanceof
the condition or if the condition did not take
place?
Q:Inasalewithassumptionofmortgage,isthe
assumption of mortgage a condition without
which there will be no perfected contract of
sale?
A:Yes.Insaleswithassumptionofmortgage,the
assumption of mortgage is a condition to the
sellers consent so that without approval by the
mortgagee, no sale is perfected (Ramos v. Court
ofAppeals,G.R.No.108294Sept.15,1997)
230
B.ESSENTIALREQUISITES
OFACONTRACTOFSALE
Q:Whataretheelementsofacontractofsale?
A:ANE
1. Accidental elements dependent on
partiesstipulations;Examples:
a. Conditions
b. Interest
c. time&placeofpayment
d. penalty
3. Essentialelementsforvalidity:
a. Consent
b. Determinatesubjectmatter
c. Consideration
Q:Whatistheeffectand/orconsequenceofthe
absenceofconsentoftheownerinacontractof
saleofsaidproperty?
FORMALITIESREQUIRED
Q:Isthereaformalrequirementforthevalidity
ofacontractofsale?
A:
GR: No form is required. It is a consensual
contract.(Pineda,p.78)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q: Are there instances where the Statute of
Frauds is not essential for the validity of a
contractofsale?
A:Yes.
1. When there is a note or memorandum
inwritingandsubscribedtobytheparty
orhisagent(containsessentialtermsof
thecontract);
2. When there has been partial
performance/execution (seller delivers
with the intent to transfer title/receives
price);
3. When there has been failure to object
to presentation of evidence aliunde as
to the existence of a contract without
beinginwritingandwhichiscoveredby
theStatuteofFrauds;
4. When sales are effected through
electroniccommerce.(Villanueva,p.92)
C.STAGESOFACONTRACTOFSALE
A:
1. Negotiation/Policitation
2. Perfection
3. Consummation
1.NEGOTIATION/PREPARATORY
A.OFFER
Q:Whataretherulesintheconceptionstage
abouttheoffer?
A:
OFFERIS
RULE
FLOATED
ANDITIS:
Offeris
floated
Priortoacceptance,maybe
withdrawnatwillbyofferorbutno
authoritytomodifyit
Witha
period
Mustbeacceptedwithintheperiod,
otherwise,extinguishedattheendof
periodandmaybewithdrawnatwill
byofferorbutmustnotbearbitrary,
otherwise,liablefordamages
Witha
condition
Extinguishedbyhappening/non
happeningofcondition
without
period/
condition
Continuestobevaliddependingupon
circumstancesoftime,placeand
person
Witha
counter
offer
Originalofferisextinguished
B.OPTIONCONTRACT
Q:Whatisanoptioncontract?
Q:Whatisthenatureofanoptioncontract?
A:Itisapreparatorycontractinwhichoneparty
grants to another, for a fixed period and at a
determined price, the privilege to buy or sell, or
todecidewhetherornottoenterintoaprincipal
contract. It binds the party who has given the
option not to enter into the principal contract
with any other person during the period
designated, and within that period, to enter into
suchcontractwiththeonewhomtheoptionwas
granted, if the latter should decide to use the
option.Itisaseparateanddistinctcontract.
Note:Iftheoptionisperfected,itdoesnotresultin
the perfection or consummation of the sale. (Diaz,
p.7)
Q:Whatistheperiodwithinwhichtoexercise
theoption?
A:
1. Withinthetermstipulated
2. Ifthereisnostipulation,thecourtmay
fixtheterm
Notes:Anactionforspecificperformancetoenforce
theoptiontopurchasemustbefiledwithin10years
fromthetimethecauseofactionaccrues.
The implied renewal of the lease on a monthto
monthbasisdidnothavetheeffectofextendingthe
life of the option to purchase which expired at the
endoftheoriginalleaseperiod.Thelessoriscorrect
inrefusingtosellonthegroundthattheoptionhad
expired.(2001BarQuestion)
Q:Howisanoptionexercised?
A:Anoticeofacceptancemustbecommunicated
toofferorevenwithoutactualpaymentaslongas
paymentisdeliveredintheconsummationstage.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatistheeffectofaseparateconsideration
inanoptioncontract?
A:
1. Withseparateconsideration:
a. Contractisvalid
b. Offeror cannot withdraw offer
untilafterexpirationoftheoption
c. Is subject to rescission & damages
butnotspecificperformance
2. Withoutseparateconsideration:
a. the option contract is not deemed
perfected
b. offer may be withdrawn at any
timepriortoacceptance
Inwhichcase,iftheofferordoesnotperformhis
obligationsundertheperfectedcontract,heshall
be liable for all consequences arising from the
breach thereof based on any of the available
remedies such as specific performance, or
rescissionwithdamagesinbothcases.
C.RIGHTOFFIRSTREFUSAL
Q:Whatistherightoffirstrefusal?
Note:Adeedofsaleexecutedinfavorofa3rdparty
who cannot be deemed a purchaser in good faith,
and which is in violation of the right of first refusal
grantedtotheoptioneeisvalidbutrescissible.(Arts.
1380,1381[1])
232
Q:NDCandFirestoneenteredintoacontractof
lease wherein it is stipulated that Firestone has
the right of first refusal to purchase the leased
property "should lessor NDC decide to sell the
same. After the rumor that NDC will transfer
thelottoPUP,Firestoneinstitutedanactionfor
specific performance to compel NDC to sell the
property in its favor. PUP moved to intervene
arguing that the Memorandum issued by then
President Aquino ordered the transfer of the
whole NDC compound to the Government,
which in turn would convey it in favor of PUP.
CanFirestoneexerciseitsrightoffirstrefusal?
A:
a. The action filed by the lessee, for both
rescission of the offending sale and
specificperformanceoftherightoffirst
refusal which was violated, should
prosper.Therulingin(EquatorialRealty
Development, Inc. v. Mayfair Theater,
Inc.,G.R.No.106063,Nov.21,1996),a
case with similar facts, sustains both
rightsofactionbecausethebuyerinthe
subsequent sale knew the existence of
rightoffirstrefusal,hence,inbadfaith.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
No. 109125, Dec. 2, 1994). The court
ruledthattherightoffirstrefusalisnot
foundeduponacontractbutonaquasi
delictual relationship covered by the
principlesofhumanrelationsandunjust
enrichment (Art 19, et seq. Civil Code).
Hence,theonlyactionthatwillprosper
according to the Supreme Court is an
action for damages in a proper forum
forthepurpose.(1998BarQuestion)
Note:Theofferofthepersoninwhosefavortheright
offirstrefusalwasgivenmustconformwiththesame
termsandconditionsasthosegiventotheofferee.
Q:AndresleasedhishousetoIrisforaperiodof
2years,attherateofP25,000monthly,payable
annuallyinadvance.Thecontractstipulatedthat
it may be renewed for another 2year period
upon mutual agreement of the parties. The
contractalsograntedIristherightoffirstrefusal
topurchasethepropertyatanytimeduringthe
lease, if Andres decides to sell the property at
the same price that the property is offered for
saletoathirdparty.Twentythreemonthsafter
executionoftheleasecontract,Andressoldthe
housetohismotherwhoisnotathirdparty.Iris
filedanactiontorescindthesaleandtocompel
Andres to sell the property to her at the same
price. Alternatively, she asked the court to
extend the lease for another two years on the
sameterms.
Q: Can Iris seek rescission of the sale of the
propertytoAndresmother?
A: Iris can seek rescission because pursuant to
EquatorialRealtyCo.v.MayfairTheaterrescission
isareliefallowedfortheprotectionofoneofthe
contracting parties and even third persons from
all injury and damage the contract of sale may
causeortheprotectionofsomeincompatibleand
preferredright.
Note:Itisapplicableonlytoexecutorycontractsand
not to contracts which are totally or partially
performed.
Q:Maytherightoffirstrefusalbewaived?
Inarightoffirstrefusal,whiletheobjectmaybe
determinate, the exercise of the right would be
dependent not only on the grantors eventual
intentiontoenterintoabindingjuridicalrelation
with another but also on terms, including the
price,thatareyettobefirmedup.(Diaz,p.54)
OPTION
CONTRACT
Principalcontract;
standsonitsown
Needs separate
consideration
Subjectmatter&price
mustbevalid
A:No,theextensionoftheleaseshouldbeupon
the mutual agreement of the parties. (2008 Bar
Question)
Q:Isitnecessarythattherightoffirstrefusalbe
embodiedinawrittencontract?
A:Yes,thegrantofsuchrightmustbeclearand
express.
Notconditional
Notsubject tospecific
performance
RIGHTOFFIRST
REFUSAL
Accessory;cannotstand
onitsown
Doesnotneedseparate
consideration
Theremustbesubject
matterbutpricenot
important
Conditional
Subjecttospecific
performance
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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D.POLICITATION/MUTUALPROMISETOBUY
ANDSELL/
Q:Whatispolicitation?
A:
GR: It is deemed perfected at the moment
there is meeting of minds upon the thing
which is the object of the contract and upon
theprice.(Art.1475,par.1)
XPN:Whenthesaleissubjecttoasuspensive
conditionbyvirtueoflaworstipulation.
Q: Spouses Raet and Mitra negotiated with
Gatusaboutthepossibilityofbuyinghisrightsto
certainunitsatasubdivisiondevelopedbyPhil
Ville for them to be qualified to obtain loans
fromGSIS.TheypaidanamountforwhichGatus
issued them receipts in her own name. GSIS
disapproved their loan application. PhilVille
advisedthemtoseekothersourcesoffinancing.
In the meantime, they were allowed to remain
inthesubjectpremises.Isthereaperfectedand
enforceable contract of sale or at least an
agreement to sell over the disputed housing
units?
A:None.Therewasnocontractofsaleperfected
between the private parties over the said
property,therebeingnomeetingofthemindsas
toterms,especiallyonthepricethereof.Atbest,
only a proposed contract to sell obtained which
did not even ripen into a perfected contract due
at the first instance to private respondents'
inability to secure approval of their GSIS housing
loans. As it were, petitioners and private
respondents have not hurdled the negotiation
phaseofacontract,whichistheperiodfromthe
time the prospective contracting parties indicate
234
A:No.Thereisaperfectedcontractofsaledueto
the second deed of sale in this case. The basic
characteristic of an absolutely simulated or
fictitiouscontractisthattheapparentcontractis
not really desired or intended to produce legal
effectsoralterthejuridicalsituationoftheparties
in any way. However, in this case, the parties
already undertook certain acts which were
directed towards fulfillment of their respective
covenantsundertheseconddeed,indicatingthat
they intended to give effect to their agreement.
Further, the fact that Severino executed the two
deeds, primarily so that Henry could eject the
tenant and enter into a loan/mortgage contract
with Philam Life, is a strong indication that he
intendedtotransferownershipofthepropertyto
Henry.Forwhy(HernandoR.Penalosav.Severino
Santos,G.R.No.133749,Aug.23,2001)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q:Whenisanauctionsaleperfected?
Q:Whenisasaleofforeignexchangeconsidered
perfected?
A:Havingsteppedintotheshoesofthedeceased
with respect to the said contract, and being the
oneswhocontinuedtopaytheinstallmentsfrom
their own funds, As heirs became the lawful
ownersofthesaidlotinwhosefavorthedeedof
absolute sale should have been executed by
vendor PDS. (Dawson v. Register of Deeds of
QuezonCity,G.R.No.120600Sept.22,1998)
D.OBLIGATIONSCREATED
OBLIGATIONSOFTHEBUYER
Q:Whataretheobligationsofthebuyer?
A:
1. Paymentoftheprice
GR:Sellerisnotboundtodeliverunless
thepurchasepriceispaid
XPN: A period of payment has been
fixed
2. Acceptdeliveryofthingsold
3. Payforexpensesofdelivery
Q:Whataretheotherobligationsofthebuyer?
A:
1. To take care of the goods without the
obligation to return, where the goods
are delivered to the buyer and he
rightfullyrefusestoaccept;
Note:Thegoodsinthebuyerspossession
areatthesellersrisk.
2.
3.
To be liable as a depositary if he
voluntarilyconstitutedhimselfassuch;
To pay interest for the period between
delivery of the thing and the payment
ofthepriceinthefollowingcases:
a. shouldithavebeenstipulated;
b. shouldthethingsoldanddelivered
producesfruitsorincome;or
c. should he be in default, from the
time of judicial or extrajudicial
demand for the payment of the
price.
OBLIGATIONSOFTHESELLER
Q:Whataretheobligationsoftheseller?
A:DDTWTP
1. Deliverthethingsold;
2. Deliver fruits & accessions/accessories
accruingfromperfectionofsale;
3. Transfertheownership;
4. Warranties;
5. Takecareofthething,pendingdelivery,
withproperdiligence;
6. Payfortheexpensesofthedeedofsale
unless there is a stipulation to the
contrary
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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2.
E.CHARACTERISTICSOFACONTRACTOFSALE
A:
1. Consensual
2. Bilateral
3. GR:Commutative
F.DISTINCTIONSOFTHECONTRACTOFSALE
WITHOTHERCONTRACTS
Q:DistinguishSalefromthefollowing:
1. Donation.
SALE
DONATION
Onerous
Consensual
Gratuitous/onerous
Formalcontract
LawonSales
LawonDonation
236
Barter
SALE
BARTER
Considerationisgiving
Considerationis
ofmoneyaspayment
givingofathing
Ifconsiderationconsistspartyinmoney&partlyby
thinglookatmanifestintention;
IfintentionisnotclearArt.1468
Valueofthingismore
Valueofthingisequal
thanamountofmoney=
orlessthanamountof
Barter
money=Sale
Bothare governedbylawonsales
3.
AgencytoSell
SALE
Buyerpaysforprice
ofobject
Buyerbecomes
ownerofthing
Sellerwarrants
Notunilaterally
revocable
Sellerreceivesprofit
Realcontract
AGENCYTOSELL
Agentnotobligedtopay
forprice;must
accountforthe
proceedsofthesale.
Principalremainsthe
ownerevenifthe
objectdeliveredto
agent
Agentassumesnopersonal
liabilityaslongas
withinauthoritygiven
Mayberevoked
unilaterallyevenw/o
ground
Agentnotallowedtoprofit
Personalcontract
4.
DacionenPago
SALE
DACIONENPAGO
Nopreexisting
credit
Contractwherepropertyis
alienatedtoextinguishpre
existingcredit/debt
Buyerseller
relationship
Novatescreditordebtor
relationshipintosellerbuyer
5.
Lease
SALE
Obligationtoabsolutely
transferownershipof
thing
Considerationistheprice
Sellerneedstobeownerof
thingtotransfer
ownership.
Note:Leasewithoptionto
buyreallyacontractof
salebutdesignatedas
leaseinname.
LEASE
Useofthingisfor
specifiedperiodonly
withobligationto
return
Considerationisthe
rental
Lessorneednotbe
owner
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
G.CONTRACTTOSELL
Q:Whatisacontracttosell?
A: It is one form of conditional sale where
ownership or title is retained by the seller until
thefulfillmentofapositivesuspensivecondition,
normally the payment of the purchase price by
thebuyerinthemanneragreedupon.(Gomezv.
CA,et.al.,G.R.120747,Sept.21,2000)
Note:Conditionalor
preparatorysale
Thereisonlyone
contractexecuted
2.Thedeedofabsolute
betweenthesellerand
sale
thebuyer.
Note:Theprincipal
contractisexecuted
afterfullpaymentofthe
purchaseprice.
Paymentasacondition
Fullpaymentofthe
priceisapositive
Nonpaymentofthe
suspensivecondition.
priceisaresolutory
Note:Failuretofully
condition.Vendorloses
paythepriceisnota
ownershipoverthe
breachbutanevent
propertyandcannot
thatpreventsthe
recoverituntiland
obligationofthevendor
unlessthecontractis
toconveytitlefrom
resolvedorrescinded.
becomingeffective.
Remediesavailable
1. Specific
1. Resolution
2. Performance
2. Damages
3. Rescission
4. Damages
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenwhatisinvolved
isacontracttosell?
A:
1. Wheresubjectmatterisindeterminate
2. Saleoffuturegoods
3. Stipulation that deed of sale &
corresponding certificate of sale would
beissuedonlyafterfullpayment
II.PARTIESTOACONTRACTOFSALE
Q:Whoarethepartiestoacontractofsale?
A:
1. Selleronewhosellsandtransfersthe
thingandownershiptothebuyer
2. Buyer one who buys the thing upon
payment of the consideration agreed
upon
A.CAPACITYOFTHEPARTIES
Q:Whomayenterintoacontractofsale?
A:
GR:Anypersonwhohascapacitytocontract
or enter into obligations, may enter into a
contractofsale,whetheraspartyselleroras
partybuyer.
XPN:
1. Minors, insane and demented persons
and deafmutes who do not know how
towrite
2. Persons under a state of drunkenness
orduringhypnoticspell
3. Husband and wife sale by and
betweenspouses
Note:Contractsofsaleenteredbysuchlegally
incapacitated persons are merely voidable,
subject to annulment or ratification. However,
the action for annulment cannot be instituted
by the person who is capacitated since he is
disqualified from alleging the incapacity of the
personwithwhomhecontracts.
However,statusofprohibitedsalesbetween
spousesisnotmerelyvoidable,butnulland
void.
XPNtoXPN:
238
a.
whenaseparationofpropertywas
agreed upon in the marriage
settlements;or
b. when there has been a judicial
separation of property agreed
uponbetweenthem
B.ABSOLUTEINCAPACITY
Q:Whoarethoseabsolutelyincapacitatedto
enterintoacontractofsale?
A:
1. Unemancipatedminors(Art.1327,NCC);
2. Insaneordementedpersons,anddeaf
mutes who do not know how to write
(Art.1327,NCC)
A:
GR:heincapacitatedpersonisnotobligedto
makeanyrestitution.
XPN:insofarashehasbeenbenefitedbythe
thing or price received by him. (Art. 1399,
NCC)
C.RELATIVEINCAPACITY
A:
1. Spouses(Art.1490,NCC)
2. Agents, Guardians, Executors and
Administrators, Public Officers and
Employees, Court Officers and
Employees, and others specially
disqualifiedbylaw.(Art.1491,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q:Whatisthestatusofthefollowingcontracts
ofsale?
A:
1. Thatenteredintobyminors:
a. Merely voidable, subject to
annulmentorratification
b. Action for annulment cannot be
instituted by the person who is
capacitatedsinceheisdisqualified
from alleging the incapacity of the
person with whom he contracts
(withpartialrestitutioninsofaras
the minor is benefited) where
necessaries are sold and delivered
toaminororotherpersonwithout
capacity to act, he must pay a
reasonableprice(Art.1489)
2. Saleby&betweenspouses(Art.1490):
a. Statusofprohibitedsalesbetween
spouses:
GR:Nullandvoid
ii.
b.
When a separation of
property was agreed upon in
themarriagesettlements;or
When there has been a
judicialseparationofproperty
agreeduponbetweenthem
Reasons:
i. Preventdefraudingcreditors
ii. Avoid
situation
where
dominant spouse takes
advantage over the weaker
spouse
iii. Avoid circumvention on
prohibition of donation
betweenspouses
rd
Contractofsalewith3 parties:
GR: Under the law on sales, it
would seem that a spouse may,
without the consent of the other
spouse,
enter
into
sales
transactions in the regular or
normal pursuit of their profession,
vocationortrade.(inrelationwith
Art.73,FamilyCode)
3.
Q:Whohastherighttoassailthevalidityofthe
transactionbetweenspouses?
A:Thefollowingaretheonlypersonswhocan
questionthesalebetweenspouses:
1. The heirs of either of the spouses who
havebeenprejudiced;
2. Priorcreditors;and
3. The State when it comes to the
paymentofthepropertaxesdueonthe
transactions
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whoarethepersonswithrelativeincapacitytobethevendeeinacontractofsale?
A:AGECOP
RELATIVELY
INCAPACITATEDTOBUY
PROPERTIESINVOLVED
Propertyentrustedtothemfor
administrationorsale
XPN:Whenprincipalgavehis
consent
Propertyofthewardduring
periodofguardianship
Agents
STATUSOFSALE
Voidable
Note:Contractsenteredby
guardianinbehalfofwardare
rescissibleifwardsufferslesion
bymorethanofthevalueof
property.
Guardian
Executorsand
administrators
Propertyoftheestateunder
administration
Courtofficersand
employees
Propertyandrightsinlitigationor
leviedupononexecutionbefore
thecourtundertheirjurisdiction
Othersspecially
disqualifiedbylaw
Pubicofficersand
employees
PropertyoftheStateentrustedto
themforadministration
Void
RATIFICATION
Canberatifiedafterthe
inhibitionhasceased
Reason:theonlywrongthat
subsistsistheprivatewrong
totheward,principalor
estate;andcanbecondoned
bytheprivateparties
themselves
Cannotberatified
Reason:Itisaprivatewrong.
(Villanueva,LawonSales,p.
3031)
Note:Prohibitionsareapplicabletosalesinlegalredemption,compromisesandrenunciations.
InthecaseofRubiasv.Batiller(51SCRA120),itsoughttodeclarethedifferenceinthenullitybetweencontracts
enteredintobyguardians,agents,administratorsandexecutors,fromthecontractsenteredintobyjudges,judicial
officers,fiscalsandlawyers.
240
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
D.SPECIALDISQUALIFICATIONS
Q:Whoarethosepersonsspeciallydisqualified
bylawtoenterintocontractsofsale?
A:ALIENUnOS
1. ALIENswhoaredisqualifiedtopurchase
privateagriculturallands(Art.XIISecs.3
&7)
2. Unpaid seller having a right of lien or
havingstoppedthegoodsintransitu,is
prohibitedfrombuyingthegoodseither
directlyorindirectlyintheresaleofthe
same at public/private sale which he
maymake(Art.1533[5];Art.1476[4])
3. The Officer holding the execution or
deputy cannot become a purchaser or
be interested directly or indirectly on
any purchase at an execution. (Sec. 21
Rule39,RulesofCourt)
4. In Sale by auction, seller cannot bid
unless notice has been given that such
saleissubjecttoarighttobidinbehalf
oftheseller.(Art.1476)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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III.SUBJECTMATTEROFSALE
A.REQUISITESOFAVALIDSUBJECTMATTER
Q:Whataretherequisitesofaproperobjectof
sale?
A:
1. Things
a. Determinateordeterminable
b. Lawful (licit), otherwise contract is
void
c. Should not be impossible (within
thecommerceofmen)
2. Rights
GR:Mustbetransmissible.
XPN:
a. Futureinheritance
b. Service cannot be the object of
sale. They are not determinate
things and no transfer of
ownershipisavailablebutitcanbe
theobjectofcertaincontractssuch
uas contract for a piece of work.
(Pineda,Sales,2002ed.,p.13)
Q:RodriguezfirstpurchasedaportionofaLotA
consisting of 345 square meters located in the
middle of Lot B, which has a total area of 854
square meters, from Juan. He then purchased
another portion of said lot. As shown in the
receipt, the late Juan received P500.00 from
Rodriguez as "advance payment for the
residential lot adjoining his previously paid lot
onthreesidesexceptingonthefrontage.Juans
heirs now contests the validity of the
subsequent sale, alleging that the object is not
determinateordeterminable.Decide.
242
Note:Wherelandissoldforalumpsumandnotso
much per unit of measure or number, the
boundaries of the land stated in the contract
determinetheeffectsandscopeofthesale,notthe
areathereof.Thevendorsareobligatedtodeliverall
the land included within the boundaries, regardless
of whether the real area should be greater or
smaller than that recited in the deed. This is
particularly true where the area is described as
"humigitkumulang,"thatis,moreorless.(Semirav.
CA,G.R.No.76031,Mar.2,1994)
Q:Canrightsbetheobjectsofsale?
A:Yes,iftheyaretransmissible.(Art.1347)
B.PARTICULARKINDS
Q:Whatmaybeobjectsofsale?
A:
1. Existing Goods owned/ possessed by
selleratthetimeofperfection
3.
4.
SaleofUndividedInterestorShare
a. Sole owner may sell an
undividedinterest.(Art.1463)
Ex.Afractionorpercentageof
suchproperty
b. Saleofanundividedshareina
specific mass of fungible
goods makes the buyer a co
owner of the entire mass in
proportion to the amount he
bought.(Art.1464)
c. A coowner cannot sell more
than his share (Yturralde v.
CA)
SaleofThingsinLitigation
a. Sale of things under litigation
isrescissibleifenteredintoby
the defendant , without the
approvalofthelitigantsorthe
court(Art.1381)
b. Norescissionisallowedwhere
the thing is legally in the
rd
possession of a 3 person
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
5.
6.
IV.OBLIGATIONOFTHESELLER
TOTRANSFEROWNERSHIP
Q:Shouldthesellerbetheowneratthetimeof
perfectionofthecontract?
A:
GR:No.Sellermusthavetherighttotransfer
ownership at the time of delivery or
consummation stage. He need not be the
owner at the time of perfection of the
contract.
XPN:Foreclosuresalewhereinthemortgagor
shouldbetheabsoluteowner.
A.SALEBYAPERSONWHODOESNOTOWNTHE
THINGSOLD
Q:Whatisthestatusofasalebyapersonwho
doesnotownthethingsubjectofthesale?
A:Itdependsuponthestageofthesale.
1. When seller is not owner at perfection
stagethesaleisvalid.
Ownershipofthesubjectmatterbythe
seller at this stage is not an essential
requirementforthevalidityofsale.Itis
necessary at the time of delivery.
Hence,avalidcontractofsalecancover
subjectmatterthatisnotyetexistingor
even a thing having only a potential
existence at the time of perfection; or
even a thing subject to a resolutory
condition.
Note:Ifthesellerlateracquirestitlethereto
anddeliversit,titlepassesbyoperationof
law.
2.
Note:Nemodatquodnonhabetyou
cannotgivewhatyoudonothave,properly
applicabletotheconsummationofasale.
A:
GR: The buyer requires no better title to the
goods than the seller had; caveat emptor
(buyerbeware).
XPN:
1. Estoppel when the owner of the
goodsisbyhisconductprecludedfrom
denyingthesellersauthoritytosell
2. When the contrary is provided for in
recordinglaws
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Whenthesaleismadeunderstatutory
power of sale or under the order of a
courtofcompetentjurisdiction
When the sale is made in a merchants
store in accordance with the Code of
Commerceandspeciallaws
When a person who is not the owner
sells and delivers a thing, and
subsequentlyacquiredtitlethereto
When the seller has a voidable title
whichhasnotbeenavoidedatthetime
ofthesale
Salebycoownerofthewholeproperty
oradefiniteportionthereof
Specialrightsofunpaidseller
8.
A:
1. Sale of a thing having potential
existence(Art.1461,NCC)
2. Saleoffuturegoods(Art.1462,NCC)
3. Contract for the delivery at a certain
price of an article, which the seller in
the ordinary course of business
manufactures/procuresforthegeneral
market,whetherthesameisonhandat
thetimeornot(Art.1467,NCC)
B.SALEBYAPERONHAVINGAVOIDABLETITLE
Q:Whatistheeffectofasalemadebytheseller
withvoidabletitleovertheobject?
A:
1. Perfectionstage:validbuyeracquires
titleofgoods
2. Consummationstage:validIfthetitle
hasnotyetbeenavoidedatthetimeof
saleandthebuyermustbuythegoods
underthefollowingconditions:
a. Ingoodfaith
b. Forvalue
c. Withoutnoticeofsellersdefectof
title
EMPTIOREISPERATAE
Saleofthinghaving
potentialexistence
Uncertaintyisw/regard
toquantity&quality
Contractdealsw/future
thing
Saleisvalidonlyifthe
expectedthingwill
exist.
244
EMPTIOSPEI
Saleofmerehopeor
expectancy
Uncertaintyisw/regard
toexistenceofthing
Contractdealsw/
presentthinghope
orexpectancy
Saleisvalideventhough
expectedthingdoes
notcomeinto
existenceaslongas
thehopeitselfvalidly
existed.(eg.lotto)
Note:ThepresumptionisEmptioReiSperatae
V.PRICE
A.MEANINGOFPRICE
Q:Whatisaprice?
B.REQUISITESFORAVALIDPRICE
Q:Whataretherequisitesofprice?
A:Mustbe:
1. Real
2. Inmoneyoritsequivalent
3. Certain or ascertainable at the time of
theperfectionofthecontract
C.HOWPRICEISDETERMINED
Q:Whenispricecertain?
A:
1. Ifthereisastipulation
2. If it be with reference to another thing
certain
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
3.
4.
Note:Ifthepriceisbasedonestimates,itis
uncertain.
D.GROSSINADEQUACYOFTHEPRICE
Q:Whatistheeffectofgrossinadequacyof
price?
A:
GR:Itdoesnotaffectthevalidityofthesaleif
itisfixedingoodfaithandwithoutfraud
XPN:CoRDS
1. If Consent is vitiated (may be annulled
orpresumedtobeequitablemortgage)
2. If the parties intended a Donation or
someotheract/contract
3. IfthepriceissolowastobeShocking
totheconscience
4. If in the event of Resale, a better price
canbeobtained
Note:
GR:Thevalidityofthesaleisnotnecessarilyaffected
wherethelawgivestheownertherighttoredeem
because the lesser the price, the easier it is for the
ownertoeffectredemption.
XPN:Whilethereisnodisputethatmereinadequacy
ofthepricepersewillnotsetasideajudicialsaleof
realproperty,nevertheless,wheretheinadequacyof
the price is purely shocking to the conscience, such
thatthemindrevoltsatitandsuchthatareasonable
manwouldneitherdirectlyorindirectlybelikelyto
consenttoit,thesamewillbesetaside.(Cometav.
CA351SCRA294)
Q:Whatistheeffectifthepriceissimulated?
A:
GR:Contractofsaleisvoid.
XPN:Theactmaybeshowntohavebeenin
realityadonationorsomeotheractor
contract.
Q:Whatisconsideredreasonableprice?
A:Generallythemarketpriceatthetimeand
placefixedbythecontractorbylawforthe
deliveryofthegoods.
A:None.Itisnottheactofpaymentofpricethat
determines the validity of a contract of sale.
Payment of the price has nothing to do with the
perfection of the contract, as it goes into the
performance of the contract. Failure to pay the
consideration is different from lack of
consideration. Failure to pay such results in a
righttodemandthefulfillmentorcancellationof
theobligationunderanexistingvalidcontract.On
theotherhand,lackofconsiderationpreventsthe
existence of a valid contract. (Sps. Bernardo
Buenaventura and Consolacion Joaqui v. CA, GR
No.126376,Nov.20,2003)
Q:Ispaymentofthepurchasepriceessentialto
transferownership?
A:Unlessthecontractcontainsastipulationthat
ownership of the thingsold shall not pass to the
purchaser until he has fully paid the price,
ownershipofthethingsoldshallbetransferredto
the vendee upon the actual or constructive
deliverythereof.(Diaz,p.48)
E.WHENNOPRICEISAGREEDUPONBYTHE
PARTIES
Q:Whatistheeffectoffailuretodeterminethe
price?
A:
1. Where contract is executory
ineffective
2. Where the thing has been delivered to
and appropriated by the buyer the
buyer must pay a reasonable price
therefore
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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F.MANNEROFPAYMENT
A:
Q:Whatistheeffectoffailuretodeterminethe
price?
A:
1. Where contract is executory
ineffective
2. Where the thing has been delivered to
and appropriated by the buyer the
buyer must pay a reasonable price
therefore
246
FAILURETOPAY
LACKOF
CONSIDERATION
CONSIDERATION
Astovalidityofcontractofsale
Itisnottheactofpayment
ofpricethatdetermines
thevalidityofacontractof
sale.
Lackofconsideration
preventsthe
Note:Paymentoftheprice
existenceofavalid
hasnothingtodowiththe
contract.
perfectionofthecontract.
Instead,itgoesintothe
performanceofthe
contract.
Astoresultantright
Failuretopaythe
Thecontractofsaleis
considerationresultsina
nullandvoidand
righttodemandthe
producesnoeffect
fulfillmentorcancellation
whatsoever
oftheobligationunderan
existingvalidcontract.
G.EARNESTMONEYVISAVISOPTIONMONEYY
OPTIONMONEY
Q:Whatisanoptionmoney?
A:Thedistinctconsiderationincaseofanoption
contract. It does not form part of the purchase
price hence, it cannot be recovered if the buyer
didnotcontinuewiththesale.
Q:Whenispaymentconsideredoptionmoney?
A:Paymentisconsideredoptionmoneywhenitis
given as a separate and distinct consideration
from the purchase price. Consideration in an
option contract may be anything or undertaking
ofvalue.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
EARNESTMONEY
Q:Whatisanearnestmoneyorarras?
A:Itformspartofthepurchasepricewhichmay
bedeductedfromthetotalprice.Italsoservesas
a proof of the perfection of the contract of sale.
The rule is no more than a disputable
presumption and prevails only in the absence of
contrary or rebuttable evidence. (PNB v CA, 262
SCRA464,1996)
Note:Optionmoneymaybecomeearnestmoneyif
thepartiessoagree.
A:
OPTIONMONEY
Moneygivenas
distinct
considerationfor
anoptioncontract
Appliestoasale
notyetperfected
Prospectivebuyeris
notrequiredto
buy.
Ifbuyerdoesnot
decidetobuy,it
cannotbe
recovered.
EARNESTMONEY
Formspartofthe
purchaseprice
Givenonlywhenthereis
alreadyasale
Whengiven,thebuyeris
boundtopaythe
balance.
Ifsaledidnotmaterialize,
itmustbereturned.
(Villanueva,p.87,
Pineda,p.77)
Simeonsuddenlyhasachangeofheart,claiming
that the deal is disadvantageous to him as he
hasfoundoutthatthepropertycanfetchthree
times the agreed purchase price. Bert seeks
specific performance but Simeon contends that
he has merely given Bert an option to buy and
nothing more and offers to return the option
moneywhichBertrefusestoaccept.
A:
1. Bert's action for specific performance
will prosper because there was a
binding agreement of sale, not just an
optioncontract.Thesalewasperfected
upon acceptance by Simeon of 10% of
the agreed price. This amount is in
reality an earnest money which, under
Art. 1482, "shall be considered as part
of the price and as proof of the
perfection of the contract." (Topacio v.
CA, G.R. No. 102606, July 3, 1992;
VillongcoRealtyv.Bormaheco,G.R.No.
L26872,July25,1975).
VI.FORMATIONOFCONTRACTOFSALE
Note:seeIntroduction,StagesofContractofSale
pp.230234
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VII.TRANSFEROFOWNERSHIP
A.MANNEROFTRANSFER
Q:Whatistheeffectofdelivery?
A:
GR:Title/ownershipistransferred
XPN:Contraryisstipulatedasinthecaseof:
1. Pactum reservatii in domini
agreement that ownership will remain
with seller until full payment of price
(Contracttosell);
2. Saleonacceptance/approval;
3. Saleonreturn;
4. There is implied reservation of
ownership;
Note:Sellerbearsexpensesofdelivery.
Theregistrationcertificatesignedbythespouses
does not conclusively prove that constructive
delivery was made nor that ownership has been
transferred to the respondent spouses. Like the
receipt and the invoice, the signing of the said
documentswasqualifiedbythefactthatitwasa
requirement of Union Motor for the sale and
financingcontracttobeapproved.Inallformsof
delivery, it is necessary that the act of delivery,
whether constructive or actual, should be
coupledwiththeintentionofdeliveringthething.
The act, without the intention, is insufficient.
Inasmuch as there was neither physical nor
constructive delivery of a determinate thing, (in
248
Q:Howmaythebuyeracceptthedeliveryofthe
thingsold?
A:
1. Express he intimates to sellerthat he
hasaccepted
2. Implied
a. Buyer does not act inconsistent
with ownership of seller after
delivery
b. Retainswithoutintimatingtoseller
thathehasrejected
UnderArt.1588,whenthebuyersrefusaltoaccept
the goods is without just cause, the title thereto
passes to him from the moment they are placed at
hisdisposal.(Villanueva,p.117)
Q:Ispaymentofthepurchasepriceessentialto
transferownership?
A:Unlessthecontractcontainsastipulationthat
ownership of the thingsold shall not pass to the
purchaser until he has fully paid the price,
ownershipofthethingsoldshallbetransferredto
the vendee upon the actual or constructive
deliverythereof.(Diaz,p.48)
A:
1. Goods must be delivered in full except
whenstipulated
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
2.
Whennotexaminedbythebuyeritis
notaccepteduntilexaminedoratleast
hadreasonabletimetoexamine
Q:Whenmaythebuyersuspendpaymentofthe
price?
A:
GR:
1. If he is disturbed in the possession or
ownershipofthethingbought
2. If he has wellgrounded fear that his
possession or ownership would be
disturbed by a vindicatory action or
foreclosureofmortgage.
XPN:
1. Sellergivessecurityforthereturnofthe
priceinapropercase;
2. A stipulation that notwithstanding any
suchcontingency,thebuyermustmake
payment;
3. Disturbance or danger is caused by the
seller;
4. If the disturbance is a mere act of
trespass;
5. Uponfullpaymentoftheprice.
B.WHENDELIVERYDOESNOTTRANSFERTITLE
Q:Whendoesdeliverydoesnottransfertitle?
A:
1. SaleonTrial,Approval,orSatisfaction
2. When there is an EXPRESS
RESERVATION
a. If it was stipulated that
ownership shall not pass to
the purchaser until he has
fullypaidtheprice(Art.1478)
3. When there is an IMPLIED
RESERVATION
a. a. When goods are shipped,
but the bill of lading states
that goods are deliverable to
the seller or his agent, or to
the order of the seller or his
agent
b. b. When the bill of lading is
retained by the seller or his
agent
c.
SALEONTRIAL,APPROVALORSATISFACTION
Q:Whatissaleontrial,approvalorsatisfaction?
A:
Title
RiskofLoss
Remainswithseller
GR:Bornebyseller
XPN:
1. Buyerisatfault
2. Buyeragreedto
beartheloss
Astotrial
GR:Buyermustgivegoodsa
trial
XPN:Buyerneednotdosoif
itisevidentthatitcannot
performthework.
Whenperiod
withinwhichbuyer
mustsignifyhis
acceptanceruns
Itrunsonlywhenalltheparts
essentialfortheoperationof
theobjecthasbeendelivered
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Validityof
stipulationthata
3rdpersonmust
satisfyapprovalor
satisfaction
Ifthesaleismade
toabuyerwhois
anexpertonthe
objectpurchased
b.
GR:Thereispresumptionofdelivery
XPN:
a. Contrarystipulation;
b. When at the time of execution,
subject matter was not subject to
thecontrolofseller;
c. Seller has no capacity to deliver at
timeofexecution;
d. Such capacity should subsist for a
reasonable time after execution of
instrument.
rd
Valid,providedthe3 person
isingoodfath
Generally,itcannotbe
consideredasaleonapproval
C.KINDSOFDELIVERY
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofdelivery?
A:
1. Actual thing sold is placed under the
controlandpossessionofbuyer/agent;
2. Constructive does not confer physical
possession of the thing, but by
constructionoflaw,isequivalenttoacts
ofrealdelivery.
Requisites:
a. The seller must have control over
thething
b. The buyer must be put under
control
c. Theremustbeintentiontodeliver
the thing for purposes of
ownership
i. TradicionSymbolicadelivery
of
certain
symbols
representingthething
ii. Tradicion Instrumental
delivery of the instrument of
conveyance.
iii. Traditio Longa Manu
Delivery of thing by mere
agreement;whensellerpoints
to the property without need
ofactuallydelivering
iv. TradicionBreviManuBefore
contractofsale,thewouldbe
buyer was already in
possession of the wouldbe
subjectmatterofsale
v. ConstitutumPossessoriumat
the time of perfection of
contract, seller continues to
have possession merely as a
holder
250
A:Yes.Atradingcontractisacontractforthesale
of products for future delivery, in which either
seller or buyer may elect to make or demand
delivery of goods agreed to be bought and sold,
but where no such delivery is actually made. In
this case, no actual delivery of goods and
commodity was intended and ever made by the
parties. In the realities of the transaction, the
parties merely speculated on the rise and fall in
thepriceofthegoods/commoditysubjectmatter
of the transaction. If Susans speculation was
correct, she would be the winner and OCP, the
loser,soOCPwouldhavetopayherthe"margin".
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Butifshewaswronginherspeculationthenshe
would emergeas the loser andOCP, the winner.
OCP would then keep the money or collect the
difference from her. This is clearly a form of
gambling provided for with unmistakable
certainty under Article 2018. (Onapal Phils.
Commodities,Inc.vs.CAandSusanChua,G.R.No.
90707,Feb.1,1993)
Q:Candeliverybeeffectedthroughacarrier?
A:
GR:Yes,ifthesellerisauthorized.Deliveryto
carrierisdeliverytothebuyer.
XPN:
1. Acontraryintentionappears
2. Impliedreservationofownershipunder
Art.1503,pars1,2,3.
Q:Whatarethekindsofdeliverytocarrier?
A:
1. FAS(FreeAlongSide)whengoodsare
delivered alongside the ship, there is
alreadydeliverytothebuyer
2.
3.
4.
A:
1. To enter on behalf of the buyer into
such contract reasonable under the
circumstances;
2. To give notice to the buyer regarding
necessityofinsuringthegoods.
Q:Whereistheplaceofdelivery?
A:
1. Thatagreedupon
2. Placedeterminedbyusageoftrade
3. Sellersplaceofbusiness
4. Sellersresidence
5. In case of specific goods, where they
canbefound
Q:Whenshouldtheobjectbedelivered?
A:
1. Stipulatedtime
2. Ifthereisnone,atareasonablehour.
A:
1. Goods must be delivered in full except
whenstipulated
2. Whennotexaminedbythebuyeritis
notaccepteduntilexaminedoratleast
hadreasonabletimetoexamine
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
1. Ifthebuyerhasnotpaidtheprice;
2. Noperiodforpaymenthasbeenfixedin
thecontract;
3. A period for payment has been fixed in
the contract but the buyer has lost the
righttomakeuseofthetime.
D.DOUBLESALE
Q:Whenisthereadoublesale?
Note:Requisites:
1. Samesubjectmatter
2. Sameimmediateseller
3. Twoormoredifferentbuyers
4. Bothsalesarevalid
Q:Whatistheruleondoublesale?
A:Firstintime,priorityinright
Note:RuleonDoubleSaleregardingimmovables:
GR:ApplyArt.1544
XPN: Sale of registered lands apply Torrens
System
A:
c. MovableOwnerwhoisfirsttopossess
ingoodfaith
d. Immovable
d. Firsttoregisteringoodfaith
e. No inscription, first to possess in
goodfaith
f. No inscription & no possession in
good faith Person who presents
oldesttitleingoodfaith
E.PROPERTYREGISTRATIONDECREE
252
Q:Explaintheprincipleofpriustempore,potior
jure.
A:Knowledgebythefirstbuyerofthesecondsale
cannotdefeatthefirstbuyersrightsexceptwhen
the second buyer first registers in good faith the
secondsale.Conversely,knowledgegainedbythe
second buyer of the first sale defeats his rights
evenifheisfirsttoregister,sincesuchknowledge
taints his registration with bad faith to merit the
nd
protection of Art. 1544 (2 par.), the second
realty buyer must act in good faith in registering
hisdeedofsale.(Diaz,p.125)
Note:Whereonesaleisabsoluteandtheotherisa
pacto de retro transaction where the period to
redeemhasnotyetexpired,Art.1544willnotapply.
(Pineda,p.223)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
WasDehlmaapurchaseringoodfaith?
Q:WhoasbetweenDehlmaandXYZBankhasa
betterrighttothehouseandlot?
A:BetweenDehlmaandthebank,theformerhas
abetterrighttothehouseandlot.
Q:Whoownsthemovablesinsidethehouse?
Q:Doespriorregistrationbythesecondbuyerof
a property subject of a double sale confer
ownership or preferred right in his favor over
thatofthefirstbuyer?
VIII.RISKOFLOSS
Q:Whenisathingconsideredlost?
A:Itisunderstoodthatthethingislostwhenit:
1. perishes,or
2. goesoutofcommerce,or
3. disappears in such a way that its
existence is unknown or cannot be
nd
recovered.(Art.1189,2 par.)
Q:Whatisdeterioration?
Q:Whobearstheriskoflossordeterioration?
A:
BEFORE
PERFECTION
AT
PERFECTION
AFTER
PERFECTION
BUT
BEFORE
DELIVERY
AFTER
DELIVERY
Resperitdomino
Contractshallbewithoutany
effectthesellerbearstheloss
sincethebuyerisrelievedofhis
obligationunderthecontract
TwoViews:
Paras:Buyer,except:
1. whenobjectsoldconsistsof
fungiblegoodsforapricefixed
2. whensellerisguiltyoffraud,
negligence,default,or
violationofcontractualterms;
or
3. whenobjectsoldisgeneric.
Tolentino:Seller;
Deterioration & fruits Buyer
bearsloss
Resperitdomino
Buyerbecomestheownerso
buyerbearsriskofloss
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
1. Totallosscontractisvoid&inexistent
2. Partial loss buyer may elect between
withdrawing from the contract or
demanding the remaining part, paying
itsproportionateprice
E.WhenOwnershipisTransferred
SeeTransferofOwnership.p.247
IX.DOCUMENTSOFTITLE
Q:WhatisaDocumentofTitle?
A:
1. Evidence of possession or control of
goodsdescribedtherein
2. Medium of transferring title and
possession over the goods described
therein without having to effect actual
delivery(Villanueva,2009ed.)
3. Thecustodyofanegotiablewarehouse
receipts issued to the order of the
owner,ortobearer,isarepresentation
of title upon which bona fide
purchasersforvalueareentitledtorely
,despitebreachesoftrustorviolations
of agreement on the part of the
apparent owner (Siy Cong Bieng v.
HSBC,56Phil598)
NegotiableDocumentsofTitle
Q:WhatisaNegotiableDocumentofTitle?
254
A:
1. Owner
2. Persontowhomthepossessionpr
custodyofthedocumenthasbeen
entrustedbytheowner
a. If bailee undertakes to
deliverthegoodstosuch
person
b. If document is in such
form that it may be
negotiatedbydelivery.
NonNegotiableDocumentsofTitle
Q:WhatareNonnegotiabledocumentsoftitle?
A:
1. They are delivered only to a
specifiedperson
2. Carrierwillnotdeliverthegoodsto
any holder of the document or to
whom such document may have
beenendorsedbytheconsignee
3. Must present the deed of sale or
donationinhisfavour
A:
1. GenuinessoftheDocument
2. Legalrighttonegotiateortransfer
3. No knowledge of fact which would
impair the validity or worth of the
document
4. Right to transfer Title to the goods and
merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose, whenever such
warranties would have been implied
had the contract transfer the goods
withoutadocument.
RulesRegardingLevyandGarnishmentofGoods
A:Heacquires:
1. Titletothegoods,subjecttotheterms
ofanyagreementwiththetransferor;
2. Right to notify the bailee who issued
the document of the transfer thereof,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
and thereby to acquire the direct
obligation of such bailee to hold
possession of the goods for him
according to the terms of the
document.
Q:Howmaythetransferorscreditordefeatthe
aforementionedrightsofthetransferee?
A:
GR: No, the goods cannot be attached,
garnished or levied upon while they are in
thebaileespossession.
XPN:
1. When the document is first
surrendered;or
2.Whenitsnegotiationisenjoined.
Note:Thebaileeshallinnocasebecompelled
to deliver the actual possession of the goods
untilthedocumentis:
1.Surrenderedtohim;or
2.Impoundedbythecourt.
(Art.1519,NCC)
X.REMEDIESOFANUNPAIDSELLER
A.DEFINITIONOFUNPAIDSELLER
Q:Whoisanunpaidseller?
A:Thesellerofgoodsisdeemedtobeanunpaid
sellereither:
1. when the whole of the price has not
beenpaidortendered;or
2. when a bill of exchange or other
negotiable instrument has been
received as conditional payment, and
the condition on which it was received
has been broken by reason of the
dishonor of the instrument, the
insolvencyofthebuyer,orotherwise.
Note:Itincludesanagentofthesellertowhomthe
bill of lading has been indorsed, or consignor or
agentwhohashimselfpaid,orisdirectlyresponsible
for the price, or any other person who is in the
positionofaseller.
B.REMEDIESOFUNPAIDSELLER
Q:WhataretheremediesofanUnpaidSeller?
A:
I.
Ordinary
1. ActionforPrice
Exercisedwhen:
a. ownershiphaspassedtobuyer;
b. priceispayableonadaycertain
c. goods cannot readily be resold for
reasonable price and Art. 1596 is
inapplicable
II.
Special
Note:Whenpartofgoodsdelivered,may
stillexerciserightongoodsundelivered
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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2.
StoppageinTransitu
Requisites:ISENTU
a. Insolventbuyer
b. Seller must Surrender the
negotiabledocumentoftitle,ifany
c. Seller must bear the Expenses of
delivery of the goods after the
exerciseoftheright.
d. Seller must either actually take
possession of the goods sold or
give Notice of his claim to the
carrier or other person in
possession
e. GoodsmustbeinTransit
f. Unpaidseller
3.
SpecialRighttoReselltheGoods
Exercisedwhen:
a. Goodsareperishable,
b. Stipulated the right of resale in
caseofdefault,or
c. Buyer in default for unreasonable
time
4.
SpecialRighttoRescind
Requisites:
a. Expressly stipulated OR buyer is in
defaultforunreasonabletime
b. Noticeneededtobegivenbyseller
tobuyer
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenpossessorylien
islost?
A:
1. Seller delivers without reserving
ownership in goods or right to possess
them
2. Buyer or agent lawfully obtains
possessionofgoods
3. Waiver
Note:Sellerloseslienwhenhepartswithgoods(but
still,stoppageintransitucanbeexercised)
Q:Whatistherightofstoppageintransitu?
A:Thesellermayresumepossessionofthegoods
at any time while they are in transit, and he will
thenbecomeentitledtothesamerightsinregard
to the goods as he would have had if he had
never parted with the possession. (Art. 1530,
NCC)
256
Q:Whenaregoodsconsideredtobeintransit?
A:
1. After delivery to a carrier or other
baileeandbeforethebuyerorhisagent
takesdeliveryofthem;and
2. If the goods are rejected by the buyer,
and the carrier or other bailee
continues in possession of them. (Art.
1531,par.1)
A:
1. Afterdeliverytothebuyerorhisagent
2. Ifthebuyer/agentobtainspossessionof
the goods at a point before the
destinationoriginallyfixed;
3. Ifthecarrierorthebaileeacknowledges
thatheholdsthegoodsinbehalfofthe
buyer/hisagent;
4. If the carrier or bailee wrongfully
refuses to deliver the goods to the
buyerorhisagent.(Villanueva,p.181)
XI.PERFORMANCEOFCONTRACT
A.SALEOFPERSONALPROPERTY.
RULESONSALEOFPERSONALPROPERTY.
INSTALLMENTSALESLAW
Q:WhatistheInstallmentSalesLaw?
Q:TowhatdoestheRectoLawapply?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q:Whatarethealternativeremediesincaseof
saleofpersonalpropertyininstallments?
A:
1. Specific Performance: Exact fulfillment
shouldthebuyerfailtopay
Deemedchosenwhen:
a. Noticeofrescissionissent
b. Takespossessionofsubjectmatter
ofsale
c. Filesactionforrescission
B.SALEOFREALPROPERTY.
RULESONSALEOFREALPROPERTY
REALTYINSTALLMENTBUYERACT
Q:WhatistheRealtyInstallmentBuyerAct?
Note:Thepurposeofthelawistoprotectbuyersin
installmentagainstoppressiveconditions.
Q:Whataretherightsgrantedtobuyers?
A:
1. Buyerpaidatleast2yearsinstallment
a. Pay w/o interest the balance
withingraceperiodof1monthfor
everyyearofinstallmentpayment.
Grace period to be exercised once
every5years.
b. When no payment cancelled;
buyer entitled to 50% of what he
has paid + 5% for every year but
not exceeding 90% of payments
made
Note:Cancellationtobeeffected30
daysfromnotice&uponpaymentof
cashsurrendervalue.
2.
Buyerpaidlessthan2yearsinstallment
a. Grace period is not less than 60
daysfromduedate
b. Cancellation if failure to pay w/in
60daysgrace
c. 30 days notice before final
cancellation
Note:buyercanstillpayw/inthe30
daysperiodwithinterest.
Q:Whataretheotherrightsgrantedtoabuyer?
A:
1. Sellorassignrightstoanother
2. Reinstate contract by updating within
30daysbeforeandcancellation
3. DeedofSaletobedonebynotarialact
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.
5.
Note:Appliestocontractsevenbeforethelawwas
enacted.Stipulationtothecontraryisvoid
Q:WhatarethesocalledMacedaandRecto
laws in connection with sales on installments?
Givethemostimportantfeaturesoneachlaw.
Ifthecontractiscancelled,thesellershall
refund to the buyer the cash surrender
value equivalent to fifty percent (50%) of
the total payments made, and after five
years of installments, an additional five
percent(5%)everyyearbutnottoexceed
ninety percent (90%) of the total
paymentsmade.
258
A:
1. Assuming that the land is a
residential subdivision project under
P.D. No. 957 (The Subdivision and
Condominium
Buyers
Protective
Decree), DEVLAND's action is not
properbecauseunderSection23ofsaid
Decree,noinstallmentpaymentshallbe
forfeited to the owner or developer
when the buyer, after due notice,
desistsfromfurtherpaymentduetothe
failure of the ownerdeveloper to
develop the subdivision according to
theapprovedplansandwithinthetime
limitforcomplyingwiththesame.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
XII.WARRANTIES
Q:Whatisawarranty?
Note:Mayeitherbeexpressorimplied.
Q:Whatistheeffectofabreachofwarranty?
A:Buyermay:
1. Refusetoproceedwiththecontract;or
2. Proceed with the contract; waive the
condition.
Note:Iftheconditionisinthenaturethatitshould
happen, the nonperformance may be treated as a
breachofwarranty.
A:
i.
Express
ii.
Implied
B.IMPLIEDWARRANTIES
Q:Whatareimpliedwarranties?
A:Warrantiesdeemedincludedinallcontractsof
salebyoperationoflaw.(Art.1547)
2. Warrantyagainsteviction
Requisites:JPENS
a. BuyerisEvictedinwholeorinpart
fromthesubjectmatterofsale
b. FinalJudgment
c. Basis of eviction is a right Prior to
saleoractimputabletoseller
d. Seller has been Summoned in the
suit for eviction at the instance of
buyer; or made 3rd party
defendant through 3rd party
complaintbroughtbybuyer
e. Nowaiveronthepartofthebuyer
3.
A.EXPRESSWARRANTIES
Q:Whatareexpresswarranties?
A:AIR
1. It must be an Affirmation of fact
relatingtothesubjectmatterofsale
2. Natural tendency is to Induce buyer to
purchasesubjectmatter
3. Buyer purchases the subject matter
Relyingthereon
Q:Whatistheliabilityofthesellerforbreachof
expresswarranties?
A:Thesellerisliablefordamages.(Villanueva,p.
249)
Requisites:
a. immovable sold is encumbered
with nonapparent burden or
servitude not mentioned in the
agreement
b. nature of nonapparent servitude
or burden is such that it must be
presumed that the buyer would
not have acquired it had he been
awarethereof
4.
WarrantyagainstHiddenDefects
Requisites:HENNAS
a. DefectisimportantorSerious
i. The thing sold is unfit for the
usewhichitisintended
ii. Diminishesitsfitnessforsuch
use or to such an extent that
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Q:Whenisimpliedwarrantynotapplicable?
A:ASAP
1. Asisandwhereissale
2. Saleofsecondhandarticles
3. Salebyvirtueofauthorityinfactorlaw
4. Sale at public auction for tax
delinquency
C.EFFECTSOFWAIVEROFIMPLIEDWARRANTIES
Q:Whataretheeffectsofwaiverofanimplied
warranty?
A:
1. Seller in bad faith & there is waiver
againstevictionvoid
2. When buyer w/o knowledge of a
particular
risk,
made
general
renunciation of warranty is not a
waiverbutmerelylimitsliabilityofseller
incaseofeviction
3. When buyer with knowledge of risk of
eviction assumed its consequences &
made a waiver seller not liable
(applicable only to waiver of warranty
againsteviction)
WARRANTYAGAINSTEVICTION
Q:Whatisawarrantyagainsteviction?
260
A:Itcoversevictionbyafinaljudgmentbasedon
arightpriortothesaleoranactimputabletothe
vendor,thevendeeisdeprivedofthewholeorof
apartofthethingpurchased.
1. Thereturnofthevaluewhichthething
soldhadatthetimeoftheeviction,be
itgreaterorlesserthanthepriceofthe
sale
2. The income or fruits, if he has been
ordered to deliver them to the party
whowonthesuitagainsthim
3. The costs of suit which caused the
eviction,and,inapropercase,thoseof
suit brought against the vendor for the
waranty
4. The expenses of contract if buyer has
paidthem
5. The damages and interests and
ornamental expenses if sale was made
inbadfaith.
Note:Vendorisliableforanyhiddendefectevenif
heisnotaware.(CaveatVenditor)
Purchasermustbeawareofthetitleofthevendor.
(CaveatEmptor)
Q:Whataretherightsofbuyerincaseofpartial
eviction?
A:
1. Restitution (with obligation to return
thethingw/ootherencumbrancesthan
thosewhichithadwhenheacquiredit)
2. Enforcement of warranty against
eviction(Paras,p.153andArt.1556)
WARRANTYAGAINSTHIDDENDEFECT
Q:Whatisahiddendefect?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Note:Sellerdoesnotwarrantpatentdefect;Caveat
emptor(buyerbeware)
Q:Whatisaredhibitorydefect?
Q:Whatisaredhibitorydefectonanimals?
A:Ifthehiddendefectofanimals,evenincasea
professionalinspectionhasbeenmade,shouldbe
of such a nature that expert knowledge is not
sufficient to discover it, the defect shall be
consideredasredhibitory.
Q:Whenisthesaleofanimalvoid?
A:Thesaleisvoidifanimalis:
1. Sufferingfromcontagiousdiseases;
2. Unfit for the use or service for which
theywerepurchasedasindicatedinthe
contract
A:Ifthehiddendefectswhichthethingsoldmay
have:
1. Renderitunfitfortheuseforwhichitis
intended,or
2. Diminishitsfitnessforsuchusetosuch
an extent that, had the vendee been
aware thereof, he would not have
acquireditorwouldhavegivenalower
priceforit.(Art.1561)
A:Thesellerisresponsibletothevendeeforany
hidden faults or defects in the thing sold, even
thoughhewasnotawarethereof.
A:
1. For patent defects or those which are
visible,or
2. Even for those which are not visible if
thebuyerisanexpertwho,byreasonof
his trade or profession, should have
knownthem(Art.1561),or
3.
Ifthecontraryhasbeenstipulated,and
thevendorwasnotawareofthehidden
faults or defects in the thing sold. (Art.
1566)
Q:Whataretheremediesofthebuyerincaseof
saleofthingswithhiddendefects?
A:Thevendeemayelectbetween:
1. Withdrawingfromthecontract,or
2. Demanding a proportionate reduction
of the price, with damages in either
case.
theleaseagreement. Hence,respondentscannot
be held liable for the alleged warranty against
hidden defects. (Jon and Marissa De Ysasi v.
Arturo and Estela Arceo, G.R. No. 136586, Nov.
22,2001)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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IMPLIEDWARRANTIESINCASEOFSALEOF
GOODS
A:
1. Warrantyoffitness
GR:Noimpliedwarranty
XPN:
a. Buyer manifests to the seller the
particular purpose for which the
goodsarerequired;and
b. Buyer relies upon the sellers skill
orjudgment
CAVEATEMPTOR
Q:Whatdoestheprincipleofcaveatemptor
mean?
A:
1. Salesofanimals(Art.1574)
2. Doublesales(Art.1544)
3. Insheriffssales(Art.1570)
4. Taxsales(Art.1547,lastparagraph)
Note:Intheabovesales,thereisnowarrantyoftitle
or quality on the part of the seller. The purchaser
whobuyswithoutcheckingthetitleofthevendoris
assumingallrisksofeviction.
Insheriffssales,thesheriffdoesnotguaranteethe
title to real property and it is not incumbent upon
him to place the buyer in possession of such
property.(Pinedasales,p.275)
262
Q:Doescaveatemptorapplyinjudicialsales?
A:Yes.Thepurchaserinajudicialsaleacquiresno
higher or better title or right than that of the
judgmentdebtor.Ifithappensthatthejudgment
debtorhasnoright,interest,orlienonandtothe
property sold, the purchaser acquires none.
(Pinedasales,p.280)
D.REMEDIESINCASEOFBREACHOFWARRANTY
Q:Whataretheremediesofthebuyerincaseof
breachofwarranty?
A:
1. Accept goods & set up breach of
warranty by way of recoupment in
diminutionorextinctionortheprice.
2. Acceptgoods&maintainactionagainst
sellerfordamages
3. Refuse to accept goods & maintain
actionagainstsellerfordamages
4. Rescind contract of sale & refuse to
receive goods/return them when
alreadyreceived.
Thevendeemayalsoaskfortheannulmentofthe
contract upon proof of error or fraud, in which
case the ordinary rule on obligations shall be
applicable. Under the law on obligations,
responsibilityarisingfromfraudisdemandablein
all obligations and any waiver of an action for
future fraud is void. Responsibility arising from
negligence is also demandable in any obligation,
butsuchliabilitymayberegulatedbythecourts,
accordingtothecircumstances.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
rule, bar the applicability of the law on quasi
delict, the liability may itself be deemed to arise
from quasidelict, i.e., the acts which breaks the
contract may also be a quasidelict. (CocaCola
Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 110295,
Oct.18,1993)
E.CONDITIONVISVISWARRANTY
Theotherpartymay:
1. Refusetoproceedwiththecontract
2. Proceed w/ contract, waiving the
performanceofthecondition
A:
CONDITION
Purportstothe
existenceofobligation
Mustbestipulatedto
formpartofthe
obligation
Mayattachitselfto
obligationofsellerto
deliverpossession&
transfer
WARRANTY
Purportstothe
performanceof
obligation
Neednotbestipulated;
mayformpartof
obligationbyprovision
oflaw
Relatestothesubject
matteritselforto
obligationoftheseller
astothesubjectmatter
ofthesale
XIII.BREACHOFCONTRACT
A.REMEDIESOFTHESELLER
Note:seeRectoandMacedaLaw(XI.Performanceof
Contract)p.258
B.REMEDIESOFTHEBUYER
Q:Whataretheremediesofthebuyer?
A:
I.
Immovablesingeneral
1. Disturbed in possession or with
reasonablegroundstofeardisturbance
Suspendpayment
2. Incaseofsubdivisionorcondoprojects
Ifrealestatedeveloperfailstocomply
with obligation according to approved
plan:
a. Rescind
b. Suspend payment until seller
complies
II.
Movables
1. Failure of seller to deliver Action for
specificperformancewithoutgivingthe
sellertheoptionofretainingthegoods
onpaymentsofdamages
2. Breach of sellers warranty The buyer
may, at his election, avail of the
followingremedies:
a. Accept goods & set up breach of
warrantybywayofrecoupmentin
diminution or extinction or the
price.
b. Accept goods & maintain action
againstsellerfordamages
c. RefusetoAcceptgoods&maintain
actionagainstsellerfordamages
d. Rescind contract of sale & refuse
to receive goods/return them
whenalreadyreceived.
3.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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XIV.EXTINGUISHMENTOFSALE
A.CAUSESOFEXTINGUISHMENT
A:Acontractofsaleisextinguishedby:
B.REDEMPTION
Q:Whatisredemption?
Q:Whatarethekindsofredemption?
A:
1. Legal
2. Conventional
Q:Shouldtherighttoredeembeincorporatedin
everycontractofsale?
A:Therightofthevendortoredeem/repurchase
must appear in the same instrument. However,
partiesmaystipulateontherightofrepurchasein
a separate document but in this case, it is valid
only between the parties and not against third
persons.(Pineda,p.333)
264
A:
PREEMPTION
Arisesbeforesale
Rescissioninapplicable
Actionisdirectedagainst
prospectiveseller
REDEMPTION
Arisesaftersale
Therecanberescission
oforiginalsale
Actionisdirected
againstbuyer
B.PERIODOFREDEMPTION
Q:Whatistheperiodofredemption?
A:
1. No period agreed upon 4 years from
dateofcontract
2. When there is agreement should not
exceed 10 years; but if it exceeded,
validonlyforthefirst10years.
3. When period to redeem has expired &
there has been a previous suit on the
nature of the contract seller still has
30 days from final judgment on the
basis that contract was a sale with
pactoderetro:
Note:Tenderofpaymentissufficientbutitisnotin
itself a payment that relieves the seller from his
liabilitytopaytheredemptionprice.
A:
1. Right of legal preemption or
redemptionshallbeexercisedwithin30
daysfromwrittennoticebythebuyer
deed of sale not to be recorded in
Registry
of
Property
unless
accompaniedbyaffidavitthatbuyerhas
givennoticetoredemptioners
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
D.EXERCISEOFTHERIGHTTOREDEEM
Q:Whatistheeffectoffailuretoredeem?
A:Theremustbejudicialorderbeforeownership
of real property is consolidated to the buyer a
retro.
TRUSTDESONTORT
Q:Whatisatrustdesontort?
Q:Doconstructivetrustsariseonlyoutoffraud
orduress?
A:No.Aconstructivetrust,otherwiseknownasa
trustexmaleficio,atrustexdelicto,atrustdeson
tort,aninvoluntarytrust,oranimpliedtrust,isa
trustbyoperationoflawwhicharisescontraryto
intention and in invitum, against one who, by
fraud, actual or constructive, by duress or abuse
ofconfidence,bycommissionofwrong,orbyany
form of unconscionable conduct, artifice,
concealment, or questionable means, or who in
any way against equity and good conscience,
either has obtained or holds the legal right to
propertywhichheoughtnot,inequityandgood
conscience, hold and enjoy. It has been broadly
ruled that a breach of confidence, although in
business or social relations, rendering an
acquisition or retention of property by one
person unconscionable against another, raises a
constructivetrust.Itisraisedbyequityinrespect
ofproperty,whichhasbeenacquiredbyfraud,or
where, although acquired originally without
fraud, it is against equity that it should be
retained by the person holding it. (Arlegui v. CA
G.R.No.126437,Mar.6,2002)
D.CONVENTIONALREDEMPTION
Q:Whatisconventionalredemption?
E.LEGALREDEMPTION
Q:Whatislegalredemption?
Q:Whataretheinstancesoflegalredemption?
A:
1. Sale of a coowner of his share to a
stranger(Art.1620)
2. Whenacreditorotherincorporealright
inlitigationissold(Art.1634)
3. Saleofanheirofhishereditaryrightsto
astranger(Art.1088)
4. Sale of adjacent rural lands not
exceeding1hectare(Art.1621)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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5.
A:
1. Redemptionofhomesteads
2. Redemptionintaxsales
3. Redemptionbyjudgmentdebtor
4. Redemptioninextrajudicialforeclosure
5. Redemption in judicial foreclosure of
mortgage
Q:Whendoeslegalredemptionperiodbeginto
run?
C.EQUITABLEMORTGAGE
Q:Whatisanequitablemortgage?
A:Onewhichlackstheproperformalities,formor
wordsorotherrequisitesprescribedbylawfora
mortgage,butshowstheintentionoftheparties
to make the property subject of the contract as
security for a debt and contains nothing
impossibleorcontrarytolaw
Q:Whataretheessentialrequisitesofequitable
mortgage?
A:
1. Partiesenteredintoacontractofsale
2. Their intention was to secure an
existingdebtbywayofamortgage.
266
4.
5.
6.
7.
Remedyisreformation.
Anequitablemortgageisonewhichalthoughlacking
in some formality, or form or words, or other
requisites demanded by a statute, nevertheless
reveals the intention of the parties to charge real
propertyassecurityforadebt,andcontainsnothing
impossibleorcontrarytolaw.
A:Mereinadequacyofthepriceisnotsufficient.
The price must be grossly inadequate, or purely
shockingtotheconscience.(Diaz,p.186)
Q:Xtransferredthreeparcelsoflandinfavorof
Y. The transaction was embodied in two Deeds
of Absolute Sale for the price of P240, 000. The
titles of said lots were transferred to Y.
However, X failed to vacate and turn over the
purchased lots. This prompted Y to file an
ejectment suit against X. X claimed that the
transactions entered between them were not
actually sales, but an equitable mortgage. Does
the transaction involve an absolute sale or an
equitablemortgageofrealproperty?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
the parties, as shown not necessarily by the
terminology used in the contract but by all the
surrounding circumstances, such as the relative
situations of the parties at that time; the
attitudes, acts, conduct, and declarations of the
parties; the negotiations between them leading
to the deed; and generally, all pertinent facts
having a tendency to fix and determine the real
nature of their design and understanding. As
such, documentary and parol evidence may be
submittedandadmittedtoprovetheintentionof
theparties.(SpsAustriav.SpsGonzales,G.R.No.
147321,Jan.21,2004)
A:No.Theinstanceswhenacontract,regardless
of its nomenclature, may be presumed to be an
equitable mortgage are enumerated in Art. 1602
of the Civil Code. Here, none of those
circumstances were present. The original
transactionwasaloan.Ceballosfailedtopaythe
loan; consequently, the parties entered into
anotheragreementtheassailed,dulynotarized
DeedofAbsoluteSale,whichsupersededtheloan
document. Ceballos had the burden of proving
that she did not intend to sell the property and
that Mercado did not intend to buy it; and that
the new agreement did not embody the true
intention of the parties. (Ceballos v. Intestate
Estate of the Late Emigdio Mercado, G.R. No.
155856,May28,2004)
Q:Eulaliawasengagedinthebusinessofbuying
and selling large cattle. In order to secure the
financialcapitalsheadvancedforheremployees
(biyaheros) she required them to surrender TCT
of their properties and to execute the
corresponding Deeds of Sale in her favor.
Domeng Bandong was not required to post any
security but when Eulalia discovered that he
incurred shortage in cattle procurement
operation,hewasrequiredtoexecuteadeedof
saleoveraparceloflandinfavorofEulalia.She
soldthepropertytohergrandnieceJocelynwho
thereafter instituted an action for ejectment
against the Spouses Bandong. To assert their
right, Spouses Bandong filed an action for
annulment of sale against Eulalia and Jocelyn
allegingthattherewasnosaleintendedbutonly
equitable mortgage for the purpose of securing
theshortageincurredbyDomengintheamount
ofP70,000.00whileemployedasbiyaheroby
Eulalia.WasthedeedofsalebetweenDomeng
and Eulalia a contract of sale or an equitable
mortgage?
G.DISTINGUISHEDFROM
OPTIONTOBUY
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Note:SCheldthatinthiscase,therewasnosale
a retro and that the right of repurchase is not a
rightgrantedthesellerbythebuyerinaseparate
instrument. Such right is reserved by the vendor
inthesameinstrumentofthesaleasoneofthe
stipulationsinthecontract.
XV.LAWONSALEOFSUBDIVISIONAND
CONDOMINIUM(PD957)
SCOPEOFAPPLICATION
Q:Aresalesordispositionsofsubdivisionlotsor
condominiumunitspriortotheeffectivityofthe
decree exempt from compliance with the
requirementsstatedtherein?
A: No. It shall be incumbent upon the owner or
developer of the subdivision or condominium
project to complete compliance with his or its
obligations as provided in the decree within two
yearsfromthedateofeffectivityoftheDecree,
unless otherwise extended by the Authority or
unlessanadequateperformancebondisfiled.
Note: Failure of the owner or developer to comply
with the obligations under this and the preceding
provisions shall constitute a violation punishable
underSections38and39oftheDecree.
DEFINITIONOFTERMS
Q: How is sale or sell defined under the
Decree?
A:Shallinclude:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
268
7.
8.
9.
solicitationofasale;
offer to sell, directly or by an agent, or
by a circular, letter, advertisement or
otherwise;and
a. privilege given to a member of a
cooperative, corporation, partnership,
oranyassociationand/or
b.theissuanceofacertificateorreceipt
evidencing or giving the right of
participation in, or right to, any land in
consideration of payment of the
membershipfeeordues.(Deemedsale)
Q:Whatisasubdivisionlot?
A: Any of the lots, whether residential,
commercial, industrial, or recreational, in a
subdivisionproject.
Q:Whatisacomplexsubdivisionplan?
A:Asubdivisionplanofaregisteredlandwherein
astreet,passagewayoropenspaceisdelineated
ontheplan.
Q:Whatisacondominiumproject?
A:Theentireparcelofrealpropertydividedorto
bedividedprimarilyforresidentialpurposesinto
condominium units, including all structures
thereon.
Q:Whatisacondominiumunit?
A: A part of the condominium project intended
for any type of independent use or ownership,
includingoneormoreroomsorspaceslocatedin
oneormorefloors(orpartofpartsoffloors)ina
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
buildingorbuildingsandsuchaccessoriesasmay
beappendedthereto.
Q:Definethefollowingterms:
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Owner.
A:Registeredownerofthelandsubject
of a subdivision or a condominium
project.
Developer.
A: person who develops or improves
thesubdivisionprojectorcondominium
project for and in behalf of the owner
thereof.
Dealer.
A: any person directly engaged as
principal in the business of buying,
selling or exchanging real estate
whether on a fulltime or parttime
basis.
Broker.
A: any person who, for commission or
other compensation, undertakes to sell
or negotiate the sale of a real estate
belongingtoanother.
Salesman.
A: person regularly employed by a
brokertoperform,forandinhisbehalf,
any or all functions of a real estate
broker.
REGISTRATIONANDLICENSETOSELL
Q:Uponwhatagencyisexclusivejurisdictionto
regulaterealestatetradeandbusinessvested?
4.
5.
thebuildingorbuildingsincludedinthe
condominium project in accordance
with the National Building Code (R.A.
No.6541).
The subdivision plan, as so approved,
shallthenbesubmittedtothe Director
ofLandsforapproval.
In case of complex subdivision plans,
court approval shall no longer be
required.
The condominium plan as likewise so
approved, shall be submitted to the
RegisterofDeedsoftheprovinceorcity
inwhichthepropertyliesandthesame
shall be acted upon subject to the
conditions and in accordance with the
procedureprescribedinSection4ofthe
CondominiumAct(R.A.No.4726).
A:NationalHousingAuthority
Q:Whatmustaregisteredownerofaparcelof
landdoifhewishestoconvertsaidpropertyinto
asubdivisionorcondominiumproject?
A:Heshall:
1.
2.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whenmayalicensetosellorregistrationofa
subdivisionorcondominiumprojectberevoked?
A: The Authority may, motu proprio or upon
verified complaint filed by a buyer of a
subdivision lot or condominium unit, revoke the
registration of any subdivision project or
condominium project and the license to sell any
subdivision lot or condominium unit in said
projectbyissuinganordertothiseffect,withhis
findings in respect thereto, if upon examination
into the affairs of the owner or dealer during a
hearing, it shall appear there is satisfactory
evidencethatthesaidownerordealer:
1.
2.
2.
3.
Q:Whenmayalicensetosellbesuspended?
A:
1.
2.
270
Uponverifiedcomplaintbyabuyerofa
subdivisionlotoracondominiumunitin
anyinterestedparty,theAuthoritymay,
in its discretion, immediately suspend
the owner's or dealer's license to sell
pending investigation and hearing of
thecase.
TheNHAmaymotupropriosuspendthe
license to sell if, in its opinion, any
information in the registration
statement filed by the owner or dealer
is or has become misleading, incorrect,
inadequateorincompleteorthesaleor
offering for a sale of the subdivision or
condominiumprojectmayworkortend
3.
4.
5.
6.
isinsolvent;or
hasviolatedanyoftheprovisionsofthis
Decree or any applicable rule or
regulation of the Authority, or any
undertaking of his/its performance
bond;or
has been or is engaged or is about to
engageinfraudulenttransactions;or
hasmadeanymisrepresentationinany
prospectus, brochure, circular or other
literature about the subdivision project
or condominium project that has been
distributedtoprospectivebuyers;or
isofbadbusinessrepute;or
does not conduct his business in
accordance with law or sound business
principles.
Note:Wheretheownerordealerisapartnership
or corporation or an unincorporated association,
it shall be sufficient cause for cancellation of its
registrationcertificateanditslicensetosell,ifany
member of such partnership or any officer or
director of such corporation or association has
beenguiltyofanyactoromissionwhichwouldbe
cause for refusing or revoking the registration of
anindividualdealer,brokerorsalesman.
DEALERS,BROKERSAMDSALESMEN
Q: What is the duration of the registration of
dealers,brokersandsalesmen?
A: On the thirtyfirst day of December of each
year.
However, in the case of salesmen, their
registration shall also cease upon termination of
theiremploymentwithadealerorbroker.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Note: Renewal of registration for the succeeding
year shall be granted upon written application
therefore made not less than thirty nor more than
sixty days before the first day of the ensuing year
and upon payment of the prescribed fee, without
the necessity of filing further statements or
information, unless specifically required by the
Authority.
2.
mustbepresentedinsuchmannerthat
will not tend to mislead or deceive the
public.
The owner or developer shall
answerable and liable for the facilities,
improvements, infrastructures or other
forms of development represented or
promised in brochures, advertisements
and
other
sales
propaganda
disseminated by the owner or
developer or his agents and the same
shall form part of the sales warranties
enforceable against said owner or
developer,jointlyandseverally.
violatedanyprovisionofthisDecreeor
anyruleorregulationmadehereunder;
or
made a material false statement in his
applicationforregistration;or
been guilty of a fraudulent act in
connection with any sale of a
subdivisionlotorcondominiumunit;or
demonstrated his unworthiness to
transact the business of dealer, broker,
orsalesman,asthecasemaybe.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A:
ALTERATIONINAPPROVEDSUBDIVISIONPLAN
Q:Whatistheruleiftheownerdesirestomake
alterationsintheapprovedsubdivisionplan?
A:
GR: No owner or developer shall change or
altertheroads,openspaces,infrastructures,
facilitiesforpublicuseand/orotherformof
subdivisiondevelopmentascontainedinthe
approved
subdivision
plan
and/or
representedinitsadvertisements
XPN: If he has obtained the permission of
the Authority and the written conformity or
consent of the duly organized homeowners
association, or in the absence of the latter,
by the majority of the lot buyers in the
subdivision.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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TAKEOVERDEVELOPMENT
RIGHTSANDREMEDIESOFABUYER
Q:Maypaymentmadebyabuyerbeforfeitedin
favor of the owner or developer in case the
buyer desists from further payment due to the
failureoftheownerordevelopertodevelopthe
subdivisionorcondominiumprojectaccordingto
theapprovedplanwithinthetimelimitprovided
for such? What is the buyers remedy in this
case?
A:No,suchforfeitureisnotallowed.Suchbuyer
may, at his option, be reimbursed the total
amount paid including amortization interests but
excluding delinquency interests, with interest
thereonatthelegalrate.
Q:Doesadefaultingbuyerhaveanyrightunder
theDecree?
A:Yes.Therightsofthebuyerintheeventofthis
failure to pay the installments due for reasons
otherthanthefailureoftheownerordeveloper
to develop the project shall be governed by
RepublicActNo.6552.
Where the transaction or contract was entered
into prior to the effectivity of Republic Act No.
6552 on August 26, 1972, the defaulting buyer
shall be entitled to the corresponding refund
based on the installments paid after the
effectivity of the law in the absence of any
provisioninthecontracttothecontrary.
Q: What is the owner or developers obligation
in case the lot bought and fullypaid by the
buyerismortgaged?
A:Intheeventamortgageoverthelotorunitis
outstanding at the time of the issuance of the
title to the buyer, the owner or developer shall
redeem the mortgage or the corresponding
portion thereof within six months from such
issuanceinorderthatthetitleoveranyfullypaid
lot or unit may be secured and delivered to the
buyerinaccordanceherewith.
Q: May the parties waive compliance with the
decree?
A: No. Any condition, stipulation, or provision in
contract of sale whereby any person waives
compliancewithanyprovisionoftheDecreeorof
anyruleorregulationissuedthereundershallbe
void.
272
Q: When can
Development?
there
be
TakeOver
XVI.THECONDOMINIUMACT(RA4726)
PRELIMINARIES
Q:Whatisacondominium?
Note:Itmayinclude,inaddition,aseparateinterest
inotherportionsofsuchrealproperty.
Q:Whatcomprisesarealrightincondominium?
Q:Whatisacondominiumunit?
Q:Whatisacondominiumproject?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q:Whatarecommonareas?
Q:Whatismeantbytodividerealproperty?
A:Transferorconveyanceofaunitorapartment,
officeorstoreorotherspacethereinshallinclude
the transfer or conveyance of the undivided
interests in the common areas or, in a proper
case, the membership or shareholdings in the
condominiumcorporation
A:
1. Asregardsindividuals:
GR:None.
2. Asregardscorporations:
Where the common areas in a
condominium project are held by a
corporation, no transfer or conveyance
of a unit shall be valid if the
concomitant
transfer
of
the
appurtenant
membership
or
stockholding in the corporation will
cause the alien interest in such
corporation to exceed the limits
imposedbyexistinglaws.
corporation
shall
constitute
managementbodyoftheproject.
the
2.
3.
4.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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5.
6.
7.
unitandthecommonareasaresubject
tosucheasements.
A:
GR: Common areas shall remain
undivided,andthereshallbenojudicial
partitionthereof.
274
2.
3.
4.
5.
theprojecthasbeeninexistencein
excess of fifty years, that it is
obsolete and uneconomic, and
that condominium owners holding
in aggregate more than fifty
percent interest in the common
areas are opposed to repair or
restoration or remodeling or
modernizingoftheproject;or
theconditionsforsuchpartitionby
sale set forth in the declaration of
restrictions, duly registered in
accordance with the terms of the
Act,havebeenmet.
A:TheRegisterofDeedsmay,attherequestofall
thecondominiumownersanduponsurrenderof
all their "condominium owner's" copies, cancel
thecertificatesoftitleofthepropertyandissuea
new one in the name of said condominium
ownersasproindivisocoownersthereof.
A:
1. Liberally, to facilitate the operation of
theproject
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
2.
DECLARATIONOFRESTRICTIONS
Suchrestrictionsshallconstitutealienuponeach
condominium in the project, and shall insure to
andbindallcondominiumownersintheproject.
Note:Suchliens,unlessotherwiseprovided,
may be enforced by any condominium
ownerintheprojectorbythemanagement
bodyofsuchproject.
A:Thedeclarationofrestrictionsshallprovidefor
themanagementoftheprojectbyanyoneofthe
followingmanagementbodies:
1. acondominiumcorporation,
2. an association of the condominium
owners,
3. a board of governors elected by
condominiumowners,or
4. a management agent elected by the
owners or by the board named in the
declaration.
5. votingmajorities,
6. quorums,
7. notices,
8. meetingdate,and
9. other rules governing such body or
bodies.
1. Astoanysuchmanagementbody;
a. For the powers thereof, including
powertoenforcetheprovisionsof
thedeclarationsofrestrictions;
b. For maintenance of insurance
policies, insuring condominium
owners against loss by fire,
casualty, liability, workmen's
compensation and other insurable
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
2.
3.
4.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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5.
6.
Note:Suchrighttopartitionordissolution
maybeconditionedupon:
a. failure of the condominium owners
torebuildwithinacertainperiod;
b. specified inadequacy of insurance
proceeds;
c. specified percentage of damage to
thebuilding;
d. adecisionofanarbitrator;or
e. upon any other reasonable
condition.
A:TheRegisterofDeedsshallenterandannotate
thedeclarationofrestrictionsuponthecertificate
of title covering the land included within the
project,ifthelandispatentedorregisteredunder
theLandRegistrationorCadastralActs.
POWERSOFANDRESTRICTIONSUPON
MANAGEMENTBODY
Q:Whataretherestrictionsimposedbythelaw
upon corporations which is also the
managementbodyofthecondominiumproject?
A:Therestrictionsareasfollows:
276
Q:Maythemanagementbodymayacquireand
hold, for the benefit of the condominium
owners, tangible and intangible personal
property and dispose of the same by sale or
otherwise?
CONDOMINIUMCORPORATIONS
Q:Whatisacondominiumcorporation?
Membership
Q:Whataretherulesregardingmembershipina
condominiumcorporation?
Note:Whenamemberorstockholderceasestoown
a unit in the project in which the condominium
corporation owns or holds the common areas, he
shall automatically cease to be a member or
stockholderofthecondominiumcorporation.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
Q: May a condominium corporation sell,
exchange, lease or otherwise dispose of the
common areas owned or held by it in the
condominiumproject?
A:
GR:Duringitsexistence,itcannotdoso.
XPN:Ifauthorizedbytheaffirmativevoteof
allthestockholdersormembers.
A:
GR:Notavailable.Thelawprovidesthatthe
bylaws of a condominium corporation shall
provide that a stockholder or member shall
not be entitled to demand payment of his
sharesorinterestinthosecaseswheresuch
right is granted under the Corporation Law
xxx
XPN:Ifsaidstockholderormemberconsents
tosellhisseparateinterestintheprojectto
the corporation or to any purchaser of the
corporation'schoicewhoshallalsobuyfrom
the corporation the dissenting member or
stockholder'sinterest.
DissolutionandLiquidation
A:
1. The common areas owned or held by
the corporation shall, by way of
liquidation, be transferred proindiviso
andinproportiontotheirinterestinthe
corporation to the members or
stockholders thereof, subject to the
2.
A:Acondominiumcorporationmaybevoluntarily
dissolvedonly:
1. when the enabling or the master deed
of the project in which the
condominium corporation owns or
holdsthecommonareaisrevoked;and
2. uponashowingthat:
a. three years after damage or
destructiontotheprojectinwhich
the corporation owns or holds the
common areas, which damage or
destructionrendersamaterialpart
thereof unfit for its use prior
thereto, the project has not been
rebuilt or repaired substantially to
its state prior to its damage or
destruction;or
c. theprojecthasbeeninexistencein
excess of fifty years, that it is
obsolete and uneconomical, and
thatmorethanfiftypercentofthe
members of the corporation, if
nonstock, or the stockholders
representing more than fifty
percent of the capital stock
entitled to vote, if a stock
corporation, are opposed to the
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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repairorrestorationorremodeling
ormodernizingoftheproject;or
d.
e.
A:
GR:Thecorporationshallbedeemedtohold
apowerofattorneyfromallthemembersor
stockholders to sell and dispose of their
separateinterestsintheproject.
XPN: Unless otherwise provided for in the
declarationofrestrictions
A:Liquidationofthecorporationshallbeeffected
byasaleoftheentireprojectasifthecorporation
ownedthewholethereof,subjecttotherightsof
278
Q:WhatshouldtheCourtdoif,inanactionfor
partition of a condominium project or for the
dissolution of condominium corporation on the
ground that the project or a material part
thereof has been condemned or expropriated,
the Court findsthat theconditionsprovided for
intheCondominiumActorinthedeclarationof
restrictionshavenotbeenmet?
Assessment,NoticethereofandLienCreated
Q:Whoshouldpayforanassessmentuponany
condominium made in accordance with a duly
registereddeclarationofrestrictions?
A:Itisanobligationoftheownerthereofatthe
timetheassessmentismade.
A:Thenotice:
1. is to be registered with the Register of
Deeds of the city or province where
suchcondominiumprojectislocated.
2. shallstatethefollowing:
a. amount of such assessment and
suchotherchargesthereonasmay
beauthorizedbythedeclarationof
restrictions,
b. a description of the condominium
unit against which same has been
assessed,and
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SALES
c.
3.
Q:Whataretherulesasregardstheliencreated
incaseofunpaidassessments,etc?
A:
GR: Such lien shall be superior to all other
liens registered subsequent to the
registrationofsaidnoticeofassessment
XPNs:
1. realpropertytaxliensaresuperior;
2. whendeclarationofrestrictionsprovide
for the subordination thereof to any
otherliensandencumbrances.
A:
GR: No, the management body shall have
powertobidatforeclosuresale.
A:
1. If with the consent of or at the request
ofacondominiumownerorhisagentor
hiscontractororsubcontractor:
GR: it shall not be the basis of a lien
against the condominium of any other
condominiumowner
XPN:suchotherownershaveexpressly
consented to or requested the
performanceofsuchlabororfurnishing
ofsuchmaterialsorservices.
2.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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SUCCESSION
I.GENERALPROVISIONS
A.DEFINITION/WHATISTRANSMITTED
Q:Whatissuccession?
A:Successionisamodeofacquisitionbyvirtueof
which the property, rights and obligations to the
extentofthevalueoftheinheritanceofaperson,
are transmitted through his death to another or
others either by his will or by operation of law.
(Art.774)
Q:Whatisthebasisofsuccession?
A:
1. Negative Theories refer to those
which deny to succession any rational
basis and which have been formulated
by the individualistic and socialistic
schools.
a. There can be no testamentary
succession because these rights
aremerelythecreationsofthewill
of a person who is devoid of any
will,beingalreadydead.
b. There can be no intestate
successionbecausethecommunity
of property in the family can only
be conceived of as long as the
latterexists.
2.
3.
EclecticTheoryAccordingtothisview,
the basis of testamentary succession is
the right of ownership but the basis of
legal or intestate succession is the ties
of blood and the right of family co
ownership.(Caguioa,p.2)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofsuccession?
A:
1. Itisamodeofacquisition;
2. Onlyproperty,rightsandobligationsto
the extent of the value of the
inheritancearetransmitted;
3. Thetransmissiontakesplaceonlyatthe
timeofdeath;
4. The transmission takes place either by
willorbyoperationoflaw.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofsuccession?
A:DATE
1. Deathofdecedent;
2. Acceptance of the inheritance by the
successor;
3. Transmissibleestate;
4. Existence and capacity of successor,
designatedbydecedentorlaw.
B.SUCCESSIONOCCURSATTHEMOMENTOF
DEATH
Q:Whenarerightstosuccessiontransmitted?
Q:Whatistransferredbydeathinsuccession?
280
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q:Areafteracquiredpropertiesofthedecedent
transmissible?
A:
GR: Property acquired during the period
between the execution of the will and the
deathofthetestatorisnotincluded.
Theinheritanceofapersonincludesnotonly
thepropertyandthetransmissiblerightsand
obligations existing at the time of his death,
but also those which have accrued thereto
sincetheopeningofthesuccession.(Art.781)
A:Iftherightorobligationisintuitupersonae,itis
intransmissible,otherwiseitistransmissible.
Note:Intuitupersonaemeansstrictlypersonal.
Q:Whatrightsarenottransferredbythedeath
ofaperson?
A:
1. Purelypersonalrights;
2. Rights which are made intransmissible
bystipulationoftheparties;
3. Rights which are intransmissible by
provisionoflaw.
A:PAPULP
1. Partnershiprights
2. Agency
3. Personaleasements
4. Usufruct
5. Legalsupport
6. Parentalauthority
A:Thosewhicharemadeintransmissible:
1. bytheirnature;
2. bystipulation;or
3. byprovisionoflaw(Art.1311)
Note:Thisisanexceptiontothegeneralrulethat
contracts or obligations are binding upon the
parties,theirheirsorsuccessorsininterest.
A:
1. Monetary
obligations
are
not
transmittedtotheheirs.
2. Nonmonetary
obligations
are
transmittedtotheheirs.
Q:Mayheirsbeheldliableforthedebtsor
obligationsofthedecedent?
A:
GR:No.Itistheestatethatpaysforthedebts
leftbythedecedent.
Note:Theheirsarenotpersonallyliablewith
theirownindividualpropertiesforthemonetary
obligations/debtsleftbythedecedent.
A:Thechildrencannotbesubstitutedinanaction
for legal separation upon the death of their
mother who filed the case. An action for legal
separation is purely personal on the part of the
innocent spouse because such an action affects
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatisthenatureofthetransactionentered
into by the heir pertaining to his hereditary
share in the estate pending the settlement of
theestate?
A:Theeffectofsuchtransactionistobedeemed
limited to what is ultimately adjudicated to the
heir. However, this aleatory character of the
contract does not affect the validity of the
transaction.
Q:Mayanheirconveyfutureinheritance?
A:Nocontractmaybeenteredintouponafuture
inheritance except in cases expressly authorized
bylaw(Art.1347).
282
C.KINDSOFSUCCESSORS
Q:Whatarethekindsofheirs?
A:
1. Voluntary called to succeed either by
virtueofthewillofthetestator:
a. Devisee
b. Legatee
3. LegalorIntestatebyoperationoflaw
throughintestatesuccession.
Q:Whoaredeviseesandlegatees?
A:
HEIRS
DEVISEESORLEGATEES
Astorepresentationofdeceasedsjuridicalperson
Neverrepresentthe
Representthejuridical
personalityofthe
personalityofthe
deceasednomatter
deceasedandacquire
howbigthelegacyor
theirrights,withcertain
thedeviseis
exceptionstohis
obligations
Determinabilityofamountofinheritance
Arealwaysgivena
Inheritanundetermined
determinatethingora
quantitywhoseexact
fixedamount
amountcannotbe
knownaprioriand
whichcannotbefixed
untiltheinheritanceis
liquidated
Extentofsuccessionalright
Onlysucceedtothe
Succeedtothe
determinatethingor
remainderofthe
quantitywhichis
propertiesafterallthe
debtsandallthelegacies mentionedinthelegacy
ordevise
anddeviceshavebeen
paidorgiven
Astowhentheyexist
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Canexistwhetherthe
Onlyintestamentary
successionbetestateor
succession
intestate
Effectofpreterition
Theinstitutionofanheir
isentirelyannulled
Thelegaciesanddevises
remainvalidinsofaras
theyarenotinofficious.
Effectofdefectivedisinheritance
Incaseofimperfector
Thelegaciesand
defectivedisinheritance,
deviseesremainvalid
theinstitutionofanheir
insofarastheyarenot
isannulledtotheextent
inofficious.
thatthelegitimesare
impaired.
Q:Whoarethecompulsoryheirs?
A:
1. Legitimate children and descendants
(LCD)
2. Legitimate parents and ascendants
(LPA)
3. Survivingspouse(SS)
Legitimatechildrenanddescendants(LCD)
Q:Isanadoptedchildacompulsoryheir?
A: Legitimate children includes adopted
childrenandlegitimatedchildren.
Under R.A. 8552 or the Domestic Adoption Law
adoptedchildrenhavethesamerightsgrantedto
the legitimate children. Adopted children, for all
intentsandpurposesareconsideredaslegitimate
children.
Hence,theadoptedchildrencanalreadyexclude
legitimateparents/ascendants.
Legitimateparentsandascendants(LPA)
Q: When do legitimate parents and ascendants
inherit?
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Preterition
Imperfect/defectivedisinheritance
Afteracquiredproperty
Acceptance
or
repudiation
successionalrights
of
A:
1. PrimarycompulsoryheirsTheyarenot
excluded by the presence of other
compulsoryheirs.
3. Concurring compulsoryheirsTheyget
their legitimes together with the
primary or secondary heirs. Neither
excludes primary or secondary heirs,
noreachother.
E.g. Surviving spouse and illegitimate
childrenanddescendants.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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settlementoftheestate.Thisisallowedbecause
amarriagethatisnullandvoidcanbecollaterally
attacked.
2.
3.
However, in case of voidable marriages, if the
marriage is not annulled before the decedent
died,thesurvivingspousecanstillinherit
4.
Reason:Voidablemarriagescanonlybeattacked
inadirectproceeding,i.e.annulmentproceeding.
5.
6.
Illegitimatechildren
Note: Under the Family Code, there is no more
distinction between acknowledged natural children
andillegitimatechildren.Theyareallconsideredas
illegitimate.
Compulsoryheirsofapersonwhoisillegitimate:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Legitimatechildrenanddescendants;
Illegitimatechildrenanddescendants;
In default of the foregoing, illegitimate
parentsonly;
Survivingspouse.
Q:Inwhatwaysmaycompulsoryheirsinherit?
A:Compulsoryheirsinheriteither:
1. intheirownright;or
2. byrightofrepresentation
II.TESTAMENTARYSUCCESSION
WILLS
1.INGENERAL
A.DEFINITIONANDCHARACTERISTICS
Q:Whatisawill?
A:Awillisanactwherebyapersonispermitted,
withtheformalitiesprescribedbylaw,tocontrol
to a certain degree the disposition of his estate,
totakeeffectafterhisdeath.(Art.783)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofawill?
A:Awillis:
1. StatutoryrightThemakingofawillis
only a statutory not a natural right.
Hence,awillshouldbesubordinatedto
boththelawandpublicpolicy.
284
7.
(1)PERSONALACT;
NONDELEGABILITYOFWILLMAKING
Q:Whatismeantbystrictlypersonalact?
A:UnderArt.784,itmeansthatinthemakingof
a will, preparation thereof cannot be wholly or
partially entrusted to a third person or made
through an agent or attorney. It refers to the
disposition of property. This is so because the
essence of making a will is the disposition of
property, hence, it cannot be delegated to
another.
A:No.Itisnotonlythedelegationwhichisvoid;
the testamentary disposition whose effectivity
will depend upon the determination of the third
person is the one that cannot be made. Hence,
the disposition itself is void. (Art. 787; Tolentino,
p.33)
Q:Whatcannotbedelegatedtothediscretionof
athirdperson?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
2.
Ineffect,thethirdpersonwillonlybecarryingout
the will of the testator as determined by these
parameters.
(2)RULESOFCONSTRUCTIONAND
INTERPRETATION/LAWGOVERNING
FORMALVALIDITY
A:Asageneralrule,thelanguageofawillshould
be liberally construed and as much as possible,
the intention of the testator should be given
effect.
Incaseofdoubt,thatinterpretationbywhichthe
dispositionistobeoperativeshallbepreferred.
Reason: Testacy is preferred over intestacy. (Art.
791)
2. Technicalwordsaretobetakenintheir
technicalsense,unless:
a. The context clearly indicates a
contraryintentionor
b.
4. Everydeviseorlegacyshallcoverallthe
interest in the property disposed of
unless it clearly appears from the will
that he intended to convey a less
interest.(Art.794)
Q:Whatarethekindsofambiguitiesinawill?
A:
1. Latent ambiguities Ambiguities which
are not apparent on the face of a will
buttocircumstancesoutsidethewillat
thetimethewillwasmade.
E.g.
a. If it contains an imperfect
descriptionofpersonorproperty;
b. A description of which no person
orpropertyexactlyanswers
2.TESTAMENTARYCAPACITYANDINTENT
Q:Whocanmakeawill?
Thelawpresumescapacitytomakeawill;hence,
in order that a person may be disqualified to
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Note:Theabilityaswellasthepowertomakeawill
mustbepresentatthetimeoftheexecutionofthe
will.
A:
1. Atleast18yearsofage;and
2. Ofsoundmind
Itshallbesufficientifthetestatorwasableatthe
timeofmakingthewilltoknowthe:
a. natureoftheestatetobedisposedof;
b. properobjectsofhisbounty;and
c. characterofthetestamentaryact.
Q:Whoarethosepersonsexpresslyprohibited
bylawtomakeawill?
A:
1. Personsofeithersexunder18yearsof
age(Art.797)
2. Persons who are not of sound mind
(Art.798)
Note:Amarriedwomanmaydisposeofherseparate
property and her share in the conjugal or absolute
communityproperty.
286
A.AGEREQUIREMENT
Q:Canapersonundereighteenyearsoldmakea
will?
A:No.Personsofeithersexundereighteenyears
oldcannotmakeawill.(Art.797)
Q:Whenissoundnessofthemindrequired?
A:Itisessentialonlyatthetimeofthemaking(or
execution)ofthewill.(Art.798;AlsuaBettsv.CA,
92SCRA332;Rabuya,CivilLawReviewer,p.527)
Q:Whatisthestatusofthewillifthetestatoris
notofsoundmindatthetimeofitsexecution?
Q:Ifthereisnoproofastothesoundnessofthe
mindofthetestatoratthetimeheexecutedhis
will,whatisthestatusofhiswillassumingthat
he complies with all other requisites for its
validity?
A:Thewillisvalid.Thisissobecausegenerally,in
absence of proof to the contrary, the law
presumesthateverypersonisofsoundmind.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q: When Brenda was a baby, she was
accidentally dropped by her mother when her
mother saw a cockroach. As a result, she
suffered from insanity. When she was in her
thirties,sheexecutedawill.Aftersometime,her
brain damage was totally cured. What is the
statusofthewill?
Q:Willyouranswerbethesameifthesituation
was the reverse Brenda developed insanity
aftersheexecutedherwill?
A:No.Superveningincapacitydoesnotinvalidate
aneffectivewill,hencethewillisvalid.
Q:Mayanilliterateexecuteawill?
A:
GR:Yes,anilliteratecanmakeanordinaryor
notarial will because a person who does not
know how to read and write does not mean
hedoesnotunderstandthelanguage.
XPN:Theilliteratecannotmakeaholographic
will.
3.FORM
A.FORMALVALIDITYRULES
Q:Whatlawgovernstheformsandsolemnities
ofwills?
A:Itisthelawofthecountrywherethewillwas
executed that governs the form and solemnities
st
ofwills.(Art.17,1 paragraph;Art.815)
Q:Whataretheeffectsofawillexecutedbyan
alienabroad?
Q:Whataretheeffectsofawillexecutedbyan
alieninthePhilippines?
accordancewiththelawofthecountrywherehe
isacitizenorsubject,andwhichmightbeproved
and allowed by the law of his own country. (Art.
817)
A:No.Thesameholdstrueevenifitisauthorized
bythelawofthecountrywherethejointwillwas
executed.(Art.819)
(1)LAWGOVERNINGSUBSTANTIVEVALIDITY
Q:WhatarethemattersmentionedinArticle15
of the New Civil Code which are governed by
Philippinelaws?
A:1.familyrightsandduties
2.status;
3.condition;and
4.legalcapacityofpersons.(Art.15)
A:1.Orderofsuccession
2.amountofsuccessionalrights
3.intrinsicvalidityoftestamentaryprovisions
4.capacitytosucceed.(Art.16;Art.1039)
B.COMMONREQUIREMENTS
A:
1. Inwriting;
2. In a language or dialect known to the
testator.
3.
Note:Theobjectofthesolemnitiessurroundingthe
execution of wills is to close the door against bad
faith and fraud, to avoid substitution of wills and
testaments and to guarantee their truth and
authenticity.
(1)INWRITING
Q:Istherulethateverywillmustbeinwriting
mandatory?
A:Yes.Ifthewillisnotinwriting,itisvoidand
cannotbeprobated.(Rabuya,CivilLawReviewer,
p.531)
Note:Philippinelawsdonotrecognizethevalidityof
nuncupativewills,whichareoralwillsdeclaredor
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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A:Itmustbeentirelyhandwrittenbythetestator
himself.(Art.810)
A:Notarialorattestedwillmaybe:
1. entirely handwritten by a person other
thanthetestator;
2. partly handwritten by the testator
himself and partly handwritten by
anotherperson;
3. entirely
printed,
engraved
or
lithographed;or
4. partlyhandwritten(whetherbytestator
or another person) and partly printed,
engravedorlithographed.(Rabuya,Civil
LawReviewer,p.531)
(2)LANGUAGE/DIALECTREQUIREMENT
C.NOTARIALWILLS
Note:Itwillbepresumedthatthewillwasexecuted
inalanguageordialectknowntothetestatorifthe
will was executed in a certain locality and that the
testatorwasaresidentofthatlocality.(Rabuya,Civil
LawReviewer,p.532)
A:Ifthetestatorresidesinacertainlocality,itcan
be presumed that he knows the dialect or the
language in the said locality. (Abangan v.
Abangan,G.R.No.13431,Nov.12,1919)
288
Q:Doesthisruleapplytowitnessesinanotarial
orattestedwill?
(1)ARTS.805806
Q:Whataretheformalitiesintheexecutionofa
notarialwill?
A:WESAPNAN
1. InWriting;
2. Executedinalanguageordialectknown
tothetestator;
3. Subscribedbythetestatorhimselforby
the testators name written by some
otherpersoninhispresenceandunder
hisexpressdirectionattheendthereof,
atthepresenceofwitnesses;
4. Attestedtoandsubscribedbyatleast3
credible witnesses in the presence of
thetestatorandofoneanother;
5. EachandeveryPagemustbesignedby
thetestatororbythepersonrequested
by him to write his name, and by
instrumental witnesses in the presence
ofeachother,ontheleftmargin;
6. Eachandeverypageofthewillmustbe
Numberedcorrelativelyinlettersplaced
ontheupperpartofeachpage;
7. Must contain an Attestation clause,
statingthefollowing:
a. Thenumberofpagesofthewill,
b. Fact that the testator signed the
willandeverypageinthepresence
ofwitnesses,orcausedsomeother
persontowritehisnameunderhis
expressdirection,
c. All witnesses signed the will and
everypagethereofinthepresence
ofthetestatorandofoneanother;
8. MustbeacknowledgedbeforeaNotary
public.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q: What is the rule in cases of omissions in the
will?
However,evidencealiundearenotallowedtofill
a void in any part of the document or supply
missing details that should appear in the will
itself. They only permit a probe into the will, an
exploration into its confines, to ascertain its
meaning or to determine the existence or
absence of the requisite formalities of law.
(Caedav.CA,G.R.No.103554,May28,1993)
(2)SPECIALRULESFORHANDICAPPED
TESTATORS
A:
1. If the testator is able to read, he must
personallyreadthewill;or
2. If the testator is unable to read, he
must designate two persons to read it
and communicate to him, in some
practicable manner, the contents
thereof.(Art.807;seeRabuya,CivilLaw
Reviewer,p.559)
A:Thewillshallbereadtohimtwice,oncebyone
ofthesubscribingwitnesses,andanothertimeby
the notary public before whom the will is
acknowledged.(Art.808;id.)
Note:Art.808appliesnotonlytoblindtestatorsbut
alsotothosewho,foronereasonoranother,are
incapableofreadingtheirwills,eitherbecauseof
poorordefectiveeyesightorbecauseofilliteracy.
(id.)
(3)SUBSTANTIALCOMPLIANCE
Q:Whenisawillnotrenderedinvalidbyreason
of defects or imperfections in the form of
attestationorinthelanguageusedtherein?
A:Ifthewillisexecutedinsubstantialcompliance
with all the requirements of Article 805, in the
absence of bad faith, forgery, fraud, undue and
improperpressureorinfluence.(SeeArt.809)
(4)REQUISITES
WITNESSES
Q:Whatarethequalificationsofwitnesses?
A:Witnessestoawillmustbe:S18ABCD
1. OfSoundmind.
2. Atleast18yearsofage.
3. Abletoreadandwrite
4. NotBlind,deafordumb
5. Not have been Convicted by final
judgmentoffalsificationofadocument,
perjuryorfalsetestimony.
6. DomiciledinthePhilippines
Awitnesswhoatteststheexecutionofawill,and
towhom,ortowhosespouse,parentorchild,or
anyoneclaimingtherightofsaidwitness,spouse,
parentorchild,adeviseorlegacygiven,shallbe
void, unless there are 3 other competent
witnessestosuchwill.(Art.823NCC)
Creditorsofthetestatorarenotdisqualifiedtobea
witnesstothewill.
Q:Steviewasbornblind.Hewenttoschoolfor
the blind, and learned to read in Braille
language.HespeaksEnglishfluently.Canhe:
1.Makeawill?
A:Steviemaymakeanotarialwill.Ablindmanis
notexpresslyprohibitedfromexecutingawill.In
fact, Art. 808 of NCC provides for additional
formality when the testator is blind. Stevie
however, may not make a holographic will in
Braille because the writing in Braille is not a
handwriting. A holographic will to be valid must
be entirely written, signed and dated by the
testatorinhisownhandwriting.
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2.Actasawitnesstoawill?
A:IncaseStevieexecutesanotarialwill,ithasto
be read to him twice. First by one of the
instrumentalwitnesses,andsecondbythenotary
public before whom the will was acknowledged.
(2008BarQuestion)
D.HOLOGRAPHICWILLS
(1)REQUIREMENTS
Q:Whatisaholographicwill?
A:SEED
1. Signedbytestatorhimself
2. Executedinalanguageordialectknown
tohim(Art.804)
3. Entirelywritten
4. Dated;
5. Note: In case of any insertion,
cancellation, erasure or alteration in a
holographic will, the testator must
authenticate the same by his full
signature.(Art.814)
A:
GR:Whenanumberoferasures,corrections,
cancellation, or insertions are made by the
testator in the will but the same have not
been noted or authenticated with his full
signature, only the particular words erased,
corrected,alteredwillbeinvalidated,notthe
entiretyofthewill.
XPN:
1. Where the change affects the essence
ofthewillofthetestator;
290
Note:Whentheholographicwillhadonly
one substantial provision, which was
altered by substituting the original heir
with another, andthesame did not carry
therequisitefullsignatureofthetestator,
the entirety of the will is voided or
revoked.
2. Wherethealterationaffectsthedateof
thewillorthesignatureofthetestator.
rd
3. If the words written by a 3 person
were contemporaneous with the
execution of the will, even though
authenticated by the testator, the
entire will is void for violation of the
requisitethattheholographicwillmust
be entirely in the testators
handwriting.
DATE
A:Toestablishiftherewastestamentarycapacity
at the time the will was executed. Also, should
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
there be conflicting wills, it can establish which
willwasexecutedlater.
Q:Isitrequiredthatthedateofthewillshould
include the day, month and year of its
execution?
A:
GR: The "date" in a holographic will should
include the day, month, and year of its
execution.
Note:Inthiscase,thedatewaswrittenas"FEB./61"
(Roxas v. De Jesus G.R. No. L38338 January 28,
1985).
Theexactdatethoughindicatedonlybyimplication,
mustbewithcertainty.
(2)WITNESSESREQUIREDFORPROBATE
ALTERATIONS,REQUIREMENTS
A:Itisconsideredasnotmade,butthewillisnot
invalidated.(id.)
Note:Wherethetestatorhimselfcrossedoutthe
name of the heir named, and substituted the
name of another, without authentication, it was
heldthatthisdidnotresultinmakingtheperson
whose name was crossed as heir. (Kalaw v.
Relova,132SCRA237;id.)
E.JOINTWILLS
Q:ArejointwillsallowedinthePhilippines?
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Q:Whatarethekindsofjointwills?
A:
1. MutualWillsexecutedpursuanttoan
agreement between two or more
personstodisposeoftheirpropertyina
particular
manner,
each
in
consideration of the other separate
wills of two persons, which are
reciprocalintheirprovisions.
2. Reciprocal Wills the testators name
each other as beneficiaries under
similartestamentaryplans.
A:Yes,thewillmaybeprobatedinthePhilippines
insofar as the estate of Eleanor is concerned.
While the Civil Code prohibits the execution of
joint wills here and abroad, such prohibition
applies only to Filipinos. Hence, the joint will
which is valid where executed is valid in the
Philippines but only with respect to Eleanor.
Under Article 819, it is void with respect to
Manuel whose joint will remains void in the
Philippinesdespitebeingvalidwhereexecuted.
AlternativeAnswer:Thewillcannotbeprobated
in the Philippines, even though valid where
executed, because it is prohibited under Article
818 of the Civil Code and declared void under
Article819.Theprohibitionshouldapplyevento
the American wife because the Joint will is
offensivetopublicpolicy.Moreover,itisasingle
juridical act which cannot be valid as to one
testator and void as to the other. (2000 Bar
Question)
JohnandPaula.Britishcitizensatbirth,acquired
Philippine citizenship by naturalization after
theirmarriage.Duringtheirmarriagethecouple
acquiredsubstantiallandholdingsinLondonand
inMakati.PaulaboreJohnthreechildren,Peter,
Paul and Mary. In one of their trips to London,
thecoupleexecutedajointwillappointingeach
otherastheirheirsandprovidingthatuponthe
death of the survivor between them the entire
estate would go to Peter and Paul only but the
two could notdispose of nordivide the London
292
Q:Shouldthewillbeadmittedtoprobate?
Q:Arethetestamentarydispositionsvalid?
4.CODICILS,DEFINITIONANDFORMAL
REQUIREMENTS
Q:Whatisacodicil?
A:Acodicilisa supplementoradditiontoawill,
madeaftertheexecutionofawillandannexedto
betakenaspartthereof,bywhichanydisposition
madeintheoriginalwillisexplained,addedto,or
altered.(Art.825)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenacodicil
andasubsequentwill?
A:
CODICIL
SUBSEQUENTWILL
Formsapartofthe
originalwill.
Itisaneworaseparate
will.
Supplementsthe
originalwill,
explaining,addingto,
oralteringanyofits
dispositions.
Makesdispositions
withoutreferencetoand
independentofthe
originalwill.
Doesnot,asarule,
revokeentirelythe
priorwill.
Ifitprovidesforafull
dispositionofthe
testatorsestate,may
revokethewholeprior
willbysubstitutinganew
andlastdispositionfor
thesame.
Awillandacodicil,
beingregardedasa
singleinstrumentare
tobeconstrued
together.
Apriorwillanda
subsequentwill,being
twoseparatewills,may
beconstrued
independentlyofeach
other.
5.INCORPORATIONBYREFERENCE
Q:Whatisincorporationbyreference?
A:Incorporationbyreferenceistheincorporation
of an extrinsic document or paper into a will by
referencesoastobecomeapartthereof.
Note:Thedocumentsorpapersincorporatedwill
be considered part of the will even though the
samearenotexecutedintheformofawill.
Thedoctrineofincorporationbyreferenceisnot
applicable in a holographic will unless the
documents or papers incorporated by reference
arealsointhehandwritingofthetestator.
A:EDIS
1. Document referred to in the will must
be in Existence at the time of the
executionofthewill;
2. The will must clearly Describe and
identifythesame;
3. It must be Identified by clear and
satisfactory proof as the document or
paperreferredtotherein;
4. It must be Signed by the testator and
the witnesses on each and every page,
except in case of voluminous books of
accountorinventories.(Art.827)
6.REVOCATION;KINDS
Q:Whatisrevocation?
Q:Whenmaythetestatorrevokeawill?
A:Awillmayberevokedbythetestatoratany
timebeforehisdeath.Anywaiverorrestrictionof
thisrightisvoid.(Art.828)
Q:Maytherightofthetestatortorevokethe
willbewaivedorrestricted?
A:No,thetestatorsrighttorevokeduringhis
lifetimeisabsolute.Itcanneitherbewaivednor
restricted.
Reason:Becauseawillisambulatory.(Art.828)
Q:Whatlawgovernsincaseofrevocation?
A:
1. If the revocation takes place in the
Philippines, whether the testator is
domiciled in the Philippines or in some
othercountryPhilippinelaws
2. Iftherevocationtakesplaceoutsidethe
Philippines:
a. by a testator who is domiciled in
thePhilippinesPhilippinelaws
b. byatestatorwhoisnotdomiciled
inthiscountry
i. Laws of the place where the
willwasmade,or
ii. Lawsoftheplaceinwhichthe
testator had his domicile at
the time of revocation. (Art.
829)
Q:Whatarethemodesofrevokingawill?
A:
1. Byimplicationoflaw;
2. By the execution of a subsequent
document;
3. By physical destruction through
burning, cancelation or obliteration.
(Art.830)
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REVOCATIONBYIMPLICATIONOFLAW
Q:Discussrevocationbyimplicationoflaw.
Q:Howarewillsrevokedbyoperationoflaw?
A:
1. When after the testator has made a
will, he sells or donates the legacy or
devise;
2. Provisions in awill in favor ofa spouse
who has given cause for legal
separation;
3.
4.
5.
Note:Theinstitutionofheirsisvoid.
REVOCATIONBYEXECUTIONOFASUBSEQUENT
INSTRUMENT
A:
1. The subsequent instrument must
complywiththeformalrequirementsof
awill
2. Thetestatormustpossesstestamentary
capacity
3. Thesubsequentinstrumentmusteither
contain a revocatory clause or be
incompatible with the prior will (totally
orpartially)
4. The revoking will must be admitted to
probate.
Q:Inwhatwaysmayrevocationbyasubsequent
willbedone?
A:Revocationmaybe:
a. Express by providing for a revocatory
clause;
b. Implied provisions are completely
inconsistentwithpreviouswill.
Note:Thewillcontainingtherevocatoryclausemust
itself be valid, and admitted to probate, otherwise,
thereisnorevocation.
Q:WhatisthePrincipleofInstanter?
A:Theexpressrevocationofthe1stwillrendersit
nd
voidbecausetherevocatoryclauseofthe2 will,
not being testamentary in character, operates to
revokethe1stwillinstantlyupontheexecutionof
thewillcontainingit.
Q:Cantherebeaninstancewhereasubsequent
will, which is incompatible with the prior will,
andsuchpriorwillsubsistatthesametime?
294
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
REVOCATIONBYPHYSICALDESTRUCTION
A:OTAP
1. Overtactofphysicaldestruction;
2. Testamentarycapacityofthetestatorat
the time of performing the act of
revocation;
3. AnimusRevocandiintentiontorevoke;
4. Performed by testator himself or other
person in the presence and express
directionofthetestator.
A:
1. Under the express direction of the
testator;and
2. Doneinthepresenceofthetestator.
A:None.Inrevocationofwills,whatisessentialis
the capacity of the testator to revoke. The
capacityofthepersondirectedbythetestatorto
revokehiswillisimmaterial.
Note:Thepresumptionis,however,notconclusive
andanyonewhohasprooftothecontrarymayrebut
thepresumption.
Q:WhatistheDoctrineofDependentRelative
Revocation?
Revocationofawillbasedonafalsecauseoran
illegalcauseisnullandvoid.
Q:Mr.Reyesexecutedawillcompletelyvalidas
to form. A week later, however, he executed
another will which expressly revoked his first
will, which he tore his first will to pieces. Upon
the death of Mr. Reyes, his second will was
presented for probate by his heirs, but it was
denied due to formal defects. Assuming that a
copyofthefirstwillisavailable,mayitnowbe
admittedtoprobateandgiveneffect?Why?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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A:Yes.Recognitioninawillofanillegitimatechild
does not lose its legal effect even if the will is
revoked.
7.ALLOWANCEANDDISALLOWANCEOFWILLS
A.PROBATEREQUIREMENT
Q:Whatisprobate?
A:Itisaspecialproceedingmandatorilyrequired
for the purpose of establishing the validity of a
will.
296
Nowillshallpasseitherrealorpersonalproperty
unlessitisprovedandallowedinaccordancewith
theRulesofCourt.(Art.838)
Evenifonlyoneheirhasbeeninstituted,theremust
stillbeajudicialorderofadjudication.
Evenifawillhasalreadybeenprobated,iflaterona
subsequentwillisdiscovered,thelattermaystillbe
presented for probate, as long as two wills can be
reconciled.
Q:Doesprescriptionapplytoprobateofwills?
A:
1. Specialproceeding;
2. Proceedinginrem;
3. Notcontentiouslitigation;
4. Mandatory;
5. Imprescriptible;
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofprobate?
A:
1. Antemortem testator himself
petitions the court for the probate of
hisownwill.
2. Postmortem another person applies
for probate of the will after the
testatorsdeath.
(1)ISSUESTOBERESOLVEDINPROBATE
PROCEEDINGS
(A)EXCEPTIONSWHENPRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
DEMANDTHEINTRINSICVALIDITYOFTHEWILL
BERESOLVED
A:
GR: Probate courts cannot inquire into the
intrinsicvalidityofwill
Theonlyquestionsthatcanbedeterminedby
aprobatecourtarethe:
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
1.
2.
3.
Dueexecution
Testamentarycapacity
Identityofthewill
XPN:Practicalconsiderations(E.g.whenthe
willisvoidonitsface)
Q:Thetestatordevisedapartofhisestatetohis
concubine,whichfactofconcubinagewasstated
in his will. On probate, the court ruled that the
willwasvalidlyexecutedbutthedeviseinfavor
of the concubine is null and void. Can the
probate court pass upon the intrinsic validity of
thetestamentaryprovisionstatedinthewill?
Note:TheSCheldasbasisitsfindingthatinthe
eventofprobateofthewill,orifthecourtrejects
thewill,probabilityexiststhatthecasewillcome
up once again on the same issue of the intrinsic
validity or nullity of the will, the same will result
in waste of time, effort, expense plus added
anxiety.
Q:Canaprobatecourtdecideonquestionsof
ownership?
A:
GR:Aprobatecourthasnojurisdictionto
decidequestionsofownership.
XPN:
1. When the parties voluntary submit the
issueofownershiptothecourt;
2. When provisionally, the ownership is
passed upon to determine whether or
notthepropertyinvolvedispartofthe
estate.
3. The question of ownership is an
extraneous matter which the probate
courtcannotresolvewithfinality.
A:TheGuevararulingisnotapplicableinthiscase
because here, there was no attempt to settle or
distribute the estate among the heirs before the
probate of the will. The clear object of the
contractwasmerelyTasianasconveyanceofany
andallherindividualshareandinterest,actualor
eventual in the estate. There is no stipulation as
toanyotherclaimant,creditororlegatee.
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predecessorininterest,thereisnolegalbartoa
successor (with requisite contracting capacity)
disposing of her or his hereditary share
immediately after such death, even if the actual
extent of such share is not determined until the
subsequentliquidationoftheestate.
Also,asFranciscossurvivingspouse,Tasianawas
his compulsory heir. Wherefore, barring
unworthiness or valid disinheritance, her
successional interest existed independent of
Francisco's last will and testament and would
exist even if such will were not probated at all.
Thus, the prerequisite of a previous probate of
the will, as established in the Guevara and
analogouscases,cannotapplytothecase.
Note:Neitherthealeatorycharacterofthecontract
nor the coetaneous agreement that the numerous
litigationsbetweenthepartiesaretobeconsidered
settled and should be dismissed, although such
stipulation gives the contract the character of a
compromise, affect the validity of the transaction.
(DeBorja,etal.v.Vda.deBorja,G.R.No.L28040,
Aug.18,1972)
Q:Whenapersondiestestate,mayhisheirsopt
for an extrajudicial partition instead of having
thewillprobated?
(2)EFFECTOFFINALDECREEOFPROBATE,RES
JUDICATAONFORMALVALIDITY
A:Afinaldecreeofprobateisconclusiveastothe
due execution of the will, i.e., as to the extrinsic
orformalvalidityonly.
B.GROUNDSFORDENYINGPROBATE
298
5.
6.
TheSignatureoftestatorwasprocured
byfraud.
ThetestatoractedbyMistakeordidnot
intendthattheinstrumenthesigned
shouldbehiswill(Art.839,NCC)
Note:Thelistisexclusive.
Awilliseithervalidorvoid.Thereisnosuchthingas
avoidablewill.
Q:Whendothefollowingconstituteasgrounds
fordisallowance?
1. Violence
A:wheninordertocompelthetestatorto
executeawill,seriousorirresistibleforceis
employed
2. Intimidation
A:whenthetestatoriscompelledbya
reasonableandwellgroundedfearofan
imminentandgraveeviluponhispersonor
propertyofhisspouse,descendants,or
ascendants,toexecutethewill
3. UndueInfluence
A:whenapersontakesimproperadvantage
ofhispoweroverthewillofanother,
deprivingthelatterofareasonablefreedom
ofchoice.
4. Mistake
A:Pertainstothemistakeinexecution
whichmayeitherbe:
1. mistake as to the identity or character
oftheinstrumentwhichhesigned,or
2. mistake as to the contents of the will
itself.
A:Therearenootherdefectsofthewillthatcan
causedenialofprobate.Art.805oftheCivilCode
provides that the will must be subscribed at the
end thereof by the testator, and subscribed by
threeormorecrediblewitnessesinthepresence
ofthetestatorandofoneanother.Thedriver,the
cook and the lawyer who prepared the will are
credible witnesses. The testator and the
instrumentalwitnessesofthewill,shallalsosign,
eachandeverypageofthewillproper,exceptthe
last,ontheleftmargin,andallthepagesshallbe
numbered correlatively in letters placed of the
upperpartofeachpage.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
testatorandthethreewitnesses,andthesecond
sheet contains the attestation clause, as in this
case, signed by 3 witnesses, marginal signatures
andpagingarenotnecessary.Afterall,theobject
of the law is to avoid substitution of any of the
sheetsofthewill. (Abanganv. Abangan,40Phil.
476 [1919]; In Re: Will of Tan Diuco, 45 Phil 807
[1924]).
B.INSTITUTIONOFHEIRS
A:Institutionofheirisanactbyvirtueofwhicha
testator designates in his will the person or
persons who are to succeed him in his property
andtransmissiblerightsandobligations(Art.840,
NCC).
Note:Institutioncannotbeallowedtoaffectthe
legitime.
Therecanbeaninstitutedheironlyintestamentary
succession.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidinstitution?
A
1. Thewillmustbeextrinsicallyvalid;
Q:Whataretheeffectsifawilldoesnotcontain
aninstitutionofheir?
A:Thewillshallbevalideventhoughitdoesnot
contain an institution of heir, or such institution
should not comprise the entire estate, and even
thoughthepersonsoinstitutedshouldnotaccept
the inheritance or should be incapacitated to
succeed.(Art.841)
Note:Institutionofheirsisnotindispensableandits
absencewillnotrenderthewillvoid,providedthere
areothertestamentarydispositions,likedevisesand
A:
1. Equality heirs who are instituted
without a designation of shares inherit
inequalparts.
2.
Q:Whatarethekindsofinstitutionofheirs?
A:Institutionofheirmaybe:
1. withacondition
2. withaterm
3. for a certain purpose or cause (modal
institution)
A:Aconceivedchildmaybeinstituted,provided
theconditionsinArts.40and41arepresent
(Conceptuspronatohabetur).
A:
GR: The institution of heir is valid. The false
cause shall be considered simply as not
written.
XPN:Iffromthewillitself,itappearsthatthe
testator would not have madethe institution
if he has known the falsity of the cause, the
institutionshallbevoid.
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WhenDr.Rabadilladied,Mariafiledacomplaint
toreconveythelandallegingthattheheirsofDr.
Rabadilla violated the condition. Is the
institutionofDr.Rabadilla,amodalinstitution?
1.PRETERITION
Q:Whatispreterition?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofpreterition?
A:
1. There is a total omission in the
inheritance;
2. Thepersonomittedisacompulsoryheir
inthedirectline;
300
3.
4.
2.CONCEPT
Q:Whomaybepreterited?
A:Compulsoryheirsinthedirectline.
Q:Mayaspousebepreterited?
Q:Maythedecedentsparentsbepreterited?
A:Thereistotalomissionwhentheheir:
1. Receives nothing under the will
whetherasheir,legatee,ordevisee;
3. Willreceivenothingbywayofintestate
succession.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q:Whataretheeffectsofpreterition?
A:
1. Preterition annuls the institution of
heirs;
2. Devicesandlegaciesarevalidinsofaras
theyarenotinofficious;
3. If the omitted compulsory heir dies
before testator, institution shall be
effectual, without prejudice to right of
representation
3.COMPULSORYHEIRSINTHEDIRECTLINE
A:
1. Legitimate children and descendants
withrespecttotheirlegitimateparents
orascendants;
2. Legitimate parents ot ascendants, with
respect to their legitimate children and
descendants;
3. Illegitimatechildren
4. The father or mother of illegitimate
children
Note:Thesurvivingspouseisnotincluded.
According to Justice Jurado, an adopted child is by
legal fiction considered a compulsory heir in the
directline.
4.PRETERITIONVS.DISPOSITIONLESSTHAN
LEGITIME
5.EFFECTSOFPRETERITION,DEVISEESONLY
ENTITLEDTOCOMPLETIONOFLEGITIME
A:
GR: The effect of annulling the institution of
heirs will be, necessarily, the opening of a
totalintestacyexceptthatproperlegaciesand
devises must be respected. Here, the will is
notabrogated.
XPN:Ifthewillcontainsauniversalinstitution
of heirs to the entire inheritance of the
testator,thewillistotallyabrogated.
Reason: The nullification of such institution of
the universal heirs without any other
testamentarydispositioninthewillamountstoa
declarationthatnothingatallwaswritten.
Q:Whataretherightsofthepreteritedheirs?
A:Theyareentitlednotonlytotheirsharesofthe
legitime but also to those of the free portion
which was not expressly disposed of by the
testatorbywayofdevisesandlegacies.
Q:Whatistheeffectiftheheirpredeceasesthe
testator?
Thereisnorightofrepresentationintheascending
line.
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A:Anycompulsoryheirtowhomthetestatorhas
leftbyanytitlelessthanthelegitimebelongingto
himmaydemandthatthesamebefullysatisfied.
(Art.906)
C.SUBSTITUTIONOFHEIRS
1.DEFINITION
Q:Whatissubstitution?
A:Substitutionistheappointmentofanotherheir
so that he may enter into the inheritance in
defaultoftheoriginalheir.
2.KINDS
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofsubstitution?
A:
1. Simple/commontakesplacewhenthe
heirinstituted:
a. predeceasestestator;
b. repudiatestheinheritance;or
c. isincapacitatedtosucceed
Note:Simplesubstitutionwithouta
statementofthecauses,towhichit
refers,shallcomprisethe3above
mentionedsituations.
2. Brief/compendiouswhentwoormore
persons are substituted for one or for
twoormoreheirs.
Note:Thesubstituteentersintotheinheritancenot
asanheirsucceedingthefirstheir,butasanheirof
thetestator.
302
3.FIDEICOMMISSARYSUBSTITUTION
Q:Whatisfideicommissarysubstitution?
A:
PARTIES
Firstheiror
fiduciary
Secondheiror
fideicommissary
Testator
OBLIGATIONS
Hehastheobligationto
preserveandtransmitthe
inheritance.
Heeventuallyreceivesthe
propertyfromthefiduciary.
None
INDIRECT
SUBSTITUTION
(Fideicommissary
Substitution)
Thesubstitutereceives
thepropertyafterthe
heirfirstinstitutedhas
enjoyedthesamefor
sometime.
Therearetwo
liberalitieswhichare
botheffectivebut
successivelyenjoyed.
Thefirstheirinstituted
isobligedtopreserve
thepropertyforthe
benefitofoneormore
succeedingheirsand
hispowerofalienation
iscurtailedoratleast
limited.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Nootherpurposethan
topreventthe
successionofthe
intestateheirs.
Hasafurthersocial
effectasitlimitsthe
freecirculationof
propertyandforsuch
reasonmanylaws
prohibitthesameor
limitit.
Thereisonlyone
transfer.
Thereare2transfers
Hasthefreeand
absolutedisposition
andcontroloverthe
property.
Theidentityofthe
substitutedoesnot
matter.
Noabsolutedisposition
becauseitissubjectto
theconditionthathe
willpreserveand
transmitthesameto
thefideicommissary.
Andalso,thereis
controlontheproperty
butthereisalimitto
thecirculationofthe
property.
Thefideicommissaryis
limitedtorelatives
withinonedegreefrom
thefirstheiror
fiduciary:parentchild.
A:
1. Thattheinstitutiondoesnotgobeyond
one degree from the heir originally
instituted;
2. That the substitution be expressly
made;
3. That both the fiduciary and beneficiary
be living at the time of the testators
death;
4. That it should be imposed on the free
portionandnotonthelegitime.
A:
1. Theremustbeafirstheirorfiduciary;
2. Anabsoluteobligationisimposedupon
the fiduciary to preserve and to
transmit to a second heir the property
atagiventime;
3. Thereisasecondheirwhomustbeone
degreefromthefirstheir;
4. The first andsecond heir mustboth be
living and qualified at the time of the
deathofthetestator.
1.
FIDUCIARY
Theremustbeafirstheirorfiduciary
Thefirstheirisalmostlikeausufructuarywithright
to enjoy the property. Thus, like a usufructuary, he
cannotalienatetheproperty.Thefirstheirisobliged
to make an inventory but he is not required to
furnishabond.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofafiduciary?
A:
1. Topreservetheinheritance;
2. Todelivertheinheritance;
3. To make an inventory of the
inheritance.
Q:Whatistheperiodofthefiduciarystenure?
A:
1. Primary rule the period indicated by
thetestator
2. Secondary rule if the testator did not
indicate a period, then the fiduciarys
lifetime
A:
GR:Thefiduciaryshoulddelivertheproperty
intact
and
undiminished
to
the
fideicommisaryheiruponarrivaloftheperiod
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2. ABSOLUTEOBLIGATION
TOPRESERVEANDTRANSMITPROPERTY
Anabsoluteobligationisimposeduponthe
fiduciarytopreserveandtotransmittoasecond
heirthepropertyatagiventime.
Note:"Giventime"meansthetimeprovidedbythe
testator;ifnotprovided,thenitisunderstoodthat
theperiodisthelifetimeofthefirstheir.
st
Q:Ifthetestatorprovidedthatthe1 heirshall
enjoythepropertyduringhislifeandthatupon
his death it shall pass to another expressly
designated by the testator, but without
imposing the obligation to preserve the
property, is there fideicommissary substitution
inthiscase?
A:None.Thereisnofideicommissarysubstitution
but merely a legacy of the usufruct of the
property.
3.FIDEICOMMISSARY
Thereisasecondheirwhomustbeonedegree
fromthefirstheir.
Q:Whatdoesonedegreemean?
304
CAPACITYTOSUCCEEDOFFIDUCIARYAND
FIDEICOMMISSARY
Thefirstandsecondheirmustbothbelivingand
qualifiedatthetimeofthedeathofthetestator.
Q:Whymustboththefirstandsecondheirbe
livingandqualifiedatthetimeofthedeathof
thetestator?
A:Thefideicommissaryinheritsnotfromthefirst
heirbutfromthetestator,thus,therequirement
that the fideicommissary be alive or at least
conceivedatthetimeofthetestatorsdeath.
Note:Thefideicommissarysubstitutionmustnotbe
imposedonthelegitime,onlyonthefreeportion.
Q:Dotheheirstoafideicommissarysubstitution
inheritsuccessively?
A:No.Boththefirstheirandthefideicommissary
inheritthepropertysimultaneously,althoughthe
enjoymentandpossessionaresuccessive.
Note:Fromthemomentofdeathofthetestator,the
rightsofthefirstheirandthefiduciaryarevested.
Q:Whatistheremedyofthefideicommissaryto
protecthimselfagainstalienationtoaninnocent
thirdperson?
A:Thenullityofthefideicommissarysubstitution
does not prejudice the validity of the institution
oftheheirsfirstdesignated;thefideicommissary
clauseshallsimplybeconsideredasnotwritten.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q: If the testator gives the usufruct to different
personssuccessively,whatruleswillapply?
A:Theprovisionsonfideicommissarysubstitution
alsoapplyinacasewherethetestatorgivesthe
usufructtovariouspersonssuccessively.
Q:Raymond,single,namedhissisterRuffainhis
will as a devisee of a parcel of land which he
owned. The will imposed upon Ruffa the
obligation of preserving the land and
transferring it, upon her death, to her
illegitimatedaughterScarletwhowasthenonly
one year old. Raymond later died, leaving
behindhiswidowedmother,RuffaandScarlet.
IstheconditionimposeduponRuffatopreserve
the property and to transmit it upon her death
toScarlet,valid?
Q:IfScarletpredeceasesRuffa,whoinheritsthe
property?
A:Inafideicommissarysubstitution,theintention
of the testator is to make the second heir his
ultimate heir. The right of the second heir is
simply postponed by the delivery of the
inheritance to the first heir for him to enjoy the
usufruct over the inheritance. Hence, when the
first heir predeceased the testator, the first heir
did not qualify to inherit and the right of the
second heir to receive the inheritance will no
longer be delayed provided the second heir is
qualified to inherit at the time of the testators
death. In fideicommissary substitution, the first
andsecondheirsinheritfromthetestator,hence,
both should be qualified to inherit from the
testatoratthetimeofhisdeath.
D.CONDITIONALTESTAMENTARYDISPOSITIONS
ANDTESTAMENTARYDISPOSITIONSWITHA
TERM
Q:Whatisaterm?
Note:Adispositionwithasuspensivetermdoesnot
prevent the instituted heir from acquiring his rights
and transmitting them to his heirs even before the
arrivaloftheterm.
Reason: The right oftheheir institutedsubjecttoa
termisvestedatthetimeofthetestator'sdeathhe
willjustwaitforthetermtoexpire.
Iftheheirdiesafterthetestatorbutbeforetheterm
expires, he transmits his rights to his own heirs
becauseofthevestedright.
A:Ifthedispositionissubjecttoa:
1. Suspensive term The legal heirs can
enjoy possession of the property until
the expiration of the period but they
must put up a bond (caucion muciana)
in order to protect the right of the
institutedheir.
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E.LEGITIME
1.DEFINITION
Q:Definelegitime.
A:Legitimeisthatpartofthetestator'sproperty
which he cannot dispose of because the law has
reserved it for certain heirs who are, therefore,
calledcompulsoryheirs.(Art.886)
1.
Note:Thereiscompulsiononthepartofthetestator
toreservethatpartoftheestatewhichcorresponds
tothelegitime.
2.
Q:Howislegitimedetermined?
Tothenetvalueofthehereditaryestate,shallbe
added the value of all donations by the testator
thataresubjecttocollation,atthetimehemade
them.(Art.908)
Q: Cite the rules governing the donations made
bythetestatorinfavorofhischildren,legitimate
and illegitimate, and strangers and those which
areinofficious.
4.
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Donationsshallberespectedaslongas
thelegitimecanbecovered,reducingor
annulling, if necessary, the devises or
legaciesmadeinthewill;
Thereductionofthedevisesorlegacies
shall be pro rata, without any
distinctionwhatever.
Note:Iftheheirsordeviseesdonotchooseto
avail themselves of the right granted by the
preceding article, any heir or devisee who did
nothavesuchrightmayexerciseit;shouldthe
latternotmakeuseofit,thepropertyshallbe
soldatpublicauctionattheinstanceofanyone
oftheinterestedparties.(Art.913)
Thetestatormaydeviseandbequeaththefree
portionashemaydeemfit.(Art.914)
306
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
RULESONLEGITIME
Q:Canthetestatordeprivethecompulsoryheirs
theirlegitimes?
Note:Onlythelegitimeisreserved.Thefreeportion
maybedisposedofbywill.
Q:Mustcompulsoryheirsaccepttheirlegitimes?
Q:Whatarethekindsoflegitime?
A:
1. Fixed If the amount (fractional part)
does not vary or change regardless of
whether there are concurring
compulsoryheirsornot.
a. legitimate
children
and
descendants (legitimate childrens
legitimeisalways)
b. legitimateparentsandascendants
Note:Factorswhichaffectthelegitime:
1. Identity of the concurring compulsory
heirsand;
2. Numberofconcurringcompulsoryheirs.
A:Thetestatorcannotmakedonationsintervivos
which impinge upon the legitime or which are
inofficious.
A:
1. Rule of preference between lines
descending line is preferred over the
ascendingline;
2.
3.
Ruleofproximity;
Right of representation, in case of
predecease,
incapacity
and
disinheritance;
4. If all the legitimate children repudiate
their legitime, the next generation of
legitimatedescendants,succeedintheir
ownright.
A:
1. Ruleofproximitynearerexcludesthe
moreremote;
2. Divisionbyline;
3. Equaldivisionwithintheline.
A:
1. In case of preterition annulment of
institution of heir and reduction of
devisesandlegacies
2. In case of partial impairment
completionoflegitime
3. In case of inofficious donation
collation
Q:Whatisthescopeoftheprohibition?
A:
1. Any renunciation of future legitimes,
whetherforavaluableconsiderationor
not;
2. Any waiver of the right to ask for the
reductionofaninnoficiousdonation;
3. Compromise between the compulsory
heirs themselves during the lifetime of
thetestator.
Note:Theprohibitionisnotapplicableincasesof:
1. Renunciationsorcompromisesmadeafter
thedeathofthetestator;
2. Donations or remissions made by the
testator to the compulsory heirs as
advancesoftheirlegitime.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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A:
1. Legitimeofcompulsoryheirs
2. Donationsintervivos
3. Preferentiallegaciesordevises
4. Allotherlegaciesordevisesprorata.
(Nethereditaryestate=[Grossestate
DebtsandCharges]+donations)
4. Determine who are the compulsory
heirs and their corresponding legitimes
usingthetableoflegitimesbelow.
5. Determinethefreeportion.
Freeportion= nethereditaryestate
Less:
legitimes(totalamount)
6. Imputationofdonations
7. Distributionoftheremainingportionto
thelegateesanddevisees.
A:Donationsintervivosgiventochildrenshallbe
charged to their legitime, unless otherwise
providedbythetestator.
TABLESOFLEGITIMES.
LegitimatechildrenorDescendants
Shareoflegitimate
childrenand
descendants
ofthenetestate
Freeportion
ofthenetestate
LegitimateParentsandAscendants
Shareof legitimate
parentsand
ascendants
ofthenetestate
Freeportion
ofthenetestate
OneLegitimatechildordescendantand
SurvivingSpouse
Shareofalegitimate
child
ofthenetestate
Shareofthesurviving
spouse
ofthenetestate
Freeportion
ofthenetestate
Illegitimatechildrenandlegitimatechildren
Shareoflegitimate
childrenand
descendants
ofthenetestate
Shareofeach
illegitimatechildren
ofthelegitimeof
eachlegitimate
childrenorascendant
Freeportion
Whateverremains
Twoormorelegitimatechildrenor
descendantandSurvivingSpouse
Shareofalegitimate
child
ofthenetestate
Portionequaltothe
Shareofthesurviving legitimeofeachofthe
legitimatechildrenor
spouse
descendant
Freeportion
Whateverremains
308
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
LegitimateParents;SurvivingSpouse;
IllegitimateChildren
LegitimateParentsorAscendantsand
SurvivingSpouse
Sharesand
of
legitimate
parents
and
ascendants
ofthenetestate
ofthenetestate
Surviving
spouse
1/8ofthenetestate
ofthenetestate
Illegitimate
children
ofthenetestate
Free
portion
1/8ofthenetestate
Shareof
legitimate
parentsor
ascendants
ofthenetestate
Shareofthe
surviving
spouse
Freeportion
IllegitimatechildrenandSurvivingSpouse
Shareof
illegitimate
children
1/3ofthenetestate
Shareof
the
surviving
spouse
1/3ofthenetestate
Free
portion
1/3ofthenetestate
SurvivingSpouseAlone;Exception:Marriagein
ArticuloMortis
LegitimateParentsorAscendantsand
IllegitimateChildren
Sharesand
of
legitimate
parents
and
ascendants
ofthenetestate
Illegitimate
children
ofthenetestate
Free
portion
ofthenetestate
SurvivingSpouse;LegitimateChildrenor
Ascendants;IllegitimateChildren
Shareof
legitimate
childrenand
descendants
ofthenetestate
Surviving
spouse
Equaltotheportionofthe
legitimeofeachlegitimatechild
Illegitimate
children
oftheshareofeachlegitimate
child
Freeportion
Whateverremains
Surviving
spouse
only
ofthenetestate
Free
portion
ofthenetestate
Surviving
spouse
only
(marriage
inarticulo
mortis,
testator
diedw/in3
months)
1/3ofthenetestate
Free
portion
2/3ofthenetestate
Surviving
spouse
only
(marriage
inarticulo
mortis,
testator
diedw/in
3mos.but
havebeen
livingas
H&Wfor
notless
than5yrs)
ofthenetestate
Free
portion
ofthenetestate
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IllegitimateParentsAlone;orWith
illegitimatechildrenorLegitimateChildrenor
Descendants;orWithSurvivingSpouse
Shareof
the
ofthenetestate
illegitimate
parents
alone
Free
ofthenetestate
portion
ofthenetestate
Shareof
illegitimate
parents
ofthenetestate
Shareof
the
surviving
spouse
Free
ofthenetestate
portion
IllegitimateChildrenAlone
Shareof
illegitimate
children
ofthenetestate
Free
portion
ofthenetestate
TABLEOFINTESTATESHARES
LEGEND:
Legit.ChildrenorDescendants
Legit.ParentsorAscendants
SurvivingSpouse
NephewsandNieces
LCD
LPA
SS
NN
Illegit.ChildrenorDescendants
Illegit.ParentsorAscendantsI
BrothersandSisters
ILCD
LPA
BS
INTESTATEHEIRS
SHAREINTHEFREEPORTION
AnyClassalone
ofthefreeportion
LCDalone
SS
(SS)
LCD
SS
Remainingportionofestateafterpayinglegitimes
LegitimestobedividedequallybetweentotalnumberofchildrenplustheSS
LCD
ILCD
Remainingportionofestateafterpayinglegitimes
Legitimestobedividedbytheratioof2:1
OneLCD
OneILCD
SS
Remainingportionofestateafterpayinglegitimestobedividedbytheratioof2:1
OnepartgoestotheILCD
Sameshareasalegitimatechild
LCD
ILCD
SS
Remainingportionofestateafterpayinglegitimestobedividedbytheratioof2:1
OnepartgoestotheILCD
Sameshareasalegitimatechild,providedlegitimesarenotimpaired
LPA
ILCD
(ILCD)
310
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ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
LPA
SS
(SS)
LPA
SS
ILCD
(SS)
ILCD
SS
1/6
1/6
SS
or
ILPA
SS
BS,NN
SS
BS,NN
(BS,NN)
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StepsinDeterminingtheLegitimeofCompulsoryHeirs
Step 1: INVENTORY
(Gross Value of Estate)
Step 2: DEDUCT
OBLIGATIONS
Step 4: Collation
312
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ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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SUCCESSION
2.COMPULSORYHEIRSANDVARIOUS
COMBINATIONS
Q:Whoarecompulsoryheirs?
A:Thefollowingarecompulsoryheirs:
1. Legitimate children and descendants,
withrespecttotheirlegitimateparents
andascendants;
2. In default of the foregoing, legitimate
parentsandascendants,withrespectto
their
legitimate
children
and
descendants;
3. Thewidoworwidower;
4. Acknowledged natural children, and
naturalchildrenbylegalfiction;
5. Otherillegitimatechildrenreferredtoin
article287.
NOTE:CompulsoryheirsmentionedinNos.3,4,and
5arenotexcludedbythoseinNos.1and2;neither
dotheyexcludeoneanother.
A:
1. PrimarycompulsoryheirsTheyarenot
excluded by the presence of other
compulsoryheirs.
E.g.legitimateascendants
3. Concurring compulsoryheirsTheyget
their legitimes together with the
primary or secondary heirs. Neither
excludes primary or secondary heirs,
noreachother.
Legitimatechildrenanddescendants(LCD)
Q:Isanadoptedchildacompulsoryheir?
Hence,theadoptedchildrencanalreadyexclude
legitimateparents/ascendants.
Legitimateparentsandascendants(LPA)
Q:Isthepresenceofillegitimatechildrenofthe
decedentexcludetheLPA?
A:No.Legitimateparentsandascendantsconcur
withtheillegitimatechildrenofthedecedent.
Survivingspouse(SS)
Q: Can a common law spouse be a compulsory
heir?
A:No.Theremustbevalidmarriagebetweenthe
decedent and the surviving spouse. If the
marriage is null and void, the surviving spouse
cannotinherit.
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Reason:Voidablemarriagescanonlybeattacked
inadirectproceeding,i.e.annulmentproceeding.
Note:Thesurvivingspouseisnotacompulsoryheir
ofhis/herparentinlaw.
Illegitimatechildren
Compulsoryheirsofapersonwhoisillegitimate:
1. Legitimatechildrenanddescendants;
2. Illegitimatechildrenanddescendants;
3. In default of the foregoing, illegitimate
parentsonly;
4. Survivingspouse.
Q:Inwhatwaysmaycompulsoryheirsinherit?
A:Compulsoryheirsinheriteither:
1. intheirownright;or
2. byrightofrepresentation
3.RESERVATRONCAL
Q:Whatisreservatroncal?
Note:Othertermsusedtorefertoreservatroncal:
1. Lineal
2. Familiar
3. Extraordinaria
4. Semitroncal
5. Pseudotroncal
A:
1. That the property was acquired by a
descendant (called praepositus or
propositus) from an ascendant or from
a brother or sister by gratuitous title
when the recipient does not give
anythinginreturn;
2. Thatsaiddescendant(praepositus)died
withoutanissue;
3. That the same property (called
reserva) is inherited by another
ascendant (called reservista) by
operation of law (either through
intestate or compulsory succession)
fromthepraepositus;and
4. Thattherearelivingrelativeswithinthe
third degree counted from the
praepositus and belonging to the same
line from where the property originally
came(calledreservatarios).(Art.891;
Chua v. CFI of Negros Occidental,
Branch V, 78 SCRA 412; Rabuya, Civil
LawReviewer,pp.634635)
Q:Doesreservatroncalexistinanillegitimateor
adoptiverelationship?
A:DDLRRP
1. Deathofthereservista
2. Death of all the relatives within the
third degree prior to the death of the
reservista
3. Accidental Loss of all the reservable
properties
4. Renunciation or waiver by the reserves
orreservatarios
5. Registration under Act 496 without the
reservablecharacterbeingannotatedif
itfallsintothehandsofabuyeringood
faithforvalue
6. By Prescription reservista seeks to
acquire(30yearsimmovable;8years
movable)
314
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q:Differentiatereservaminimaandreserva
maxima.
A:
RESERVAMINIMA
RESERVAMAXIMA
Allofthepropertieswhich
thedescendanthad
previouslyacquiredby
gratuitoustitlefrom
anotherascendantorfrom
abrotherorsistermustbe
consideredaspassingto
theascendantreservista
partlybyoperationoflaw
andpartlybyforceofthe
descendantswill.
Alloftheproperties
whichthedescendant
hadpreviouslyacquired
bygratuitoustitlefrom
anotherascendantor
fromabrotherorsister
mustbeincludedinthe
ascendantslegitime
insofarassuchlegitime
cancontain.
Appliesintestate
succession.
Alwaysfollowedin
intestatesuccession
Q:Whoarethepartiesinreservatroncal?
A:
1. Origin
2. Propositus
3. Reservista
4. Reservatartios/Reservees
ORIGIN
Q:Whomustbetheorigininreservatroncal?
Q:Inorderforreservatroncaltotakeplace,how
should the property be transmitted from the
origintothepropositus?
Q:Cantheoriginalienatetheproperty?
A:Yes.Whiletheoriginownstheproperty,there
is no reserva yet, and therefore, he has the
perfectrighttodisposeofit,inanywayhewants,
subject, however to the rule on inofficious
donations.
PROPOSITUS
Q:Whomustbethepropositus?
Note:Togiverisetoreservetroncal,thepropositus
must not have any legitimate children, otherwise,
the reservable property will be inherited by the
latter
Q:Canthepropositusalienatetheproperty?
Note:Thepropositusisreferredtoasthearbiterof
thereserva.
RESERVISTA
Q:Whoisthereservistainreservatroncal?
Ifheinheritedthepropertyfromthepropositus,not
by legalsuccessionor by virtue of legitime, thereis
noobligationtoreserve.
Note:Thereservablepropertyisnotpartofthe
estateofthereservista.
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Q:Canthereservistaalienatetheproperty?
A:Thereservistacanalienatethepropertybeing
theownerthereofbutsubjecttothereservation.
Q:Isthereservistarequiredtofurnishabond?
A:
GR:Heisrequiredtofurnishabond,security
or mortgage to guarantee the safe delivery
laterontothereservatariosoftheproperties
concerned,inthepropercases.
XPN: The bond, security or mortgage is not
needed when the property has been
registered or annotated in the certificate of
titleassubjecttoreservatroncal.
Note:Uponthereservistasdeaththeownershipof
thereservedpropertiesisautomaticallyvestedto
thereservatarioswhoareexisting.Hence,the
reservistacannotdisposethereservedpropertyby
williftherearereservatariosexistingatthetimeof
hisdeath.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofthereservista?
A:
1. Tomakeaninventoryofthereservable
property;
2. Toannotatethereservablecharacterof
the real property in the Register of
Deedswithin90daysfromthetimehe
receivestheinheritance;
3. Tofurnishabond,security,ormortgage
toanswerforthereturnofpropertyor
itsvalue;
rd
4. To preserve the property for the 3
degreerelatives.
RESERVATARIOS
Q:Whoarethereservatarios?
A:Thereservatariosarerelativeswithinthethird
degreeofthepropositus,whobelongtothesame
linefromwhichthepropertyoriginallycame,who
will become the full owners of the property the
moment the reservista dies, because by such
death,thereservaisextinguished.
Q:Whoaretherelativeswithinthethirddegree
fromthepropositus?
A:
1. Parents;
2. Grandparents;
316
3.
4.
5.
Fullandhalfbrothersandsisters;
Greatgrandparents,
Nephewsandnieces.
Q:Whataretherequisitesforpassingoftitleto
thereservatarios?
A:
1. deathofthereservista;and
2. the fact that the reservatarios survived
thereservista.
Note:Thereservatariosinheritthepropertyfrom
thepropositus,notfromthereservista.
Thereservatariosmustbelegitimaterelativesofthe
originandthepropositus.
Reservatroncalisgovernedbythefollowingruleson
intestatesuccession:(Applicablewhenthereare
concurringrelativeswithinthethirddegree)
1. Proximity The nearer excludes the
farther
2. The direct line is preferred over the
collateralline
3. Thedescendinglineispreferredoverthe
ascendingline
Q:Whataretherightsofthereservatarios?
A:
1. Toaskfortheinventoryofallreservable
property
2. The appraisal of all reservable movable
property
3. The annotationin the registry of deeds
of the reservable character of all
reservableimmovableproperty
4. Constitutionofthenecessarymortgage.
Q:Whendoesthereservatarioacquiretheright
overthereservableproperty?
A:Thereisrepresentationinreservatroncal,but
the representative must also be within the third
degree from the propositus. (Florentino v.
Florentino)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
OPERATIONOFRESERVATRONCAL
Theoriginofthepropertyisthelegitimateascendant,brotherorsisterofthepropositus
UpondeathoftheORIGIN,hispropertyistransmittedtothePROPOSITUSeitherbydonationintervivos
ormortiscausa,aslongasitisbygratuitoustitle.
ORIGIN
PROPOSITUS
RESERVISTA
RESERVATARIO
ThePROPOSITUSisalegitimatedescendantorhalfbrother/sisteroftheORIGINoftheproperty.
Togiverisetoreservetroncal,thePROPOSITUSmustnot haveanylegitimate children,otherwise,the
reservablepropertywillbeinheritedbythelatter
ThePROPOSITUSisthedescendantwhosedeathgivesrisetothereservatroncal,andfromwhomthe
thirddegreeiscounted.
TheRESERVISTAistheascendantwhoinheritsfromthePROPOSITUSbyoperationoflaw.Itishewhohas
theobligationtoreserve.
TherelationshipbetweentheRESERVISTAandthePROPOSITUSmustbelegitimate.
TheRESERVISTAisanabsoluteorfullowner,subjecttoaresolutorycondition.
Resolutorycondition: IfatthetimeoftheRESERVISTASsdeath,thereshouldstillexistrelativeswithinthe
thirddegree(reservatarios)ofthepropositusandbelongingtothelinefromwhichthepropertycame.
TheRESERVATARIO'sarerelativeswithinthethirddegreeofthepropositus,whobelongtothesameline
fromwhichthepropertyoriginallycame,whowillbecomethefullownersofthepropertythemomentthe
reservistadies.
ThereservatariosinheritthepropertyfromthePROPOSITUS,notfromtheRESERVISTA.
UponthedeathoftheRESERVISTA,theRESERVATARIOnearestthedecedentPROPOSITUSbecomes,
automaticallyandbyoperationoflaw,theabsoluteownerofthereservableproperty.
4.DISINHERITANCE
A.DISINHERITANCEFORCAUSE
Q:Whatisdisinheritance?
Disinheritance,however,iswithoutprejudicetothe
right of representation of the children and
descendantsofthepersondisinherited.
A:Disinheritancemustbe:
1. Madeinavalidwill;
2. Identity of the heir is clearly
established;
3. Foralegalcause;
4. Expresslymade;
5. Causestatedinthewill;
6. Absoluteorunconditional;
7. Total;
8. Causemustbetrueandifchallengedby
theheir,itmustbeprovedtobetrue.
Note:Proponentofdisinheritancehastheburdenof
proof.
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(1)RECONCILIATION
(2)RIGHTSOFDESCENDANTSOFPERSON
DISINHERITED
Q:Whatisreconciliation?
A:Thereisreconciliationwhentwopersonswho
are at odds decide to set aside their differences
andtoresumetheirrelations.Theyneednotgo
backtotheiroldrelation.
Note:Ahandshakeisnotreconciliation.Ithastobe
somethingmore.Itmustbeclearanddeliberate.
A:
1. Ifmadebeforedisinheritancerightto
disinheritisextinguished.
2. If made after disinheritance
disinheritanceissetaside.
B.DISINHERITANCEWITHOUTCAUSE
318
Q:Whatarethegroundsfordisinheritance?
A:
1. Common causes for disinheritance of
children or descendants, parents or
ascendants,andspouse:
2. PeculiarCausesforDisinheritance
a. ChildrenandDescendants:
i. Conviction of a crime which
carrieswithitapenaltyofcivil
interdiction
ii. Maltreatment of the testator
b word or deed by the
childrenordescendant
iii. When the children or
descendant
has
been
convicted of adultery or
concubinage with the spouse
ofthetestator
iv. When the children or
descendant
leads
a
dishonorable or disgraceful
life
b. ParentsorAscendants:
i. When the parent or
ascendanthasbeenconvicted
of adultery or concubinage
with the spouse of the
testator
ii. When the parents have
abandoned their children or
induced their daughters to
live a corrupt or immoral life,
or attempted against their
virtue
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
iii.
iv.
c.
Spouse:
When the spouse has given
causeforlegalseparation
ii.
When the spouse has given
grounds for the loss of
parentalauthority
5.LEGACIESANDDEVISES
i.
Q:Whatcanbebequeathedordevised?
Q:Whomaybechargedwithlegaciesand
devices?
A:
1. Anycompulsoryheir
2. Anyvoluntaryheir
3. Anylegateeordevisee
4. Theestate,representedbytheexecutor
oradministrator(Jurado,p.345)
Q:Canthetestatorbequeathordeviseathingor
propertybelongingtosomeoneelse?
A:Itdependsonwhether:
1. Thetestatorthoughtthatheownedit
A:Ifatthetimethelegacyordeviseismade,the
thingdidnotbelongtothelegateeordeviseebut
lateronheacquiresit,then:
1. Ifheacquireditbygratuitoustitle,then
thelegacyordeviseisvoid.
2.
Q:Supposethepropertybequeathedordevised
has been pledged or mortgaged, who has the
obligation to free the property from such
encumbrance?
A:
GR:Thepledgeormortgagemustbepaidby
theestate.
Q:Whatisalegacyofcredit?
A:It takesplacewhenthetestatorbequeathsto
anotheracreditagainstathirdperson.Ineffect,
itisanovationofthecreditbythesubrogationof
thelegateeintheplaceoftheoriginalcreditor.
Q:Whatisalegacyofremission?
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Note:
1.
2.
3.
Q:Isalegacyordeviseconsideredpaymentofa
debt,ifthetestatorhasastandingindebtedness
tothelegateeordevisee?
A:No,legacyordeviseisnotconsideredpayment
of a debt because if it is, then it would be a
uselesslegacyordevisesinceitwillreallybepaid.
Q:Whatistheorderofpaymentoflegaciesand
devises?
A:
1. Remuneratorylegaciesordevises
2. Legaciesordevisesdeclaredbytestator
tobepreferential
3. Legaciesforsupport
4. Legaciesforeducation
5. Legacies or devises of a specific
determinate thing which forms part of
theestate
6. Allothersprorata
Note:
GR:Thealienationofthepropertyrevokes
thelegacyordevisenotwithstandingthe
nullityofthetransaction.
However,whetherornotthelegacyor
deviseisrevokedornotdependsonthe
basisforthenullityofthecontract:
Ifthenullityisbasedonvitiatedconsent,
thelegacyordeviseisnotrevoked
becausetherewasnointentiontorevoke.
Forallothergrounds,thelegacyordevise
isrevoked.
XPN:Ifthesaleispactoderetroandthe
testatorreacquireditduringhislifetime.
3.
Note:Theorderofpreferenceisapplicablewhen:
1. There are no compulsory heirs and the
entireestateisdistributedbythetestator
aslegacy/devise;or
2. There are compulsory heirs but their
legitimehasalreadybeenprovidedforby
the testator and there are no donations
intervivos.
Q:WhatisthedistinctionbetweenArt.911and
Art.950?
A:
Orderofpreference
Orderofpreference
underArt.911
underArt.950
LDPO:
1. Legitimeof
compulsoryheirs;
2. Donationsinter
vivos;
3. Preferential
legaciesor
devises;
4. AllOtherlegacies
ordevisesprorata
320
Totallossofthethingbequeathed.
Note:Thelossofthethingbequeathed
mustnotbeattributedtotheheirs.There
shouldbenofaultonthepartoftheheirs.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RemuneratoryL/D;
PreferentialL/D;
Legacyforsupport;
Legacyforeducation;
L/Dofaspecific,
determinatething
whichformsapartof
theestate;
6. Allothersprorata
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
III.LEGALORINTESTATESUCCESSION
A.GENERALPROVISIONS
1.RELATIONSHIP
Q:Whatislegalorintestatesuccession?
A:Thefollowingareappliedsuccessively:ISRAI
1. Institution of an heir (Bequest, in case
oflegaciesordevises)
2. Substitution,ifproper
3. Representation,ifapplicable
4. Accretion,ifapplicable
5. Intestacy, if all of The above are not
applicable
A:Intestatesuccessiontakesplacewhen:
1. there is no will; the will is void, or the
willisrevoked;
2. the will does not dispose all the
property of the testator. (partial
intestacy);
3. the suspensive condition attached to
theinheritanceisnotfulfilled;
4. The heir predeceased the testator or
repudiates the inheritance and no
substitution and no right of accretion
takeplace.
5. The heir instituted is incapacitated to
succeed.
E.g.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Preterition;
Arrivaloftheresolutorytermorperiod;
Fulfillment of a resolutory condition
attachedtotheinheritance;
Noncompliance or impossibility of
complyingwiththewillofthetestator.
Q:Whoareintestateheirs?
A:
1. Legitimatechildrenordescendants
2. Illegitimatechildrenordescendants
3. Legitimateparentsorascendants
4. Illegitimateparents
5. Survivingspouse
6. Brothers and sisters, nephews and
nieces
th
7. Other collateral relatives up to the 5
degree
8. TheState.
2.RIGHTOFREPRESENTATION
Q:Whatisrightofrepresentation?
Q:Whatistheeffectofrepresentation?
Note:Perstirpesmeansinheritancebygroup,all
thosewithinthegroupinheritinginequalshares.
Representationissuperiortoaccretion.
Q:Whendoesrightofrepresentationarise?
A:Representationmayariseeitherbecauseof:
1. death,
2. incapacity,or
3. disinheritance.
Q:Whenisrightorrepresentationnotavailable?
A:
1. As to compulsory heirs: In case of
repudiation,theonewhorepudiateshis
inheritance cannot be represented.
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2.
A:No.Inrepresentation,therepresentativedoes
notinheritfromthepersonrepresentedbutfrom
thetestatorordecedent.
Note:Thisruleappliesonlywhenthedecedentdoes
nothavedescendants.
Q:Whatistheeffectifthereisnouncleoraunt
uponwhomthechildren,whoseektoinvokethe
rightofrepresentation,canconcurwith?
Q:Mayanillegitimatesiblingofthedecedentbe
represented?
322
Reason:Thelawdoesnotcreateanyrelationship
between the adopted child and the relatives of
the adopting parents, not even to the biological
orlegitimatechildrenoftheadoptingparents.
Q:Whatistheruleonequaldivisionoflines?
A:
GR: Intestate heirs equal in degree inherit in
equalshares.
XPN:
1. In the ascending line, the rule of
divisionbylineistothematernalline
and to the paternal line, and within
eachline,thedivisionispercapita.
2. In the collateral line, the fullblood
brothers/sisters will get double that of
thehalfblood.
3. The division in representation, where
division is per stirpes the
representative divide only the share
pertainingtothepersonrepresented.
Fullbloodbrotherorsisterisentitledtodoublethe
shareofhalfbrotherorsister(Art.1006).
Compulsoryheirsshall,innocase,inheritabintesto
lessthantheirlegitimeasprovidedintestamentary
succession.
IRONCURTAINRULE
Q:Whatistheironcurtainrule?
Thereisabarrierrecognizedbylawbetweenthe
legitimate relatives and the illegitimate child so
that one cannot inherit from the other and vice
versa.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Rationale:Thelawpresumestheexistenceof
antagonismbetweentheillegitimatechildand
thelegitimaterelativesofhisparents.
Q:Distinguishtheapplicationofironcurtainrule
andrightofrepresentation.
A:
IRONCURTAINRULE
RIGHTOF
REPRESENTATION
Prohibitsabsolutelya
successionabintestato
betweenthe
illegitimatechildand
thelegitimatechildren
andrelativesofthe
fatherormotherof
saidillegitimatechild.
Note:Ironcurtainrule
imposesalimitationon
rightof
representation.
Rightcreatedbyfiction
oflawwherethe
representativeisraised
totheplaceand
degreeoftheperson
represented,and
acquirestherights
whichthelatterwould
haveifhewereliving
orcouldhave
inherited.
Appliesiftheonewho
diedfirstisthe
legitimateparentor
childofthe
illegitimatesparent.
Reason:illegitimate
inheritsfromhis
parentsestatewhich
includeshisparents
inheritancefromsaid
legitimaterelativeor
childwhodied.
Appliesiftheonewho
diedfirstisthe
illegitimatesparent.
Reason:illegitimate
willberepresentinghis
parentbecauseofthe
predecease,thebar
imposedbytheiron
curtainruleis
renderedoperativeto
preventsuch.
Appliestoboth
intestateandtestate
succession
Determiningfactor:whodiedfirst?Isitthe
parentoftheillegitimatechildorisitthe
legitimaterelativeorchildofhisparent?
Appliesonlyin
intestatesuccession
RightofRepresentationandIronCurtainRule
(D)
Legit X
legit
(X1)
illegit
(X2)
Illegit Y
legit
(Y2)
illegit
(Y1)
Since X and Y both predeceased D, only X1 can represent X. X2 cannot by virtue of the iron curtain
rule. Both Y1 and Y2 can represent Y
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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B.ORDEROFINTESTATESUCCESSION
Q:Whatistheorderofpreferencebetweenlines
inlegalorintestatesuccession?
A:Successiontakesplace:
First,inthedirectdescendingline;
Second,inthedirectascendingline;
Finally,inthecollateralline.
Q:Whatistheorderofintestatesuccessiontoa
legitimatechild?
A:
1. The
legitimate
children
and
descendants of a person who is an
illegitimate child are preferred over
other intestateheirs, without prejudice
to the right of concurrence of
illegitimate children and the surviving
spouse.
324
theestatewhiletheillegitimateparents
gettheotherhalf.
4.
5.
6.
TheState.(id.,pp.691692)
IV.PROVISIONSCOMMONTOTESTATEAND
INTESTATESUCCESSION
A.RIGHTOFACCRETION
1.DEFINITIONANDREQUISITES
Q:Whatisaccretion?
Basis:Accretionisarightbasedonthepresumed
will of the deceased that he prefers to give
certain properties to certain individuals rather
thantohislegalheirs.Accretionispreferredover
intestacy.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Q:Whataretherequisitesofaccretion?
A:
1. Two or more persons must have been
called in the testators will to the same
inheritance, legacy or devise, or to the
sameportionthereof,proindiviso
2. There must be a vacancy in the
inheritance,legacyordeviseasaresult
ofpredecease,incapacityorrepudiation
Q:Intestamentarysuccession,inwhatinstances
mayaccretiontakeplace?
A:
1. Predecease
2. Incapacity
3. Renunciation
4. Nonfulfillment of suspensive condition
imposeduponinstitutedheir
5. Ineffectivetestamentarydisposition
Q:Inintestatesuccession,inwhatinstancesmay
accretiontakeplace?
A:
1. Predeceaseoflegalheir
2. Incapacityoflegalheir
3. Repudiationbylegalheir
Reason:Norepresentationinrenunciation.
In intestacy, apply representation first. If there is
none,thenaccretionwillapply.
In testacy, apply substitution first. If there is no
substitution, then accretion will apply. However, in
testamentary succession, the inheritance must not
havebeenearmarked.Accretioncannottakeplaceif
theinheritanceisearmarked.
B.CAPACITYTOSUCCEEDBYWILLORINTESTACY
1.PERSONSINCAPABLEOFSUCCEEDING
A:Itmeansthepersonisincapacitatedtosucceed
in any form, whether by testate or intestate
succession.
Q:Whoareabsolutelyincapacitatedtosucceed?
A:
1. Thosenotlivingatthetimeofdeathof
thetestator
2.
3.
A:ACO
1. Persons guilty of Adultery or
concubinage with the testator at the
timeofthemakingofthewill;
2. Persons guilty of the same Criminal
offense,inconsiderationthereof;
3. Apublicofficerorhiswife,descendants
andascendants,byreasonofhisOffice.
(Art.739)
A:PCAVAFPF
1. Parents who have abandoned their
children or induced their daughters to
lead a corrupt or immoral life, or
attemptedagainsttheirvirtues;
2. Persons Convicted of an attempt
against the life of the testator, his or
herspouse,descendantsorascendants;
3. Persons who Accused the testator of a
crime for which the law prescribes
imprisonment for six years or more, if
the accusation has been found to be
groundless;
4. Heir of full age who, having knowledge
of the Violent death of the testator,
should fail to report it to an officer of
the law within a month unless the
authoritieshavealreadytakenaction.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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Note:Grounds1,2,3,5and6arethesamegrounds
asindisinheritance.
Numbers6,7and8coversix(6)actswhichrelateto
wills:
1. Causingthetestatortomakeawill
2. Causingthetestatortochangeanexisting
will
3. Preventing the decedent from making a
will
4. Preventing the testator from revoking his
will
5. Supplanting, concealing, or altering the
testator'swill.
6. Falsifyingorforgingasupposedwillofthe
decedent.
RELATIVEINCAPACITYTOSUCCEED
Q:Whatisrelativeincapacitytosucceed?
A:Itmeansthepersonisincapacitatedtosucceed
becauseofsomespecialrelationtothetestator.
A:UMA
1. Undueinfluenceorinterest(Art.1027)
2. Moralityorpublicpolicy(Art.739)
3. Actsofunworthiness(Art.1032)
A:PRGWPI
1. ThePriestwhoheardtheconfessionof
thetestatorduringhislastillness,orthe
minister of the gospel who extended
spiritual aid to him during the same
period;
326
4.
Note:Numbers1to4donotapplytolegitimes.
5.
Note:Number5isanabsolutedisqualification.
6.
Individuals,
associations
and
corporations not permitted by law to
inherit.
PRIESTS
Q:Whoarecoveredbythisdisqualificationto
inherit?
A:PMRC
1. Priest who heard the confession of the
testatorduringhislastillness;
2. Minister of the gospel who extended
spiritual aid to him during the same
period;
3. Relatives of such priest or minister of
thegospelwithinthefourthdegree;or
4. TheChurch,order,chapter,community,
organization, or institution to which
suchpriestorministermaybelong;
A:
1. Thewillwasmadeduringthelastillness
ofthetestator;
2. The spiritual ministration must have
beenextendedduringthelastillness;
3. The will was executed during or after
thespiritualministration.
1. Thepriestisthesonofthesickperson?
2. The priest was the sick persons
brother?
A:
1. Yes.Hecangetthelegitime.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
Note:Apriestisincapacitatedtosucceed
when the confession is made prior to or
simultaneouslywiththemakingofawill.
2.
Yes.Hecaninheritbyintestacy.
GUARDIANS
Q:Whatisthecoverageofthisdisqualification?
Q:Whendoesthedisqualificationapply?
A:
GR: The disqualification applies when the
disposition is made after the guardianship
beganorbeforeguardianshipisterminated
approval of final accounts or lifting of
guardianship.
ATTESTINGWITNESSES
Q:Whoarecoveredbythedisqualification?
A:
1. Attesting witness to the execution of a
will;
2. Theattestingwitness:
a. spouse,
b. parents,or
c. children,or
3.
Q:Willthedisqualificationstillapplyifthereare
otherwitnessestothewill?
A:Itdependsuponcompliancewiththerequisite
number of witnesses. If, notwithstanding the
disqualified witness, the number of witnesses is
sufficient,theformerisnotdisqualified.
PHYSICIANS
Q:Uponwhomdoesthedisqualificationapply?
A:PSNHD
1. Physician;
2. Surgeon;
3. Nurse;
4. Healthofficer;or
5. Druggist
Q:Whatmustbepresentforthisdisqualification
toapply?
A:
1. Thewillwasmadeduringthelastillness
2. The sick person must have been taken
caredofduringhislastillness.Medical
attendancewasmade.
3. Thewillwasexecutedduringorafterhe
wasbeingtakencaredof.
PROHIBITEDBYLAWTOINHERIT
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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2.UNWORTHINESSVS.DISINHERITANCE
Q:
Distinguish
Unworthiness
from
Disinheritance.
A:
DISINHERITANCE
UNWORTHINESS
Effectsontheinheritance
Exclusionfromthe
Deprivationofa
entireinheritance.
compulsoryheirofhis
However,donations
legitime.
intervivosarenot
affected.
Effectsofpardonorreconciliation
Reconciliationbetween
theoffenderandthe
Ifthetestatorpardons
offendedpartydeprives
theactofunworthiness,
thelatteroftherightto
thecauseof
disinherit,andrenders
unworthinessshallbe
ineffectualany
withouteffect.
disinheritancethatmay
havebeenmade.
Mannerofreconciliationorpardon
Expressorimplied
Grounds
Therearegroundsfordisinheritancewhicharealso
causesforincapacitybyreasonofunworthiness.
Effectofsubsequentreconciliationifdisinheritance
hasalreadybeenmadeonanyofthegrounds
whicharealsocausesforunworthiness
Themomentthetestatorusesoneofthecausesfor
unworthinessasagroundfordisinheritance,he
therebysubmitsittotheruleondisinheritance.
(Rabuya,CivilLawReviewer,pp.644649;704708)
C.ACCEPTANCEANDREPUDIATIONOFTHE
INHERITANCE
Q:Whatarethethreeprincipalcharacteristicsof
acceptanceandrepudiation?
A:
1. Itisvoluntaryandfree
2. Itisretroactive
3. Oncemade,itisirrevocable
A:
1. Certaintyofthedeathofthedecedent
2. Certaintyoftherightofinheritance
328
ACCEPTANCE
Q:Howmayinheritancebeaccepted?
A:
1. Express acceptance through a public
orprivateinstrument
2. Tacit acceptance through acts by
which the intention to accept is
necessarilyimpliedorwhichonewould
have no right to do except in the
capacityofanheir.
Q:Whenisinheritancedeemedaccepted?
A:
1. Whentheheirsells,donates,orassigns
hisrights
2. When the heir renounces it for the
benefitofoneormoreheirs
3. When renunciation is in favor of all
heirsindiscriminatelyforconsideration
4. Othertacitactsofacceptance:
a. Heir demands partition of the
inheritance
b. Heir alienates some objects of the
inheritance
c. Acts
of
preservation
or
administration if, through such
acts, the title or capacity of the
heirhasbeenassumed
d. Under Art. 1057, failure to signify
acceptance or repudiation within
30 days after an order of
distributionbytheprobatecourt.
REPUDIATION
Q:Whatarethewaysbywhichtherepudiation
of the inheritance, legacy or devise may be
made?
A:
1. Bymeansofapublicinstrument
2. Bymeansofanauthenticinstrument
3. Bymeansofapetitionpresentedtothe
court having jurisdiction over the
testamentaryorintestateproceedings.
Q:Whatistheeffectofrepudiationifanheiris
bothatestateandlegalheir?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SUCCESSION
heir, he may still accept the inheritance as a
testateheir.
Q:Whatistheremedyiftheheirrepudiatesthe
inheritancetotheprejudiceofhiscreditors?
Requisites:
1. Theheirwhorepudiatedhisinheritance
must have been indebted at the time
whentherepudiationismade
2. The heirdebtor must have repudiated
his inheritance according to the
formalitiesprescribedbylaw
3. Such act of repudiation must be
prejudicialtothecreditororcreditors.
4. There must be judicial authorization
(Art.1052)
D.COLLATION
Q:Whatiscollation?
A:
1. Absolutely no collation expenses for
support, education (elementary and
secondary only), medical attendance,
even in extraordinary illness,
apprenticeship, ordinary equipment or
customarygifts.
2. Generallynotimputedtolegitime:
a. Expenses incurred by parents in
giving their children professional,
vocational, or other career unless
the parents so provide, or unless
theyimpairthelegitime.
b. Wedding gifts by parents and
ascendants consisting of jewelry,
clothing and outfit except when
they exceed 1/10 of the sum
disposablebywill.
E.PARTITIONANDDISTRIBUTIONOFESTATE
1.PARTITION
Q:Whatispartitionanddistribution?
A:Itistheseparation,divisionandassignmentof
athingheldincommonamongthosetowhomit
maybelong.
Q:Whomayeffectpartition?
A:Thepartitionmaybeeffectedeither:
1. By the decedent himself during his
lifetimebyanactintervivosorbywill
2. By a third person designated by the
decedentorbytheheirsthemselves
3. By a competent court in accordance
withtheNewRulesofCourt
Q:Whocandemandpartition?
A:Any:
1. Compulsoryheir
2. Voluntaryheir
3. Legateeordevisee
4. Person who has acquired an interest in
theestate
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Q:Whenpartitioncannotbedemanded?
A:Partitioncannotbedemandedwhen:PAPU
1. Expressly Prohibited by testator for a
periodnotmorethan20years
2. Coheirs Agreed that estate not be
divided for period not more than 10
years,renewableforanother10yrs
3. Prohibitedbylaw
4. To partition estate would render it
Unserviceable for use for which it was
intended
2.PARTITIONINTERVIVOS
Q:Cananestatebepartitionedintervivos?
3.EFFECTSOFPARTITION
Q:Whataretheeffectsofpartition?
A:
1. Confers upon each heir the exclusive
ownershipofpropertyadjudicated.
2. Afterthepartition,thecoheirsshallbe
reciprocally bound to warrant the title
to (warranty against eviction) and the
quality of (warranty against hidden
defects)eachpropertyadjudicated.
3. Theobligationofwarrantyshallceasein
thefollowingcases:
a. When the testator himself has
made the partition unless his
intention was otherwise, but the
legitime shall always remain
unimpaired.
b. When it has been expressly
stipulated in the agreement of
partition, unless there has been
badfaith.
c. When the eviction was due to a
cause subsequent to the partition,
orhasbeencausedbythefaultof
thedistributeeoftheproperty.
330
A:
1. Between a true heir and several
mistakenheirspartitionisvoid.
2. Between several true heirs and a
mistaken heir transmission to
mistakenheirisvoid.
3. Through the error or mistake; share of
true heir is allotted to mistaken heir
partition shall not be rescinded unless
thereisbadfaithorfraudonthepartof
the other persons interested, but the
latter shall be proportionately obliged
topaythetrueheirofhisshare.
Q:Whenpartitioncannotbedemanded?
A:Partitioncannotbedemandedwhen:PAPU
1. Expressly Prohibited by testator for a
periodnotmorethan20years
2. Coheirs Agreed that estate not be
divided for period not more than 10
years,renewableforanother10yrs
3. Prohibitedbylaw
4. To partition estate would render it
Unserviceable for use for which it was
intended
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
PARTNERSHIP
I.CONTRACTOFPARTNERSHIP
A.DEFINITION
Q:Whatispartnership?
A:Acontractwherebytwoormorepersonsbind
themselves to contribute money, property, or
industrytoacommonfund,withtheintentionof
dividingtheprofitsamongthemselves.
B.ELEMENTS
A:
1. Agreement to contribute money,
propertyorindustrytoacommonfund
(mutual contribution to a common
stock);and
2. Intention to divide the profits among
thecontractingparties(jointinterestin
the profits). (Evangelista v. Collector of
Internal Revenue, G.R. No. L9996, Oct.
15,1987).
Q:Whataretherequisitesofapartnership?
A:ICJ
1. Intentiontocreateapartnership
2. Common
fund
obtained
from
contributions
3. Jointinterestindividingtheprofits(and
losses)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofapartnership?
A:BONCCPP
1. Bilateral it is entered into by two or
more persons and the rights and
obligations arising therefrom are
reciprocal
2. Onerouseachofthepartiesaspiresto
procure for himself a benefit through
thegivingofsomething
3. Nominate it has a special name or
designationinourlaw
4. Consensual perfected by mere
consent
5. Commutativetheundertakingofeach
of the partners is considered as the
equivalentofthatoftheothers
6.
A:
1. Yes. Both elements in a contract of
partnership
exist:
a)
mutual
contributiontoacommonstock,andb)
a joint interest in the profits. If the
contractcontainsthesetwoelements,a
partnershiprelationresults,andthelaw
itself fixes the incidents of this relation
if the parties fail to do so. In this case,
therewasmoneyfurnishedbyJoseand
received by Francisco for the purchase
of the cascoes and there was also an
intention to divide the profits
proportionately between them. Thus,
there is a partnership by virtue of the
verbal agreement between Jose and
Francisco.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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INTENTTOCREATEAPARTNERSHIP
332
ofthepriceandthatanequaldivisionshouldbe
madebetweenthemofthelandthuspurchased.
Despite Catalinosdemand foran equaldivision
between them, Ceferino refused to do so and
even profited from the fruits of the land. Are
theypartnersorcoowners?
A:Theyarecoownersbecauseitdoesnotappear
thattheyenteredintoanycontractofpartnership
but only for the sole transaction of acquiring
jointlyorbymutualagreementofthelandunder
theconditionthattheywouldpayoftheprice
ofthelandandthatitbedividedequallybetween
them. (Gallemit v. Tabiliran, G.R. No. 5837, Sept.
15,1911)
COMMONFUND
Q: May a partnership be formed even if the
commonfundiscomprisedentirelyofborrowed
orloanedmoney?Whatwouldbetheliabilityof
thepartnersinsuchacase?
A: Yes. A partnership may be deemed to exist
among parties who agree to borrow money to
pursue a business and to divide the profits or
losses that may arise therefrom, even if it is
shownthattheyhavenotcontributedanycapital
of their own to a "common fund." Their
contribution may be in the form of credit or
industry, not necessarily cash or fixed assets.
Being partners, they are all liable for debts
incurred by or on behalf of thepartnership. (Lim
Tong Lim v. Philippine Fishing Gear Industries,
Inc.,G.R.No.136448,Nov.3,1999)
SHAREINPROFITSANDLOSSES
Q: Mariano and Isabelo entered into a
partnership agreement wherein they are to
contribute P15,000 each for the purpose of
printing 95,000 posters. Isabelo was unable to
printenoughposterspursuanttotheagreement,
thus he executed in favor of Mariano a
promissorynoteinanamountequivalenttothe
unrealizedprofitduetoinsufficientprinting.The
whole amount became due but Isabelo
defaultedpayment.IsMarianoentitledtofilea
casefortherecoveryoftheunrealizedprofitof
thepartnership?
A:No.Theessenceofapartnershipistosharein
the profits and losses, thus, Mariano should
shoulderthelosseswithIsabelo.(MoranJr.,v.CA,
G.R.No.L59956,Oct.31,1984)
Q: To form a lending business, it was verbally
agreedthatNoynoywouldactasfinancierwhile
CoryandKriswouldtakechargeofsolicitationof
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
membersandcollectionofloanpayments.They
agreed that Noynoy would receive 70% of the
profitswhileCoryandKriswouldearn15%each.
Thepartiesexecutedthe'ArticlesofAgreement'
whichformalizedtheirearlierverbalagreement.
Later,NoynoyfiledacomplaintagainstCoryand
Kris for misappropriation of funds allegedly in
their capacitiesas Noynoys employees. In their
answer, Cory and Kris asserted that they were
partners and not mere employees of Noynoy.
What kind of relationship existed between the
parties?
A: A partnership was formed among the parties.
The "Articles of Agreement" stipulated that the
signatoriesshallsharetheprofitsofthebusiness
in a 701515 manner, with Noynoy getting the
lion's share. This stipulation clearly proved the
establishmentofapartnership.(Santosv.Spouses
Reyes,G.R.No.135813,Oct.25,2001)
Q:Joseconveyedhislotsinfavorofhisfoursons
in order for them to build their residences. His
sons sold the lots since they found the lots
impractical for residential purposes because of
high costs of construction. They derived profits
from the sale and paid income tax. The sons
were required to pay corporate income tax and
income tax deficiency, on the theory that they
formed an unregistered partnership or joint
venturetaxableasacorporation.Didthesiblings
formapartnership?
A:No.Theoriginalpurposewastodividethelots
for residential purposes. If later, they found out
thatitisnotfeasibletobuildtheirresidenceson
the lots, they can dissolve the coownership by
reselling said lots. The division on the profit was
merely incidental to the dissolution of the co
ownership which was in the nature of things a
temporary state. (Obillos, Jr. v. CIR, G.R. No. L
68118,Oct.29,1985)
C.RULESTODETERMINEEXISTENCE
Q:Whataretherulestodeterminetheexistence
ofpartnership?
A:
1. Personswhoarenotpartnersastoeach
other are not partners as to third
persons.
2. Coownership/copossession does not
ofitselfestablishapartnership.
3. Sharing of gross returns does not of
itselfestablishapartnership.
4. Receipt of a person of a share in the
profitsisaprimafacieevidencethathe
Q: Distinguish partnership
ownership/copossession.
A:
from
co
COOWNERSHIP/
COPOSSESSION
Intenttoderiveprofits
Theprofitsmustbe
derivedfromthe
Thecoownerssharein
operationofthe
theprofitsderived
businessorundertaking
incidenttothejoint
bythemembersofthe
ownership.
associationandnot
merelyfromproperty
ownership.
Existenceoffiduciaryrelationship
Thereisawelldefined
Thereisnofiduciary
fiduciaryrelationship
relationshipbetween
betweenthemas
theparties.
partners.
Remedyfordispute
Theremedyforadispute
Theremedywouldbe
ordifferencebetween
anaction,asfor
themwouldbeanaction
instance,fornon
fordissolution,
performanceofa
termination,and
contract.
accounting.
Intent
Theremustbean
Thereisnointentto
unmistakableintention
formapartnership.
toformapartnership.
PARTNERSHIP
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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If,aftersuchpartition,anheirallowshissharesto
be held in common with his coheirs under a
singlemanagementtobeusedwiththeintentof
making profit thereby in proportion to his share,
therecanbenodoubtthat,evenifnodocument
orinstrumentwereexecutedforthepurpose,for
tax purposes, at least, an unregistered
partnership is formed. (Ona v. Commissioner of
Internalrevenue,45SCRA74[1972])
Q:Whatarethetypicalincidentsofpartnership?
A:
1. Thepartnersshareinprofitsandlosses.
(Arts.1767,179798)
2. They have equal rights in the
management and conduct of the
partnershipbusiness.(Art.1803)
3. Every partner is an agent of
partnership, and entitled to bind the
other partners by his acts, for the
purposeofitsbusiness.(Art.1818)
4. Allpartnersarepersonallyliableforthe
debts of the partnership with their
separateproperty(Arts.1816,182224)
exceptlimitedpartners.
5. A fiduciary relationship exists between
thepartners.(Art.1807)
6. On dissolution, the partnership is not
terminated, but continues until the
windingupofpartnershipiscompleted.
(Art1828)
A:
1. Distributionofprofits
a. Thepartnersshareintheprofits
accordingtotheiragreement
b. Intheabsenceofsuch:
i. Capitalistpartnerin
proportiontohiscontribution
ii. Industrialpartnerwhatis
justandequitableunderthe
circumstances
2. Distributionoflosses
a. The partners share in the losses
accordingtotheiragreement
b. In the absence of such, according
totheiragreementastoprofits
334
c.
Q:Whatistheruleregardingastipulationwhich
excludes a partner in the sharing of profits and
losses?
A:
GR:Stipulationisvoid.
XPN:Industrialpartnerisnotliableforlosses
[Art. 1797(2), NCC]. However, he is not
exempted from liability insofar as third
personsareconcerned.
Note:Lossisdifferentfromliability
If,besideshisservicestheindustrialpartnerhas
contributedcapital,heshallalsoreceiveashare
intheprofitsinproportiontohiscapital.
D.HOWPARTNERSHIPISFORMED
Q:Howarepartnershipsformed?
A:
GR:Nospecialformisrequiredforitsvalidity
orexistence.(Art.1771,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
a.
mustregisterwithSEC.However,thisregistration
requirement is not mandatory. Article 1768 NCC
explicitlyprovidesthatthepartnershipretainsits
juridicalpersonalityevenifitfailstoregister.The
failure to register the contract of partnership
does not invalidate the same as among the
partners,solongasthecontracthastheessential
requisites, because the main purpose of
registrationistogivenoticetothirdparties,andit
can be assumed that the members themselves
knew of the contents of their contract. Non
compliance with this directory provision of the
lawwillnotinvalidatethepartnership.
A partnership may be constituted in any form,
except where immovable property of real rights
are contributed thereto, in which case a public
instrument shall be necessary. Hence, based on
the intention of the parties, a verbal contract of
partnershipmayarise.(SungaChanv.Chua,G.R.
No.143340,Aug.15,2001)
Note: Registration is merely for administration and
licensing purposes; hence, it shall not affect the
liabilityofthepartnershipandthemembersthereof
tothirdpersons.[Art.1772,(2),NCC]
A:Itisoneinwhichthetermofitsexistencehas
beenagreeduponbythepartnerseither:
1. Expresslythereisadefiniteperiod
2. Impliedly a particular enterprise or
transactionisundertaken
Note:Themereexpectationthatthebusinesswould
besuccessfulandthatthepartnerswouldbeableto
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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recouptheirinvestmentisnotsufficienttocreatea
partnershipforaterm.
CLASSIFICATIONSOFPARTNERSHIP
Q:Whendoesapartnershipcommencetoexist?
Q:Statetheclassificationsofpartnership.
A:Asto:
1. Object
a. Universalpartnership
i. of all present property (Art.
1778, NCC) comprises the
following:
propertywhichbelonged
toeachofthepartnersat
the time of the
constitution of the
partnership
2. Liabilityofpartners
a. General partnership One where
all partners are general partners
whoareliableevenwithrespectto
their individual properties, after
the assets of the partnership have
beenexhausted(Paras,p.411)
b. Limited partnership One formed
by 2 or more persons having as
members one or more general
partners and one or more limited
partners, the latter not being
personallyliablefortheobligations
ofthepartnership.
3. Duration
a. Partnership at will Partnership
for a particular undertaking or
venture which may be terminated
anytimebymutualagreement.
b. Partnership with a fixed period
Thetermforwhichthepartnership
is to exist is fixed or agreed upon
or one formed for a particular
undertaking.
4. Legalityofexistence
a. Dejurepartnership
b. Defactopartnership
Q:Whenisapartnershipatwillterminate?
A: It may be lawfully terminated at any time by
theexpresswillofallthepartnersoranyofthem.
Q:Howisapartnershipatwilldissolved?
A: Any one of the partners may dictate a
dissolutionofapartnershipatwill.
Note: The partner who wants the partnership
dissolved must do so in good faith, not that the
attendance of bad faith can prevent thedissolution
of the partnership, but to avoid the liability for
damagestootherpartners.
336
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
5.
6.
7.
Representationtoothers
a. Ordinaryorrealpartnership
b. Ostensible or partnership by
estoppel When two or more
persons attempt to create a
partnershipbutfailtocomplywith
thelegalpersonalitiesessentialfor
juridical personality, the law
considers them as partners, and
the association is a partnership
insofar as it is favorable to third
persons,byreasonoftheequitable
principle of estoppel (MacDonald
et. al. v. Natl. City Bank of New
York, G.R. No. L7991, May 21,
1956)
Publicity
a. Secret partnership Partnership
thatisnotknowntomanybutonly
astoitspartners.
b. NotoriousoropenpartnershipIt
is known not only to the partners,
buttothepublicaswell.
Purpose
a. Commercial or trading One
formed for the transaction of
business.
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofpartnership
undertheSpanishCivilCode?
A:
1. Sociedad Anonima similar to
anonymouspartnership
2. SociedadColectivawhichisgeneralor
collectivepartnership
3. Sociedad de Cuentas en Participacion
jointaccountpartnership
4. SociedadMercantileRegularColectiva
mercantilepartnershipcompany
5. SociedadLeonilapartnershipbywhich
theentireprofitsshouldbelongtosome
ofthepartnersinexclusionoftherest
Q:Whomaybepartners?
A:
GR: Any person capacitated to contract may
enterintoacontractofpartnership.
XPNs:
1. Personswhoareprohibitedfromgiving
each other any donation or advantage
2.
3.
Q:Whatistheprincipleofdelectuspersonae?
A:Thisreferstotherulethatisinherentinevery
partnership, that no one can become a member
of the partnership association without the
consentofallthepartners.
Note:Evenifapartnerwillassociateanotherperson
in his share in the partnership, the associate shall
not be admitted into the partnership without the
consent of all the partners, even if the partner
havinganassociateshouldbeamanager(Art.1804,
NCC).
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofpartners?
A:
1. CapitalistContributesmoneyor
propertytothecommonfund
2. Industrial Contributes only his
industryorpersonalservice
rd
3. General One whose liability to 3
persons extends to his separate or
personalproperty
rd
4. Limited One whose liability to 3
persons is limited to his capital
contribution
5. Managing Manages the affairs or
businessofthepartnership
6. Liquidating Takes charge of the
winding up of partnership affairs upon
dissolution
7. Partner by estoppel Is not really a
partnerbutisliableasapartnerforthe
rd
protectionofinnocent3 persons
8. Continuing partner Continues the
business of a partnership after it has
been dissolved by reason of the
admissionofanewpartner,retirement,
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A:
1. PartnersPartners
2. PartnersPartnership
rd
3. Partnership3 persons with whom it
contracts
4. Partners3rd persons with whom
partnershipcontracts.
F.UNIVERSALVS.PARTICULAR;
GENERALVS.LIMITED
UNIVERSALPARTNERSHIP
A:
ALLPROFITS
ALLPRESENTPROPERTY
Whatconstitutescommonproperty
Onlyusufructof
Allpropertiesactually
thepropertiesof
belongingtothepartnersare
thepartners
contributedtheybecome
becomecommon
commonproperty
property
(ownedbyallofthepartners
andthepartnership)
Astoprofitsascommonproperty
Astoprofitsfromothersources:
Allprofits
acquiredbythe
GR:Asidefromthecontributed
industryofthe
properties,theprofitsofsaid
partnersbecome
propertybecomecommon
commonproperty
property
(whetherornot
theywere
XPN:Profitsfromother
obtainedthrough
sourcesmaybecomecommon
338
theusufruct
contributed)
ifthereisastipulationtosuch
effect
Astopropertiessubsequently
acquired:
GR: Propertiessubsequently
acquiredbyinheritance,legacy
ordonation,cannotbeincluded
inthestipulation
XPN:Onlyfruitsthereofcanbe
includedinthestipulation(Art.
1779,NCC)
Q:IftheArticlesofUniversalPartnershipfailto
specifywhetheritisoneofallpresentproperty
orofprofits,whatshallbethenatureofsuch?
PARTICULARPARTNERSHIP
Q:Whatisparticularpartnership?
Q:J,PandBformedalimitedpartnershipcalled
Suter Co., with P as the general partner and J
and B as limited partners. J and B contributed
P18,000andP20,000respectively.Later,JandB
got married and P sold his share of the
partnership to the spouses which was recorded
in the SEC. Has the limited partnership been
dissolvedbyreasonofthemarriagebetweenthe
limitedpartners?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
individual interest did not become common
Q:Whoisageneralpartner?
property after their marriage. (Commissioner of
authorized
Q:Whataretheobligationsofapartner?
2. Whenheactsinbehalfandinthename
ofthepartnership
A:
1. Obligationsamongthemselves
GENERALPARTNERSHIP
2. Obligationstothirdpersons
Q:Whatisgeneralpartnership?
Q:Whatisthebasisforsuchobligations?
th
411,19696 ed)
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenageneralandalimitedpartner/partnership?
A:
GENERAL
LIMITED
ExtentofLiability
Personallyliableforpartnershipobligations
Liabilityextendsonly tohiscapitalcontributions
RightinManagement
Whenmannerofmanagementisnotagreedupon,
allgeneralpartnershaveanequalrightinthe
Noparticipationinmanagement
managementofthebusiness
Contribution
Contributecash,propertyorindustry
Contributecashorpropertyonly,notindustry
IfProperPartyto ProceedingsByorAgainstPartnership
Not proper party to proceedings by/against partnership,
unless:
Properpartytoproceedingsby/againstpartnership 1. Heisalsoageneralpartner;or
2. Where the object of the proceeding is to enforce a
limitedpartnersrightorliabilitytothepartnership
AssignmentofInterest
Interestisnotassignablewithoutconsentofother
Interestisfreelyassignable
partners
FirmName
GR: Namemustnot appearinfirmname
XPNs:
1. Itisalsothesurnameofageneralpartner;
Namemayappearinfirmname
2. Prior to the time when the limited partner became
such,thebusinesshadbeencarriedonunderaname
inwhichhissurnameappeared.
ProhibitiontoEngageinOtherBusiness
Prohibitedinengaginginbusiness
Noprohibition againstengaginginbusiness
EffectofDeath,Insolvency,Retirement,Insanity
Retirement,death,insolvency,insanityofgeneral
Doesnothavesameeffect;rightsaretransferredtolegal
partnerdissolvespartnership
representative
Creation
Asarule,itmaybeconstitutedinanyform,by
Createdbythemembersaftersubstantialcompliancein
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contractorconductofthepartnership
goodfaithoftherequirementssetforthbylaw
Composition/Membership
Composedofoneormoregeneralpartnersandoneor
Composedonlyofgeneralpartners
morelimitedpartners
G.PARTNERSHIPBYESTOPPEL
Q:Whoisapartnerbyestoppel?
A:Onewho,bywordsorconductdoesanyofthe
following:
1. Directlyrepresentshimselftoanyoneas
apartnerinanexistingpartnershiporin
anonexistingpartnership
2. Indirectly represents himself by
consentingtoanotherrepresentinghim
as a partner in an existing partnership
orinanonexistingpartnership
A:
1. Defendant represented himself as
partner or is represented by others as
such, and did not deny/refute such
representation.
2. Plaintiffreliedonsuchrepresentation.
3. Statementofdefendantisnotrefuted.
Q:Whataretheliabilitiesincaseofestoppel?
A:
WhenPartnershipisLiable
Ifallactualpartnersconsentedtothe
representation,thentheliabilityofthepersonwho
representedhimselftobeapartnerorwho
consentedtosuchrepresentationandtheactual
partnerisconsideredapartnershipliability
WhenLiabilityisPRORATA
When there is no existing partnership and all those
represented as partners consented to the
representation, then the liability of thepersonwho
represented himself to be a partner and all who
madeandconsentedtosuchrepresentation,isjoint
orprorata
WhenLiabilityisSEPARATE
Whenthereisnoexistingpartnershipandnotallbut
only some of those represented as partners
consented to the representation, or none of the
partnership in an existing partnership consented to
such representation, then the liability will be
separate
340
H.PARTNERSHIPV.JOINTVENTURE
Q:Whatisajointventure?
A:Anassociationofpersonsorcompaniesjointly
undertaking some commercial enterprise;
generally,allcontributesassetsandsharerisks.It
requires a community of interest in the
performance of the subject matter, a right to
direct and govern the policy in connection
therewith, and a duty which may be altered by
agreementtosharebothinprofitsandlosses.
Partnership
JointVenture
Transactionsenteredinto
Thedurationofa
Limitedtotheperiodin
partnershipgenerally
whichthegoodsare
relatestoacontinuing
soldortheprojectis
businessofvarious
carriedonorasingle
transactionsofacertain
transaction.
kind.
Nature
Permanent,partnersare
interestedincarryingon
togetherofageneraland
continuingbusinessofa
Temporary,althoughit
particularkind.
maycontinuefora
numberofyears.
Note:Aparticular
partnershiphasalimited
andtemporaryoradhoc
nature,beingconfinedto
asingleundertaking.
FirmNameandLiablities
Theremustbea
partnershiporfirmname
Afirmnameisnot
underwhichthe
necessary,thusthe
partnershipshalloperate.
participatingpersons
Thenamesofthe
cantransactbusiness
partnersmayappearin
undertheirownname
thefirmnameandthe
andcanbeindividually
actofthepartnerswill
liabletherefore.
makethepartnership
liable.
Corporationaspartner
Corporationscan
Corporationcannotenter
engageinajoint
intoapartnership
venturewithothers
contract,thusitcannot
throughacontractof
beapartnerbyreasonof
publicpolicy;otherwise agreementifthenature
oftheventureinline
peopleotherthanits
withthebusinessofthe
officersmaybeableto
corporationanditis
bindit(Albano,CivilLaw
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
Reviewer,1998,p.570)
authorizedinits
charter.
LegalPersonality
A partnership acquires
personality
after
following the requisites
required by law. e.g. Art.
17711773,NCC
Ajointventurehasno
legalpersonality.
Note: SEC registration is
not required before a
partnershipacquireslegal
personality. (Art. 1768,
NCC)
I.PROFESSIONALPARTNERSHIP
Q:Whatisaprofessionalpartnership?
Q:Inaprofessionalpartnership,whoisdeemed
engagedinthepracticeofprofession?
A:Partnershipbetweenlawyersandmembersof
other profession or nonprofessional persons
should not be formed or permitted where any
partofthepartnershipsemploymentconsistsof
the practice of law. (Canons of Professional
Ethics)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofapartnership
forthepracticeoflaw?
A:
a. A duty of public service, of which the
emolumentisabyproduct
b. Arelationasanofficerofcourttothe
administrationofjustice
c. A relation to clients in the highest
fiduciarydegree
d. A relationship to colleagues at the bar
characterized by candor, fairness, and
unwillingness to resort to current
business methods of advertising and
encroachment on their practice, or
dealingwiththeirclients.(IntheMatter
ofPetitionforAuthoritytoContinueUse
of Firm Name Sycip, Salazar, etc. /
Ozeata Romulo, etc., 92 SCRA 1
[1979], citing H.S. Drinker, Legal Ethics
[1953],pp45.)
A:Intheselectionanduseoffirmname,nofalse,
misleading, assumed, or trade names should be
used.(CanonsofProfessionalEthics)
J.MANAGEMENTOFTHEPARTNERSHIP
A:
Appointmentthrough
AppointmentOther
theArticlesof
ThanintheArticles
Partnership
Powerisirrevocable
withoutjustorlawful
cause
Note:Voterequiredfor
Powertoactisrevocable
removalofmanager
1. For just cause anytime,withorwithout
Vote
of
the cause(shouldbedoneby
thecontrollinginterest)
controlling
partners
(controlling
financialinterest)
2. Without cause or
for unjust cause
Unanimousvote
ExtentofPower
1. If he acts in good
faith,hemaydoall
Aslongasheisa
acts
of
manager,hecanperform
administration
allactsofadministration
(despite
opposition of his (ifothersoppose,hecan
beremoved)
partners)
2. If he acts in bad
faith,hecannot
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Q:Whatistherulewheretherearetwoormore
managers?
A:
Withoutspecificationoftheirrespectiveduties
andwithoutstipulationrequiringunanimityof
action
GR: Each may separately execute all acts of
administration
(unlimited
power
to
administer)
XPN:Ifanyofthemanagersopposes,decision
ofthemajorityprevails
Note:IncaseoftieDecisionofthecontrolling
interest(whoarealsomanagers)shallprevail
Nature
GR:Unanimousconsentofallthemanaging
partnersshallbenecessaryforthevalidityofthe
actsandabsenceorinabilityofanymanaging
partnercannotbealleged.
XPN:Wherethereisanimminentdangerofgrave
orirreparableinjurytothepartnership.
A:
1. All partners shall be considered
managersandagents
2. Unanimous consent is required for
alterationofimmovableproperty
Q:AzucenaandPedroacquiredaparcelofland
andabuilding.AzucenaobtainedaloanfromTai
Tong Co., secured by a mortgage which was
executed over the land and building. Arsenio,
representative of Tai Tong, insured it with
Travellers Multi Indemnity Corporation. The
buildingandthecontentsthereofwererazedby
fire. Travellers failed to pay the insurance.
Hence, Azucena and Pedro filed a case against
TravellerswhereinTaiTongintervenedclaiming
entitlement to the proceeds from Travellers.
Whoisentitledtotheproceedsofthepolicy?
A:TaiToingisentitledtotheinsuranceproceeds.
Arseniocontractedtheinsurancepolicyonbehalf
of Tai Tong. As the managing partner of the
partnership, he may execute all acts of
administration including the right to sue debtors
of the partnership in case of their failure to pay
their obligations when it became due and
demandable. Or at the very least, Arsenio is an
agent of the partnership. Being an agent, it is
understoodthatheactedforandinbehalfofthe
342
Note:Ifrefusalofpartnerismanifestlyprejudicialto
theinterestofpartnership,courtsinterventionmay
besought.
A:
1. Separate or individual creditors should
first secure a judgment on their credit;
and
2. Applytothepropercourtforacharging
order subjecting the interest of the
debtorpartner in the partnership for
thepaymentoftheunsatisfiedamount
of the judgment debt with interest
thereon.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
Q:Whataretheeffectsoftheactsofpartners?
A:
ACTSOFAPARTNER
Actsforapparentlycarryingonintheusualwaythe
businessofthepartnership
1.
2.
Actsnotintheordinarycourseofbusiness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Actsofstrictdominionorownership:
Assigning partnership property in trust for
creditors;
Disposingofgoodwillofbusiness;
Doinganactwhichwouldmakeitimpossibleto
carryontheordinarybusinessofpartnership;
Confessingajudgment;
Entering into a compromise concerning a
partnershipclaimorliability;
Submitting partnership claim or liability to
arbitration;
Renouncingclaimofpartnership
EFFECT
Withbindingeffectexcept:
Whenthepartnersoactinghasinfactnoauthorityto
actforthepartnershipintheparticularmatter,and
Thepersonwithwhomheisdealinghasknowledgeof
thefactthathehasnosuchauthority
Donotbind partnershipunlessauthorizedbyother
partners(par.2,Art.1818,NCC)
GR:Oneormorebutlessthanallthepartnershaveno
authority
XPNs:
1. authorizedbytheotherpartners;or
2. p
3. artners have abandoned the business (par. 2, Art.
1818,NCC)
Partnershipisnotliable to3rdpersonshavingactualor
presumptiveknowledgeoftherestriction
Actsincontraventionofarestrictiononauthority
Q:Whatistheeffectofconveyanceofarealproperty?
A:
TYPEOFCONVEYANCE
Titleinthepartnershipsname;
Conveyanceinpartnershipname
Titleinthepartnershipsname;
Conveyanceinpartner'sname
Titleinthenameof1ormorepartners,and
therecorddoesnotdisclosetherightofthe
partnership;Conveyanceinnameof
partner/sinwhosenametitlestands
Titleinnameof1ormoreorallpartnersor
3rdpersonintrustforpartnership;
Conveyanceexecutedinpartnershipname
orinnameofpartners
Titleinthenamesofallthepartners;
Conveyanceexecutedbyallthepartners
EFFECT
Conveyancepassestitlebutpartnershipcanrecoverunless:
1.
a. Conveyancewasdoneintheusualwayofbusiness,and
b. The partner so acting has the authority to act for the
partnership;or
2. The property which has been conveyed by the grantee or a
person claiming through such grantee to a holder for value
without knowledge that the partner, in making the
conveyance,hasexceededhisauthority
Conveyancedoesnotpasstitlebutonlyequitableinterest,
provided:
1. Conveyancewasdoneintheusualwayofbusiness,or
2. The partner so acting has the authority to act for the
partnership
Conveyancepassestitlebutthepartnershipmayrecoversuch
propertyifthepartnersactdoesnotbindthepartnership:
1. The partner so acting has no authority to act for the
partnership,and
2. The person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the
fact unless the purchaser of his assignee, is a holder for
value,withoutknowledge
1.
2.
Conveyancewillonlypassequitableinterest,provided:
Theactisonewithintheauthorityofthepartner,and
Conveyancewasdoneintheusualwayofthebusiness
Conveyancewillpassalltherightsinsuchproperty
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II.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSHIP
Q:Whataretheresponsibilitiesofapartnership
topartners?
A:
1. Refund the amounts disbursed by
partnerinbehalfofthepartnershipplus
corresponding interest from the time
the expenses are made (e.g. loans and
advances made by a partner to the
partnership aside from capital
contribution)
2. Answer for obligations a partner may
have contracted in good faith in the
interestofthepartnershipbusiness
3. Answer for risks in consequence of its
management(Art.1796)
III.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERS
AMONGTHEMSELVES
A:
1. Contributionofproperty(Art.1786)
2. Contribution of money and money
convertedtopersonaluse(Art.1788)
3. Prohibition in engaging in business for
himself(Art.1789)
4. Contributeadditionalcapital(Art.1791)
5. Managing partner who collects debt
(Art.1792)
6. Partner who receives share of
partnershipcredit(Art.1793)
7. Damagestopartnership(Art.1794)
8. Renderinformation(Art.1806)
9. Accountableasfiduciary(Art.1807)
CONTRIBUTIONOFPROPERTY
A:ToCAFPI
1. Contribute at the beginning of the
partnership, or at the stipulated time,
the money, property or industry which
hemayhavepromisedtocontribute
3. AnswertothepartnershipfortheFruits
of the property the contribution of
which he delayed, from the date they
344
4.
5.
shouldhavebeencontributeduptothe
timeofactualdelivery
A:
KINDOFPROPERTY/THING
WHOBEARSTHE
RISK?
Specificanddeterminatethings
whicharenotfungiblewhere
onlytheuseiscontributed
partners
Specificanddeterminatethings
theownershipofwhichis
transferredtothepartnership
Fungiblethings(Consumable)
partnership
Thingscontributedtobesold
Thingsbroughtandappraisedin
theinventory
A:
1. Partners become ipso jure a debtor of
the partnership even in the absence of
anydemand(Art.1786,NCC)
2. Remedy of the other partner is not
rescissionbutspecificperformancewith
damagesfromdefaultingpartner
CONTRIBUTIONOFMONEYANDMONEY
CONVERTEDTOPERSONALUSE
Q:Whataretherulesregardingcontributionof
moneytothepartnership?
A:CRIP
1. To Contribute on the date fixed the
amount the partner has undertaken to
contributetothepartnership
2. To Reimburse any amount the partner
may have taken from the partnership
coffersandconvertedtohisownuse
3. To Indemnify the partnership for the
damages caused to it by delay in the
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
4.
CONTRIBUTEADDITIONALCAPITAL
Q:Whataretherulesregardingobligationsto
contributetopartnershipcapital?
A:
1. Partners must contribute equal shares
to the capital of the partnership unless
thereisstipulationtocontrary
2. Capitalist partners must contribute
additional capital in case of imminent
loss to the business of the partnership
when there is no stipulation to the
contrary; Refusal to do so shall create
anobligationontherefusingpartnerto
sellhisinteresttotheotherpartners
A:
1. Imminent loss of the business of the
partnership
2. Majorityofthecapitalistpartnersareof
the opinion that an additional
contribution to the common fund
wouldsavethebusiness
3. Capitalistpartnerrefusesdeliberatelyto
contribute (not due to financial
inability)
4. Thereisnoagreementtothecontrary
MANAGINGPARTNERWHOCOLLECTSDEBT
A:
1. Apply sum collected to 2 credits in
proportiontotheiramounts
2. If he received it for the account of
partnership, the whole sum shall be
appliedtopartnershipcredit
Note:Requisites:
1. Atleast2debts,onewherethecollecting
partner is creditor and the other, where
thepartnershipisthecreditor
2. Bothdebtsaredemandable
3.
PARTNERWHORECEIVESSHAREOF
PARTNERSHIPCREDIT
Q:Whatistheobligationofapartnerwho
receivesshareofpartnershipcredit?
A:Tobringtothepartnershipcapitalwhathehas
received even though he may have given receipt
forhisshareonly.
Note:Requisites:
1. Apartnerhasreceivedinwholeorinpart,
hisshareofthepartnershipcredit
2. Other partners have not collected their
shares
3. Partnershipdebtorhasbecomeinsolvent
Q:Mayapersonwhohasnotdirectlytransacted
in behalf of an unincorporated association be
held liable for a contract entered into by such
association?
A:Yes.Theliabilityforacontractenteredintoon
behalf of an unincorporated association or
ostensible corporation may lie in a person who
may not have directly transacted on its behalf,
butreapedbenefitsfromthatcontract.(LimTong
Limv.PhilippineFishingGearIndustriesInc.,G.R.
No.136448,Nov.3,1999)
PROHIBITIONINENGAGINGINBUSINESS
A:
INDUSTRIALPARTNER
CAPITALISTPARTNER
Prohibition
Cannotengagein
Cannotengagein
business(withsame
businessforhimself
kindofbusinesswith
unlessthepartnership
thepartnership)forhis
expresslypermitshimto
ownaccount,unless
doso
thereisastipulationto
thecontrary
Remedy
Capitalistpartnersmay:
Capitalist partner, who
1. Exclude him from
violatedshall:
thefirm
1. Bring
to
the
2. Avail themselves of
common fund any
the benefits which
profits accruing to
he
may
have
him from said
obtained
transaction;and
3. Damages, in either
2. Bears all losses
case (Art. 1789,
(Art.1808,NCC)
NCC)
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Q:JoeandRudyformedapartnershiptooperate
a car repair shop in Quezon City. Joe provided
thecapitalwhileRudycontributedhislaborand
industry. Onone side of their shop, Joe opened
and operated a coffee shop, while on the other
side, Rudy put up a car accessories store. May
theyengageinsuchseparatebusinesses?Why?
DAMAGESTOPARTNERSHIP
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtotheobligation
of a partner as to damages suffered by the
partnershipthroughhisfault?
A:
GR: Every partner is responsible to the
partnership for damages suffered by it
throughhisownfault.Thesedamagescannot
be offset by the profits or benefits which he
may have earned for the partnership by his
industry.
XPN:Ifunusualprofitsarerealizedthrough
extraordinaryeffortsoftheguiltypartner,the
courtsmayequitablymitigateorlessenhis
liabilityfordamages.(Art.1794,NCC)
DUTYTORENDERINFORMATION
Q:Whatisthedutyofthepartnerswithrespect
toinformationaffectingthepartnership?
ACCOUNTABLEASFIDUCIARY
A:Everypartnermustaccounttothepartnership
for any benefit, and hold as trustee for it any
profitsderivedbyhimwithouttheconsentofthe
346
RIGHTSOFGENERALPARTNERS
Q:Whatarethepropertyrightsofapartner?
A:SIM
1. RightinSpecificpartnershipproperty
2. Interestinthepartnership(shareinthe
profitsandsurplus)
3. RighttoparticipateintheManagement
A:
1. Equal right to possession for
partnershippurposes
2. Right is not assignable, except in
connectionwithassignmentofrightsof
allpartnersinthesameproperty
3. Right is limited to his share of what
remains after partnership debts have
beenpaid
4. Right is not subject to attachment or
executionexceptonaclaimagainstthe
partnership
5. Rightisnotsubjecttolegalsupport
A:
1. Rightswithheldfromtheassignee:
Such assignment does not grant the
assigneetherightto:
a. Tointerfereinthemanagement
b. To require any information or
account
c. Toinspectpartnershipbooks
2. Rightsofassigneeonpartnersinterest:
a. To receive in accordance with his
contracttheprofitsaccruingtothe
assigningpartner
b. To avail himself of the usual
remedies provided by law in the
eventoffraudinthemanagement
c. Toreceivetheassignorsinterestin
caseofdissolution
d. To require an account of
partnershipaffairs,butonlyincase
the partnership is dissolved, and
suchaccountshallcovertheperiod
from the date only of the last
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
IV.OBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSHIP/PARTNERS
TOTHIRDPERSONS
Q:Whataretheeffectsofconveyanceofa
partnerofhisinterestinthepartnership?
A:
1. Conveyance of his whole interest
partnership may either remain or be
dissolved
2. Assigneedoesnotnecessarilybecomea
partner;hecannot:
a. interfere in the management or
administration;or
b. demand information, accounting
and inspection of the partnership
books.
Note:Buttheassigneehasthefollowingrights:
1. receive in accordance with his contract
the profits which the assigning partner
wouldotherwisebeentitled
2. avail himself of the usual remedies
provided by law in event of fraud in
management
3. receive assignors interest in case of
dissolution
4. requireandaccountofpartnershipaffairs
but only in case the partnership is
dissolved, and such account shall cover
the period from the date only of the last
accountagreedtobyalltheparties
CRIMINALLIABILITYFORMISAPPROPRIATION:
ESTAFA
A:
1. Everypartnershipshalloperateundera
firm name. Persons who include their
names in the partnership name even if
theyarenotmembersshallbeliableas
apartner
2. All partners shall be liable for
contractual obligations of the
partnershipwiththeirproperty,afterall
partnership
assets
have
been
exhausted:
a. Prorata
b. Subsidiary
3. Admission or representation made by
any partner concerning partnership
affairswithinthescopeofhisauthority
isevidenceagainstthepartnership
4. Noticetopartnerofanymatterrelating
topartnershipaffairsoperatesasnotice
topartnershipexceptincaseoffraud:
a. Knowledgeofpartneractinginthe
particular matter acquired while a
partner
b. Knowledgeofthepartneractingin
the particular matter then present
tohismind
c. Knowledge of any other partner
who reasonably could and should
have communicated it to the
actingpartner
5. Partners and the partnership are
rd
solidarily liable to 3 persons for the
partner'stortorbreachoftrust
6. Liability of incoming partner is limited
to:
a. His share in the partnership
propertyforexistingobligations
b. His separate property for
subsequentobligations
7. Creditorsofpartnershiparepreferredin
partnership property & may attach
partner'sshareinpartnershipassets
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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347
V.DISSOLUTION
Dissolution
Achangeinthe
relationofthe
partners
causedbyany
partnerceasing
tobe
associatedin
carryingonthe
business.
Windingup
Termination
Settlingthe
partnership
businessor
affairsafter
dissolution
Pointintime
whenall
partnership
affairsare
woundupor
completed;the
endofthe
partnershiplife
Q:Whatarethecausesofdissolution?
A:
1. Withoutviolatingtheagreement:
a. Terminationofthedefinitetermor
specificundertaking
b. Expresswillofanypartneringood
faith, when there is no definite
termandnospecifiedundertaking
c. Express will of all partners (except
those who have assigned their
interests or suffered them to be
charged for their separate debts)
either before or after the
termination of any specified term
orparticularundertaking
d. Expulsion of any partner in good
faithofamember
2. Violatingtheagreement
3. Unlawfulnessofthebusiness
4. Loss
a. Specific thing promised as
contribution is lost or perished
beforedelivery
b. Lossofaspecificthingcontributed
beforeorafterdelivery,ifonlythe
useofsuchiscontributed
5.
6.
7.
8.
348
Deathofanyofthepartners
Insolvency of any partner or of the
partnership
Civilinterdictionofanypartner
BydecreeofcourtunderArt.1831,NCC
a. apartnerhasbeendeclaredinsane
orofunsoundmind
b. a partner becomes in any other
way incapable of performing his
partofthepartnershipcontract
c.
d.
e.
f.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofdissolution?
A:
1. Partnershipisnotterminated
2. Partnership continues for a limited
purpose
3. Transaction of new business is
prohibited (De Leon, Comments and
Cases on Partnership, Agency, and
Trust,p.229,2005ed)
A:
GR: The partnership ceases to be a going
concern
XPN:Thepartnerspowerofrepresentationis
confinedonlytoactsincidenttowindingupor
completing transactions begun but not then
finished.(Art.1832,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
2.
Q:Thearticlesofcopartnershipprovidethatin
case of death of one partner, the partnership
shallnotbedissolvedbutshallbecontinuedby
thedeceasedpartnersheirs.WhenH,apartner,
died,hiswife,W,tookoverthemanagementof
some of the real properties with permission of
the surviving partner, X, but her name was not
included in the partnership name. She
eventuallysoldtheserealpropertiesafterafew
years. X now claims that W did not have the
authoritytomanageandsellthosepropertiesas
shewasnotapartner.Isthesalevalid?
A:Yes.Thewidowwasnotamereagent,because
she had become a partner upon her husband's
death,asexpresslyprovidedbythearticlesofco
partnership, and by authorizing the widow to
managepartnershippropertyXrecognizedheras
a general partner with authority to administer
andalienatepartnershipproperty.Itisimmaterial
thatW'snamewasnotincludedinthefirmname,
sincenoconversionofstatusisinvolved,andthe
articlesofcopartnershipexpresslycontemplated
the admission of the partner's heirs into the
partnership.(Goquiolayv.Sycip,G.R.No.L11840,
Dec.16,1963)
A:
GR: Each partner is liable to his copartners
for his share, of any liability created by any
partner for the partnership, as if the
partnershiphadnotbeendissolved.
XPNs:Partnersshallnotbeliablewhen:
1. the dissolution, being by act of any
partner, the partner acting for the
partnership had knowledge of the
dissolution;or
2. the dissolution, being by the death or
insolvency of a partner, the partner
acting for the partnership had
knowledge or notice of the death or
insolvency(Art.1833,NCC)
A:
GR: Yes. A partner continues to bind
partnership even after dissolution in the
followingcases:
1. Transactions to wind up partnership
affairs/complete
transactions
unfinishedatdissolution;
2. Transactions which would bind
partnership if not dissolved dissolution
hadnottakenplace,providedtheother
party/obligee:
a.
i.
ii.
b.
i.
ii.
iii.
Didnotextendcredittopartnership;
Had known partnership prior to
dissolution;and
Had no knowledge/notice of
dissolution/fact of dissolution not
advertisedinanewspaperofgeneral
circulation in the place where
partnershipisregularlycarriedon.
XPNtoXPN:Windingupofpartnershipaffairs
1. Partnerhasbecomeinsolvent
2. Actisnotappropriateforwindingupor
forcompletingunfinishedtransactions
3. Completely new transactions which
would bind the partnership if
dissolution had not taken place with
thirdpersonsinbadfaith.
4. Partner is unauthorized to wind up
partnership
affairs,
except
by
transactionwithonewho:
a.
i.
ii.
b.
i.
ii.
iii.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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A:
GR:No.
XPN:Saidliabilityisdischargedwhenthereis
anagreementbetween:
1. Partnerhimself;
2. Person/scontinuingthebusiness;and
3. Partnershipcreditors
WINDINGUP
Note:Examplesofwindingup:
1. Payingpreviousobligations
2. Collectingassetspreviouslydemandable
350
Annotated,Volume5,p.485,19696thed)
Q:Whoarethepersonsauthorizedtowindup?
A:
1. Partnersdesignatedbytheagreement
2. Intheabsenceofsuch,allpartnerswho
have not wrongfully dissolved the
partnership
3. Legal representative of last surviving
partnerwhoisnotinsolvent
Q:Whatarepartnershipassets?
A:
1. Partnershipproperty
2. Contributionsofthepartnersnecessary
for the payment of all liabilities [Art.
1839(2),NCC]
Q:Whatistheorderofpaymentinwindingup?
A:
1. Those owing to creditors other than
partners
2. Thoseowingtopartnersotherthanfor
capitalorprofits
3. Those owing to partners in respect of
capital
4. Those owing to partners in respect to
profits[Art.1839(2),NCC]
Q:Whatisthedoctrineofmarshallingofassets?
A:
1. Partnership creditors have preference
inpartnershipassets
2. Separate or individual creditors have
preference in separate or individual
properties
3. Anything left from either goes to the
other.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
Q: What are the rights of a partner where
dissolution is in contravention of the
agreement?
Q:Whataretherightsofinjuredpartnerwhere
partnershipcontractisrescinded?
A:
1. Right of a lien on, or retention of, the
surplus of partnership property after
satisfying partnership liabilities for any
sum of money paid or contributed by
him;
2. Right of subrogation in place of
partnership creditors after payment of
partnershipliabilities;and
3.
A:
1. Assetsofthepartnershipinclude:
a. Partnership property (including
goodwill)
b. Contributionsofthepartners
2. Orderofapplicationoftheassets:
a. First, those owing to partnership
creditors
b. Second, those owing to partners
other than for capital and profits
suchasloansgivenbythepartners
oradvancesforbusinessexpenses
c. Third,thoseowingforthereturnof
the capital contributed by the
partners
d. Fourth, the share of the profits, if
any,duetoeachpartner
Q:Whatispartnerslien?
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Q:Canapartnerdemandforhisshareduringthe
existenceofapartnership?
Q:Whataretheeffectswhenthebusinessofa
dissolvedpartnershipiscontinued?
A:
1. Creditors of old partnership are also
creditors of the new partnership who
continues the business of the old one
without liquidation of the partnership
affairs.
2. Creditors have an equitable lien on the
consideration
paid
to
the
retiring/deceased partner by the
purchaser when retiring/deceased
partner sold his interest without final
settlementwithcreditors.
3. Rights of retiring/estate of deceased
partner:
a. To have the value of his interest
ascertained as of the date of
dissolution;and
b. Toreceiveasordinarycreditorthe
value of his share in the dissolved
partnershipwithinterestorprofits
attributable to use of his right, at
hisoption.
Prescriptionbeginstorunonlyuponthedissolution
of the partnership, when the final accounting is
done.
352
Q:Whoarethepersonsrequiredtorenderan
account?
A:
1. Windinguppartner;
2. Survivingpartner;and
3. Person or partnership continuing the
business
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
Does Philip have any right to petition for the
dissolution of the partnership before the
expirationofitsspecifiedterm?Explain.
VI.LIMITEDPARTNERSHIP
A.DEFINITION
Q:Whatislimitedpartnership?
A:Oneformedbytwoormorepersonshavingas
members one or more general partners and one
or more limited partners, the latter not being
personallyliableforpartnershipdebts(Art.1843)
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsoflimited
partnership?
A:
1. It is formed by compliance with the
statutoryrequirements
2. One or more general partners control
thebusinessandarepersonallyliableto
creditors
3. One or more limited partners
contribute to the capital and share in
theprofitsbutdonotparticipateinthe
management of the business and are
not personally liable for partnership
obligations beyond their capital
contributions
4. The limited partners may ask for the
return of their capital contributions
underconditionsprescribedbylaw
5. Partnership debts are paid out of
common fund and the individual
propertiesofgeneralpartners
B.HOWLIMITEDPARTNERSHIPIS
FORMED/AMENDED
A:
1. Certificate of articles of limited
partnership which states the matters
enumeratedinArt.1844,NCC,mustbe
signedandsworn;and
2. Certificate must be filed for record in
theofficeoftheSEC.
Q:Doesalimitedpartnershiphaveapersonality
separateanddistinctfromthatofthepartners?
Whataretheconsequencesofsuch?
A:
1. Whenthepartnershipisdissolved
2. Whenallthelimitedpartnersceasedto
besuch
A:
1. Itmustfallunderthefollowingchanges
andconditions:
a. There is a change in the name of
the partnership or in the amount
orcharacterofthecontributionof
anylimitedpartner
b. Apersonissubstitutedasalimited
partner
c. An additional limited partner is
admitted
d. A person is admitted as a general
partner
e. A general partner retires, dies,
becomes insolvent or insane, or is
sentenced to civil interdiction and
the business is continued under
Article1860
f. There is a change in the character
ofthebusinessofthepartnership
g. There is a false or erroneous
statementinthecertificate
h. There is a change in the time as
stated in the certificate for the
dissolution of the partnership or
forthereturnofacontribution
i.
A time is fixed for the dissolution
ofthepartnership,orthereturnof
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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353
j.
2.
3.
MustberecordedintheSEC
LIMITEDPARTNER
Q:Whataretheliabilitiesofalimitedpartner?
A:
ASCREDITOR
Deficiencyin
contribution
Unpaid
contribution
ASTRUSTEE
Specificpropertystatedas
contributedbutnotyet
contributed/wrongfullyreturned
Money/otherproperty
wrongfullypaid/conveyedtohim
onaccountofhiscontribution
A:
1. Allowed
a. Grantingloanstopartnership
b. Transacting
business
with
partnership
c. Receiving pro rata share of
partnership assets with general
creditorsifheisnotalsoageneral
partner
2.
Prohibited
a. Receiving/holding
partnership
propertyascollateralsecurity
b. Receiving
any
payment,
conveyance,releasefromliabilityif
rd
itwillprejudicerightof3 persons
Note:Violationoftheprohibitionwillgiverisetothe
presumption that it has been made to defraud
partnershipcreditors.
354
Q:Whendoesageneralpartnerneedconsentor
ratificationofallthelimitedpartners?
A:Whenhe:
1. does any act in contravention of the
certificate;
2. does any act which would make it
impossible to carry on the ordinary
businessofthepartnership;
3. confesses
judgment
against
partnership;
4. possesses partnership property /
assigns rights in specific partnership
property other than for partnership
purposes;
5. admitspersonasgeneralpartner;
6. admits person as limited partner
unlessauthorizedincertificate;or
7. continues business with partnership
property on death, retirement, civil
interdiction, insanity or insolvency of
generalpartnerunlessauthorizedinthe
certificate.
PARTNERSHIPTORT
Q:Whenisthereapartnershiptort?
A:Where:
1. by any wrongful act or omission of any
partner,actingintheordinarycourseof
business of the partnership or with
authority of his copartners, loss or
injuryiscausedtoanyperson,notbeing
apartnerinthepartnership;
2. one partner, acting within the scope of
his apparent authority, receives money
or property from a third person, and
misappliesit;or
3. the partnership, in the course of its
business, receives money or property,
anditismisappliedbyanypartnerwhile
itisinthecustodyofthepartnership.
C.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFALIMITED
PARTNER
A:To:
1. havepartnershipbookskeptatprincipal
placeofbusiness;
2. inspect/copy books at reasonable
hours;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Q:Whoisasubstitutedlimitedpartner?
A:Apersonadmittedtoalltherightsofalimited
partner who has died or assigned his interest in
thepartnership
A:
GR: He has all the rights and powers and is
subjecttoalltherestrictionsandliabilitiesof
hisassignor.
Q:Whataretherequirementsfortheadmission
ofasubstitutedlimitedpartner?
A:
1. All the members must consent to the
assigneebecomingasubstitutedlimited
partner or the limited partner, being
empoweredbythecertificatemustgive
the assignee the right to become a
limitedpartner;
2. The certificate must be amended in
accordancewithArt.1865,NCC;and
3. The certificate as amended must be
registeredintheSEC.
A:
1. All liabilities of the partnership have
been paid or if they have not yet been
paid, the assets of the partnership are
sufficienttopaysuchliabilities;
2. The consent of all the members
(generalandlimitedpartners)hasbeen
obtained except when the return may
berightfullydemanded;and
3. The certificate of limited partnership is
cancelledoramended
Q:Whataretheliabilitiesofalimitedpartner?
1. Tothepartnership
A:Sincelimitedpartnersarenotprincipalsinthe
transaction of a partnership, their liability as a
rule,istothepartnership,nottothecreditorsof
the partnership. The general partners cannot,
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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3. Toseparatecreditors
A:Thewaiverorcompromise:
1. ismadewiththeconsentofallpartners;
and
2. does not prejudice partnership
creditorswhoextendedcreditorwhose
claims arose before the cancellation or
amendmentofthecertificate.
A:
1. When his demand for the return of his
contributionisdeniedalthoughhehasa
righttosuchreturn;or
2. When his contribution is not paid
although he is entitled to its return
because the other liabilities of the
partnership have not been paid or the
partnership property is insufficient for
theirpayment.
SUMMARYOFRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERS
GENERALPARTNER
LIMITEDPARTNER
Rights
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rightinspecificpartnershipproperty
Interestinthepartnership(shareintheprofitsandsurplus)
Righttoparticipateinthemanagement
Righttoassociateanotherpersonwithhiminhissharewithout
theconsentofotherpartners(subpartnership)
5. Right to inspect and copy partnership books at any reasonable
hour.
6. Right to a formal account as to partnership affairs (even during
existenceofpartnership)
a. if he is wrongfully excluded from partnership business or
possessionofitspropertybyhiscopartners.
b. ifrightexistsunderthetermsofanyagreement.
c. asprovidedinArt.1807,NCC
d. wheneverthecircumstancesrenderitjustandreasonable.
1.
2.
3.
4.
356
Obligations
Obligationsof partnersamongthemselves
Contributionofproperty
Contributionofmoneyandmoneyconvertedtopersonaluse
Prohibitioninengaginginbusinessforhimself
Contributeadditionalcapital
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tothepartnership
Sincelimitedpartnersarenotprincipalsin
thetransactionofapartnership,their
liabilityasarule,istothepartnership,not
tothecreditorsofthepartnership.The
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
PARTNERSHIP
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Managingpartnerwhocollectsdebt
Partnerwhoreceivesshareofpartnershipcredit
Damagestopartnership
Renderinformation
Accountableasfiduciary
Obligationsofpartnersto3rd persons
generalpartnerscannot,howeverwaive
anyliabilityofthelimitedpartnerstothe
prejudiceofsuchcreditors.
1.
5.
6.
Tothepartnershipcreditorsandother
partners
Toseparatecreditors
Otherobligations
Asinageneralpartnership,thecreditorof
alimitedpartnermay,inadditiontoother
Duty to render on demand true and full information affecting
remediesallowedunderexistinglaws,
partnership to any partner or legal representative of any
applytothepropercourtforacharging
deceasedpartnerorofanypartnerunderlegaldisability.
ordersubjectingtheinterestinthe
Dutytoaccounttothepartnershipasfiduciary.
partnershipofthedebtorpartnerforthe
paymentofhisobligation.
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AGENCY
Q:Whatiscontractofagency?
A:Bycontractofagencyapersonbindshimselfto
render some service or to do something in
representation or on behalf of another, with the
consentorauthorityofthelatter.(Art.1868NCC)
A:BUNCPP
1. Bilateral If it is for compensation
becauseitgivesrisetoreciprocalrights
andobligations
2. Unilateral If gratuitous, because it
creates obligations for only one of the
parties
3. Nominate
4. Consensual It is perfected by mere
consent
5. Principal
6. Preparatory It is entered into as a
meanstoanend
Q:Whataretheclassificationsofagency?
A:
1. Astomannerofcreation
a. Express agent has been actually
authorized by the principal, either
orallyorinwriting
b. Implied agency is implied from
the acts of the principal, from his
silence or lack of action or his
failure to repudiate the agency,
knowing that another person is
acting on his behalf without
authority
2. Astocharacter
a. Gratuitous agent receives no
compensationforhisservices
b. Onerous agent receives
compensationforhisservices
3. Astoextentofbusinessoftheprincipal
a. Generalagencycomprisesallthe
businessoftheprincipal
b. Special agency comprises one or
morespecifictransactions
4. Astoauthorityconferred
a. Couchedingeneraltermsagency
is created in general terms and is
deemed to comprise only acts in
358
b.
A:CORS
1. Consent (express or implied) of the
partiestoestablishtherelationship;
2. TheObjectistheexecutionofajuridical
actinrelationtothirdpersons;
3. TheagentactsasaRepresentativeand
notforhimself;and
4. The agent acts within the Scope of his
authority.
A:
GR: There are no formal requirements
governingtheappointmentofanagent.
XPN:Whenthelawrequiresaspecificform.
i.e.whensaleoflandoranyinteresttherein
isthroughanagent,theauthorityofthelatter
must be in writing; otherwise, the sale shall
bevoid(Art.1874,NCC)
Q:Whoarethepartiestoacontractofagency?
Distinguish.
A:
1. Principal One whom the agent
represents and from whom he derives
authority; he is the one primarily
concernedinthecontract.
2. Agent One who represents the
principalinatransactionorbusiness.
Note:Fromthetimetheagentactsortransactsthe
business for which he has been employed in
representationofanother,athirdpartyisaddedto
the agency relationship the party with whom the
business is transacted. (De Leon, Comments and
Cases on Partnership, Agency, and Trust, p. 352,
2005ed)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
AGENCY
Q:Whatarethequalificationsofaprincipal?
A:
1. Naturalorjuridicalperson
2. Hemusthavecapacitytoact
Note:Ifapersoniscapacitatedtoactforhimselfor
hisownright,hecanactthroughanagent.
Insofarasthirdpersonsareconcerned,itisenough
that the principal is capacitated. But insofar as his
obligationstohisprincipalareconcerned,theagent
mustbeabletobindhimself.
Q:Whatisthetermjointprincipals?
Q:Whataretherequisitesforsolidaryliabilityof
jointprincipals?
A:
1. Therearetwoormoreprincipals;
2. They have all concurred in the
appointmentofthesameagent;and
3. Agent is appointed for a common
transactionorundertaking.(DeLeon,p.
604,2005ed)
Q:Whatarethekindsofagents?
A:
1. Universal agent one employed to do
all acts which the principal may
personally do, and which he can
lawfully delegate to another the power
ofdoing
2. General agent one employed to
transactallbusinessoftheprincipal,or
allthebusinessofaparticularkindorin
aparticularplace,doallactsconnected
with a particular trade, business or
employment
3. Special or particular agent one
authorized to do act in one or more
specific transactions or to do one or
more specific acts or to act upon a
particularoccasion
Q:Canagencybecreatedbynecessity?
A:No.Whatiscreatedisadditionalauthorityin
anagentappointedandauthorizedbeforethe
emergencyarose.
Q:Whataretherequisitesfortheexistenceof
agencybynecessity?
A:
1. Realexistenceofemergency
2. Inability of the agent to communicate
withtheprincipal
3. Exercise of additional authority is for
theprincipalsprotection
4. Adoption of fairly reasonable means,
premisesdulyconsidered
Q:Whatistheruleregardingdoubleagency?
A:
GR:Itisdisapprovedbylawforbeingagainst
publicpolicyandsoundmorality.
XPN:Wheretheagentactedwithfull
knowledgeandconsentoftheprincipals.
A:ThecontractbetweenAandBisasalenotan
agency to sell because the price is payable by B
upon60daysfromdeliveryevenifBisunableto
resell it. If B were an agent, he is not bound to
pay the price if he is unable to resell it. As a
buyer,ownershippassedtoBupondeliveryand,
under Art. 1504, NCC, the thing perishes for the
owner. Hence, B must still pay the price. (1999
BarQuestion)
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II.POWERS
Q:Whatarethekindsofagencyastoextentof
powersconferred?
A:Anagencymaybecouchedingeneraltermsor
couchedinspecificterms.
Q:Whatisanagencycouchedingeneralterms?
Q:Whenisanexpresspowernecessary?
Q:Whatismeantbyactsofadministration?
Q:Whenispaymentanactofadministration?
A:Whenpaymentismadeintheordinarycourse
ofmanagement.
360
A.TOBINDPRINCIPAL
A:
1. When the agent acts as such without
expressly binding himself or does not
exceed the limits of his authority. (Art.
1897)
2. If principal ratifies the act of the agent
which exceeded his authority. (Art.
1898)
3. Circumstances where the principal
himself was, or ought to have been
aware.(Art.1899)
4. If such act is within the terms of the
powerofattorney,aswritten.(Art.1900
&1902)
5. Principalhasratified,orhassignifiedhis
willingnesstoratifytheagentsact.(Art
1901)
A:
GR: Knowledge of agent is knowledge of
principal.
XPNs:
1. Agents interests are adverse to those
oftheprincipal;
2. Agents duty is not to disclose the
information (confidential information);
or
3. Where the person claiming the benefit
of the rule colludes with the agent to
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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AGENCY
defraud the principal. (De Leon,
Comments and Cases on Partnership,
Agency,andTrust,p.367,2005ed)
Q:Whataretheeffectsoftheactsofanagent?
A:
1. Withauthority
a. Inprincipalsnamevalid
b. In his own name not binding on
the principal; agent and stranger
are the only parties, except
regarding things belonging to the
principal or when the principal
ratifies the contract or derives
benefittherefrom
2. Withoutauthority
a. Inprincipalsnameunauthorized
and unenforceable but may be
ratified, in which case, may be
validated retroactively from the
beginning
b. In his own name valid on the
agent,butnotontheprincipal
A:
AUTHORITY
Sumtotalofthepowers
committedtotheagent
bytheprincipal
Relatestothe
subject/businesswith
whichtheagentis
empoweredtodealor
act
Limitationsofauthority
areoperativeasagainst
thosewhohave/charged
withknowledgeofthem
Contemplatedtobe
madeknowntothird
personsdealingwiththe
agent
INSTRUCTIONS
Contemplatesonlya
privateruleofguidance
totheagent;
independentand
distinctincharacter
Referstothemanneror
modeofagentsaction
Withoutsignificanceas
againstthosewith
neitherknowledgenor
noticeofthem
Notexpectedtobe
madeknowntothose
withwhomtheagent
deals
Q:Whenistheprincipalboundbytheactualor
apparentauthorityoftheagent?
A:Theprincipalisboundbytheactsoftheagent
on his behalf, whether or not the third person
dealingwiththeagentbelievesthattheagenthas
actual authority, so long as the agent has actual
authority,expressorimplied.
Q:Whatisdoctrineofapparentauthority?
A:
ApparentAuthority
Thatwhichisthough
notactuallygranted,
theprincipal
knowinglypermitsthe
agenttoexerciseor
holdshimoutas
possessing
Foundedinconscious
permissionofacts
beyondthepowers
granted
AuthoritybyEstoppel
Ariseswhentheprincipal,
byhisculpablenegligence,
permitshisagentto
exercisepowersnot
grantedtohim,even
thoughtheprincipalmay
havenonoticeor
knowledgeoftheagents
conduct
Foundedontheprincipals
negligenceinfailing
properlytosupervisethe
affairsoftheagent
A:No.Agentsarenotapartywithrespecttothat
contractbetweenhisprincipalandthirdpersons.
As agents, they only render some service or do
somethinginrepresentationoronbehalfoftheir
principals.Therenderingofsuchservicedidnot
make them parties to the contracts of sale
executedinbehalfofthelatter.
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SUMMARYOFRULES;ACTSOFANAGENT
1.
2.
Inbehalfoftheprincipal,withinthescopeofauthority
Bindsprincipal;
Agentnotpersonallyliable
Withoutorbeyondscopeofauthority
Contractisunenforceableasagainsttheprincipalbutbindstheagenttothethirdperson
Bindingontheprincipalwhen:
1. Ratifiedor
2. Theprincipalallowedtheagenttoactasthoughhehadfullpowers
Withinthescopeofauthoritybutintheagentsname
1. Notbindingontheprincipal;
2. Principalhasnocauseofactionagainstthe3rdpartiesandviceversa
Note:Whenthetransactioninvolvesthingsbelongingtotheprincipal:
Remedyoftheprincipaldamagesforagentsfailuretocomplywiththeagency
Withinthescopeofthewrittenpowerofattorneybutagenthasactuallyexceededhisauthorityaccording
toanunderstandingbetweenhimandtheprincipal
1. Insofaras3rdpersonsareconcerned(notrequiredtoinquirefurtherthanthetermsofthewritten
power,agentactedwithinscopeofhisauthority;
2. Principalestopped
Withimpropermotives
Motiveisimmaterial;aslongaswithinthescopeofauthority,valid
Withmisrepresentationsbytheagent
1. Authorizedprincipalstillliable
2. Beyondthescopeoftheagentsauthority
GR:Principalnotliable
XPN:Principaltakesadvantageofacontractorreceivesbenefitsmadeunderfalserepresentationofhis
agent
Mismanagementofthebusinessbytheagent
1. Principalstillresponsiblefortheactscontractedbytheagentwithrespectto3rd persons;
2. Principal,however,mayseekrecoursefromtheagent
Tortcommittedbytheagent
Principalcivillyliablesolongasthetortiscommittedbytheagentwhileperforminghisdutiesinfurtherance
oftheprincipalsbusiness
Agentingoodfaithbutprejudices3rd parties
Principalisliablefordamages
B.EXCEPTION
Q:Whenistheactofanagentnotbindingtothe
principal?
A:Ifanagentactsinhisownname.Insuchcase,
theagentistheonedirectlyboundinfavorofthe
person with whom he has contracted, as if the
transactionwerehisown.(Art.1883,NCC)
362
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
AGENCY
III.EXPRESSVS.IMPLIEDAGENCY
Q:Distinguishexpressandimpliedagency.
A:
EXPRESSAGENCY
IMPLIEDAGENCY
Astodefinition
Onewheretheagent
hasbeenactually
Onewhichisimpliedfrom
authorizedbythe
theactsoftheprincipal,
principal,eitherorally
orinwriting
Astoauthority
Whenitisincidentaltothe
transactionorreasonably
necessarytoaccomplishthe
purposeoftheagency,and
Whenitisdirectly
therefore,theprincipalis
conferredbywords
deemedtohaveactually
intendedtheagentto
possess
Q:Distinguishagencyfromguardianship.
A:
AGENCY
Agentrepresentsa
capacitatedperson
Agentderives
authorityfromthe
principal
Agentisappointedby
theprincipalandcan
beremovedbythe
latter
Agentissubjectto
directionsofthe
principal
Agentcanmakethe
principalpersonally
liable
Q:
Distinguish
administration.
A:
AGENCY
Agentisappointed
bytheprincipal
Representsthe
principal
Agentdoesnotfile
abond
Agentiscontrolled
bytheprincipal
thrutheagreement
GUARDIANSHIP
Guardianrepresentsan
incapacitatedperson
Guardianderivesauthority
fromthecourt
Guardianisappointedby
thecourt,andstandsin
locoparentis
Guardianisnot subjectto
thedirectionsoftheward,
butmustactforthewards
benefit
Guardianhasnopowerto
imposepersonalliability
ontheward
agency
from
judicial
JUDICIALADMINISTRATION
JudicialAdministratoris
appointedbythecourt
Representsnotonlythe
courtbutalsotheheirsand
creditorsoftheestate
JudicialAdministratorfilesa
bond
Hisactsaresubjectto
specificordersfromthe
court
Q:Distinguishagencyfromleaseofservices.
A:
AGENCY
LEASEOFSERVICES
Agentrepresentsthe
Workerorlessorof
principal
servicesdoesnot
representhisemployer
Relationshipcanbe
Generally,relationship
terminatedatthewill
canbeterminatedonly
ofeitherprincipalor
atthewillofboth
agent
Agentexercises
Employeehasministerial
discretionarypowers
functions
Q:Distinguishagencyfromtrust.
A:
AGENCY
TRUST
Agentusuallyholds
Trusteemayholdlegal
notitleatall
titletotheproperty
Agentusuallyactsin
Trusteemayactinhis
thenameofthe
ownname
principal
Trustusuallyendsbythe
Agencyusuallymay
accomplishmentofthe
beterminatedor
purposesforwhichitwas
revokedanytime
formed
Agencymaynotbe
Trustinvolvescontrol
connectedatallwith
overproperty
property
Trusteedoesnot
Agenthasauthority
necessarilyoreven
tomakecontracts
possesssuchauthorityto
whichwillbebinding
bindthetrustororthe
onhisprincipal
cestuiquetrust
Agencyisreallya
Trustmaybetheresultof
contractualrelation
acontract,itmayalsobe
createdbylaw
IV.AGENCYBYESTOPPEL
Q:Whenisthereanagencybyestoppel?
Q:Whataretherulesregardingestoppelin
agency?
A:
1. Estoppel of agent One professing to
act as agent for another may be
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2.
Estoppelofprincipal
a. AstoagentOnewhoknowsthat
another is acting as his agent and
fails to repudiate his acts, or
accepts the benefits, will be
estopped to deny the agency as
againsttheother.
b. As to subagent To estop the
principal from denying his liability
to a third person, he must have
known or be charged with
knowledge of the fact of the
transaction and the terms of the
agreementbetweentheagentand
subagent.
c. As to third persons One who
knowsthatanotherisactingashis
agent or permitted another to
appearashisagent,totheinjuryof
third persons who have dealt with
theapparentagentassuchingood
faith and in the exercise of
reasonable prudence, is estopped
todenytheagency.
3.
4.
Q:Distinguishimpliedagencyfromagencyby
estoppel.
A:
IMPLIEDAGENCY
AGENCYBYESTOPPEL
Astoliabilitybetweenprincipalandagent
Ifcausedbytheagent,he
Agentisatrueagent,
isnotconsideredatrue
withrightsandduties
agent,hence,hehasno
ofanagent
rightsassuch
Astoliabilitytothirdpersons
1. If caused by the
principal, he is liable,
1. The principal is
but only if the 3rd
alwaysliable
person acted on the
2. Theagentisnever
misrepresentation;
personallyliable
2. If caused by the agent
alone,onlytheagentis
364
liable
V.GENERALvs.SPECIALAGENCY
Q:Distinguishageneralagentfromaspecial
agent?
A:
GeneralAgent
SpecialAgent
ScopeofAuthority
Specificactsin
pursuanceofparticular
Allactsconnectedwith
instructionsorwith
thebusinessor
restrictionsnecessarily
employmentinwhichhe
impliedfromtheactto
isengaged
bedone
NatureofServiceAuthorized
Involvescontinuityof
Nocontinuityofservice
service
ExtenttowhichtheAgentmayBindthePrincipal
Maybindhisprincipalby
Cannotbindhisprincipal
anactwithinthescope
inamannerbeyondor
ofhisauthorityalthough
outsidethespecificacts
itmaybecontrarytothe
whichheisauthorizedto
lattersspecial
perform
instructions
TerminationofAuthority
Dutyimposeduponthe
Apparentauthoritydoes
thirdpartytoinquire
notterminatebymere
makesterminationofthe
revocationofhis
relationshipeffective
authoritywithoutnotice
uponrevocation
tothethirdparty
ConstructionofPrincipalsInstruction
Strictlyconstruedasthey
Merelyadvisoryin
limittheagents
nature
authority
Q:Whoisafactor/commissionagent?
Q:Whoisabroker?
Q:Whatisfactorage?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
AGENCY
Q:Whatisordinarycommission?
Q:Whatisguarantycommission?
A:Itisthefeewhichisgiveninreturnfortherisk
that the agent has to bear in the collection of
credits.
VI.AGENCYCOUCHEDINGENERALTERMS
Q:Whatisanagencycouchedingeneralterms?
A:Onewhichiscreatedingeneraltermsandis
deemedtocompriseonlyactsofadministration
(Art.1877,NCC).
VII.AGENCYREQUIRINGSPECIALPOWEROF
ATTORNEY
Q:Whatisspecialpowerofattorney(SPA)?
A:No.SPAisnotrequiredtobeinwritingand
neednotbenotarizedinordertobevalid.(De
Leon,CommentsandCasesonPartnership,
Agency,andTrust,p.443,2005ed)
Q:Istheinterventionofanotarypublicrequired
forthevalidityofanSPA?
A:
GR: A power of attorney is valid although no
notary public intervened in its execution.
(Barrettov.Tuason,G.R.Nos.L36811,36827,
36840, 36872, Mar. 31, 1934) (De Leon, p.
443,2005ed)
cannotbeadmittedinevidenceunlessitiscertified
as such in accordance with the foregoing provision
of the rules by a secretary of embassy or legation,
consulgeneral,consul,viceconsul,orconsularagent
or by any officer in the foreign service of the
Philippinesstationedintheforeigncountryinwhich
the record is kept of said public document and
authenticated by the seal of his office. (Medina v.
Natividad,G.R.No.177505,Nov.27,2008)
Q:Whenisaspecialpowernecessary?
A:CALLMOSPRINGCOW
Q:Whatarethelimitationstoaspecialpowerof
attorney?
A:
1. A special power to sell excludes the
powertomortgage
2. A special power to mortgage does not
include the power to sell (Art. 1879,
NCC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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3.
VIII.AGENCYBYOPERATIONOFLAW
IX.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFPRINCIPAL
A:To:
1. comply with all obligations which the
agent may have contracted within the
scopeofhisauthority(Art.1910,NCC);
2. advancetotheagent,shouldthelatter
so request, the sums necessary for the
execution of the agency (Art. 1912,
NCC);
3. reimburse the agent for all advance
madebyhim,providedtheagentisfree
fromfault(Ibid.);
4. indemnify the agent for all damages
whichtheexecutionoftheagencymay
have caused the latter without fault or
negligenceonhispart(Art.1913,NCC);
and
5. paytheagentthecompensationagreed
upon, or if no compensation was
specified, the reasonable value of the
agents services. (De Leon, Comments
and Cases on Partnership, Agency, and
Trust,pp.545555,2005ed)
A:
GR:Yes.
XPNs:
1. If the agent acted in contravention of
the principal's instructions, unless
principal derives benefits from the
contract;
2. When the expenses were due to the
faultoftheagent;
366
3.
4.
Q:Whatistheliabilityoftheprincipalregarding
contractsenteredintobytheagent?
A:
GR: The principal must comply with all the
obligations which the agent may have
contractedwithinthescopeofhisauthority.
XPN:Wheretheagentexceededhisauthority.
XPNtotheXPN:Whentheprincipalratifiesit.
A:
GR: Where the fault or crime committed by
the agent is not in the performance of an
obligation of the principal, the latter is not
boundbytheillicitactsoftheagent,evenifit
isdoneinconnectionwiththeagency.
XPNs:
1. Where the tort was committed by the
agent because of defective instructions
from the principal or due to lack of
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AGENCY
2.
necessaryvigilanceorsupervisiononhis
part;or
When the tort consists in the
performance of an act which is within
the powers of an agent but becomes
criminal only because of themanner in
which the agent has performed it; the
principal is civilly liable to 3rd persons
whoactedingoodfaith.
Q:Whenistheprincipalnotboundbytheactof
theagent?
A:
1. GR:Whentheactiswithoutorbeyond
the scope of his authority in the
principalsname.
XPNs:
a. Where the acts of the principal
have contributed to deceive a 3rd
personingoodfaith
b. Where the limitation upon the
power created by the principal
couldnothavebeenknownbythe
rd
3 person
c. Where the principal has placed in
thehandsoftheagentinstruments
signedbyhiminblank
d. Where the principal has ratified
theactsoftheagent
2. Whentheactiswithinthescopeofthe
agents authority but in his own name,
except when the transaction involves
thingsbelongingtotheprincipal.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Note:Thelimitsoftheagentsauthorityshallnotbe
consideredexceededshouldithavebeenperformed
in a manner more advantageous to the principal
thanthatspecifiedbyhim.
14.
15.
RESPONSIBILITIESANDOBLIGATIONSOFAN
AGENT
Q:Whatarethespecificobligationsofanagent
totheprincipal?
A:CAFOFANALADRIPBIR
1. Carry out the agency which he has
accepted
2. Answer for damages which through his
nonperformance the principal may
suffer
3. Finish the business already begun on
the death of the principal should delay
entailanydanger
4. Observe the diligence of a good father
of a family in the custody and
16.
17.
preservationofthegoodsforwardedto
himbytheownerincasehedeclinesan
agency,untilanagentisappointed(Art.
1885,NCC)
advance the necessary Funds should
there be a stipulation to do so (Art.
1886,NCC)
Act in accordance with the instructions
of the principal, and in default thereof,
to do all that a good father of a family
woulddo(Art.1887,NCC)
Not to carry out the agency of its
execution would manifestly result in
loss or damage to the principal (Art.
1888,NCC)
Answer for damages if there being a
conflictbetweenhisinterestsandthose
of the principal, he should prefer his
own(Art.1889,NCC)
not to Loan to himself if he has been
authorized to lend money at interest
(Art.1890,NCC)
render an Account of his transactions
andtodelivertotheprincipalwhatever
he may have received by virtue of the
agency(Art.1891,NCC)
Distinguish goods by countermarks and
designate the merchandise respectively
belonging toeach principal, in the case
of a commission agent who handles
goodsofthesamekindandmark,which
belong to different owners (Art. 1904,
NCC)
be Responsible in certain cases for the
actsofthesubstituteappointedbyhim
(Art.1890,NCC)
Payinterestonfundshehasappliedto
hisownuse(Art.1896,NCC)
Inform the principal, where an
authorized sale of credit has been
made,ofsuchsale(Art.1906,NCC)
Bear the risk of collection and pay the
principaltheproceedsofthesaleonthe
same terms agreed upon with the
purchaser, should he receive also on
sale, a guarantee commission (Art.
1907,NCC)
Indemnifytheprincipalfordamagesfor
his failure to collect the credits of his
principal at the time that they become
due(Art.1908,NCC)
be Responsible for fraud or negligence
(Art. 1909, NCC; De Leon, Comments
and Cases on Partnership, Agency, and
Trust,pp.478479,2005ed)
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A:No,Theforfeitureofthecommissionwilltake
place regardless of whether the principal suffers
any injury by reason of such breach of loyalty. It
does not even matter if the agency is for a
gratuitous one, or that the principal obtained
betterresults,orthatusageandcustomsallowa
receiptofsuchabonus.
Note:Anagenthasanabsolutedutytomakeafull
disclosure or accounting to his principal of all
transactionsandmaterialfactsthatmayhavesome
relevance with the agency. (Domingo v. Domingo,
G.R.No.L30573,Oct.29,1971)
A:
1. Iftheagentactedonlyasamiddleman
with the task of merely bringing
togetherthevendorandvendees;
2. If the agent informed the principal of
the gift/bonus/profit he received from
the purchaser and his principal did not
objectthereto;or
3. Where a right of lien exists in favor of
theagent.
A:
GR:Jointlyliable.
XPN:Solidarityhasbeenexpresslystipulated.
Each of the agents becomes solidarily liable
for:
1. thenonfulfillmentoftheagency;or
2. faultornegligenceofhisfellowagent.
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtotheexecution
oftheagency?
A:
GR: The agent is bound by his acceptance to
carryouttheagency,andisliablefordamages
which, through his nonperformance, the
principalmaysuffer.
368
XPN:Ifitsexecutioncouldmanifestlyresultin
lossordamagetotheprincipal
A:
1. Agentexpresslyboundhimself;
2. Agentexceedshisauthority;
3. Acts of the agent prevent the
performance on the part of the
principal;
4. When a person acts as agent without
authorityorwithoutaprincipal;or
5. A person who acts as an agent of an
incapacitated principal unless the third
person was aware of the incapacity at
thetimeofthemakingofthecontract.
Q:Whatisthescopeoftheagentsauthorityas
tothirdpersons?
A:
1. WhereauthorityisnotinwritingEvery
person dealing with an assumed agent
must discover upon his peril, if he
wouldholdtheprincipalliable,notonly
the fact of the agency but the nature
and extent of the authority of the
agent.
2. Where authority is in writing 3rd
personisnotrequiredtoinquirefurther
thanthetermsofthewrittenpowerof
attorney.
Note:Athirdpersonwithwhomtheagentwishesto
contract on behalf of the principal may require the
presentation of the power of attorney or the
instructionsasregardstheagency.
A:
GR: There must be a stipulation in the
contract that the agent shall advance the
necessaryfunds
XPN:Whentheprincipalisinsolvent.
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AGENCY
RIGHTSOFAGENTS
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhentheagentmay
retaininpledgetheobjectoftheagency?
A:
1. If principal fails to reimburse the agent
the necessary sums, including interest,
which the latter advanced for the
execution of the agency (Art. 1912,
NCC);or
2. If principal fails to indemnify the agent
for all damages which the execution of
theagencymayhavecausedthelatter,
without fault or negligence onhis part.
(Art.1913,NCC)
A:Ifthetwocontractsareincompatiblewitheach
other, the one of prior date shall be preferred.
Thisissubjecthowevertotheruleondoublesale
underArt.1544,NCC.
Note:Rulesofpreferenceindoublesale
1. Personal property possessor in good
faith
2. Realproperty
a. Registrantingoodfaith
b. Possessoringoodfaith
c. Person with the oldest title in good
faith(Art.1544,NCC)
PROHIBITEDACTSOFANAGENT
Q:Whataretheprohibitedactsofanagent?
A:
1. Personalacts
2. Criminalorillegalacts
Note:e.g.:
1. Righttovote
2. Makingofawill
3. Underoathstatements
4. Attendingboardmeetingsofcorporations.
(DeLeon,p.358,2005ed)
X.IRREVOCABLEAGENCY
Q:Whenisagencyirrevocable?
A:
1. Ifabilateralcontractdependsuponit
2. if it is the means of fulfilling an
obligationalreadycontracted
3. ifpartnerisappointedmanagerandhis
removal from the management is
unjustifiable.(Art1927)
4. if it has been constituted in the
common interest of the principal and
theagent(Art.1930)
5. Stipulationpouratrui
XI.MODESOFEXTINGUISHMENT
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A:Bothprincipalandagentmustbe:
1. Present
2. Capacitated
3. Solvent (De Leon, Comments and Cases
on Partnership, Agency, and Trust, p.
610,2005ed)
Q:Cantheheirscontinuetheagency?
A:
GR:No.
XPNs:
1. Agency by operation of law, or a
presumedortacitagency
2. Agency is coupled with an interest in
the subject matter of the agency (e.g.
powerofsaleinamortgage)
A:EDWARD
1. Expirationoftheperiod
2. Death, civil interdiction, insanity or
insolvencyofprincipaloroftheagent
3. Withdrawalbytheagent
4. Accomplishment of the object or the
purposeoftheagency
5. Revocation
6. Dissolution of the firm or corporation
which entrusted or accepted the
agency.
REVOCATION
Q:Isacontractofagencyrevocable?
A:
GR: Yes. Agency is revocable at will by the
principal.
XPNs:Itcannotberevokedif:
1. abilateralcontractdependsuponit
2. itisthemeansoffulfillinganobligation
alreadycontracted
370
3.
4.
Q:Whatarethekindsofrevocation?
Q:Howisagencyimpliedlyrevoked?
A:Principal:
1. appoints a new agent for the same
business or transaction (Art. 1923,
NCC);
2. directly manages the business
entrustedtotheagent(Art.1924,NCC);
or
3. after granting general power of
attorney, grants a special one to
another agent which results in the
revocationoftheformerasregardsthe
special matter involved in the latter.
(Art.1926,NCC)
A:Anyoneoftheprincipalsisgrantedtherightto
revoke the power of attorney without the
consentoftheothers.
Q:Isnoticeofrevocationnecessary?
A:
1. As to the agent Express notice is not
necessary; sufficient notice if the party
to be notified actually knows, or has
reason to know, a fact indicating that
his
authority
has
been
terminated/suspended;
revocation
without notice to the agent will not
renderinvalidanactdoneinpursuance
oftheauthority
rd
2. As to 3 persons Express notice is
necessary
a.
As to former customers Actual
notice must be given to them
because they always assume the
continuance of the agency
relationship
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
AGENCY
b.
Q:Whatistheeffectofthedirectmanagement
bytheprincipal?
A:
GR:Theagencyisrevokedfortherewouldno
longer be any basis for the representation
previously conferred. But the principal must
act in good faith and not merely to avoid his
obligationtotheagent.
Q:RichardsoldalargeparceloflandinCebuto
Leo for P100 million payable in annual
installmentsoveraperiodoftenyears,buttitle
willremainwithRicharduntilthepurchaseprice
is fully paid. To enable Leo to pay the price,
Richard gave him a powerofattorney
authorizing him to subdivide the land, sell the
individual lots, and deliver the proceeds to
Richard,tobeappliedtothepurchaseprice.Five
years later, Richard revoked the power of
attorney and took over the sale of the
subdivision lots himself. Is the revocation valid
ornot?Why?
DEATH
A:
GR:Theagencyisterminatedbythedeathof
the principal even if the agency is for a
definiteperiod.
XPNs:
1. If it has been constituted in common
interest of the principal and the agent
or in the interest of the third person
who accepted the stipulation in his
favor;or
2. Anythingdonebytheagentwithoutthe
knowledgeofthedeathoftheprincipal
or on any other cause which
extinguishes the agency is valid and
shall be effective on third persons who
may have contracted with him in good
faith.
Q:Isthesaleofthelandbytheagentafterthe
deathoftheprincipalvalid?
A:Article1931,NCCprovidesthatanactdoneby
theagentafterthedeathoftheprincipalisvalid
andeffectiveifthesetworequisitesconcur:
1. that the agent acted without the
knowledgeofthedeathoftheprincipal;
and
2. that the third person who contracted
with the agent himself acted in good
faith.
Goodfaithheremeansthatthethirdpersonwas
not aware of the death of the principal at the
timethathecontractedwithsaidagent.(Rallosv.
FelixGoChan,G.R.No.L24332,Jan.31,1978)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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CHANGEOFCIRCUMSTANCESSURROUNDING
TRANSACTION
Q:Whatistheeffectofachangeofcircumstance
surroundingthetransaction?
A:
GR:Theauthorityoftheagentisterminated.
XPNs:
1. If the original circumstances are
restored within a reasonable period of
time, the agent's authority may be
revived;
2. Wheretheagenthasreasonabledoubts
as to whether the principal would
desire him to act, his authority will not
beterminatedifheactsreasonably;or
3. Where the principal and agent are in
close daily contact, the agent's
authoritytoactwillnotterminateupon
a change of circumstances if the agent
knows the principal is aware of the
change and does not give him new
instructions. (De Leon, pp. 616617,
2005ed)
WITHDRAWALBYTHEAGENT
Q:Cantheagentwithdrawfromtheagency?
A:
3. Without just cause The law imposes
upon the agent the duty to give due
noticetotheprincipalandtoindemnify
the principal should the latter suffer
damagebyreasonofsuchwithdrawal.
4. With just cause The agent cannot be
heldliable.
372
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
COMPROMISE
COMPROMISE
I.DEFINITION
Q:Whatisacompromise?
A:
1. Consensual
2. Reciprocal
3. Nominate
4. Onerous
5. Accessory (in the sense that a prior
conflictispresupposed)
6. Once accepted, it is Binding on the
parties, provided there is no vitiated
consent(McCarthyv.BarberSteamship
Lines,45Phil.488).
7. It is the Settlement of a controversy
principally, and is but merely
incidentally, the settlement of a claim.
(Ibid)
Q:Whatarethekindsofcompromise?
A:
1. Judicialtoendapendinglitigation
2. Extrajudicial to prevent a litigation
fromarising
Q:Whatisthebasicdutyofacourtwhenevera
suitisfiled?
A:
1. If willingness to discuss a possible
compromise is expressed by one or
bothparties;or
2. if it appears that one of the parties,
before the commencement of the
actionorproceeding,offeredtodiscuss
a possible compromise but the other
partyrefusedtheoffer.
Q:XisindebtedtoYintheamountofP50,000
with the stipulation that the same shall earn
interest at 40% per annum. When X failed to
pay,Ysuedhim.Inanefforttosettlethecase,X
offered to pay the principal but begged for the
reduction of the interest. Y refused,hence, trial
wasconducted.Canthejudgereducetherateof
interest?
A:Yes.Thecourtsmaymitigatethedamagetobe
paidbythelosingpartywhohasshownasincere
desireforacompromise.(Art.2031,NCC)
II.VOIDCOMPROMISE
Q:Whenisacompromisevoid?
A:
1. Civilstatus
2. Validity of a marrieage or a legal
separation
3. Anygroundforlegalseparation
4. Futuresupport
5. Jurisdictionofcourts
6. Futurelegitime
III.EFFECT
A:Ithastheeffectofresjudicata.Acompromise
has upon the parties the effect and authority of
resjudicata.(Art.2037,NCC)
Q:Whatrequirementisnecessaryinorderthata
compromisebeexecuted?
A:Inorderthatacompromisemaybeexecuted,
there must be approval of the court. (Art 2037,
NCC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Ifoneofthepartiesfailsorrefusestoabideby
the compromise, the other party may either
enforcethecompromise,orregarditasrescinded
and insist upon his original demand. (Art 2041,
NCC).
374
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
CREDITTRANSACTIONS
Q:Whatiscredit?
Q:Whatiscredittransaction?
A:Itreferstoagreementbasedontrustorbelief
of someone on the ability of another person to
complywithhisobligations.
Q:Whatdocredittransactionsinclude?
A:Theyincludealltransactionsinvolvingloansof:
1. goods
2. servicew
3. money extended to another either
gratuitously or onerously with a
promisetopayordeliverinthefuture.
Q:Whatissecurity?
A:Itissomethinggiven,deposited,orservingasa
means to ensure the fulfillment or enforcement
ofanobligationorofprotectingsomeinterestin
theproperty.
Q:Whatarethetypesofsecurity?
A:
Personal: whenan individual become asurety
oraguarantor.
Q:Whatarethekindsofcredittransactions?
A:
1. Ascontractsofsecurity
a. Contracts of real security These
b.
2.
Astotheirexistence
a. Principal contracts They can exist
b.
3.
Astotheirconsideration
a. Onerous This is a contract where
b.
Q:Whatisbailment?
A:
1. For the sole benefit of the bailor
(gratuitous)
e.g.gratuitousdeposit,commodatum
3. Forthebenefitofbothparties(mutual
benefitbailments)
a. e.g.depositforcompensaton,
involuntary deposit, pledge
andbailmentsforhire:
b. hireofthingstemporaryuse
c. hire of service for work or
labor
d. hireofcarriageofgoodsfor
carriage
e. hireofcustodyforstorage
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I.LOAN
Q:Whatisloan?
Q:Whatarethekindsofloan?
A:
1. Commodatum where the bailor
(lender) delivers to the bailee
(borrower) a nonconsumable thing so
that the latter may use it for a given
timeandreturnthesamething
2. Mutuum where the bailor (lender)
deliverstothebailee(borrower)money
or other consumable thing upon the
conditionthatthelattershallpaysame
amountofthesamekindandquality
Q:Whatmaybetheobjectofacontractofloan?
A:Itdependsuponthekindofloan.
1. Commodatum the object is generally
notconsumable;
2. Mutuumtheobjectisconsumable.
A:Athingisconsumablewhenitcannotbeused
in a manner appropriate to its nature without
being consumed. (Art. 418) (e.g. food, firewood,
gasoline)
Q:Distinguishfungiblefromnonfungiblethings.
Note:Astowhetherathingisconsumableornot,it
dependsuponthenatureofthething.
376
Astowhetheritisfungibleornot,itdependsupon
theintentionoftheparties.
Fungiblesareusuallydeterminedbynumber,weight
ormeasure.
Q:Arenonfungiblethingsirreplaceable?
A:
GR: Nonfungible things are irreplaceable.
Theymustbereturnedtothelenderafterthe
purposeoftheloanhadbeenaccomplished.
XPN:Nonfungiblethingsmaybereplacedby
agreement of the parties. In such case, the
contractisbarterandnotloan.
Q:Distinguishloanfrom:
Credit;
Discount;
Rentorlease;and
Barter.
A:
CREDIT
Abilitytoborrowmoney
byvirtueofthe
confidencereposedby
thelenderuntohimthat
hewillpaywhathehas
promised
DISCOUNT
Interestisdeductedin
advance
Alwaysondoublename
paper
RENT
Theownerofproperty
doesnotlosethe
ownership;heloseshis
controlovertheproperty
rentedduringtheperiod
ofcontract
Landlordtenant
relationship
BARTER
Subjectmatterarenon
fungiblethings
Alwaysonerous
Thereisamutualsale
resultinginthetransfer
ofownershiponboth
sides
Thepartiesdonotreturn
thethingssubjectofthe
exchange
LOAN
Deliverybyonepartyandthe
receiptbytheotherpartyofa
givensumofmoney,uponan
agreement,expressedorimplied,
torepaythesumloaned,withor
withoutinterest
LOAN
Interestistakenattheexpiration
ofacredit
Generallyonasinglenamepaper
LOAN
Thethingloanedbecomesthe
propertyoftheobligor
Obligorobligeerelationship
LOAN
Subjectmatterismoneyorother
fungiblethings
Maybegratuitousoronerous
inmutuum,thereistransferof
ownership,thereisnosale
incommodatum,thebailee
returnsthethingafterthe
expirationoftheperiodagreed
upon
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Whatisbarter?
A:Itisbindingupontheparties,butthemutuum
or simple loan itself shall not be perfected until
the delivery of the object of the contract (Art.
1934,NCC).
A:Iftheloanisexecutedforillegalorimmoralor
unlawfulpurposeoruse,thecontractisvoid.The
bailor may immediately recover the thing before
any illegal act is committed and provided he is
innocent or in good faith (Arts. 1411 and 1412,
NCC).
A.COMMODATUMANDMUTUUM
COMMODATUM
Q:Whatiscommodatum?
A:Itisacontractwhereoneoftheparties(bailor)
delivers to another (bailee) something not
consumable so that the latter may use the same
foracertaintimeandthereafterreturnsit.
A:
1. Real contract delivery of the thing
loanedisnecessaryfortheperfectionof
thecontract
2. Unilateral contract once subject
matter is delivered, creates obligations
on the part of only one of the parties
(theborrower)
3. Essentiallygratuitous
4. Purpose is to transfer the temporary
useofthethingloaned
5. Principalcontract
6. Purelypersonalcontract
Q:Whataretheelementsofcommodatum?
A:Theremustbe:
1. abaileeandbailor
2.
3.
thebaileeacquirestheuseofthething
itmustbegratuitous
Q:Whatcouldbethesubjectofcommodatum?
A:
GR: Under Art. 1933, the subject matter of
commodatum must be nonconsumable
becausethethingmustbereturned.
XPN:Consumablegoodsmaybetheobjectof
commodatum if the purpose is not to
consume them such as when they were
loaned merely for ad ostentationem or
exhibitionpurposes.Aftertheaffair,thesame
and identical goods shall be returned to the
lenderorbailor(Art.1936,NCC).
Q:Whatmaybetheobjectofcommodatum?
A:Bothmovableandimmovablepropertymaybe
theobjectofcommodatum.(Art.1937,NCC)
Q:Whatarethekindsofcommodatum?
A:
1. Ordinary commodatum bailor cannot
just demand the return of the thing at
will, because there is a period agreed
uponbytheparties.
A:
GR: Commodatum is purely personal in
character hence death of either bailor
orbaileeextinguishesthecontract(Art.
1939,NCC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Note:Membersofthebaileeshousehold
arenotconsideredasthirdpersons.
XPNtotheXPN:
Contrarystipulation;or
Natureofthethingforbidssuchuse.
Note:Householdmembersarethosewhopermanently
living or residing within the same residence including
thehouseholdhelpers.
Q:Distinguishcommodatumfromlease.
A:
COMMODATUM
Realcontract
Objectisanon
consumable(non
fungible)thing
Essentiallygratuitous
LEASE
Consensual
Objectmayevenbe
workorservice
Onerous
MUTUUM
Q:Whatismutuum?
A:
Borroweracquiresownershipofthething.
If the thing loaned is money, payment must
be made in the currency which is legal
tenderinthePhilippinesandincaseof
extraordinary deflation or inflation, the
basis of payment shall be the value of
thecurrencyatthetimeofthecreation
oftheobligation.
378
Iffungiblethingwasloaned,theborroweris
obligedtopaythelenderanotherthing
ofthesamekind,qualityandquantity.
Note:Mereissuanceofchecksdoesnotperfectthe
contractofloan.Itisonlyafterthecheckshavebeen
encashed that the contact may be deemed
perfected. Further, when the movable thing
deliveredinloanisnottobereturnedtothebailor,
but may be substituted or replaced with another
equivalentthing,itisafungiblething.
Q:Distinguishcommodatumfrommutuum.
A:
COMMODATUM
MUTUUM
Object
Nonconsumable(Non
Consumable
fungible)
Cause
Gratuitous,otherwiseitisa
Mayormaynotbe
lease
gratuitous
Purpose
Useortemporarypossession
ofthethingloanedbut
Consumption
XPNs:
use of the fruits is
stipulated;
enjoyment of the fruits
isstipulated;or
enjoyment of the fruits
isincidentaltoitsuse
SubjectMatter
Real orpersonalproperty
Generallynonconsumable
Onlypersonal
thingsbutmaycover
property
consumablesifthepurpose
ofthecontractisfor
exhibition.
Ownershipofthething
Retainedbythebailor
Passestothedebtor
Thingtobereturned
Equalamountofthe
Exactthingloaned
samekindandquality
Whobearsriskofloss
Bailor
Debtor
Whentoreturn
Incaseofurgentneedeven
Onlyafterthe
beforetheexpirationof
term(thecontractisinthe expirationoftheterm
meantimesuspended)
Contract
Contractof
Contractofuse
consumption
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Distinguishmutuumfrom:
Lease;and
Barter.(seeArticle1954)
A:
MUTUUM
Objectismoneyorany
consumable(fungible)
thing
Thereistransferof
ownership
Creditordebtor
relationship
Unilateral
LEASE
Objectmaybeanything,
whethermovableor
immovable,fungibleor
nonfungible
Notransferofownership
Lessorlesseerelationship
Bilateral
MUTUUM
Subjectmatterismoney
orotherfungiblethings
Maybegratuitousor
onerous
Whileinmutuum,there
istransferofownership,
thereisnosale
BARTER
Subjectmatterarenon
fungiblethings
Alwaysonerous
Thereisamutualsale
resultinginthetransfer
ofownershiponboth
sides
Themoneyor
consumablething
Thepartiesdonotreturn
loanedisnotreturned
thethingssubjectofthe
butthesameamount
exchange
ofthesamekindand
quantityshallbepaid.
Q:Whatisthecauseinasimpleloan?
A:
1. As to the borrower the acquisition of
thething
2. As to the lender the right to demand
the return of the thing loaned or its
equivalent (Monte de Piedad v. Javier,
CA,36Off.Gaz.2176).
Q:Whatmaybetheobjectofmutuum?
A:Moneyorfungibleandconsumablethings.
Q:Canloanofmoneybepayableinkind?
Q:Whenisacontractofsimpleloanperfected?
XPN:Ifnot,thatcurrencywhichislegal
tenderinthePhilippines.
Q:Mayapersonbeimprisonedfornonpayment
ofdebt?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
1. Bailor/Comodatario/Commodans the
giver/ lender the party who delivers
the possession or custody of the thing
bailed.
2. Bailee/Comodante/Commodatarius
therecipient/borrowerthepartywho
receives the possession or custody of
thethingthusdelivered.
B.OBLIGATIONSOFTHEBAILORANDBAILEE
BAILOR
OBLIGATIONSOFTHEBAILOR
Q:Whataretheobligationsofthebailor?
A:
Allowthebaileetheuseofthethingloaned
forthedurationoftheperiodstipulated
or until the accomplishment of the
purpose.
XPN:Incasethereisurgencyanddelay
wouldcauseimminentdanger.
Q:Whenisthebailorliableforhiddendefects?
A:Whenthefollowingrequisitesarepresent:
1. there was a flaw or defect in the thing
loaned;
2. theflawordefectishidden;
380
3.
4.
5.
thebailorisawarethereof;
he does not advise the bailee of the
same;and
thebaileesuffersdamagesbyreasonof
saidflawordefect.
Q:Whatisthecauseofactionagainstthebailor
whodidnotdisclosetheflawordefect?
A:Actionforrecoveryofdamagesontheground
ofquasidelictbecauseofnegligenceorbadfaith.
RIGHTSOFABAILOR
A:
GR:No
XPNs:
1. Incaseofurgentneedbythebailor
2. Incaseofprecarium
3. If the bailee commits an act of
ingratitudetothebailor(Art.1948,NCC),
towit:
A:Itdepends.Iftherehasbeenademandonthe
part of the bailor before the loss of the thing
underthecircumstancessetforthunderArt.1942
(1)and(2)andthebaileedidnotreturnthething,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
then the latter is liable. However, if there has
beennodemandonthepartofthebailorandthe
thingwaslost,thebailorisestoppedandcannot
hold the bailee liable for under a contract of
precarium, the use of the thing by the bailee
depends on the pleasure of the bailor and no
timeisfixedforsuchuse.Hence,demandonthe
partofthebailorisneededforthereturnofthe
thing. Without such, loss of the thing on the
handsofthebaileewillnotmakehimliable.
Note:Article1942.Thebaileeisliableforthelossof
the thing, even if it should be through a fortuitous
event:
Ifhedevotesthethingtoanypurposedifferent
fromthatforwhichithasbeenloaned;
Ifhekeepsitlongerthantheperiodstipulated,
or after the accomplishment of the use for
whichthecommodatumhasbeenconstituted;
xxx
Q:Mustthebailorbetheownerofthething
loaned?
Iffromthelaw,orthenatureorthewordingofthe
obligationstowhichtheprecedingarticlerefersthe
contrarydoesnotappear,thecreditordebtshallbe
presumedtobedividedintoasmanyequalsharesas
there are creditors or debtors, the credits or debts
beingconsidereddistinctfromoneanother,subject
to the Rules of Court governing the multiplicity of
suits.(Art.1208)
OBLIGATIONSOFTHEBAILEE
Q:Whataretheobligationsofabailee?
A:
Astoordinary
expenses
BAILEE
Q:Iftherearetwoormorebaileestoacontract
of commodatum, what is the nature of their
liability?
Astothelossof
thethingin
caseof
fortuitous
event
Note:Theirliabilityissolidaryinordertoprotectthe
bailorsrightsoverthethingloaned.
Astothe
deterioration
ofthething
loaned
Payfortheordinaryexpensesfor
theuseandpreservationofthe
thing
Liableforlosseventhrough
fortuitouseventwhen
[askdl]:
when being able to save
either of the thing
borrowedorhisownthing,
hechosetosavethelatter
hekeepsitlongerthanthe
period stipulated, or after
the accomplishment of its
use(indefault);
the thing loaned has been
deliveredwithappraisalof
itsvalue
when he lends or leases it
to third persons who are
not members of his
household
thereisdeviationfromthe
purpose
Notliableforthedeteriorationof
thethingloanedcausedbythe
ordinarywearandtearofthething
loaned.(Art.1943)
Note:Whentherearetwoormore
bailees,theirliabilityissolidary.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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RIGHTSOFABAILEE
Q:Whataretherightsofabailee?
A:FRUD
Useofthething;
Make use of the fruits of the thing when
suchrightisstipulatedinthecontract;
Not answerable for the deterioration of the
thingloanedduetotheusethereofand
withouthisfault;and
Right of retention for damages due to
hidden defects or flaws of the thing of
whichhewasnotadvisedbythebailor.
A:No,itisnottransmissiblefor2reasons:
Art.1178providesthatthetransmissibilityof
saidacquiredrightsareeithersubjectto
thelawsortoacontrarysipulation;and
Art. 1939 provides that a contract of
commodatum is purely personal in
character.
Note:Toruleotherwisewouldbetoruncounterto
the purely personal character of the commodatum
and to the proviso that transmissibility issubject to
thelawgoverningsuchobligations.
Q:Canthebaileelendorleasetheobjectofthe
contracttoathirdperson?
A:
GR:Thebaileecanneitherlendnorleasethe
objectofthecontracttoathirdperson.
XPNtotheXPN:
Contrarystipulation;or
Nature of the thing forbids such
use.
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectifthebaileepaysfor
theuseofthething?
382
Q:Incommodatum,doesthebaileeacquirethe
useofthefruitsofthething?
Q:Isastipulationthatthebaileemaymakeuse
ofthefruitsofthethingloanedvalid?
A:Yes.Itisunderstoodthattheenjoymentofthe
fruits must only be incidental to the use of the
thing.Itshouldnotbethemaincause;otherwise,
thecontractisnotacommodatumbutausufruct
(Art.1940,NCC).
Q:Willthestipulationthatthebaileemaymake
use of the fruits of the thing loaned impair the
essenceofcommodatum?
A:
GR:Thebaileecannotretainthethingloaned
onthegroundthatthebailorowesthebailee.
XPN:Thebaileehastherightofretentionfor
claims of damages which the bailee incurred
orsufferedbyreasonofthehiddendefectsor
flawsofthethingloaned,ofwhichhewasnot
informedoradvisedbythebailor.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
of the use for which the commodatum has been
constituted.
A:Theofferisnotvalid.Itmaybeconsideredas
dationinpayment.Inthiscase,theabandonment
done by the bailor was made in favor of the
bailee for the payment of the expenses incurred
by the latter, hence, a violation of what the law
hasexpresslyprohibitedunderArticle1952.
A:ThecontractbetweenPedroandTitoisoneof
commodatum. Of the P15, 000.00 spent, Pedro,
the bailor, shall bear the expenses for the repair
of the faulty brakes, they being extraordinary
expenses incurred due to the nondisclosure by
thebailorofthedefectorfault;Tito,ontheother
hand,shallshoulder"thatpartoftheP15,000.00
spent for the tuneup, said expense being
ordinaryfortheuseandpreservationofthevan.
Who shall bear the costs for the van's fuel, oil
and other materials while it was with Tito?
Explain.
C.INTERESTANDTHESUSPENSIONOFTHE
USURYLAW
Q:Whatisinterest?
A:Itisnothingmorethanthecompensationtobe
paid by the borrower for the use of the money
lenttohimbythelender.
Q:Whatistheruleoninterests?
A:
GR: No interest shall be due unless it is
stipulatedinwriting.(Art.1956,NCC)
Q:Whatisthebasisoftherighttointerest?
Iftheobligationconsistsofthepaymentofasum
of money, and the debtor incurs delay, the
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Cantherebeinterestinequitablemortgage?
Q:Canpaidunstipulatedinterestberecovered?
A:Ifpaidbymistakethedebtormayrecoverasin
the case of solutio indebiti or undue payment.
However if payment is made voluntarily, no
recovery can be made as in the case of natural
obligation.
Theconcurrenceofthetwoconditionsisrequired
for the payment of monetary interest. Thus,
collection of interest without any stipulation
thereforinwritingisprohibitedbylaw.(Sigaanv.
Villanueva,G.R.No.173227,Jan.20,2009.)
A:
GR:No.
XPN:Unlessthesamecanbeestablishedwith
reasonablecertainty.(AtlanticGulfandPacific
Company of Manila, Inc. v. CA, G.R. Nos.
11484142,Aug.23,1995)
384
Note:6%becauseitisbasedondamagesandithas
been said that judgments other than loans,
forbearance,etc.isbasedon6%.
Q:Whataretheclassesofinterest?
A:
1. Simple interest which is paid for the
use of the money, at a certain rate
stipulatedinwritingbytheparties.
2. Compound interest which is imposed
upon accrued interest, that is, the
interestdueandunpaid.
3. Legal that interest which the law
directstobepaidintheabsenceofany
agreementastotherate.
Q:Whencantherebe:
1. Monetaryinterest;
2. Compensatoryinterest?
A:
1. Monetary interest must be expressly
stipulated in writing and it must be
lawful.(Art.1956,NCC)Itispayableon
thedelayoftheuseofthemoney.
2. Indemnity for damages (compensatory
interest) the debtor in delay is liable
to pay legal interest (6% or 12%) as
indemnity for damages even in the
absence of stipulation for the payment
interest. Such interest as indemnity for
damages is payable only in case of
defaultornonperformanceofcontract.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Note: If the obligation consists in the payment of a
sum of money and the debtor incurs in delay, the
debtorisliablefordamages.(Art.2209,NCC)
A:
1. Central Bank Circular 416 12% per annum
incasesof:
a. Loans
b. Forbearance of money, goods and
credits
c. Judgement involving such loan or
forbearance, in the absence of
expressagreementastosuchrate
ofinterest
Note:Duringtheinterimperiodfrom
the date of judgment until actual
payment.
2.
3.
Art.2209,NCC6%perannumincasesof:
a. Othersources(i.e.sale)
b. Damages arising from injury from
person.
c. Loss of property which does not
involvealoan.
Interest accruing from unpaid interest
interest due shall earn interest from the
time it is judicially demanded although the
obligationmaybesilentuponthispoint.
Q:Whatisforbearance?
Q:Whatistheruleoncompoundingofinterest?
A:
GR: Accrued interest (interest due and
unpaid)shallnotearninterest.
XPN:When:
1. judiciallydemanded;or
2. thereisexpressstipulationmadebythe
parties that the interest due and
unpaid shall be added to the principal
obligation and the resulting total
amountshallearninterest.
Note:Compoundingofinterestmaybeavailedonly
when there is a written stipulation in the contract
forthepaymentofinterest.
Q:Whatisfloatinginterest?
Q:Isastipulationforfloatinginterestvalid?
Q:Whatisinterestondamages?
Note:Itneednotbeinwritingandcomputedfrom
thetimeofthefinalityofdecision.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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underCentralBankCircular416wasmisapplied.
How much by way of legal interest should a
judgmentdebtorpaythejudgmentcreditor?
Q:Musttheprincipaldebtstillbepaidin
usurioustransactions?
A:TheSupremeCourtsaidnothinginsaidcircular
(Circular905)suspendingUsuryLawgrantslender
authority to raise interest rates to levels which
will either enslave their borrowers or lead to a
386
InthecaseofMedelv.CA(G.R.No.131622,Nov.
27, 1998), the court ruled that while stipulated
interest of 5.5% per month on a loan is usurious
pursuant to CBC No. 905, the same must be
equitably reduced for being iniquitous,
unconscionable and exorbitant. It is contrary to
morals. It was reduced to 12% per annum in
consonantwithjusticeandfairplay.
A:Theactionwillprosper.Whileitistruethatthe
interest ceilings set by the Usury Law are no
longerinforce,ithasbeenheldthatPDNo.1684
andCBCircularNo.905merelyallowcontracting
parties to stipulate freely on any adjustment in
the interest rate on a loan or forbearance of
moneybutdonotauthorizeaunilateralincrease
of the interest rate by one party without the
other'sconsent(PNBv.CA,G.R.No.107569,Nov.
8, 1994). To say otherwise will violate the
principle of mutuality of contracts under Article
1308oftheCivilCode.Tobevalid,therefore,any
changeofinterestmustbemutuallyagreedupon
by the parties (Dizon v. Magsaysay, G.R. No. L
23399, May 31, 1974). In the present problem,
the debtor not having given his consent to the
increase in interest, the increase is void. (2001
BarQuestion)
II.DEPOSIT
Q:Whatisdeposit?
Q:Whenisacontractofdepositconstituted?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
A: From the moment a person receives a thing
belongingtoanother,withtheobligationofsafely
keepingitandreturningthesameupondemand.
A:
1. Real contract because it can only be
perfectedbythedeliveryoftheobjectofthe
contract.
However, an agreement to
constitute a future deposit is a
consensual contract and is
thereforebinding.
2.
3.
4.
Itisgratuitous,unlessthereisa:
a. Contraryagreement;or
b. The depositary is engaged in the
business of storing goods, like a
warehouseman.
Maybemadeorallyorinwriting.
Q:Distinguishdepositfrom:
1. Mutuum;
2. Commodatum;
3. Agency;
4. Lease;and
5. Sale.
A:
1.
DEPOSIT
MUTUUM
Purpose
Safekeeping/custody
Consumption
Whentoreturn
Upondemandofthe
Uponexpirationofthe
depositor
termgrantedtothe
borrower
SubjectMatter
Movable(extrajudicial)or
Moneyorotherfungible
maybeimmovable
thing
(judicial)
Relationship
Depositordepositary
Lenderborrower
Compensation
Nocompensationof
Therecanbe
thingsdepositedwith
compensationofcredits
eachother(exceptby
mutualagreement)
2.
DEPOSIT
COMMODATUM
PrincipalPurpose
Safekeeping
Transferofuse
Nature
Maybegratuitousor
Alwaysgratuitous
onerous
3.
DEPOSIT
AGENCY
Purpose
Representationofthe
Safekeeping
principalbytheagent
Reasonforcustodyofthething
Thecustodyofthething
Itismerelyanincidental
istheprincipaland
obligationoftheagent
essentialreasonforthe
deposit
Nature
Itisgenerallyonerousor
Essentiallygratuitous
forcompensation
4.
DEPOSIT
LEASE
PrincipalPurpose
Safekeeping
Useofthething
Whentoreturn
Upondemandofthe
Uponterminationofthe
depositor
leasecontract.
5.
DEPOSIT
SALE
Ownership
Retainedbydepositor.
Transferredtobuyer.
Q:Whatarethekindsofdeposit?
A:
1. Judicial(sequestration)
2. Extrajudicial
a. Voluntarythedeliveryismadeby
thewillofthedepositor.
b. Necessary made in compliance
with a legal obligation, or on the
occasion of any calamity, or by
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:
JUDICIAL
EXTRAJUDICIAL
Creation
Willofthecontracting
Willofthecourt
parties
Purpose
Securityortoensurethe
rightofapartyto
propertyortorecoverin Custodyandsafekeeping
caseoffavorable
judgment
SubjectMatter
Movablesor
immovablesbut
Movablesonly
generallyimmovables
Cause
Generallygratuitousbut
Alwaysonerous
maybecompensated
Whenmustthethingbereturned
Uponorderofthecourt
Upondemandof
orwhenlitigationis
depositor
ended
Inwhosebehalfitisheld
Depositororthird
Personwhohasaright
persondesignated
A:Therentofsafetydepositboxesisanordinary
contractofleaseofthingsandnotaspecialkind
of deposit because the General Banking Act as
revised has deleted the part where banks are
expressly authorized to accept documents or
papersforsafekeeping.
388
A.VOLUNTARYDEPOSIT
A:
1. Tokeepthethingsafelyandreturnit
2. Exercisesamediligenceashewouldexercise
overhisownproperty
rd
3. Not to deposit the thing with a 3 person
unlessexpresslyauthorizedbystipulation
a.
b.
4.
5.
6.
Note:Depositaryisliablefortheloss
if:
Hedepositsthethingtoa3rdperson
without authority, even though the
lossisduetofortuitousevents
Deposits the thing to a 3rd person
who is manifestly careless or unfit
althoughthereisauthority.
Ifthethingshouldearninterest:
a. collectinterestasitfallsdue
b. take steps to preserve the value
andrightscorrespondingtoit
Nottocomminglethingsifsostipulated
GR:Nottomakeuseofthethingdeposited
XPNs:
a. When preservation of thing
depositedrequiresitsuse
b. Whenauthorizedbydepositor
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
c.
d.
7.
8.
Whenthethingdepositedisdeliveredsealed
andclosed:
a. return the thing in the same
condition
b. pay damages if seal be broken
throughhisfault
c. keep the secret of the deposit
when seal is broken w/ or w/o his
fault
XPN:Liabilityoflossthroughfortuitousevent
9.
Returnthethingdepositedwithallitsfruits,
accessions,andaccessories
10. Pay interest on sums converted to personal
useifthedepositconsistsofmoney
Q:Whenisavoluntarydepositextinguished?
A:
1. Lossordestructionofthingdeposited;
2. In gratuitous deposit, upon death of
eitherdepositorordepositary;or
3. Other causes (e.g. return of thing,
novation, expiration of the term,
fulfillmentofresolutorycondition)
PARTIES
Q:Whoarethepartiestoacontractofdeposit?
A:
1. Depositary to whom the thing is
deposited
2. Depositor the one who deposits the
thing
DEPOSITARY
Q:Whoisadepositary?
A:Thedepositaryistheonetowhomthethingis
deposited.
Q:Maythedepositarychangethemannerofthe
deposit?
A:
GR: The contract loses the concept of a
deposit and becomes a loan or
commodatum.
XPN:Wheresafekeepingisstilltheprincipal
purposeofthecontract(Art.1978,NCC).
Note:Thepermissionshallnotbepresumed,andits
existencemustbeproved.
A:
GR: The statement of the depositor shall be
acceptedasprimafacieevidenceofthevalue
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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389
iftheforcibleopeningoftheboxorreceptacle
isimputabletothedepositary.
XPN:Ifthereisaclear,strongandconvincing
evidencetothecontrary.
Q:UnderArt.1983,whatisincludedintheterm
products,accessoriesandaccessions?
1.
2.
3.
Naturalfruits
Industrialfruits
Civilfruits(Art.441,NCC)
A:
GR:No.
Q:Whatshouldthedepositarydoifhelosesthe
thing through force majeure or government
orderandreceivesmoneyoranotherthinginits
place?
390
Q:Whatisthedutyofthedepositarysheirifhe
sold the thing which he did not know was
deposited?
Q:Maythedepositarysellthethingretainedin
pledge?
Q:ManejaassignedandconveyedtoSerranoher
time deposit. Notwithstanding series of
demandsforencashmentoftheaforementioned
time deposits, OBM refused to honor the time
deposits. Is OBM liable to Serrano despite the
fact the Central Bank declared that OBM could
no longer operate due to its chronic reserve
deficiencies?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
DEPOSITOR
Q:Whoisadepositor?
Q:Whatistherulewhentherearetwoormore
depositors?
A:Iftheyarenotsolidary,andthethingadmitsof
division,eachonecannotdemandmorethanhis
share.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofdepositor?
A:
1. Payment for necessary expenses for
preservation
a. If the deposit is gratuitous
reimbursedepositary
b. With compensation no need for
reimbursement; expenses borne
bydepositary
2. GR:Paylossesincurredbydepositarydueto
thecharacterofthethingdeposited.
XPNs:
a. When at the time of deposit, the
depositor was not aware of the
dangerous character of the thing
orwasnotexpectedtoknowit;
b. When the depositor notified the
depositary;or
c. Whenthedepositarywasawareof
it without advice from the
depositor.
A:
1. To the depositor, to his heirs and
successors, or to the person who may
have been designated in the contract
(Art.1972,NCC).
2.
A:
GR:Attheplaceagreedupon.
A:
GR:Upondemandoratwill,whetherornota
periodhasbeenstipulated.
XPNs:
1. Thing is judicially attached while in the
depositaryspossession.
2. Depositary was notified of the
opposition of a third person to the
return or the removal of the thing
deposited(Art.1986,NCC).
3. Whenthethingisstolenandtheperiod
of 30 days from notice to the true
owner for him to claim it had not yet
lapsed, the depositary cannot return
the thing deposited to the depositor.
This is intended to protect the true
owner.
4. In case of gratuitous deposit, if the
depositary has a justifiable reason for
not keeping the deposit. If the
depositor refuses, the depositary may
secure its consignation from the court
(Art.1989,NCC).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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B.NECESSARYDEPOSIT
Q:Whenisdepositconsideredasnecessary?
A:
1. When it is in compliance with a legal
obligation;
2. It takes place on the occasion of any
calamity, such as fire, storm, flood,
pillage, shipwreck, or other similar
events;
3. Made by passengers with common
carriers;or
4. Madebytravelersinhotelsorinns.
A:Whenbotharepresent:
1. they have been previously informed by
guest about the effects the latter
broughtin;and
2. the guest has taken precautions
prescribedfortheirsafekeeping.
A:Theyarenotliablewhen:
1. loss or injury is caused by force
majeure;
2. lossduetotheactsofguests,hisfamily,
hisemployees,orvisitors;and
3. loss arises from the character of the
goods.
Q:Arehotelorinnkeepersstillliableregardless
of the posting of notices exempting themselves
fromanyliability?
392
Q:Whatistheextentoftheliabilityofthehotel
keepersincaseofloss?
A:
1. It covers liability in hotel rooms which
come under the term baggage or
articlessuchasclothingasareordinarily
usedbytravelers.
2. It includes lost or damages in hotels
annexes such as vehicles in the hotels
garage.
Q:Canthekeepersofthehotelsorinnsexercise
therightofretention?
A:Yes,assecurityforcreditsincidenttothestay
atthehotel(inthenatureofapledgecreatedby
operationoflaw).
C.JUDICIALDEPOSIT
Q:Whendoesjudicialdeposit(sequestration)
takeplace?
A:Whenanattachmentorseizureofpropertyin
litigationisorderedbyacourt.(Art.2005,NCC)
A:Movablesandimmovables(Art.2006,NCC)
III.GUARANTYANDSURETYSHIP
A.NATUREANDEXTENTOFGUARANTY
Q:Whatisguaranty?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Whatissuretyship?
Q:Distinguishguarantyfromsuretyship.
A:
GUARANTY
Collateralundertaking
Guarantorsecondarily
liable
Guarantorbindshimself
topayiftheprincipal
cannotpay
Insurerofsolvencyof
debtor
Guarantorcanavailof
thebenefitofexcussion
anddivisionincase
creditorproceedsagainst
him
Q:Whatarethekindsofguaranty?
A:
1. Generalclassification
a. Personal guaranty where an
b.
SURETYSHIP
Suretyisanoriginal
promissory
2.
Suretyprimarilyliable
b.
c.
Judicialrequiredbyacourtto
provisionoflaw
guarantee theeventual right of
thepartiesinacase.
Insurerofthedebt
3.
Suretycannotavailof
thebenefitofexcussion
anddivision
Astoconsideration
a. Gratuitous guarantor does
b.
GUARANTY
acontractbywhicha
personisboundto
anotherforthe
fulfillmentofa
promiseor
undertakingofathird
person
Astoitsorigin
a. Conventional constituted by
agreementoftheparties
Suretyundertakestopay
ifprincipal
doesnotpay
A:ACCUNCS
1. Accessory
2. Consensual
3. Conditional
4. Unilateral
5. Nominate
6. Cannotbepresumed
7. CoveredbytheStatuteofFrauds
Q:Distinguishguarantyfromwarranty.
A:
WARRANTY
anundertakingthatthe
title,qualityorquantityof
thesubjectmatterofa
contractiswhatitis
representedtobe,and
relatestosome
agreementmade
ordinarilybytheparty
whomakesthewarranty
4.
Astoperson
a. Single constituted solely to
b.
5.
guarantee
or
secure
performance by the debtor of
theprincipalobligation.
Double or subguaranty
constituted to secure the
fulfillmentoftheobligationofa
guarantorbyasubguarantor
Astoscopeandextent
a. Definite where the guaranty
b.
B.EFFECTSOFGUARANTY
Q:Whataretheobligationsthatmaybesecured
inacontractofguaranty?
A:
1. Validobligations
2. Voidableobligations
3. Unenforceableobligations
4. Natural obligations When the debtor
himself offers a guaranty for his natural
obligation, he impliedly recognizes his
liability, thereby transforming the
obligationfromanaturalintoacivilone.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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5.
A:Sinceguarantyisanaccessorycontract,itisan
indispensable condition for its existence that
theremustbeaprincipalobligation.Hence,ifthe
principalobligationisvoid,itisalsovoid.
Q:Inwhatformshouldacontractofguarantybe
made?
A:Itmustbeexpressedandinwriting(par.2,Art.
1403,NCC);otherwise,itisunenforceableunless
ratified.Itneednotbeinapublicinstrument.
A:
GR: The acceptance of the creditor is not
essentialinsuchcontracts.
A:
GR: Strict construction against the creditor
andliberalinfavoroftheguarantororsurety;
termscannotbeextendedbeyonditsterms.
XPN:Incasesofcompensatedsureties.
394
Q:Statethegeneralcharacterofguaranty.
A:
GR:Generallygratuitous(Art.2048,NCC)
XPN:Stipulationtothecontrary.
A:
1. Guarantor
2. Creditor
GUARANTOR
Q:Whoisaguarantor?
Q:Whatarethequalificationsofaguarantor?
A:
1. Possessesintegrity;
2. Capacitytobindhimself;and
3. Has sufficient property to answer for
theobligationwhichheguarantees.
Note:Thequalificationsneedonlybepresentatthe
timeoftheperfectionofthecontract.
A:
Convictionofacrimeinvolvingdishonesty
Insolvency
A:Guarantyorsuretyagreementisregardedvalid
despite the absence of any direct consideration
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
received by the guarantor or surety, such
consideration need not pass directly to the
guarantor or surety; a consideration moving to
theprincipalwillsuffice.
Q:Whatistherulewhenamarriedwomanisa
guarantor?
A:
GR:Bindsonlyherseparateproperty.
XPNs:
1. If with her husbands consent, it binds
the community or conjugal partnership
property.
2. Without husbands consent, in cases
provided for by law, such as when the
guaranty has redounded to the benefit
ofthefamily.
A:
1. If payment is made without the
knowledge or against the will of the
debtor:
a. Guarantorcanrecoveronlyinsofar
asthepaymenthasbeenbeneficial
tothedebtor
b. Guarantor cannot compel the
creditor to subrogate him in his
rights.
2. Ifpaymentismadewiththeknowledge
or consent of the debtor Subrogated
to all the rights which creditor had
againstthedebtor.
Q:Whatistheextentofguarantorsliability?
A:
1. Where the guaranty is definite It is
limited in whole or in part to the
principal debt to the exclusion of
accessories.
A:
1. Ifupondemand,aguarantorfailstopay
theobligation,hecanbeheldliablefor
interest, even if in thus paying, the
liability becomes more than that in the
principal obligation. The increased
liability is not because of the contract
but because of the default and the
necessity for judicial collection. It
should be noted, however, that the
interest runs from the time the
complaintisfiled,notfromthetimethe
debt becomes due and demandable
(Tagawa v. Aldanese, No.18636, sept.
28,1922).
Q:Whatistheeffectofguarantorsdeath?
Q:Whatistheeffectofthedebtorsdeath?
Q:Whatistherulewithrespecttojurisdictionin
anactionbasedonacontractofguaranty?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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BENEFITOFEXCUSSION
Q:Whatisthebenefitofexcussion?
A:
The guarantor must set up the right of
excussionagainstthecreditoruponthe
lattersdemandforpaymentfromhim;
and
1.
2.
8.
He must point out to the creditor the
available property of the debtor (not
exempted from execution) found
within the Philippine territory (Art.
2060,NCC).
Q:Whatistheeffectofdeclarationofinsolvency
withrespecttotherightofexcussion?
Q:Whenistherenobenefitofexcussion?
A:RJSAIRFEDS
396
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
Guarantorhasexpresslyrenouncedit.
Guarantor has bound himself solidarily
withtheDebtor.
Debtorisinsolvent.
Guarantorhasabsconded,orcannotbe
sued within the Philippines unless he
leftamanagerorrepresentative.
Ifitmaybepresumedthatanexecution
on the property of the Debtor cannot
satisfytheobligation.
Guarantor does not invoke the benefit
against Creditor upon demand to him
forpaymentandhedoesnotpointout
available property of the Debtor within
the Philippines sufficient to cover the
obligation(Art.2060,NCC).
Guarantor is a judicial bondsman or
subsurety.
A pledge or mortgage of his own
property has been given by Guarantor
asspecialsecurity.
Guarantor fails to interpose it as a
defensebeforejudgmentisrendered.
BENEFITOFDIVISION
Q:Whatistheprincipleofbenefitofdivision?
A:Shouldtherebeseveralguarantorsofonlyone
debtor for the same debt, the obligation to
answer for the same is divided among all. (Joint
liability)
Note:
GR: Creditor can claim from the guarantors
only up to the extent they are respectively
boundtopay.
XPN:Whensolidarityhasbeenstipulated.
Therighttobereimbursedfromhiscoguarantorsis
acquiredipsojurebyvirtueofsaidpayment.
Q:Distinguishbenefitofdivisionfrombenefitof
contribution.
A:
BENEFITOF
BENEFITOFDIVISION
CONTRIBUTION
Controversyisbetween
Controversybetween
thecoguarantorsand
andamongtheseveral
thecreditor
coguarantors
Thereisnopayment
Thereisalready
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
yet,butthereismerely
paymentofdebt;the
aclaimpressedagainst
payingcoguarantoris
oneormoreco
seekingthecontribution
guarantors
ofthecoguarantors
Q:Whatistheeffectofthecreditorsnegligence
inexhaustingthepropertiesofthedebtor?
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtoactionofthe
creditoragainstthedebtor?
A:
GR:Onlytheprincipaldebtorshouldbesued
alone.
Q:Istheguarantorentitledtobenotifiedofthe
complaintagainstthedebtor?
A:Yes.Iftheguarantordesirestosetupdefenses
as are granted him by law, he may have the
opportunitytodoso.
A:
1. If he does not appear and judgment is
renderedagainstthedebtor,hecannot
setupdefenseswhichhecouldhaveset
up had he appeared; moreover, he
cannotquestionthedecisionanymore;
2. Ifheappearssuchasbyfilingananswer
inintervention,hemayloseormaywin
thecase.Ifhelosses,heisstillentitled
tothebenefitofexcussion.Thereisno
waiverofhisbenefitofexcussionbyhis
appearanceinthecase.
Q:Whatistheruleontherightofindemnityand
reimbursement of the guarantor who paid the
debt?
A:
GR:Guarantorisentitledtobereimbursedby
Debtorfor:
1. totalamountofthedebtpaid;
2. legal interest from the time payment
wasmadeknowntothedebtor;
3. expenses incurred after notifying
debtor that demand to pay was made
uponhim;and
4. damagesinaccordancewithlaw.
XPNs:
1. Guaranty is constituted without the
knowledge or against the will of the
debtor.
Effect: Guarantor may only recover only
somuchaswasbeneficialtothedebtor.
Note:
GR: Guarantormust1stnotifythedebtorbefore
paying, otherwise, if the debtor pays again, the
guarantorcanonlycollectfromthecreditorand
guarantor will have no cause of action against
the debtor even if the creditor becomes
insolvent.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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XPN:Guarantormaystillrecoverfromdebtor
ifthefollowingcircumstancesconcur:
1. Guarantyisgratuitous;
2. Guarantor was prevented by fortuitous
eventfromnotifyingthedebtor;and
3. Creditorwasinsolvent.
A:
GR:No.
XPNs:
1. Whenheissuedforpayment;
2. In case of insolvency of the principal
debtor;
3. When the debtor has bound himself to
relieve him from the guaranty within a
specified period, and this period has
expired.
4. Whenthedebthasbecomedemandable
byreasonoftheexpirationoftheperiod
ofpayment;
5. After the lapse of ten years, when the
principal obligation has no fixed period
for its maturity, unless it be of such
nature that it cannot be extinguished
except within a period longer than ten
years;
6. If there are reasonable grounds to fear
that the principal debtor intends to
abscond;or
7. If the principal debtor is in imminent
dangerofbecominginsolvent.
Q:Whatistheremedyofapersonwhobecomes
a guarantor at the request of another for the
debtofathirdpersonwhoisnotpresent?
A:Hehastheoptionofsuingeithertheprincipal
debtorortherequestingparty(Art.2072,NCC).
Note:Theprovisionapplieswhentheguarantorhas
actuallypaidthedebt.
398
SUBGUARANTY
Q:Whatisdoubleorsubguaranty?
A:Yes,bothwithrespecttotheguarantorandto
theprincipaldebtor(Art.2064,NCC).
CONTINUINGGUARANTY
Q:Whatiscontinuingguarantyorsuretyship?
A:
GR:Itisnotlimitedtoasingletransactionbut
contemplates a future course of dealings,
coveringaseriesoftransactionsgenerallyfor
anindefinitetimeoruntilrevoked.
Q:Whatisthetestofcontinuingguaranty?
Q:Mayguarantysecurefuturedebts?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q: PAGRICO submitted a Surety Bond issued by
R&BSuretytosecureanincreaseinitscreditline
withPNB.ForconsiderationoftheSuretyBond,
Cochingyan and Villanueva entered into an
Indemnity Agreement with R&B Surety and
bound themselves jointly and severally to the
termsandconditionsoftheSuretyBond.When
PAGRICOdefaulted,PNBdemandedpaymentto
R&B Surety; R&B Surety, in turn, demanded
payment to Cochingyan and Villanueva. R&B
suedthem.Villanuevaarguedthatthecomplaint
was premature because PNB had not yet
proceeded against R&B Surety to enforce the
latter's liability under the Surety Bond. Is the
contentioncorrect?
C.EXTINGUISHMENTOFGUARANTY
A:
1. Principalobligationisextinguished
2. Samecausesasallotherobligations
3. If
creditor
voluntarily
accepts
immovable or other properties in
payment of the debt (even if he should
afterwardslosethesamethrougheviction
orconveyanceofproperty)
4.
5.
6.
D.LEGALANDJUDICIALBONDS
Q:WhatisaBond?
Q:WhatisaBondsman?
A:Abondsmanisasuretyofferedinvirtueofa
provisionoflaworajudicialorder.Hemusthave
thequalificationsrequiredofaguarantorandin
speciallawsliketheRulesofCourt.
Q:Whatarethequalificationstoaproperty
bond?
Q:Whatisthenatureofabond?
Q:WhatisaJudicialBond?
A:No.Ajudicialbondsmanandthesubsuretyare
not entitled to the benefit of excussion because
theyarenotmereguarantors,butsuretieswhose
liabilitiesisprimaryandsolidary.(ART2084,NCC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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399
Q:Whatistheeffectofviolationbythecreditor
ofthetermsofthesuretyagreement?
A:Aviolationbythecreditorofthetermsofthe
surety entitles the surety to be released
therefrom. (Associated Ins. & Surety Co. v.
BacolodMurciaMillingCo.,GR.No.L12334,May
22,1959)
Q:Whatistheeffectofasuretybondfiledforan
alienstayinginthecountrywhichisforfeitedfor
violatingitsterms?
A:Itisthesuretysdutytoinformthecourtofthe
happeningoftheeventsothatitmaytakeaction
ordecreeinthedischargeofthesuretywhenthe
performance of the bond is rendered impossible
by an act of God, or the obligee, or the law.
(Peoplev.OtiakOmal&LuzonCo.,Inc.,GR.No.L
14457,June30,1961)
PLEDGE,MORTGAGE,ANDANTICHRESIS
Q:Whatispledge,mortgageandantichresis?Distinguish.
A:
PLEDGE
MORTGAGE(Real)
Definition
Anaccessorycontractwherebyadebtor
deliverstothecreditororathirdperson
amovableorpersonalproperty,or
documentevidencingincorporealrights,
tosecurethefulfillmentofaprincipal
obligationwiththeconditionthatwhen
theobligationissatisfied,thething
deliveredshallbereturnedtothe
pledgorwithallitsfruitsandaccessions,
ifany.
movableorpersonalproperty,or
documentevidencingincorporealrights
Itisacontractwherebythedebtor
securestothecreditorthe
fulfillmentofaprincipalobligation,
speciallysubjectingtosuch
security,immovablepropertyor
realrightsoverimmovable
property,incasetheprincipal
obligationisnotpaidorcomplied
withatthetimestipulated.
Objectofthecontract
immovablepropertyorrealrights
overimmovableproperty
ANTICHRESIS
AcontractwherebytheCR
acquirestherighttoreceivethe
fruitsofanimmovableofthe
dedtor,withtheobligationto
applythemtothepaymentof
interest,ifowing,andthereafter
totheprincipalofhiscredit.
fruitsofanimmovable
A:
1. Bothareaccessorycontracts;
2. Both pledgor and mortgagor must be
theabsoluteowneroftheproperty;
3. Bothpledgorandmortgagormusthave
thefreedisposaloftheirpropertyorbe
authorizedtodoso;and
4. In both, the thing proffered as security
maybesoldatpublicauction,whenthe
principal obligation becomes due and
nopaymentismadebythedebtor.
400
A:
GR: A pledge, mortgage or antichresis is
indivisible.
XPNs:
1. Where each one of several things
guarantees determinate portion of the
credit
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
2.
3.
Q:Whataretheobligationsthatcanbesecured
bypledge,mortgageandantichresis?
A:
1. Validobligations
2. Voidableobligations
3. Unenforceableobligations
4. Naturalobligations
5. Conditionalobligations
A:
Constituted to secure the fulfillment of a
validprincipalobligation.
Pledgor or mortgagor must be the absolute
owner of the thing pledged or
mortgaged.
They must have the free disposal of their
property, and in the absence thereof,
thattheybelegallyauthorizedforsuch
purpose.
Debtor retains ownership of the thing given
asasecurity.
Q:Isathirdpersonwhopledgedandmortgaged
hispropertyliableforanydeficiency?
A:
GR:No.
A:HemayinvokeArt.559,NCC.Thedefensethat
pawnshopowneracquiredownershipofthething
ingoodfaithisnotavailable.
Note:Art.559Thepossessionofmovableproperty
acquired in good faith is equivalent to a title.
Nevertheless,onewhohaslostanymovableorhas
been unlawfully deprived thereof, may recover it
fromthepersoninpossessionofthesame.
Q:Whatisthenatureofanassignmentofrights
toguaranteeanobligationofadebtor?
ACCOMMODATIONMORTGAGE
Q:Whoisanaccommodationmortgagor?
PACTUMCOMMISSORIUM
Q:Whatispactumcommisorium?
A:Itisastipulationwherebythethingpledgedor
mortgaged or subject of antichresis shall
automatically become the property of the
creditorintheeventofnonpaymentofthedebt
withinthetermfixed.Suchstipulationisnulland
void.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
1. There is a pledge, mortgage or
antichresis of a property by way of
security;and
2. There is an express stipulation for the
automaticappropriationbythecreditor
ofthepropertyincaseofnonpayment
A:Thesharesofstockcannotbedeemedowned
by ABC upon default of MNO. They have to be
foreclosed.UnderArticle2088,NCC,thecreditor
cannot appropriate the things given by way of
pledge. And even if the parties have stipulated
thatABCbecomestheownerofthesharesincase
MNOdefaultsontheloan,suchstipulationisvoid
for being a pactum commissorium. (2004 Bar
Question)
Q:Tosecurealoanobtainedfromaruralbank,
Purita assigned her leasehold rights over a stall
in the public market in favor of the bank. The
deed of assignment provides that in case of
default in the payment of the loan, the bank
shallhavetherighttosellPurita'srightsoverthe
marketstallasherattorneyinfact,andtoapply
theproceedstothepaymentoftheloan.
A:
Theassignmentwasamortgage,notacession,of
the leasehold rights. A cession would have
transferredownershiptothebank.However,the
402
Q:XborrowedmoneyfromYandgaveapieceof
land as security by way of mortgage. It was
expressly agreed between the parties in the
mortgagecontractthatuponnonpaymentofthe
debt on time by X, the mortgaged land would
already belong to Y. If X defaulted in paying,
would Y now become the owner of the
mortgagedland?Why?
A:No,theanswerwouldnotbethesame.Thisis
avalidstipulationanddoesnotconstitutepactum
commissorium. In pactum commissorium, the
acquisition is automatic without need of any
furtheraction.Intheinstantproblemanotheract
is required to be performed, namely, the
conveyance of the property as payment (dacion
enpago).(1999BarQuestion)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
A:Isubmitthatthereisnopactumcommissorium
here. Deposits of money in banks and similar
institutions are governed by the provisions of
simple loans (Art. 1980, NCC). The relationship
between the depositor and a bank is one of
creditor and debtor. Basically, this is a matter of
compensation as all the elements of
compensationarepresentinthiscase.(BPIv.CA,
G.R. No. 104612, May 10, 1994) (1997 Bar
Question)
IV.PLEDGE
A.DEFINITION
Q:Whatispledge?
A:Acontractwheredebtordeliverstocreditoror
rd
3 person a movable or document evidencing
incorporeal right for the purpose of securing
fulfillment of a principal obligation with the
understanding that when the obligation is
fulfilled,thethingdeliveredshallbereturnedw/
allitsfruitsandaccessions.
B.KINDSOFPLEDGE
Q:Whatarethekindsofpledge?
A:
1. Conventionalbyagreementofparties
2. Legalbyoperationoflaw
C.ESSENTIALREQUISITES
A:
1. Constitutedtosecurethefulfillmentof
aprincipalobligation;
2. Pledgor is the absolute owner of the
thingpledged;
3. Persons constituting the pledge have
the free disposal of their property, and
in the absence thereof, that they be
legallyauthorizedforthepurpose.(Art.
2085,NCC)
Note:Acontractofpledgenotappearinginapublic
instrument does not affect its validity. It is valid
betweentheparties.
A:Themeretakingofthepropertyisnotenough.
There must be continuous possession of the
thing. However, the pledgee is allowed to
temporarilyentrustthephysicalpossessionofthe
thingpledgedtothepledgorwithoutinvalidating
the contract. But here, the pledgor would be in
possessionasameretrusteeandhispossessionis
subjecttotheorderofthepledgee.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
GR:No.
XPN:Ifthepledgeconsistsofgoodsstoredin
a warehouse for purposes, of showing the
pledgeescontroloverthegoods,thedelivery
to him of the keys to the warehouse is
sufficient
delivery
of
possession
(constructive/symbolicdelivery).
Q:Whatistherationalebehindtherequirement
that the pledge cannot take effect against third
personsifthethingisnotdescribedandthedate
doesnotappearinapublicinstrument?
Q:Whatisadoublepledge?
Q:Cantherebeavaliddoublepledge?
404
D.OBLIGATIONSOFPLEDGORANDPLEDGEE
Q:Whoarethepartiesinacontractofpledge?
A:
1. Pledgor the debtor; the one who
delivers the thing pledged to the
creditor
2. Pledgee the creditor; the one who
receivesthethingpledged
Q:Whataretherightsofapledgee?
A:
1. Retainthethinguntildebtispaid.(Art.
2018,NCC)
2. To be reimbursed for the expenses
made for the preservation of the thing
pledged.(Art.2099,NCC)
3. Creditor may bring any action
pertaining to the pledgor in order to
rd
recoveritfromordefenditagainsta3
person.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofapledgee?
A:
1. Takecareofthethingpledgedwiththe
diligence of a good father of a family.
(Art.2099,NCC)
2.
3.
4.
XPNs:
a. If the pledgor had given him
authorityorpermissiontouse
it;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
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b.
5.
Returnthethingpledgedtothepledgor
whentheprincipalobligationisfulfilled
orsatisfiedit.
Q:Doesthedebtorcontinuetobetheownerof
thethingincasethesameisexpropriatedbythe
State?
Q:Canthedebtoraskforthereturnofthething
pledgedagainstthewillofthecreditor?
A:
GR:No.
XPNs:
1. If the debtor has paid the debt and its
interest,withexpensesinapropercase
(Art.2105,NCC).
2. If the thing is in danger of destruction
or impairment provided, the pledgor
offers an acceptable substitute for it
which is of the same kind and not of
inferiorqualityandwithoutprejudiceto
the application of Art. 2108 whenever
warranted.
A:Yes,ifwithoutthefaultofthepledge,thereis
danger of destruction, impairment or diminution
invalueofthethingpledged.Theproceedsofthe
auction shall be security for the principal
obligation in the same manner as the thing
originallypledged(Art.2108,NCC).
A:Todemand:
1. from the pledgor an acceptable
substituteofthething;or
2. theimmediatepaymentoftheprincipal
obligation(Art.2109,NCC).
A:Thereisprimafaciepresumptionthatthething
pledgedhasbeenreturnedbythepledgeetothe
pledgor or owner, in any of the following
circumstances:
1. Ifthethingisfoundinthepossessionof
the pledgor or owner after the pledge
hadbeenperfected;or
2. Ifthethingisfoundinthepossessionof
athirdpersonwhoreceiveditfromthe
pledgororowneraftertheperfectionof
nd
thepledge(2 par.,Art.2110,NCC).
Note:Itispresumedthattheaccessoryobligationof
pledge has been remitted when the thing pledged,
after its delivery to the creditor, is found in the
possession of the debtor, or of a third person who
ownsthething(Art.1274,NCC).
Q:Whatistherequisitefortherenunciationor
abandonmentofthepledgebythepledgee?
Note:Therenunciationofthepledgeisnotcontrary
to law, public order, public policy, morals or good
customs.Further,Art.1356oftheNCC,whichspeaks
oftheformofcontracts,mustbecompliedwith.
Q:Isacceptanceorreturnofthethingnecessary
for the validity of the renunciation under Art.
2111?
Q:Supposethethingwasnotreturned,isthere
extinctionofthepledge?
A:Yes.Evenifthethingwasnotreturned,aslong
as there is an effective renunciation,
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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A:Thepledgeehastherighttoproceedwiththe
saleofthethingatapublicauctiontoraisefunds
forpaymentoftheobligation(Art.2112,NCC).
Q:Whataretherequisitesofpublicsale?
A:
1. Theobligationmustbedueandunpaid;
2. Thesaleofthethingmustbeatapublic
auction;
3. There must be notice to the pledgor
and owner stating the amount for
whichthesaleistobeheld;and
4. ThesalemustbeconductedbyaNotary
Public.
Q:Whatisdeedofacquittance?
A:Itisadocumentofthereleaseordischargeof
the pledgor from the entire obligation including
interestsandexpenses.Thisshallbeexecutedby
thepledgeeafterappropriatingthethingincasea
nosalewasmadeinasecondauction.
A:Yes.Moreover,heshallhaveabetterrightifhe
offersthesametermsasthehighestbidder[Art.
2113(1),NCC].
Q:Whocanbidinthepublicauction?
A:
1. Thepublic
2. Pledgor/owner/debtor shall be
preferred if same terms as the highest
bidderisoffered
3. Pledgee/creditor he must not be the
only one bidder, otherwise, his bid is
invalidandvoid
A:No,theyarenotlegaltenders.(CFIv.CA,No.L
4191,April30,1952).
406
Note:Thesameruleappliestopromissorynotes,bill
of exchange and other negotiable instruments
because they produce the effect of payment only
whentheyhavebeenencashed.
Paymentincashmustbemadeatonce.
Q:Mayathirdpersonpaythepledgorsdebt?
A:Yes,ifhehasanyinterestinthefulfillmentof
theprincipalobligation(Art.2117,NCC).
Q:Whatistherulewhenwhathasbeenpledged
isacredit?
IstheliabilityofIRCdeemedpaidbyvirtue
ofthedeedofassignment?
IsOBMliablefordamages
A:
1. No. For all intents and purposes, the
deed of assignment in this case is
actually a pledge. Where a CTD in a
bank, payable at a future time, was
handedoverbyadebtortohiscreditor,
itwasnotpayment,unlesstherewasan
express agreement on the part of the
creditortoreceiveitassuch.
2. Yes. While it is true that no interest
shallbedueunlessithasbeenexpressly
stipulatedinwriting,thisappliesonlyto
interest for the use of money. It does
not comprehend interest paid as
damages. Santos has the right to
recover damages resulting from the
default of OBM and the measure of
such damages is interest at the legal
rate of 6% per annum on the amounts
dueandunpaidattheexpirationofthe
periods respectively provided in the
contracts. (Integrated Realty Corp. v.
PNB,G.R.No.60705,June28,1989)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Whatistherulewhentwoormorethingsare
pledged?
A:Thepledgeemaychoosewhichhewillcauseto
be sold, unless there is a stipulation to the
st
contrary(1 sentence,Art.2119,NCC).
A:Hemayonlydemandthesaleofonlyasmany
ofthethingsasarenecessaryforthepaymentof
nd
thedebt(2 sentence,Art.2119,NCC).
E.RIGHTSOFPLEDGOR
Q:Whataretherightsofthepledgor?
A:
1. Right to dispose the thing pledged,
provided there is consent of the
pledgee(Art.2097,NCC)
2. Right to ask that the thing pledged be
deposited (Art. 2104 and Art. 2106,
NCC)
3. Right to substitute thing pledged (Art.
2107,NCC)
A:
1. If the creditor uses the thing without
authority
2. Ifhemisusesthethethinginanyother
way;or
3. Ifthethingisindangerofbeinglostor
impaired because of the negligence or
willfulactofthepledge(Art.2106,NCC)
A:
1. Pledgorhasreasonablegroundstofear
the destruction or impairment of the
thingpledged;
2.
3.
4.
Nofaultonthepartofthepledge
Pledgorisofferinginplaceofthething,
another thing in pledge which is of the
same kind and quality as the former;
and
Pledgeedoesnotchoosetoexercisehis
right to cause the thing pledged to be
soldatpublicauction(Art.2107,NCC)
F.PERFECTION
Q:Howisacontractofpledgeperfected?
Note:IfArt.2093isnotcompliedwith,thepledge
isvoid.
Q:FourcarabaoswerepledgedbyTtoE.Tisthe
registered owner of the carabaos. The carabaos
wereactuallyinthepossessionofJ.Enevertook
possession of the carabaos. There is nothing in
thecontractwhichstatedthatJwasbycommon
consentmadethedepositaryofthecarabaosin
Esbehalf.Istherealawfullyconstitutedpledge?
A:Anagreementtoconstituteapledgeonlygives
risetoapersonalactionbetweenthecontracting
parties.Unlessthemovablegivenasasecurityby
way of pledge be delivered to and placed in the
possession of the creditor or of a third person
designated by common agreement, the creditor
acquiresnorighttothepropertybecausepledge
ismerelyalienandpossessionisindispensableto
therightofalien.
Q:Whatistheeffectifthepledgeefailstotake
thepropertypledgedintohispossession?
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Q:Whataretherequisitestobindthirdpersons
inacontractofpledge?
Q:AisindebtedtoB.Apledgeshisdiamondring
toB.TheringisdeliveredtoB,butinthepublic
instrument executed, there is no description of
the ring, and the date of the pledge does not
appear. If A sells the ring to C, does C have to
respectthepledgeinfavorofB?
Q:Whatisthereasonbehindtherequisites?
A:Thepurposeoftherequirementsistoforestall
fraud, because a debtor may attempt to conceal
hispropertyfromhiscreditorswhenheseesitin
danger of execution by simulating a pledge
thereof with an accomplice. (Tec Bi & Co. v.
CharteredBankofIndia,41Phil.576)
A:Whenthecontractofpledgeisnotrecordedin
a public instrument, it is void as against third
persons;thebuyerofthethingpledgedisathird
person. The fact that the person claiming as
pledgee has taken actual physical possession of
the thing sold will not prevent the pledge from
being declared void insofar as the innocent
stranger is concerned. (Tec Bi & Co. v. Chartered
Bank of India, Australia and China, 16 O.G. 908;
Ocejo, Perez and Co. v. International Bank, 37
Phil.631)
A:Anundatedinstrumentofpledgecannotripen
intoavalidpledge.(Betitav.Ganzon,49Phil.87)
G.FORECLOSURE
408
A:Whenthereisnopaymentofthedebtontime,
theobjectofthepledgemaybealienatedforthe
purposeofsatisfyingtheclaimsofthepledgee.
Q:Whatistheprocedureforthepublicsaleofa
thingpledged?
A:
1. Theobligationmustbedueandunpaid
2. Thesaleofthethingpledgedmustbeat
publicauction
3. Theremustbenoticetothepledgor
andowner,statingtheamountfor
whichthesaleistobeheld
4. ThesalemustbeconductedbyNotary
Public.
H.PLEDGEBYOPERATIONOFLAW
Q:Whatisapledgecreatedbyoperationoflaw?
A:PledgebyoperationoflaworLegalPledgesare
thoseconstitutedorcreatedbyoperationoflaw.
Thisreferstotherightofretention.
Q:Whatrulesapplytolegalpledge?
A:
1. The rules governing conventional
pledgeapplies.
2. There is no definite period for the
paymentoftheprincipalobligation.The
pledgemust,therefore,makeademand
for the payment of the amount due
him. Without such demand, he cannot
exercise the right of sale at public
auction.(DeLeon)
Q:Whataretheinstancesoflegalpledgeswhere
thereisrightofretention?
A:
1. Art. 546 Right of the possessor in
good faith to retain the thing until
refundedofnecessaryexpenses.
2. Art. 1707 Lien on the goods
manufactured or work done by a
laboreruntilhiswageshadbeenpaid.
3. Art. 1731 Right to retain of a worker
who executed work upon a movable
untilheispaid.
4. Art. 1914 Right of an agent to retain
the thing subject of the agency until
reimbursed of his advances and
damages(Arts.1912and1913,NCC).
5. Art. 1994 Right of retention of a
depositaryuntilfullpaymentofwhatis
duehimbyreasonofthedeposit.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
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CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
6.
Art.2004Rightofthehotelkeeperto
retain things of the guest which are
brought into the hotel, until his hotel
billshadbeenpaid.
A:Thepledgeemustfirstmakeademandofthe
amountforwhichthethingisretained.Afterthe
demand,thepledgeemustproceedwiththesale
of the thing within thirty (30) days. Otherwise,
the pledgor can require of him the return of the
thingretained.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenthepledgormay
demand that the thing pledged be deposited
judiciallyorextrajudicially?
A:
1. Creditor uses the thing without
authority
2. Creditormisusesthething
3. The thing is in danger of being lost or
impaired due to the negligence or
willfulactsofthepledgee.
A:
1. Extinguish the principal obligation even
iftheproceedsofthesaledonotsatisfy
thewholeamountoftheobligation.
2. If proceeds from the sale exceed the
amount due, the debtor is not entitled
to the excess, the excess goes to the
pledgee. This is to compensate him for
the eventuality where the purchase
price is lesser than the amount of the
debt, wherein he cannot receive any
deficiency unless there is a contrary
agreement or in case of legal pledge,
thepledgorisentitledtotheexcess
3. If the proceeds of the sale is less than
the amount due, the creditor has no
right to recover the deficiency and the
pledgor is not liable for the deficiency
evenifthereisastipulationthathebe
soliable.Suchstipulationisvoid.
I.PLEDGEDISTINGUISHEDFROMMORTGAGE
A:
CHATTELMORTGAGE
PLEDGE
Delivery
Deliveryisnotnecessary
Deliveryisnecessary
Registration
Registrationinthe
Registrationinthe
ChattelMortgageregister
RegistryPropertyisnot
isnecessaryforits
necessary.
validity
Lawgoverningthesale
Procedureforthesaleof
thethinggivenas
Art.2112,NCC
securityisgovernedby
Sec.14,ActNo.1508
Excess
Ifthepropertyissold,the
Ifthepropertyis
debtorisnotentitledto
foreclosed,theexcess
theexcessunless
goestothedebtor
otherwiseagreed.
Recoveryofdeficiency
Thecreditorisentitledto
Thecreditorisnot
recoverthedeficiency
entitledtorecoverthe
fromthedebtorexceptif
deficiency
thechattelmortgageisa
notwithstandingany
securityforthepurchase
stipulationtothe
ofpropertyin
contrary.
installments
Possession
Possessionremains with
Possessionisvested in
thedebtor
thecreditor
Contract
Formalcontract
Realcontract
Recordinginapublicinstrument
Mustbeinapublic
instrumentcontaining
Mustberecordedina
descriptionofthething
publicinstrumenttobind
pledgedandthedate
thirdpersons
thereoftobindthird
persons
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A:
PLEDGE
Realcontract
Subjectmatteris
personalproperty
Possessionofthething
pledgedisvestedinthe
creditor
Pledgeehastherightto
receivethefruitsofthe
thingpledged,withthe
obligationofapplyingthe
sametotheinterestof
thedebt,ifowing,and
thebalance,ifany,tothe
principal
Saleatpublicauctionof
thethingpledgedis
alwaysextrajudicial
Descriptionofthething
andthedateofpledge
mustappearinapublic
instrumentotherwise,it
isnotvalidastothird
person
REALESTATE
MORTGAGE
Consensualcontract
Subjectmatterisreal
property
Possessionofthething
mortgagedremainswith
thedebtor
Mortgageedoesnot
possesssuchright
Salemaybejudicialor
extrajudicial
Mustberegistered,
otherwise,itisnotvalid
againstthirdpersons
althoughbinding
betweentheparties
Realrightandreal
propertybyitself
Notarealright
V.REALMORTGAGE
A.DEFINITIONANDCHARACTERISTICS
Q:Whatisrealestatemortgage(REM)?
A:Itisacontractwherebythedebtorsecuresto
the creditor the fulfillment of the principal
obligation, specially subjecting to such security
immovable property or real rights over
immovable property in case the principal
obligationisnotfulfilledatthetimestipulated
Note:Registrationisnecessarytobindthirdpersons
butnotforthevalidityofthecontract.
Beinganaccessorycontract,itsconsiderationisone
andthesameasthatoftheprincipalobligation.
B.ESSENTIALREQUISITES
Q:Whataretherequisitesforvalidconstitution
ofarealmortgage?
A:
410
1.
2.
3.
Q:Whatarethekindsofrealmortgages?
A:
1. Conventional mortgages constituted
voluntarilybythecontractingparties.
2. Legalmortgagerequiredbylaw.
3. Equitable mortgage intention of the
parties is to make the immovable as a
security for the performance of the
obligation but the formalities of a real
mortgagearenotcompliedwith.
A:
REALESTATE
MORTGAGE
Accessorycontract
Thereisnotransferof
titleandpossessionof
theproperty
Creditorhasnorightto
thefruitsoftheproperty
duringthependencyof
themortgage
Ifthedebtorfailstopay
hisdebt,thecreditor
cannotappropriatethe
propertymortgagednor
disposeofit
SALEWITHRIGHTOF
REPURCHASE
Principaland
independentcontract
Thereistransferoftitle
andpossessionofthe
property,although
conditional
Thevendeearetrois
entitledtothefruitseven
duringtheperiodof
redemption
Assoonasthereisa
consolidationoftitlein
thevendeearetro,he
maydisposeofitasan
absoluteowner
Q:Isregistrationofmortgageamatterofright?
A:Yes.Byexecutingthemortgage,themortgagor
is understood to have given his consent to its
registration, and he cannot be permitted to
revokeitunilaterally.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
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Q:Whatarethethingsthataredeemedincluded
inthemortgage?
A:
1. Naturalaccessions
2. Improvements
3. Growingfruits
4. Rents
5. Income
6. Insuranceproceeds
7. Expropriationprice(Art.2127,NCC)
A:Onthedateoftheregistrationofthemortgage
(Luzon Lumber and Hardware Co., Inc, v.
Quiambao,G.R.No.L5638,Mar.20,1954).
Q:Whatisdragnetclause?
instrumenttheintenttosecurefutureandother
indebtednesscanbegathered.Amortgagegiven
to secure advancement is a continuing security
and is not discharged by repayment of the
amount named in the mortgage, until the full
amount of the advancements is paid (Mojica v.
CA,G.R.No.94247,Sept.11,1991).
A:Anassignmentofacredit,rightoractionshall
producenoeffectasagainstthirdpersons,unless
it appears in a public instrument, or the
instrumentisrecordedintheRegistryofProperty
incasetheassignmentinvolvesrealproperty(Art.
1625,NCC).
Q:Maythecreditorclaimfromthethirdperson
in possession of the property payment of the
credit?
A:Yes,uptotheextentsecuredbytheproperty
which the third party possesses, in terms and
with the formalities which the law establishes
(Art.2129,NCC).
A:
1. NewCivilCode
2. MortgageLaw
3. PropertyRegistrationDecree(PD1529)
4. Sec.194,asamendedbyActNo.3344,
RevisedAdministrativeCode(Phil.Bank
of Commerce v. De Vera, G.R. No. L
18816,Dec.29,1962)
5. R.A. 4882 law governing aliens who
becomemortgagees.
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C.FORECLOSURE
Q:Whatisforeclosure?
Q:Whatarethekindsofforeclosure?
A:
Judicial governed by Rule 68, Rules of
Court
Extrajudicial mortgagee is given a SPA to
sell the mortgaged property (Act No.
3135)
Q:Whatisthenatureofjudicialforeclosure?
A:Yes,becausetheclaimisnotpuremoneyclaim
but an action to enforce a mortgage lien. Being
so, the judgment rendered therein may be
enforced by a writ of execution. The action may
be prosecuted by the interested person against
the executor or administrator independently of
the testate or intestate proceedings of the
settlement of the mortgagors estate for the
reason that such claims cannot in any just sense
be considered claims against the estate, but the
right to subject specific property to the claim
arises from the contract of the debtor whereby
hehasduringlifesetasidecertainpropertyforits
payment, and such property does not, except in
sofarasitsvaluemayexceedthedebt,belongto
the estate (Testamentaria de Don Amadeo
Matute Olave v. Canlas, No. L12709, Feb. 28,
1962).
Q: What are the options or remedies of the
mortgageeincaseofdeathofthedebtor?
A:
1. To waive the mortgage and claim the
entire debt from the estate of the
mortgagorasanordinaryclaim;
2. Toforeclosethemortgagejudiciallyand
prove any deficiency as an ordinary
claim;or
3. To rely on the mortgage exclusively,
foreclosingthesameatanytimebefore
it is barred by prescription, without
right to file claim for any deficiency
412
Note:Ifthepropertyhasbeenmortgagedinfavorof
thePhilippineNationalBank,redemptionisallowed
within one year from the confirmation of the sale
(Gonzalesv.PNB,No.24850,March1,1926).
Theredemptionmustbemadewithinoneyearafter
thesale,ifthemortgageeisabank,bankingorcredit
institutions(Sec.78,R.A.337).
Q:Whataretheeffectsofconfirmationofsale?
Q:Whatisthebasisofextrajudicialforeclosure?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
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thedeathofthemortgagorormortgageeasitis
an essential and inseparable part of a bilateral
agreement (Perez v. PNB, No. L21813, July 30,
1966).
Q:Howisextrajudicialforeclosureinitiated?
A:Byfilingapetitionwiththeofficeofthesheriff.
It may also be initiated through a Notary Public
commissionedintheplacewherethepropertyis
situated.
A:ThesameshallbegovernedbySections29,30
and 34 of Act No. 3135 and not by the PNB
Charter(PNBv.CA,G.R.No.60208,December5,
1985).
Q:Whatisthepurposeofnoticeofsale?
availabletothepublicingeneral,andnotjusttoa
select few chosen by the publisher. Otherwise,
the precise objective of publishing the notice of
sale in the newspaper will not be realized.
(Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, Inc. v.
EugenioPeafiel,G.R.No.173976,Feb.27,2009)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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413
Q:Whatisstipulationofupsetprice?
REDEMPTION
Q:Whatisredemption?
A:Transactionbywhichthemortgagorreacquires
orbuysbackthepropertywhichmayhavepassed
underthemortgageordiveststhepropertyofthe
lienwhichthemortgagemayhavecreated.
Q:Whatarethekindsofredemption?
A:
1. Equity of redemption right of
mortgagor to redeem the mortgaged
property after his default in the
performance of the conditions of the
mortgage but before the sale of the
mortgaged property or confirmation of
sale. It applies in case of judicial
foreclosure.
2. Right of redemption right of the
mortgagor to redeem the mortgaged
propertywithinoneyearfromthedate
of registration of the certificate of sale.
It applies in case of extrajudicial
foreclosure.
A:No.Subordinatelienholdersacquireonlyalien
upon the equity of redemption vested in the
mortgagor, and their rights are strictly
subordinate to the superior lien of the
mortgagee. Such equity of redemption does not
constitute a bar to the registration of the
property in the name of the mortgagee.
414
A:
1. Mustbemadewithinoneyearfromthe
timeoftheregistrationofthesale.
2. Payment of the purchase price of the
property plus 1% interest per month
togetherwiththetaxesthereon,ifany,
paid by the purchaser with the same
rateofinterestcomputedfromthedate
ofregistrationofthesale;and
3. Written notice of the redemption must
beservedontheofficerwhomadethe
sale and a duplicate filed with the
proper Register of Deeds (Rosales v.
Yboa,G.R.No.L42282,Feb.28,1983).
Ifapersonexercisingtherightofredemptionhas
offeredtoredeemthepropertywithintheperiod
fixed,heisconsideredtohavecompliedwiththe
condition precedent prescribed by law and may
thereafter bring an action to enforce
redemption.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
prosper, even if the action is brought within the
ordinaryprescriptiveperiod.
A:No.Dlostanyrightorinterestoverthesubject
property primarily because of his failure to
redeem the same in the manner and within the
period prescribed by law. His belated attempt to
question the legality and validity of the
foreclosure proceedings and public auction must
accordingly fail. (Sps. Landrito v. CA G.R. No.
133079,Aug.9,2005)
Q: Can a mortgagor, whose property has been
extrajudicially foreclosed and sold, validly
execute a mortgage contract over the same
property in favor of a third party during the
periodofredemption?
A:Inforeclosureproceedings,thebuyerbecomes
theabsoluteownerofthepropertypurchasedifit
is not redeemed during the prescribed period of
redemption, which is one year from the date of
registrationofthesale.TheSheriffscertificateof
sale was annotated in the certificate of titles on
April 30, 1976. DBP became the absolute owner
of the properties on May 1, 1977. Thus, the
period to be considered in determining the
amount of collection should start from May 1,
1997 up to the time when the possession of the
properties are actually and completely
surrendered to DBP. (La Campana Development
Corporation v. DBP, G.R. No. 146157, Feb. 13,
2009)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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415
Flowchart of Extra-judicial
Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage
Executionofloan+REMagreement(REM
withbuiltinSPAtosellincaseofdefault)
Defaultofmortgagorfornonpaymentor
violationofthetermsoftheloanorREM
agreement
Filingofpetitionforsalewith
Clerk of Court
Publication/postingofnotice/
jurisdictionalrequirements
Onceaweekfor3consecutiveweeksina
newspaperofgeneralcirculation
Foreclosuresale
Registrationofthesale
withRegistryofDeeds
Note:Theredemptionprice:
Ifthemortgageeisabank:
outstandingobligation
Oneyearredemptionperiod
+intereststipulatedintheagreement
Consolidationoftitlebyfilingaffidavit
withRegistryofDeeds(operative
document)
Cancellationoftitleofthemortgagor
andissuanceofnewtitleinfavorof
mortgagee
Petitionforwritofpossession
416
Note:
if after the expiration of the redemption period,
thepetitionforwritofpossessionismandatoryor
ministerial
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Mortgagee to
file motion for
confirmation of
sale
Hearing
Execution sale
Entry of
judgment
Judgment
Secure a writ of
possession, by motion,
from the same court that
ordered the foreclosure
Note:
GR: In judicial foreclosure, there is only equity of redemption.
XPN: If the mortgagee is a bank or credit institution, there is one year right of redemption.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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VI.CHATTELMORTGAGE
A.DEFINITIONANDCHARACTERISTICS
Q:Whatischattelmortgage?
A:
1. It is a formal contract because it must
beembodiedinapublicinstrumentand
recorded in the Chattel Mortgage
Register;
4.
Itdoesnotconveydominionbutisonly
a security (In re: Du Tec Chuan, No.
11156,March28,1916);
5.
A:
1. GR:Itcoversonlymovableproperty
Note:Theabsenceofanaffidavitofgoodfaithdoes
notaffectthevalidityofthecontract.
418
A:
1. ChattelMortgageLaw(ActNo.1508)
2. ProvisionsoftheCivilCodeonpledge
Note:Incaseofconflictbetweennos.1and
2,theformershallprevail.
RevisedAdministrativeCode
RevisedPenalCode(Art.319)
Other special laws (i.e. Motor vehicle
law)
6. ShipMortgageDecreeof1978(P.D.No.
1521)
Q: What may be the subject matter of chattel
mortgage?
A:
1. Sharesofstockinacorporation;
2. Interestinbusiness;
3. Machinery and house of mixed
materialstreatedbypartiesaspersonal
property and no innocent third person
will be prejudiced thereby (Makati
Leasing and Finance Corp. v. Weaver
TextileMills,Inc.,No.L58469,May,16,
1983);
4. Vessels, the mortgage of which have
beenrecordedwiththePhilippineCoast
Guard in order to be effective as to
thirdpersons;
5. Motor vehicles, the mortgage of which
hadbeenregisteredbothwiththeLand
Transportation Commission and the
Chattel Mortgage Registry in order to
affectthirdpersons;
6. House which is intended to be
demolished;or
7. Growing crops and large cattle (pars. 2
and3,Sec.7,ActNo.1508).
3.
4.
5.
Q:Whatisaffidavitofgoodfaith?
A:Itisanoathinacontractof chattelmortgage
wherein the parties severally swear that the
mortgageismadeforthepurposeofsecuringthe
obligationspecifiedintheconditionsthereofand
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
fornootherpurposesandthatthesameisajust
andvalidobligationandonenotenteredintofor
thepurposeoffraud.
Q:Distinguishcontractofchattelmortgagefrom
contractofrealestatemortgage.
A:
REALESTATE
CHATTELMORTGAGE
MORTGAGE
Subjectmatter
Personalproperty
Realproperty
Requirementofregistration
Essentialforthevalidity Merelyforthepurpose
ofthiscontract
ofbindingthirdpersons
Procedurefortheforeclosureofachattelmortgage
isdifferentfromtheprocedureofforeclosurefor
realestatemortgage
B.REGISTRATION
Q:Whatisthelegalsignificanceofregistration?
A:Itistantamounttothesymbolicdeliveryofthe
mortgage to the mortgagee, which is equivalent
toactualdelivery(Meyersv.Thein,No.5577,Feb.
21,1910).
A:Itisstillbindingbetweenthepartiesbutitwill
notbebindingtoinnocentthirdparties.
A:ActNo.1508providesfortheforeclosuresale
in chattel mortgage be done by public auction.
However,thepartiesarefreetostipulatethatthe
foreclosurebedonebyprivatesale.
A:
GR:CRmayrecoverdeficiency.
Q:Whatistheeffectofanincreaseinmortgage
credit?
A:Itisdeemedabandoned.
A:
1. Knowingly removing any personal
property mortgaged under the Chattel
Mortgage Law to any province or city
other than the one in which it was
located at the time of the execution of
the mortgage without the written
consentofthemortgagee;or
2. Selling or pledging personal property
alreadymortgaged,oranypartthereof,
under the terms of the Chattel
Mortgage Law without the consent of
the mortgagee written on the back of
the mortgage and duly recorded in the
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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C.FORECLOSURE
Q:Howischattelmortgageforeclosed?
A:
Publicsale
Privatesale
GR: If there is an express stipulation in
thecontract.
XPN:Fraudorduress
A:Themortgageemay,afterthirty(30)daysfrom
the time of the default or from the time the
condition is violated, cause the mortgaged
property to be sold at public auction by a public
officer(Sec.14,ActNo.1508)
The30dayperiodtoforecloseachattelmortgage
is the minimum period after violation of the
mortgageconditionforthemortgage
The creditor has at least ten (10) days notice
servedtothemortgagor
Afterthesaleofthechattelatpublicauction,the
right of redemption is no longer available to the
mortgagor. (Cabral v. Evangelista, 28 L26860,
July30,1969)
Q:Viniconstructedabuildingonaparcelofland
he leased from Andrea. He chattel mortgaged
the land to Felicia. When he could not pay
Felicia, Felicia initiated foreclosure proceedings,
Vini claimed that the building he had
constructedontheleasedlandcannotbevalidly
foreclosedbecausethebuildingwas,bylaw,an
immovable.IsVinicorrect?
420
A:IfitwasthelandwhichVinichattelmortgaged,
such mortgage would be void, or at least
unenforceable,sincehewasnottheownerofthe
land.
Ifwhatwasmortgagedasachattelisthebuilding,
the chattel mortgage is valid as between the
partiesonly,ongroundsofestoppelwhichwould
preclude the mortgagor from assailing the
contract on the ground that its subjectmatter is
an immovable. Therefore Vinis defense is
untenable,andFeliciacanforeclosethemortgage
over the building, observing, however, the
procedureprescribedfortheexecutionofsaleof
a judgment debtors immovable under Rule 39,
Rules of Court, specifically, that the notice of
auction sale should be published in a newspaper
ofgeneralcirculation.(1994BarQuestion)
VII.ANTICHRESIS
A.DEFINITIONANDCHARACTERISTICS
Q:Whatisantichresis?
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofantichresis?
A:
1. Accessorycontract.
2. Formal contract the amount of the
principalandoftheinterestmustbothbe
in writing; otherwise the contract of
antichresisisvoid.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Itdealsonlywithimmovableproperty.
Itisarealright.
Thecreditorhastherighttoreceivethe
fruitsoftheimmovable.
Itisarealcontract.
It can guarantee all kinds of valid
obligations.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q: What is the form of a contract of antichresis
anditscontents?
A:FDAPa
1. CoversonlytheFruitsofrealproperty
2.
ANTICHRESIS
Creditorisgiventheright
toenjoythefruitsand
applythemtothe
paymentoftheinterest
andtotheprincipalof
theloan
3.
4.
Expressagreementthatdebtorwillgive
Possession to the CR and that CR will
applythefruitstotheinterestandthen
totheprincipal.
Q:Distinguishantichresisfrom:
1. Realestatemortgage;
2. Pledge;and
3. Pactoderetrosale.
A:
ANTICHRESIS
Propertyisdeliveredto
creditor
Creditoracquiresonly
therighttoreceivethe
fruitsoftheproperty;
doesnotproduceareal
rightunlessregisteredin
theRegistryProperty
Creditorobligedtopay
thetaxesandcharges
upontheestateunless
stipulatedotherwise
Thereisanexpress
stipulationthatthe
creditorshallapplythe
fruitstothepaymentof
theinterest,ifowing,and
thereaftertothe
principalofthedebt.
REALESTATE
MORTGAGE
Debtorusuallyretains
possessionofthe
property
Creditorhasnorightto
receivefruits,but
mortgagecreatesreal
rightagainsttheproperty
Creditorhasnosuch
obligation
ANTICHRESIS
Referstorealproperty
Formal
Principalandinterest
mustbespecifiedin
writing,otherwise
contractisvoid
PLEDGE
Personalproperty
Real
Neednotbeinwriting,
oralevidencemaybe
allowedtoprovethe
same.
3.
PACTODERETROSALE
Creditordoesnothave
suchright
A:No.Hispossessionofthepropertyisnotinthe
concept of an owner but that of a mere holder
during the existence of the contract (Ramirez v.
CA,G.R.No.L38185,September24,1986).
A:Thecontractisvoid(Art.2134,NCC).
A:
1. Antichretic creditor one who receives
thefruitsontheimmovablepropertyof
thedebtor.
2. Antichretic debtor one who pays his
debt through the application of the
fruitsofhisimmovableproperty.
Thereisnosuch
obligationonthepartof
themortgage
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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B.OBLIGATIONSOFANTICHRETICCREDITOR
A:To:
paythetaxesandchargesassessableagainst
the property like real estate taxes and
others;
bear the necessary expenses for the
preservationoftheproperty;
beartheexpensesnecessaryfortherepairof
theproperty;and
applythefruitsreceivedforpaymentofthe
outstanding interests, if any, and
thereafteroftheprincipal.
A:Thedebtorcanonlydemandthereturnofthe
propertyafterhavingfullypaidhisobligationsto
thecreditor.Itisnotfairforthedebtortoregain
thepossessionofthepropertywhenhisdebthas
notbeenfullypaid.Untilthereisfullpaymentof
theobligation,thepropertyshallstandassecurity
therefor (Macapinlac v. Gutierrez Repide, No.
18574,Sept.20,1922).
Thesumsspentforthepurposesstatedin
thisarticleshallbedeductedfromthefruits.
Q:Whatistheremedyofthecreditorincaseof
nonpaymentofhiscredit?
A:File:
1. anactionforcollection;or
2. a petition for the public sale of the
property (Barretto v. Barretto, No.
11933,Dec.1,1917).
VIII.QUASICONTRACTS
Q:WhatisaQuasiContract?
422
Q:Whatarethebasesforquasicontracts?
A:
1. No one must unjustly enrich himself at
anothersexpense
2. ifonebenefits,hemustreimburse
3. justiceandequity
Q:Whatareexamplesofquasicontracts?
A:
NegotiorumGestio
SolutioIndebiti
A.NEGOTIORUMGESTIO
Q:WhatisNegotiorumGestio?
A:Thisisakindofquasicontractwheresomeone
called the gestor takes the management of the
businessorpropertyofanotherpersonknownas
owner without the consent or authority of the
latter.
A:
1. Nomeetingoftheminds
2. Taking charge of anothers business or
property
3. The property or business must have
beenabandonedorneglected
4. Theofficiousmanager(gestor)mustnot
have been expressly or implicitly
authorized
5. The officious manager (gestor) must
havevoluntarilytakencharge
Q:Whatareexamplesofnegotiorumgestio?
A:
1. If an attorneyinfact continues to
manage the principals estate after the
principals death, the former agent
becomes a gestor (Julian, et al. v. De
Antonio, [CA] 2 O.G.966, October 14,
1943).
2. Ifacoownershipisillegallypartitioned,
thepossessorsbecomegestorswiththe
dutytorendertheaccounting(DeGala
v.DeGala&Albatros,60Phil311).
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Whatistherequireddiligencefromagestor?
Note:Theliabilityfordamages,whichhowever,in
certaincases,maybemitigated.
Q:Whatistheeffectofratificationoftheowner
ofthebusiness?
A:
1. Liability for the obligation incurred in
hisinterest.
2. Liability for necessary and useful
expenses and for damages. (Art 2150,
NCC)
Q:Whatistheruleiftheownerisaminor?
B.SOLUTIOINDEBITI
Q:WhatisSolutioIndebiti?
A:Solutioindebitiisthequasicontractthatarises
whenapersonisobligedtoreturnwhateverwas
received by him through error or mistake or
received by him although there was no right to
demandit.
Q:Whataretherequisitesforsolutionindebiti?
A:
1. Receiptofsomething.
2. Therewasnorighttodemandit
3. Unduedeliverywasbecauseofmistake.
Q:Whatareexamplesofsolutioindebiti?
A:
1. Erroneous payment of interest not due
(Velezv.Balzarza,73Phil.630)
2. Erroneouspaymentofrentalnotcalled
forinviewoftheexpirationofthelease
contract(Yansonv.Sing,C.A.382438)
3. Taxes erroneously given (Aquinena and
Co.v.Muertequi,32Phil.261)
Q:Whatistheliabilityofapayeeingoodfaith?
A:
1. Incaseofimpairmentorloss,liabilityis
onlytotheextentofbenefit.
2. In case of alienation, the price is to be
reimbursed, or in case of credit, the
sameshouldbeassigned.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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IX.CONCURRENCEANDPREFERENCEOFCREDITS
A.MEANINGOFCONCURRENCEAND
PREFERENCE
Q:Whatisconcurrenceofcredits?
Q:Whatispreferenceofcredit?
A:Preferenceofcreditisarightheldbyacreditor
tobepreferredinthepaymentofhisclaimabove
othersoutofthedebtorsassets.
B.CLASSIFICATIONOFCREDITS
Q:Whatarethegeneralcategoriesofcredit?
A:
1. Specialpreferredcredits thoselistedin
2.
3.
Q:Whatistheextentofliabilityofadebtorfor
hisobligations?
C.PREFERREDCREDITSONSPECIFICMOVABLES
Q:Whatarethepreferredcreditswithrespectto
thespecificmovableproperty?
A:
1. Duties, taxes and fees due thereon to the
stateoranysubdivisionthereof;
2. Claimsarisingfrommisappropriation,breach
of trust, or malfeasance by public officials
committed in the performance of their
424
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
duties,onthemovables,moneyorsecurities
obtainedbythem;
Claimsfortheunpaidpriceofmovablesold,
onsaidmovables,solongastheyareinthe
possessionofthedebtor,uptothevalueof
the same, and if the movable has been
resold by the debtor and the price is still
unpaid, the lien may be enforced on the
price; this right is not lost by the
immobilization of the thing by destination,
provided it has not lost its form, substance
and identity; neither is the right lost by the
sale of the thing together with other
property for a lump sum, when the price
thereofcanbedeterminedproportionally;
Credits guaranteed with a pledge so long as
the things pledged are in the hands of the
creditor, or those guaranteed by a chattel
mortgageuponthethingsmortgaged,upto
thevaluethereof;
Credits for making repairs or preservation or
personal property on the movable thus
made,repaired,keptorpossessed;
Claims for laborers wages, on the goods
manufacturedortheworkdone;
For expenses of salvage, upon the goods
salvaged;
Creditsbetweenthelandlordandthetenant
arising from the contract of tenancy on
shares, on the share of each in the fruits or
harvest;
Credits for transportation, upon the goods
carried, for the price of the contract and
incidental expenses, until their delivery and
forthirtydaysthereafter;
Credits for lodging and supplies usually
furnished to travelers by hotelkeepers, on
themovablesbelongingtotheguestaslong
as such movables are in the hotel, but not
formoneyloanedtotheguests;
Credits for seeds and expenses for
cultivation and harvest advanced to the
debtor,uponthefruitsharvested;
Credits for rent for one year, upon the
personal property of the lessee existing on
the immovable leased on the fruits of the
same, but not on money or instruments of
credit;
Claims in favor of the depositor if the
depository has wrongfully sold the thing
deposited,uponthepriceofthesale.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Summary:
1. taxes
2. malversationbypublicofficials
3. vendorslien
4. pledge,chattelmortgage
5. mechanicslien
6. laborerswages
7. salvage
8. tenancy
9. carrierslien
10. hotelslien
11. croploan
12. rentalsoneyear
13. deposit
Summary:
1. taxes
2. vendorslien
3. contractorslien
4. lienofmaterialmen
5. mortgage
6. expensesofpreservation
7. recordedattachments
8. warrantyinpartition
9. conditionaldonations
10. premiumsfor2yearinsurers
D.PREFERREDCREDITSONSPECIFIC
IMMOVABLES
Q:Whatarethepreferredcreditswithrespectto
specificimmovableproperty?
A:
1. Taxesdueuponthelandorbuilding;
2. For the unpaid price of real property
soldupontheimmovablesold;
3. Claims of laborers. Masons, mechanics
and other workmen, as well as of
architects, engineers and contractors,
engaged
in
the
construction,
reconstruction or repair of buildings,
canals or other works, upon said
buildings,canalsorotherworks;
4. Claimsoffurnishersofmaterialsusedin
the construction, reconstruction, or
repair of buildings, canals, and other
works, upon said buildings, canals or
otherworks;
5. Mortgage credits recorded in the
Registry of Property, upon the real
estatemortgage;
6. Expenses for the preservation or
improvementofrealpropertywhenthe
law authorizes reimbursement, upon
theimmovablepreservedorimproved;
7. Credits annotated in the Registry of
Property,byvirtueofajudicialorder,by
attachments or executions, upon the
property affected, and only as to later
credits;
8. Claims of coheirs for warranty in the
partitionofanimmovableamongthem,
upontherealpropertythusdivided;
9. Claims of donors or real property for
pecuniary charges or other conditions
imposed upon the donee, upon the
immovabledonated;
E.EXEMPTPROPERTIES
A:FSTBCFPLBELMCL
1. GR: Family home constituted jointly by
husbandandwifeorbyunmarriedhead
ofafamily(Art.152,FC).
XPNs:For:
a. nonpaymentoftaxes;
b. debts incurred prior to the
constitution of the family
home;
c. debts secured by mortgages
on the premises before or
aftersuchconstitution;and
d. debts due to laborers,
mechanics,
architects,
builders, material men and
others who have rendered
service or furnished material
for the construction of the
building
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Q:Whatistheorderofpreferencewithrespect
tootherpropertiesofthedebtor?
A:
1. Properfuneralexpensesforthedebtor,
or children under his or her parental
authoritywhohavenopropertyoftheir
own,whenapprovedbythecourt;
2. Credits for services rendered the
insolvent by employees, laborers, or
household helpers for one year
preceding the commencement of the
proceedingsininsolvency;
3. Expenses during the last illness of the
debtor or of his or her spouse and
children under his or her parental
authority, if they have no property of
theirown;
4. Compensation due to the laborers of
their dependents under laws providing
426
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Summary:
1. funeralexpenses
2. wagesofemployeesoneyear
3. expensesoflastillness
4. workmenscompensation
5. supportforoneyear
6. supportduringinsolvency
7. finesincrimes
8. legalexpensesadministration
9. taxes
10. tort
11. donations
12. appearing in public instrument or final
judgment
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
F.ORDEROFPREFERENCEOFCREDIT
Q:Whatistheorderofpreferenceofcredits?
A:
1. Those credits which enjoy preference with
respect to specific movable, excluded all
others to the extent of the value of the
personal property to which the preference
refers(Article2246).
2. Iftherearetwoormorecreditswithrespect
to the same specific movable property, they
shallbesatisfiedprorata,afterthepayment
of duties, taxes, and fees due the State or
anysubdivisionthereof(Art.2247,NCC).
3. Those credits which enjoy preference in
relation to specific real property or real
rights,excludeallotherstotheextentofthe
valueoftheimmovableorrealrighttowhich
thepreferencerefers(Art.8).
4. Iftherearetwoormorecreditswithrespect
to the same specific real property or real
rights, they shall be satisfied pro rata, after
the payment of the taxes and assessments
upon the immovable property or real right
(Art.2249,NCC).
5. The excess, if any, after the payment of the
credits which enjoy preference with respect
tospecificproperty,realorpersonal,shallbe
addedtothefreepropertywhichthedebtor
may have, for the payment of the other
credits(Art.2250,NCC).
6. Those credits which do not enjoy any
preference with respect to specific property
and those which enjoy preference, as to the
amountnotpaid,shallbesatisfiedaccording
tothefollowingrules:
a. In the order established in Article
2244;
b. Common credits referred to in
Article 2245 shall enjoy no
preference and shall be paid pro
rataregardlessofdated(Art.2251,
NCC).
X.INSOLVENCYLAW
A.DEFINITIONOFINSOLVENCY
Q:Whatisinsolvency?
A:Thestateofapersonwhoseliabilitiesaremore
than his assets. The term is frequently used in
themorerestrictedsensetoexpressinabilityofa
person to pay his debts as they become due in
theordinarycourseofhisbusiness.
Q:Whataretheteststodetermineinsolvency?
A:
1. Equity test A state of inability of a
persontopayhisdebtsatmaturity.
2. Balance sheet test The assets, if all
madeimmediatelyavailable,wouldnot
besufficienttodischargethebalance.
A:
1. Petitionthecourttosuspendpayments
ofhisdebts;or
2. To be discharged from his debts and
liabilities by voluntary or involuntary
insolvencyproceedings.(Sec.1)
A:
1. Suitspendingincourt
a. securedobligations
suspendeduntilassignee
appointed
b. unsecuredobligations
terminatedexcepttofix
amountofobligation
c. foreclosuresuitspending
continue
2. Suitsnotyetfiledcannotbefiled
anymorebutclaimsmaybepresented
toassignee.
A:
1. The sheriff shall take possession of all
assets of the debtor until the
appointmentofareceiverorassignee;
2. Paymenttothedebtorofanydebtsdue
tohimandthedeliverytothedebtorof
anypropertybelongingtohim,andthe
transfer of any property by him are
forbidden;
3. Allcivilproceedingspendingagainstthe
insolventshallbestayed;and
4. Mortgagesandpledgesarenotaffected
by the order declaring a person
insolvent.(Sec.59,InsolvencyLaw)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:AssumingthatAhasguarantorsforhisdebts,
are the guarantors released from their
obligationsonceAisdischargedfromhisdebts?
428
dischargeofthefundsofthejudgmentdebtor.A
recorded mortgage is a special preferred credit
while the preference given to workers under
Article 110 of the Labor Code is an ordinary
preferred credit. (DBP v. NLRC, G.R. No. 86227,
Jan.19,1994)
A:Thelawgrantstoajuridicalperson,aswellto
natural persons, the power to petition for the
adjudication of bankruptcy of any natural or
juridical person provided that with respect to
juridical persons, it is a resident corporation and
adjoinsatleasttwootherresidentsinpresenting
the petition to the Bankruptcy Court. When a
foreign bank alleged in its petition that it is
licensed to do business in the Philippines and
actually doing business in the country, it is in
effect stating that it is a resident foreign
corporation in the Philippines. (State Investment
House v. Citibank, N.A., G.R. Nos. 7992627, Oct.
17,1991)
B.SUSPENSIONOFPAYMENTS
Q:Whatissuspensionofpayments?
A:Itisthepostponement,bycourtorder,ofthe
payment of debts of one who, while possessing
sufficient property to cover his debts, foresees
the impossibility of meeting them when they
respectivelyfalldue.
A:Thedebtorwho,possessingsufficientproperty
tocoverallhisdebts,foreseestheimpossibilityof
meeting them when they respectively fall due,
may petition that he be declared in the state of
suspension of payments by the court of the
province or city in which he has resided for six
months next preceding the filing of his petition
(Sec.2[1]).
Q:Whendoessuspensiontakeeffect?
A:Uponthefilingofthepetition.
A:
1. Filingofthepetitionbythedebtor(Sec.
2);
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
2.
3.
4.
Issuancebythecourtofanordercalling
ameetingofcreditors(Sec.3);
Publication of the order and service of
summons(Sec.4);
Meetings of creditors for the
consideration
of
the
debtors
proposition(Sec.8);
5.
6.
7.
8.
A:
1. Averifiedschedulecontainingafulland
true statement of the debts and
liabilitiesofthepetitionertogetherwith
alistofcreditors;(Secs.15,2)
2. A verified inventory containing a list of
creditors, an accurate description of all
thepropertyofthepetitionerincluding
property exempt from execution and a
statement as to the value of each item
of property, its location, and
encumbrances thereon, if any; (Secs.
16,2)
3. Astatementofhisassetsandliabilities;
(Sec.2)and
4. The proposed agreements he requests
ofhiscreditors.(Ibid.)
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffilingofthepetition?
A:
1. No disposition in any manner of his
propertymaybemadebythepetitioner
exceptinsofarasconcernstheordinary
operations of commerce or of industry
inwhichheisengaged;(Sec.3[2])
Q:Whoarethecreditorsaffectedbythefilingof
thepetition?
A:
1. Those having claims for personal labor,
maintenance, expenses of the last
illness and funeral of wife or child of
debtor, incurred during the 60 days
immediately preceding the filing of the
petition;and
A:
1. When the number of creditors
representing at least 3/5 of the
liabilitiesnotattend;(Secs.8,10)or
2. When the two majorities required are
notinfavoroftheproposedagreement
(Sec.10).
Q:Whatistheeffectofdisapprovalofpetition?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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PETITION
FOR
ORDINARY
SUSPENSION
OF
PAYMENTS
PETITIONFORCORPORATE
REHABILITATION
Purpose
Toobtain
defermentin
thepayment
ofdebts.
Torehabilitatethepetitioning
company.
Insolvency
Law.
Law
InterimRulesonCorporate
Rehabilitation
Creditors
Doesnot
coversecured
creditors.
Coversallcreditors,whether
securedornot.
180daysor3
months
Thedebtor,
naturalor
juridical
person
Duration
Suspensionvaliduntil:
Dismissalofthepetitionor
Terminationofthe
rehabilitation
proceedings.
Filedby
Corporation,partnershipor
association,or
Thecreditorsholdingatleast
20%ofthedebtorstotal
liabilities.
Effect
Nomore
Thecourt,still,hastoissueastay
needforthe
ordernotlaterthan5daysfrom
courttoissue
thefilingofthepetition.
astayorder.
Effectsoffilingthepetition
Allclaimsagainstthedebtorare
Allactionsor
stayedupontheissuanceofstay
claimsagainst
order.
the
corporation
Thecreditorsmayproceedto
pending
enforcetheirclaimagainstthe
beforethe
suretyevenifduringthependency
court,
oftherehabilitationproceedings
tribunal,
involvingthecorporatedebtor.
board,or
(Phil.BloomingMills,Inc.and
bodyshallbe
AlfredoChingv.CA,G.R.No.
suspended.
142381,Oct.5,2003)
A:
1. Petition for ordinary suspension of
paymentsunderAct1956
430
2.
C.VOLUNTARYINSOLVENCY
Q:Whatisavoluntaryinsolvency?
A:
1. Filing of the petition by the debtor
prayingforthedeclarationofinsolvency
(Sec.2);
2. Issuance of an order of adjudication
declaring the petitioner insolvent
(Sec.18);
3. Publication and service of the order
(Sec.19);
4. Meeting of the creditors to elect the
assigneeininsolvency(Sec.30);
5. Conveyanceofthedebtorspropertyby
the clerk of court to the assignee (Sec.
32);
6. Liquidation of the debtors assets and
paymentofhisdebts(Sec.33);
7. Composition,ifagreedupon(Sec.63);
8. Discharge of the debtor on his
application (Sec. 64), except a
corporation;
9. Objection, ifany,to thedischarge(Sec.
66);
10. AppealtotheSCincertiorari.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
himself,thedebtor,andnotbyhiscreditors(Sec.
20). To treat it as one of involuntary insolvency
would unduly benefit X as a debtor, because he
would not be subject to the limitation of time
withinwhichheissubjectinthecaseofvoluntary
insolvencyforpurposesofdischarge(Sec.65).
A:Thepetitionwhichmustbeverified(Sec.17)is
tobefiled:
1. Byaninsolventdebtor
2. Owing debts exceeding in amount the sum
ofP1,000.00
3. IntheRTCoftheprovinceorcityinwhichhe
hasresidedfor6monthsnextprecedingthe
filingofsuchpetition,and
4. Settingforthinhispetitionthefollowing:
a. Hisplaceofresidence;
b. The period of residence therein
immediately prior to filing said
petition;
c. His inability to pay all his debts in
full;
d. His willingness to surrender all his
property, estate, and effects not
exempt from execution for the
benefitofhiscreditors;and
e. An application to be adjudged an
insolvent.(Sec.14)
A:
1. Averifiedschedulemustcontain:
a. A full and true statement of all
debts and liabilities of the
insolventdebtor;and
b. Anoutlineofthefactsgivingriseor
whichmightgiverisetoacauseof
action against such insolvent
debtor;(Sec.15)
2. Averifiedinventory,whichmustcontain:
a. An accurate description of all the
personal and real property of the
insolvent exempt or not from
executionincludingastatementas
to its value, location and
encumbrancesthereon;and
b. Anoutlineofthefactsgivingriseor
which might give rise to a right of
action in favor of the insolvent
debtor.(Sec.16)
Q:Whomaypetitionforvoluntaryinsolvency?
Q:Whatistheeffectoffilingpetition?
Q:Whataretheeffectsofcourtorderdeclaring
debtorinsolvent?
A:
1. Alltheassetsofthedebtornotexempt
fromexecutionaretakenpossessionof
bythesheriffuntiltheappointmentofa
receiverorassignee;
2. Thepaymenttothedebtorofanydebts
due to him and the delivery to the
debtor or to any person for him of any
property belonging to him, and the
transfer of any property by him are
forbidden;
3. Allcivilproceedingspendingagainstthe
insolventdebtorshallbestayed;and
4. Mortgages or pledges, attachments, or
executions on property of the debtor
dulyrecordedandnotdissolvedarenot
affectedbytheorder.(Sec.59)
D.INVOLUNTARYINSOLVENCY
Q:Whatisaninvoluntaryinsolvency?
Q:Whataretheactsofinsolvency?
A:
1. Such person is about to depart or has
departedfromthePhilippines,withintentto
defraudhiscreditors;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A:
1. Filing of the petition by three or more
creditors(Sec.20);
2. Issuance of order requiring the debtor
to show cause why he should not be
adjudgedinsolvent(Sec.21);
3. Serviceofordertoshowcause(Sec.22);
432
4.
Note:Assetsoftheinsolventwhicharenotexempt
from execution will then be distributed among his
creditors in accordance with the rules of
concurrence and preference of credits in the Civil
Code.
11. Composition,ifagreedupon(Sec.63);
12. Discharge of the debtor on his
application, except a corporation (Sec.
52);
13. Objection, ifany,to thedischarge(Sec.
66);and
14. AppealtotheSupremeCourtincertain
cases(Sec.62)
Q:Whataretherequisitesforfilingapetitionfor
InvoluntaryInsolvency?
A:Thepetitionisfiledby:
1. Threeormorecreditors;
2. None of whom has become such a
creditor by assignment, within 30 days
priortothefilingofsaidpetition;
3. Whose credits accrued in the
Philippines;
4. Thetotalamountofwhichcreditsisnot
lessthanP1,000.00;and
5. In the RTC of the province or city in
which the debtor resides or has his
principalplaceobusiness.
6. Thepetitionmust:
7. be verified by at least 3 of the
petitioningcreditors;
8. setforthoneormoreactsofinsolvency
mentionedinthelaw;and
9. be accompanied by a bond, approved
by the court with at least 2 sureties, in
suchpenalsumasthecourtshalldirect.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q: Can a surety institute involuntary
proceedings?
A:
VOLUNTARY
INSOLVENCY
Filedbythedebtor.
Only1creditoris
required.
Norequirementfor
creditors.
Venue:wherehe
hasresided6
monthspriortothe
filingofpetition.
Noneedforthe
commissionofany
oftheactsof
insolvency.
Amountofdebts
mustexceed
P1,000.00.
Debtordeemed
insolventthrough
anorderof
adjudicationafter
filingofthepetition;
adjudicationmaybe
grantedexparte.
Bondisnot
required.
INVOLUNTARYINSOLVENCY
Filedby3ormorecreditors.
3ormorecreditorsare
required.
Requirementsforcreditors:
1. Residents of the
Philippines;
2. Their credits or demands
must have accrued in the
Philippines;and
3. Must not have been a
creditor by assignment
within 30 days prior to the
filingofthepetition.
Wherethedebtorhas
residenceorhashisprincipal
placeofbusiness.
Debtormusthave
committedanyoftheactsof
insolvency.
Amountofdebtsmustnot
belessthanP1,000.00.
Debtorisconsidered
insolventupontheissuance
bythecourtofanorderafter
duehearingdeclaringhim
insolvent;adjudication
grantedonlyafterhearing.
Bondisrequired.
Q:Whoisanassigneeininsolvency?
A:Apersonelectedbythecreditorsorappointed
bythecourttowhomaninsolventdebtormakes
an assignment of all his property for the benefit
ofhiscreditors.
Q:Whoarethecreditorsnotentitledtovotein
theelectionofassignee?
A:
1. Those who did not file their claims at
least2dayspriortothetimeappointed
forsuchelection;(Sec.29)
2. Those whose claims are barred by the
statuteoflimitations;(Ibid.)
3. Securedcreditorsunlesstheysurrender
their security or lien to the sheriff or
receiver or unless they shall first have
the value of such security fixed as
providedinSec.59;and
4. Holders of claims for unliquidated
damagesarisingoutofpuretort.
Q:Istheassigneerequiredtogiveabond?
Note:Courtshavethepowertoappointreceiversto
hold the property of individuals or corporations
although no insolvency proceedings are involved. A
receiverappointedbyacourtbeforetheinstitution
oftheinsolvencyproceedingsmaybeappointedthe
permanentassigneeinsuchproceedings.
Q:Whatisthedateofcleavage?
A:Thedatewhenthepetitionisfiled,fromwhich
is counted backward or forward, in determining
the effects provided for under the Insolvency
Law.
Illustrations:
1. Acreditorbyassignmentofcreditmade
within 30 days from date of cleavage
shall be disqualified as petitioning
creditor(Sec.20);
2. Attachmentlevieduponwithinaperiod
of 30 days before the date of cleavage
may be set aside by the assignee (Sec.
32);
3. Judgment on cases filed and decided
within 30 days prior to the date of
cleavage may be set aside by the
assignee(Sec.32);
4. Judgmentsoncasesfiledbefore30days
from the date of cleavage but decided
within30daysbecauseofconfessionof
judgment or declaration of default by
debtor may be set aside by action of
assignee;
5. Properties acquired after date of
cleavage, after discharge of debtor in
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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6.
Q:Whatisadividendininsolvency?
A:Aparcelofthefundarisingfromtheassetsof
theestate,rightfullyallottedtoacreditorentitled
to share in the fund whether in the same
proportion with other creditors or in a different
proportion. It is paid by the assignee only upon
orderofthecourt(Secs.43,44).
A:
1. Voluntary insolvency By all the
partnersoranyofthem;
2. InvoluntaryinsolvencyByoneormore
of the partners or three or more
creditorsofthepartnership.
A:
Allthepropertyofthepartnership;and
All the separate of each of the partners
except:
Separate properties of limited partners
(Art.1843,NCC)
Properties which are exempt by law
(Sec.51)
434
Q:Whataretheeffectsoffilingofpetition?
A:
1. The proceedings are deemed to
commence against the partners at the
sametime;
2. Upon order of the court, all the
properties of the partnership and also
all the separate property of each
partner, if they are liable, shall be
taken;(Sec.51)
3. Allcreditorsofthepartnershipandthe
separatecreditorsofeachpartnershall
be allowed to prove their respective
claims;(Ibid.)
4. The assignee shall be chosen by the
creditorsofthepartnership;and(Ibid.)
5. Pending insolvency proceedings by or
against any partnership, person or
corporation no statute of limitations
shallrunuponaclaimoforagainstthe
estateofthedebtor.(Sec.73)
A:
1. A partnership may be declared
insolvent notwithstanding the solvency
ofthepartnersconstitutingthesame.
2. A partnership is not necessarily
insolventbecauseoneofitsmembersis
insolvent. The solvent members are
bound to wind up the partnership
affairs.
3. Under the law, a partnership is
automatically dissolved by the
insolvency of any partner or of the
partnership
Q:Whatistheeffectwhencorporationdeclared
insolvent?
Q:Isinsolvencylawapplicabletocorporations?
A:TheInsolvencyLawexpresslyprovidesthatitis
notapplicabletocorporations:
1. Engaged principally in the banking
business
2. Anyothercorporationastowhichthere
is a special provision of law for its
liquidationincaseofinsolvency.(Ibid)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Q:Inthefilingofclaimsinaninsolvencyproceeding,whatdebtsmayandmaynotbeproved?
A:
DEBTSTHATMAYBEPROVED
Thedebtswhichmaybeprovedagainsttheestateofthe
debtorininsolvencyproceedingsarethefollowing:
DEBTSTHATMAYNOTBEPROVED
The following debts are not provable or allowed in
insolvencyproceedings:
Q:Whatisacontingentclaim?
A:
1. Claim arose after commencement of
proceedings An obligation coming in
force after the initiation of the
proceedings is not generally a proper
claimtobeproved.
A:
1. Tomaintainhisrightsunderhissecurity
or lien and ignore the insolvency
proceedings,inwhichcase,itistheduty
oftheassigneetosurrendertohimthe
propertyencumbered;
2. Towaivehisrightunderthesecurityor
lien and thereby share in the
distributionoftheassetsofthedebtor;
or
Q:Whatiscomposition?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Distinguishcompositionfromaccord.
Q:Whataretherequirementsforavalidofferof
composition?
A:
1. The offer of the terms of composition
must be made after the filing of the
schedule of the debtors property and
the submission of the list of his
creditors;
2. The offer must be accepted in writing
by a majority of the creditors
representing a majority of the claims
whichhavebeenallowed;
3. Itmustbemadeafterthedepositingin
suchplacedesignatedbythecourt,the
consideration to be paid and the costs
oftheproceedings;and
4. The terms of the composition must be
approved or confirmed by the court.
(Sec.63)
Q:Whenmaythecourtconfirmacomposition?
A:When:
1. It is for the best interest of the
creditors;
2. Thedebtorhasnotbeenguiltyofanyof
the acts, or of a failure to perform any
of the duties which would create a bar
tohisdischarge;and
3. Theofferanditsacceptanceareingood
faith and have not been made or
procuredinamannerforbiddenbythe
Act.
A:
1. The consideration shall be distributed
asthejudgeshalldirect;
2. The insolvency proceedings shall be
dismissed;
3. The title to the insolvents estate shall
revertinhim;
436
4.
Theinsolventshallbereleasedfromhis
debts
Q:Whenmayconfirmationbesetaside?
Q:Whatisdischarge?
A:AdebtormayapplytotheRTCforadischarge
atanytimeaftertheexpirationof3monthsfrom
theadjudicationofinsolvency,butnotlaterthan
1 year from such adjudication of insolvency,
unlessthepropertyoftheinsolventhasnotbeen
convertedintomoney(Sec.64)withouthisfault,
thereby delaying the distribution of dividends
amongthecreditorsinwhichcasethecourtmay
extendtheperiod
Q:Whataretherequisitesfordischarge?
A:
1. Compliance
with
statutory
requirementsregardingsurrenderofhis
assets for the benefit of the creditors
and regarding the rendition of an
accountofhisassetsandliabilities;
a.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
or favour to the debtor, to be
obtained only by a strict
compliance with the conditions
prescribedbythestatute.
2.
1.
Applicationfordischargeshouldbefiled
after the expiration of 3 months from
theadjudicationofinsolvency,butnot
laterthan1year;(Sec.64);and
2.
3.
Q:Whataretheactsofdebtororgroundswhich
willpreventdischarge?
Q:Whataretheeffectsofdischarge?
A:
3.
4.
5.
A:
1. Taxes or assessments due the
Government,whethernationalorlocal;
2. Any debt created by the fraud or
embezzlementofthedebtor;
3. Any debt created by the defalcation of
the debtor as a public officer or while
actinginafiduciarycapacity;
4. Debt of any person liable for the same
debt, for or with the insolvent debtor,
either as partner, joint contractor,
inorser,suretyorotherwise;(Sec.68)
5. Debtsofacorporation(Sec.52);
6. Claimforsupport;
7. Discharged debt but revived by a
subsequentnewpromisetopay;
8. Debts which have not been duly
scheduled in time for proof and
allowance, unless the creditors had
notice or actual knowledge of the
insolvency proceedings, are not
dischargedastosuchcreditors;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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9.
Claimsforunliquidateddamagesarising
outofapuretort;
10. Claimsofsecuredcreditors;(Sec.59)
11. Claimsnotinexistenceornotmatureat
thetimeofthedischarge;
12. Claims that are contingent at the time
ofdischarge.
Q:Whendischargemayberevoked?
A:Adischargemayberevokedbythecourtwhich
granteditonpetitionofanycreditor:
438
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
LEASE
Q:Whatiscontractoflease?
A:
1. Consensual;
2. Bilateral;
3. Commutative;
4. Principalcontract;
5. Nominate;
6. Subject matter must be within the
commerceofman;
7. Purposeistoallowenjoymentoruseof
athing;
8. Purpose to which the thing will be
devotedshouldnotbeimmoral;
9. Onerous;
10. Periodistemporary;
11. Period may be definite or indefinite;
and
12. Lessorneednotbetheowner.
Q:Whatarethekindsoflease?
A:
1. Leaseofthings(immovable/movable)
Oneofthepartiesbindshimselftogive
to another the enjoyment or use of a
thingforapricecertain.
witnessontheissue.(Pineda,Obligations
andContracts,pgs.577,579,580)
2.
Note:Dutiesofacontractorwhofurnishes
workandmaterials:
1. todeliver;
2. totransferownership;and
3. to warrant eviction and hidden
defects.
Remedyofemployerincaseofdefects:
1. Ask contractor to remove the
defect or to execute another
work;
2. If contractor fails or refuses,
employer can ask another at
thecontractorsexpense.
3.
Q:Whenisleaseconsideredacontractofsale?
Q:Distinguishleasefromsale.
A:
LEASE
Onlytheuseor
enjoymentistransferred
Transferistemporary
Lessorneednottobethe
owner
Thepriceoftheobject
(distinguishedfromthe
rent)isusuallynot
mentioned
SALE
Ownershipistransferred
Transferispermanent
Sellermustbetheowner
atthetimeofdelivery
Usually,thesellingprice
ismentioned
Q:Distinguishleasefromusufruct.
A:
LEASE
Ownershiponthepartof
thelessorisnot
necessary
GR: Personalright
XPN:Realright
Limitedtotheuse
specifiedinthecontract
USUFRUCT
Ownershipofthething
onthepartofthegrantor
isnecessary
Realright
Includesallpossibleuses
andenjoymentofthe
thing
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Lessorplacesand
maintainsthelesseein
thepeacefulenjoyment
ofthething
Definiteperiod
Createdbycontractasa
generalrule
Lesseehasnodutyto
makerepairs
Lesseehasnodutytopay
taxes
Lesseecannotconstitute
ausufructoftheproperty
leased
Ownerallowsthe
usufructuarytouseand
enjoytheproperty
Maybeforanindefinite
period
Createdbylaw,contract,
lastwillorprescription
Usufructuaryhasdutyto
makerepairs
Usufructuaryhasaduty
topaytaxes
Usufructuarymay
constituteasublease
I.LEASEOFTHINGS
Q:Isleaseofrealpropertyarealright?
A:
GR:Leaseofarealpropertyisapersonalright
XPNs:Itisarealright:
1. Ifitisformorethanoneyearandtobe
enforceablemustbewriting
2. If it is registered with Registry of
Propertyregardlessofitsperiod
A:
1. Itisnotbindingonthirdpersons;
2. Such third person is allowed to
terminatetheleaseincasehebuysthe
propertyfromtheownerlessor;
3. Actual knowledge of existence and
duration of lease is equivalent to
registration;or
4. A stranger who knows of the existence
ofthelease,butwasledtobelievethat
the lease would expire soon or before
the new lease in favor of him begins,
the stranger can still be considered
innocent.
Q:Whatcanbethesubjectmatterofalease?
A:Thingswithinthecommerceofman.
Q:Whatarethepropertiesthatmaybeleased?
A:
440
1.
2.
A:
Personalproperty99yearlimitapplies.
Alienscannotleasepubliclands,andcannot
acquire private lands except through
succession
If lease of real property (private lands),
maximum of 25 years renewable for
another25years(P.D.713)
UndertheInvestorsLeaseActof1995,the
25 year period was extended to 50
yearsprovidedthefollowingconditions
aremet:
Lesseemustmakeinvestments
LeaseisapprovedbyDTI
If terms are violated, DTI can
terminateit
Note:TheILAdidnotdoawaywithP.D.713,under
ILAtheconsentofDTIisrequired,whileinP.D.713
noconsentisrequired.
Q:Whatisrent?
A:Thecompensationeitherinmoney,provisions,
chattelsorlabor,receivedbythelessorfromthe
lessee.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofrent?
A:
1. Notfictitiousornominal,otherwisethe
contractbecomesgratuitous;
2. Capableofdetermination;and
3. May be in the form of products, fruits,
orconstruction,aslongasithasvalue.
Note:Ownerhastherighttofixtherentbecausethe
contractisconsensualandnotimposedbylaw.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
If the rent is fixed for the first time, courts cannot
interfere,butifitisarenewal,thecourtscansettle
thedisagreements.
A:
GR: Purchaser of thing leased can terminate
thelease.
XPNs:
1. Lease is recorded in Registry of
Property;
2. There is a stipulation in the contract of
salethatthepurchasershallrespectthe
lease;
3. Purchaser knows the existence of the
lease;
4. Saleisfictitious;or
5. Saleismadewitharightofrepurchase.
SUBLEASE
Q:Whatissublease?
Q:Whatisthenatureofsublease?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidsublease?
Q:Whoarethepartiestoasublease?
A:
1. Lessor
2. Sublessor(originallesseeinthecontract
oflease)
3. Sublessee
Q:Doesthelesseehavetherighttosubleasethe
property?
A:Yes,unlessexpresslystipulated.
Q:Whatistheremedyofthelessorifthelessee
violatestheprohibitionastosublease?
A:
GR: Lessee cannot assign the lease without
consentoflessor(Art.1649,NCC)
XPN:Stipulationtothecontrary
Q:Whatistheeffectofassignmentoflease?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
SUBLEASE
ASSIGNMENTOFLEASE
Thereare2leasesand2
distinctjuridical
relationshipsalthough
immediatelyconnected
andrelatedtoeachother
Personalityofthelessee
doesnotdisappear
Lesseedoesnottransmit
absolutelyhisrightsand
obligationstothe
sublessee
Sublessee,generally,
doesnothaveanydirect
actionagainstthelessor
Thereisonlyonejuridical
relationship,thatofthe
lessorandtheassignee,
whoisconvertedintoa
lease
Personalityofthelessee
disappears
Lesseetransmits
absolutelyhisrightsto
theassignee
Assigneehasadirect
actionagainstthelessor
Incasethereisasubleaseofthepremisesbeing
leased,thesublesseeisboundtothelessorforall
the acts which refer to the use and preservation
of the thing leased in the manner stipulated
between the lessor and the lessee. (Art. 1651,
NCC)
442
Q:Whatistheresponsibilityofthelesseetothe
lessorincasehesubleasestheproperty?
Q:Whataretheresponsibilitiesofasublesseeto
thelessor?
A:
GR: No juridical relationship between lessor
andsublessee.
XPNs:
All acts which affect the use and
preservationofthethingleased
For any rent due to the lessor from the
lesseewhichthelatterfailedtopay
the lessor must collect first from
thelessee
if the lessee is insolvent, the
sublessee
becomes
liable
(subsidiaryliability)
Q:Whenisasublesseeliabletothelessor?
A:
1. All acts which refer to the use and
preservation of the thing leased in the
manner stipulated between the lessor
andthelessee
2. Thesublesseeissubsidiaryliabletothe
lessorforanyrentduefromthelessee
REMEDIESINSUBLEASE
Q:Whatisacciondirecta?
Q:Whataretheremedieswheneitherthelessor
or the lessee did not comply with his
obligations?
A:RED
1. Rescissionanddamages;
2. Damagesonly(contractwillbeallowed
toremaininforce);or
3. Ejectment
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
IMPLIEDNEWLEASE
A:Aleasethatarisesifattheendofthecontract
the lessee should continue enjoying the thing
leased for 15 days with the acquiescence of the
lessor, unless a notice to the contrary had
previouslybeengivenbytheeitherparty.
A:
Thetermoftheoriginalcontracthasexpired
The lessor has not given the lessee a notice
tovacate
The lessee continued enjoying the thing
leased for at least 15 days with the
acquiescenceofthelessor
Q:Whenistherenoimpliednewlease?
A:
1. Before or after the expiration of the
term, there is a notice to vacate given
byeitherparty;
2. There is no definite fixed period in the
original lease contract as in thecase of
successiverenewals.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofanimpliednewlease?
A:
1. Theperiodofthenewleaseisnotthat
stated in the original contract; but for
thenlegalperiodsestablishedbylawin
Art. 1682, if the lease is rural lease, or
Art.1687,iftheleaseisurbanlease.
2. Accessory obligations contracted by a
third person are extinguished (Art.
1672,NCC)
3. Othertermsoftheoriginalcontractare
revived
Note:Thetermsthatarerevivedareonly
those which are germane to the
enjoyment of possession, but not those
with respect to special agreementswhich
are by nature foreign to the right of
occupancy or enjoyment inherent in a
contractoflease.
DURATIONOFSUBLEASE
Q:Whatisthedurationofthelease?
A:
1. WithdeterminateorfixedperiodLeasewill
beforthesaidperiodanditendsontheday
fixedwithoutneedofademand
2. Nofixedperiod
a. For rural lands (Art. 1682,
NCC) It shall be all time
necessaryforthegatheringof
fruits which the whole estate
mayyieldin1year,orwhichit
mayyieldonce
b. Forurbanlands
3. Ifrentispaiddaily, leaseisfromthedayto
day
4. If rent is paid weekly, lease is from week to
week
5. Ifrentpaidmonthly,leaseisfrommonthto
month
6. If rent is paid yearly, lease is from year to
year
Q:Whenisthelesseeentitledtoareductionof
rent?
A:
GR:Incaseofthelossofmorethanonehalf
of the fruits through extraordinary and
unforeseenfortuitousevents.
XPN:Stipulationtothecontrary.
Note:Itisapplicableonlytoleaseofrurallands.
A:
1. If a lease contract for a definite terms
allowslesseetodulynotifylessorofhis
desiretosoextendtheterm,unlessthe
contraryisstipulated
2. May be extended as stipulation
lessee can extend without lessors
consentbutlesseemustnotifylessor
3. May be extended for 6 years agreed
upon by both parties as stipulation
thismustbeinterpretedinfavorofthe
lessee. Hence, oridinarily the lessee, at
the end of the original period, may
either:
a. leavethepremises;or
b. remaininpossession
4. In coownership, assent of coowner is
needed, otherwise, it is void or
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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5.
6.
7.
8.
Note:Thepowerofthecourtstoestablish
a grace period is potestative or
discretionary,dependingontheparticular
circumstancesofthecase.
Q:Whatisperpetuallease?
Note:Itisnotpermissible.Itisapurelypotestative
condition because it leaves the effectivity and
enjoyment of leasehold rights to the sole and
exclusivewillofthelessee.
TERMINATIONOFLEASE
A:
1. Only to dwelling places or any other
buildingintendedforhumanhabitation
2. Even if at the time the contract was
perfected, the lessee knew of the
dangerousconditionorwaivedtheright
to rescind the contract on account of
thiscondition
A:WiReLExRun
1. Expirationoftheperiod
2. Resolution of the right of lessor (i.e.:
when the lessor is a usufructuary and
theusufructisterminated)
3. By the will of the purchaser or
transfereeofthething
444
4.
5.
6.
Lossofthething
Rescission due to the performance of
the obligations of one of the parties
statedunderArt.1654and1657.
Thedwellingplaceoranyotherbuilding
is unfit for human habitation and is
dangeroustolifeorhealth.
A:No.Thedeathofthelesseewillnotextinguish
the lease agreement, since lease is not personal
in character and the right is transmissible to the
heirs. (Heirs of Dimaculangan v. IAC, G.R. No.
68021,Feb.20,1989)(1997BarQuestion)
Q:Whataretheremediesoftheaggrievedparty
in case of noncompliance of the other partys
obligations under Arts. 1654 (obligations of
lessor)and1657(obligationsoflessee)?
A:
1. Rescissionwithdamages
2. Damages only allowing the lease to
subsists
A:JAS
1. Breach must be Substantial and
fundamental(deminimisnoncuratlex
thelawisnotconcernedwithtrifles).
2. ItrequiresJudicialaction.
3. It can be filed only by the Aggrieved
party.
A:No.Theaggrievedpartyseekingrescissionwill
prevail.UnderArticle1659,NCC,thecourthasno
discretion to refuse rescission, unlike the
situation covered by Art. 1191, NCC, in the
generalrulesonobligations[Bacallav.Rodriguez,
et.al.,C.A.40O.G.(supp.),Aug.30,1941]
Q:Howistheamountofdamagesmeasured?
A:Differencebetweentherentsactuallyreceived
and that amount stipulated in the contract
representing the true rental value of the
premises. (A. Maluenda and Co. vs. Enriquez, 49
Phil.916)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
Q: Under a written contract dated December 1,
1989, Victor leased his land to Joel for a period
offive(5)yearsatamonthlyrentalofP1,000.00,
to be increased to P1,200.00 and P1,500.00 on
thethirdandfifthyear,respectively.OnJanuary
1,1991,JoelsubleasedthelandtoConradfora
period of 2 years at a monthly rental of
P1,500.00.OnDecember31,1992,Joelassigned
the lease to his compadre, Ernie, who acted on
the belief that Joel was the rightful owner and
possessorofthesaidlot.Joelhasbeenfaithfully
paying the stipulated rentals to Victor. When
Victor learned on May 15, 1992 about the
sublease and assignment, he sued Joel, Conrad
and Ernie for rescission of the contract of lease
andfordamages.
1. Will the action prosper? If so,
againstwhom?Explain.
2. In case of rescission, discuss the
rights and obligations of the
parties.
A:
1. Yes, the action for rescission of the
lease will prosper because Joel cannot
assign the lease to Ernie without the
consent of Victor (Art. 1649, NCC). But
Joel may sublet to Conrad because
there is no express prohibition (Art.
1650, NCC; Alipio v. CA, G.R. No.
134100,Sept.29,2000).
Victorcanrescindthecontract oflease
with Joel, and the assignment of the
lease to Ernie, on the ground of
violation of law and of contract. The
sublease to Conrad remained valid for
2 years from January 1, 1991, and had
not yet lapsed when the action was
filedonMay15,1992.
II.LEASEOFWORKORSERVICES
Q:Whatisacontractforapieceofwork?
Q:Whatisacontractforleaseofservices?
A:Acontractwherebyonepartybindshimselfto
rendersomeservicetotheotherpartyconsisting
his own free activity of labor, and not its result
and the other party binds himself to pay a
remunerationtherefor.(PinedaSales,p.440441,
2002ed)
Q:Distinguishleaseofservicesfromagency.
A:
LEASEOFSERVICES
Basedonemployment
thelessorofservices
doesnotrepresenthis
employernordoeshe
executejuridicalacts
AGENCY
Basedonrepresentation
agentrepresenthis
principalandenterinto
juridicalacts
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Principalcontract
Preparatorycontract
A:
PIECEOFWORK
Objectofcontractisthe
resultofthework
withoutconsideringthe
laborthatproducedit
Iftheresultpromisedis
notaccomplished,the
lessororpromissoryis
notentitledto
compensation
LEASEOFSERVICES
Objectofcontractisthe
serviceitselfandnotthe
resultwhichitgenerates
Eveniftheresult
intendedisnotattained,
theservicesofthe
lessormuststillbepaid
A:Whennoratehasbeenfixed,thesameshallbe
determined by the courts according to the uses
and customs of the place and the evidence,
unless the services by agreement were to be
rendered gratuitously. (Pineda Sales, p. 444,
20002ed)
III.LEASEOFRURALANDURBANLANDS
A:Regardlessofsite,iftheprincipalpurposeisto
obtainproductsfromthesoil,theleaseisofrural
lands.Hence,asusedhere,rurallandsarethose
where the lessee principally is interested in soil
products.
Note:Wherethewrittencontractofleasecalledfor
the erection by the tenant, of a building of strong
wooden materials, but what he actually did
constructontheleasedpremiseswassemiconcrete
edifice at a much higher cost, in accordance with a
subsequent oral agreement with the lessor, oral
evidence is admissible to prove the verbal
modification of the original terms of the lease.
446
Q:Whatisthepurposeinrecordingalease?
Q:Whatismeantbyproperauthority?
A:Properauthoritymeansapowerofattorneyto
constitutethelease.
Q:Whenisaproperauthorityrequired?
A:
1. Husband with respect to the
paraphernalrealestateofthewife;
2. FatherorGuardianwithrespecttothe
propertyoftheminorortheward;
3. Managerwithrespecttotheproperty
underadministration.
Q:Whoisamanager?
A:
1. administratorofaconjugalproperty
2. administratorofacoownership
3. administrator of state patrimonial
property
A:Itdepends.
1. Iftheleasewillbeforoneyearorless,
nootherauthorityisrequired.
2. Iftheleaseontherealpropertywillbe
for more than a year, then a special
power of attorney (aside from the
public
instrument
transferring
administration) is required. (Art.1878,
NCC)
3. Furthermore, whether it be a) or b), if
theleaseistoberecorded,theremust
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
be a special power of attorney. (Art
1647,NCC).
A.QUALIFIEDPERSONS
A:
GR:Yes
B.REGISTRATION
Q:What istheeffectofrecordingofcontractof
lease?
boundbythelease.(Quimsonvs.Suarez,45Phil.
901)
A:
1. Spouse with respect to the separate or
exclusivepropertiesoftheother,unless
the administration of such properties
has been transferred to said spouse
done in a public instrument duly
recorded.(Art.110,FamilyCode)
Note:Conjugalpropertycannotbeleased
withoutthejointconsentofthespouses
2.
3.
Q:Whenisleaseofrealpropertyarealright?
A:Generally,aleaseofrealpropertyisapersonal
right. However, it is considered real under the
followingconditions:
1. Ifitisformorethanoneyearandtobe
enforceable,itmustbeinwriting
2. If it is registered with the Registry of
Property, regardless of its period.
(PinedaSales,p.449,2002ed)
C.PROHIBITIONS
Q:Whatistheruleregardingsubleaseofruralor
urbanlands?
A:Thelesseemaysubletthepropertyinabsence
ofanexpressprohibition.
Note:thesubleasemaybeofthewholeorpart
onlyofthethingleased.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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IV.RIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONS
OFLESSORSANDLESSEES
A:
GR: Husband and wife with respect to their
separateproperties.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofthelessor?
A:ReDCaP
1. To Deliver the things in such condition
as to render it fit for the use intended
(cannotbewaived)
2. GR: To make, during the lease all the
necessary Repairs in order to keep it
suitablefortheusetowhichithasbeen
devoted
XPN:Stipulationtothecontrary.
A:
1. Lessor can alter the thing leased
providedthereisnoimpairmentofthe
use to which the things are devoted
underthetermsofthelease
2. Alteration can be made by lessee
provided the value of property is not
substantiallyimpaired
A:
1. Lesseeisobligatedtotoleratethework,
althoughitmaybeannoyingtohimand
although during the same time he may
bedeprivedofapartofthepremises,if
repairslastfornotmorethan40days
448
2.
Q:Whataretheeffectsifthelessorfailstomake
urgentrepairs?
A:Thelesseemay:
1. orderrepairsatthelessorscost;
2. suefordamages;
3. suspendthepaymentoftherent;or
4. ask for rescission, in the case of
substantialdamagetohim.
Q:Whatarethekindsoftrespassinlease?
A:
1. Trespass in the fact (perturbation de
mere hecho) physical enjoyment is
reduced.Lessorwillnotbeliable.
2. Trespass in the law (perturbation de
derecho) a 3rd person claims legal
right to enjoy the premises. Lessor will
beheldliable.
Q:Whataretheobligationsofthelessee?
A:TRUEPRU
1. Pay the price of the lease according to
thetermsstipulated
2. Usethethingleasedasadiligentfather
of a family devoting it to the use
stipulated, and in the absence of
stipulation, to that which may be
inferred from nature of thing leased,
accordingtothecustomoftheplace
3. PaytheExpensesofthedeedoflease
4. Notify the lessor of Usurpation or
untowardacts
5. TonotifythelessorofneedforRepairs
6. To Return the property leased upon
termination of the lease in the same
condition as he receive it except when
whathasbeenlostorimpairedbylapse
of time, ordinary wear and tear or
inevitablecause/fortuitousevent
7. Tolerance of urgent repairs which
cannot be deferred until the end of
lease(par.1,Art.1662,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
Q: What is the effect of the destruction of the
thingleased?
A:
1. Total destruction by fortuitous event
Leaseisextinguished.
2. Partialdestruction
a. Proportional reduction of
rent;or
b. Rescissionofthelease.
Q:Whenmaylesseesuspendpaymentofrent?
A:Whenthelessorfailsto:
1. undertakeurgentrepairs;or
2. maintain the lessee in peaceful and
adequate enjoyment of the property
leased.
Note:Fortheinterveningperiod,thelesseedoesnot
havetopaytherent.
Q:Whendoesthesuspensionbecomeeffective?
A:Therightbegins:
1. Inthecaseofrepairsfromthetimeof
thedemandanditwentunheeded
2. In case of eviction from the time the
final judgment for eviction becomes
effective
A:
1. Rescissionanddamages
2. Damages only, allowing the contract to
remaininforce(specificperformance)
V.SPECIALRULESFORLEASEOFRURALAND
URBANLANDS
RURALLANDS
Q:Whatistheeffectofsterilityoflandincaseof
rurallease?
A:Thereisnoreduction.Thefertilityorsterilityof
thelandhasalreadybeenconsideredinthefixing
oftherent.
A:
1.
2.
Note:Therentmustbereducedproportionately.
A:No,becauseheretherentisalreadyfixedatan
aliquot part of the crops. Thus, every time the
crops decrease in number, the rent is reduced
automatically. If therefore, the tenant here
refusestogivethestipulatedpercentage,hecan
beevicted.(HijosdeI.delaRamav.Benedicto,1
Phil.495)
Q:Whatistheruleforreductionofrent?
A:Thereductiononrentcanbeavailedofonlyif
the loss occurs before the crops are separated
from their stalk, root, or trunk. If the loss is
afterwards,thereisnoreductionofrent.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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valuableimprovementsisimmaterial.(Iturraldev.
Garduno,9Phil.605)
A:Thelessee.However,acontrarystipulationwill
prevail.
Q:Whatistheruleforlandtenancyonshares?
Q:Whoisatenant?
A:Thisincludesthemembersofthefamilyofthe
tenant,andsuchotherperson/s,whetherrelated
to the tenant or not, who are dependent upon
him for support, and who usually help him
operatethefarmenterprise.
Q:Canatenantworkfordifferentlandowners?
A:Itisprohibitedforatenant,whoseholdingis5
hectares or more, to contract work at the same
timeontwoormoreseparateholdingsbelonging
to different landholders without the knowledge
andconsentofthelandholderwithwhomhehad
first entered into the tenancy relationship. (Sec.
24,RA1199)
A:
1. voluntarysurrenderoftheland
2. bona fide intention of the landholders
to cultivate the land himself personally
450
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Q:Willthesaleofthelandextinguishthefarm
tenancyrelationship?
A:Itdepends.
1. Death of tenant extinguishes
relationship but heirs and members of
his immediate farm household may
continue to work on the land until the
closeoftheagriculturalyear.
2. Death of landholder does not
extinguish the relationship because his
heirs shall assume his rights and
obligation.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
URBANLANDS
Q:Whataretherulesapplicabletorepairswhich
anurbanlessorisliable?
A:
1. Specialstipulation
2. Ifnone,customoftheplace.
Q:Whataretheruleswhenthedurationoflease
isnotfixed?
A:
1. If there is a fixed period the lease
wouldbeforthesaidperiod.
2. Iftherearenofixedperiodapplythe
following:
a. rentpaiddailyleaseisfrom
daytoday
b. rentpaidweeklyleaseis
fromweektoweek
c. rentpaidmonthlylease
frommonthtomonth
d. rentpaidyearlyleasefrom
yeartoyear
VI.HOUSEHOLDSERVICE
Q:Whatisthescopeofhouseholdservice?
Q:Isworkingtoreduceindebtednessallowed?
A:Yes.Whatisprohibitedistoworkasaservant
forfree.
Q:Whenismedicalattendancegivenfree?
A:Noformalitiesarerequiredforthecontractof
household service, and even if the term of
employmentshouldexceedoneyear,theStatute
of Frauds will not apply because in the contract,
performance is supposed to commence right
away.
Q:Canhousehelpersworkmorethantenhours
aday?
A:
1. ifthevoluntaryovertimeworkisagreed
upon;
2. if the nature of the work so demands
suchovertimeservice.
Q:Whatistheruleforyayas?
Q:Whatistheruleonvacationforhelpers?
A:Thelawsaysfourdaysvacationeachmonth,
with pay. If the helper insists on this, the
employermustgrantthevacation,andhecannot
insistonmerelygivingthemonetaryvalue.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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VII.CONTRACTOFLABOR
Q:Whatisacontractoflabor?
A:
1. Employer(Er) freely enters into a
contractwiththeemployee(Ee);
2. EmployercanselectwhohisEewillbe
3. Employer can dismiss the Ee; the
workerinturncanquithisjob;
4. Employermustgiveremuneration;and
5. Employercancontrolandsupervisethe
conductoftheEe.
A.OBLIGATIONINCASEOF
DEATHORINJURYOFLABORERS
A:
1. If the cause of the death or personal
injuryaroseoutofandinthecourseof
employment,theErisliable.
2. If the cause was due to the Ees own
notorious negligence, or voluntary act
ordrunkenness,theemployershallnot
beliable.
3. If the cause was partly due to the Ees
lackofsuecare,thecompensationshall
beinequitablyreduced.
4. If the cause was due to the negligence
of a fellow Ee, the Er and the guilty Ee
shallbeliablesolidarily.
5. If the cause was due to the intentional
ormaliciousactoffellowEe,thefelloe
Ee is liable; also the Er unless he
exercisedduediligenceinselectingand
supervisingsaidEe.
452
VIII.CONTRACTFORPIECEOFWORK
CONTRACTFORPIECE
OFWORK
LEASEOFSERVICES
Theobjectisservices.
A:
1. Consent
2. Objectexecutionofpieceofwork
3. Causecertainpriceorcompensation
Q:Whoisacontractor?
Q:WhatisthetesttodetermineifoneisanEe
oranindependentcontractor?
A:Therightofcontroltestisused.Iftheperson
for whom services are to be performed controls
only the end to be achieved, the worker is a
contractor; if the former controls not only the
end but also the manner and means to be used,
thelatterisanemployee.
Q:Whatcanthecontractorfurnish?
A:Thecontractormayfurnish:
1. Bothmaterialandthelabor,
2. Oronlythelabor.
A:Thisisequivalenttosale;therefore,theseare
theduties:
1. Todeliver
2. Totransferownership
3. To warrant against eviction and hidden
defects
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
LEASE
Q: What are the remedies of the Er in case of
defects?
A:
1. Askthecontractortoremovethedefect
ortoexecuteanotherwork.
2. If the contractor fails or refuses, the Er
can ask another at the contractors
expense. If a building is involved,
expensesforcorrectionandcompletion
mayberecovered.
A:
1. Intheabsenceoffraud,theagreement
wouldordinarilybevalid.
2. In the absence of prohibitory statute,
the validity of a limitation is generally
upheld, with a view of obtaining
compensation commensurate to the
riskassumed.
A:
B suffers the loss of both the materials and
the work, unless there was mora
accipiendi.Iftherewasmoraaccipiendi,
itisevidentthatAsufferstheloss.
No, and therefore B may be required to do
the work all over again, unless there
had been a prior stipulation to the
contrary or unless a remaking is
possible.(Art.1717,NCC)
A:
1. The contractor is generally relieved of
liability.
2.
Q:Whereistheplaceofpayment?
A:
1. Wherestipulated
2. Ifnostipulation,thenattimeandplace
ofdelivery.
Q:Whataretherulesonliabilityforcollapseofa
building?
A:
1. The collapse of the building must be
within15yearsfromthecompletionof
thestructure.
2. The prescriptive period is 10 years
followingthecollapse.
3. If the engineer or architect supervises
the construction, he shall be solidarily
liablewiththecontractor.
4. The liability does applies to collapse or
ruin,nottominordefects.
5. Even if payment has been made, an
actionisstillpossible.(Art.1723,NCC)
Q:Whoisliablewhenabuildingcollapsesduring
anearthquake?
A:Itdepends.
1. Iftheproximatecauseofthecollapseof
the building is an earthquake, no one
can be held liable in view of the
fortuitousevent.
2. If the proximate cause is, however,
defective designing or construction, or
directly attributable to the use of
inferior or unsafe material, it is clear
thatliabilityexists.
Q:Canthecontractorwithdrawordemandfora
higher price when the work is already
stipulated?
A:
GR: the contractor cannot withdraw or
demandahigherpriceeveniftherebe
ahighercostoflaborormaterials.
XPNs:
1. if there was a written authorized
changeofplansandspecifications;
2. if the additional price is also in
writing, agreed upon by both
parties.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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LANDTITLESANDDEEDS
I.TORRENSSYSTEM
A.CONCEPTANDBACKGROUND
Q:WhatisTorrensSystem?
A:To:
1. avoid possible conflicts of title
regardingrealproperty;and
2. facilitate transactions relative thereto
bygivingthepublictherighttorelyon
the face of the Torrens certificate of
title and to dispense with the need of
inquiringfurther.
Q:Whatisthenatureoftheproceedingforland
registrationundertheTorrensSystem?
A:TheTorrenssystemisjudicialincharacterand
not merely administrative. Under the Torrens
system, the proceeding is in rem, which means
thatitisbindinguponthewholeworld.
Note:Inaregistrationproceedinginstitutedforthe
registration of a private land, with or without
opposition, the judgment of the court confirming
the title of the applicant or oppositor, as the case
may be, and ordering its registration in his name,
constitutes, when final, res judicata against the
wholeworld.
A:
1. Courts
2. Department of Environment and
NaturalResources(DENR)
3. Department of Justice (DOJ) through
the Land Registration Authority (LRA)
anditsRegisterofDeeds
4. DepartmentofLandReform(DLR)
5. DepartmentofAgriculture(DAR)
454
B.CERTIFICATEOFTITLE
Q:WhatisaCertificateofTitle?
Q:Whatarethetwotypesofcertificatesoftitle?
A:
1. Original Certificate of Title (OCT) the
first title issued in the name of the
registered owner by the Register of
Deeds covering a parcel of land which
had been registered under the Torrens
system by virtue of a judicial or
administrativeproceeding.
Certificateoftitleisthetranscriptofthedecreeof
registrationmadebytheRegisterofDeedsinthe
registry. It accumulates in one document a
preciseandcorrectstatementoftheexactstatus
ofthefeesimpletitlewhichanownerpossesses.
(AgcaoiliReviewer,p.245,2008ed)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:No.Titleisajuridicalactoradeedwhichisnot
sufficient by itself to transfer ownership but
provides only for a juridical justification for the
effectuation of a mode to acquire or transfer
ownership. It provides the cause for the
acquisitionofownership.(i.e.sale=title;delivery
= mode of acquisition of ownership) (Pineda,
Property,p.485,1999ed)
Ownership,ontheotherhand,isanindependent
right of exclusive enjoyment and control of the
thing for the purpose of deriving therefrom all
advantages required by the reasonable needs of
the owner and the promotion of the general
welfarebutsubjecttotherestrictionsimposedby
lawandtherightsofothers.(Art.427,NCC)
ACQUISITIONOFTITLE
A:IASDO
1. By possession of land since time
Immemorial
2. By possession of Alienable and
disposablepublicland
Note:UnderthePublicLandAct(CA
No. 141), citizens of the Philippines,
who by themselves or through their
predecessorsininterest have been
in open, continuous, exclusive and
notoriouspossessionandoccupation
of alienable and disposable
agriculturallandofthepublicdomain
underabonafideclaimofownership
since June 12, 1945, or earlier,
(except when prevented by war or
force majeure), shall be conclusively
presumedtohave performed all the
conditionsessentialtoagovernment
grant and shall be entitled to a
certificateoftitle.
3.
A:OLDTIPS
1. Occupation
2. Law
3. Donation
4. Tradition
5. Intellectualcreation
6. Prescription
7. Succession
Q:Differentiatepossessionfromoccupation.
A:
OCCUPATION
POSSESSION
Itappliesonlyto
Itappliestoproperties
propertywithout
whetherwithor
owner.
withoutowner.
Byitselfdoesnot
Itconfersownership.
conferownership.
Therecanbeno
Therecanbe
occupationwithout
possessionwithout
ownership.
ownership.
Q:Howarelandtitlesacquired?
A:PERAPAID
1. Publicgrant
2. Emancipationpatentorgrant
3. Reclamation
4. Adverse possession / acquisitive
prescription
5. Privategrantorvoluntarytransfer
6. Accretion
7. Involuntaryalienation
8. Descentordevise
TORRENSTITLE
Q:WhatisTorrenstitle?
A:Itisacertificateofownershipissuedunderthe
Torrens system of registration by the
government, through the Register of Deeds (RD)
naminganddeclaringtheownerinfeesimple of
therealpropertydescribedtherein,freefromall
liens&encumbrances,exceptasmaybeexpressly
notedthereorotherwisereservedbylaw.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:TRINC
1. The land is placed under the operation
ofTorrensSystem;
2. Land is Relieved from all claims except
those noted thereon and provided by
law;
3. The land becomes Incontrovertible and
indefeasible;
4. Title to the land becomes Non
prescriptible;and
5. The certificate of title is not subject to
Collateralattack.
Q:WhatistheprobativevalueofaTorrenstitle?
A:Torrenstitlemaybereceivedinevidenceinall
courts of the Philippines and shall be conclusive
astoallmatterscontainedtherein,principallyas
totheidentityofthelandownerexceptsofaras
providedintheLandRegistrationAct(LRA)
456
INDEFEASIBILITYANDINCONTROVERTIBILITY
OFCERTIFICATESOFTITLE
A:
1. The certificate of title serves as
evidence of an indefeasible title to the
property in favor of the person whose
nameappearstherein.
2. Aftertheexpirationoftheone(1)year
period from the issuance of the decree
ofregistrationuponwhichitisbased,it
becomesincontrovertible.
A:None.Theruleonindefeasibilityofcertificates
of title was applied by the Court in Public Land
Patents because, according to the Court, such
application is in consonance with the spirit and
intentofhomesteadlaws.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
MIRRORDOCTRINE
Q:Whatisthemirrordoctrine?
Q:Whendoesthemirrordoctrineapply?
A:Whenatitleoveralandisregisteredunderthe
Torrens system (Agcaoili Reviewer, p. 246, 1999
ed)
Q:BeeboughtaparceloflandwithacleanTCT.
However, when he found some persons
occupying it, he fenced the property over the
occupants objection. May Bee invoke the
principlethatapersondealingwitharegistered
landneednotgobeyonditscertificateoftitlein
thiscase?
A:No.Althoughitisarecognizedprinciplethata
person dealing on a registered land need not go
beyond it certificate of title, it is also a firmly
settled rule that where there are circumstances
which would put a party on guard and prompt
him to investigate or inspect the property being
sold to him, such as the presence of
occupants/tenants thereon, it is of course,
expected from the purchaser of valued piece of
land to inquire first into the status or nature of
the possessionof the occupants, i.e., whetheror
not the occupants possess the land en concepto
dedueno,inconceptofanowner.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Besides,itappearsthatspousesXandYareguilty
of contributory negligence when they delivered
theOCTtothemortgageewithoutannotatingthe
mortgage thereon. Between them and the
innocent purchaser for value, they should bear
theloss.(1999BarQuestion)
A:Apurchaseringoodfaithandforvalueisone
who buys property of another, without notice
thatsomeotherpersonhasarightto,orinterest
insuchpropertyandpaysafullandfairpricefor
thesameatthetimeofsuchpurchase,orbefore
he has notice of the claim or interest of some
other person in the property. (San Roque Realty
and Development Corp. v. Republic, G.R. No.
163130,Sept.7,2007)
Purchaseringoodfaithandforvalueisthesameas
aninnocentpurchaserforvalue.
Goodfaithconsistsinanhonestintentiontoabstain
fromtakinganyunconsciousadvantageofanother.
A:Ifthelandinquestionwasnotbroughtunder
the operation of Torrens system because the
originalcertificateoftitleisnullandvoidabinitio,
the concept of an innocent purchaser for value
doesnotapply.
Note:Goodfaithandbadfaithisimmaterialincase
of unregistered land. One who purchases an
unregistered land does so at his peril (Agcaoili
Reviewer,p.10,1999ed)
Q:In1979,Nestorappliedforandwasgranteda
Free Patent over a parcel of agricultural land
458
2. Thegovernmentcanseekannulmentof
the original and transfer certificates of
titleandthereversionofthelandtothe
State.Eddie'sdefenseisuntenable.The
protection afforded by the Torrens
System to an innocent purchaser for
value can be availed of only if the land
hasbeentitledthrujudicialproceedings
where the issue of fraud becomes
academicafterthelapseofone(1)year
from the issuance of the decree of
registration. In public land grants, the
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Istherightofthepublictorelyonthefaceof
acertificateoftitleabsolute?
Q:Whataretheexceptionstotheapplicationof
themirrordoctrine?
A:BOBLIKA
1. Wherethepurchaserormortgageeisa
Bank/financinginstitution;
2. WheretheOwnerstillholdsavalidand
existing certificate of title covering the
samepropertybecausethelawprotects
the lawful holder of a registered title
over the transfer of a vendor bereft of
anytransmissibleright;
3. PurchaserinBadfaith;
4. Purchaseslandwithacertificateoftitle
containinganoticeofLispendens;
5. Sufficiently strong indications to impel
closer Inquiry into the location,
boundariesandconditionofthelot;
6. Purchaser had full Knowledge of flaws
anddefectsinthetitle;or
7. Whereapersonbuyslandnotfromthe
registeredownerbutfromwhoserights
tothelandhasbeenmerelyAnnotated
onthecertificateoftitle.
ThemortgageinfavorofDesiderioislikewisenull
andvoidbecausethemortgagorisnottheowner
of the mortgaged property. While it may be true
that under the "mirror rinciple of the Torrens
systemoflandregistration,abuyerormortgagee
has the right to rely on what appears on the
certificateoftitle,andintheabsenceofanything
toexcitesuspicion, isunderno obligationto look
beyond the certificate and investigate the
mortgagor's title, this rule does not find
application in the case at hand because here,
Catalino's title suffers from two fatal infirmities,
namely:
1. Thefactthatitemanatedfromaforged
deedofasimulatedsale;and
2. The fact that it was derived from a
fraudulently procured or improvidently
issued second owner's copy, the real
owner'scopybeingstillintactandinthe
possessionofthetrueowner,Bruce.
Q:Duranownedtwoparcelsoflandwhichwere
madesubjectofadeedofsaleinfavorofFe,her
mother. After obtaining title in her name, Fe
mortgaged the property to Erlinda. With Fes
failuretoredeem,Erlindaacquiredtheproperty
atpublicauction.Duran,claimingthatthedeed
of sale is a forgery, sought to recover the
property.Erlindainvokesthedefenseofbeinga
purchaseringoodfaith.IsErlindaapurchaserin
goodfaith?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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beentransferredfromthenameofthetrueowner
to the name of the forger or the name indicated
by the forger. (Duran v. IAC, G.R. No. L64159,
Sept.10,1985)
460
A:GuaranteedHomesistherightfulowner,even
assuming that the extrajudicial settlement was a
forgery.Generallyaforgedorfraudulentdeedisa
nullity and conveys no title. There are, however,
instanceswhensuchafraudulentdocumentmay
become the root of a valid title. One such
instance is where the certificate of title was
already transferred from the name of the true
owner to the forger, and while it remained that
way, the land was subsequently sold to an
innocentpurchaser.Forthen,thevendeehadthe
right to rely upon what appeared in the
certificate.
Also,theextrajudicialsettlementwasrecordedin
the Register of Deeds. Registration in the public
registryisnoticetothewholeworld.(Guaranteed
Homes, Inc. v. Heirs of Valdez, Heirs of Tugade,
Heirs of Gatmin, Hilaria Cobero and Alfredo and
SionyTepol,G.R.No.171531,Jan.30,2009)
II.REGALIANDOCTRINE
A.CONCEPT
Q:WhatisRegaliandoctrine(juraregalia)?
A:Atimehonoredconstitutionalpreceptthatall
lands of the public domain belong to the State,
and that the State is the source of any asserted
right to ownership in land, and charged with the
conservationofsuchpatrimony.
B.EFFECTS
A:Alllandsnototherwiseappearingtobeclearly
withinprivateownershiparepresumedtobelong
to the State. Incontrovertible evidence must be
shown that the land is alienable or disposable in
ordertoovercomesuchpresumption.
Note:Itdoesnotnegatenativetitletolandsheldin
private ownership since time immemorial. (Cruz v.
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources,
G.R.No.135385,Dec.6,2000)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whatisanativetitle?
A:itreferstoapreconquestrightstolandsand
domains which, as far back as memory reaches,
have been held under a claim of private
ownershipbyIndigenousCulturalCommunitiesof
IndigenousPeoples,haveneverbeenpubliclands
andarethusindisputablypresumedtohavebeen
heldthatwaybeforeSpanishconquest.(Agcaoili,
p.124,2008ed)
Q:Whatistimeimmemorialpossession?
III.CITIZENSHIPREQUIREMENT
A:
GR:Analiencannotacquireprivatelands.
XPN:Acquisitionbyaliensisallowedwhen:
Itisthruhereditarysuccession.
Note:Successionislimitedonlyto
intestatesuccession
Note:Saidlandshouldbeforhisresidence.
A:No.Foreignnationalscanapplyforregistration
oftitleoveraparceloflandwhichtheyacquired
bypurchasewhilestillcitizensofthePhilippines,
from a vendor who has complied with the
requirements for registration under the Public
Land Act. (Republic v. CA and Lapina, G.R. No.
108998,Aug.24,1994)
A:Ifalandisinvalidlytransferredtoanalienwho
subsequently becomes a Filipino citizen or
transfers it to a Filipino, the flaw in the original
transaction is considered cured and the title of
thetransfereeisrenderedvalid.Sincethebanon
aliens is intended to preserve the nations land
for future generations of Filipinos, that aim is
achievedbymakinglawfultheacquisitionofreal
estate by aliens who became Filipino citizens by
naturalization or those transfers made by aliens
to Filipino citizens. As the property in dispute is
already in the hands of a qualified person, a
Filipino citizen, there would be no more public
policy to be protected. The objective of the
constitutional provision to keep our lands in
Filipino hands has been achieved. (Borromeo v.
Descallar,G.R.No.159310,Feb.24,2009)
A:No.Ifalandisinvalidlytransferredtoanalien
who subsequently becomes a Filipino citizen or
transfers it to a Filipino, the flaw in the original
transaction is considered cured and the title of
the transferee is rendered valid. (Borromeo v.
Descallar,G.R.No.159310,Feb.24,2009)
A:PAMP
1. A Public land sales applicant insofar as
thelandcoveredbyhissalesapplication
isconcerned
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Reason:Hispossessionisnotinthe
conceptofanowner.
3.
4.
AMortgageeorhissuccessorininterest
to the mortgage, notwithstanding the
lapseoftheperiodforthemortgagorto
paytheloansecuredtoredeemit
Reason:Suchactwouldamountto
a pactum commissorium, which is
against good morals and public
policy.
Q:Mayacorporationownlands?
A:Itdepends.
Corporation sole can acquire by purchase a
parcel of private agricultural land
without violating the constitutional
prohibitionsinceithasnonationality.
Corporation
PrivateLands
1. At least 60% Filipino (Sec. 7,
Art.XII,1987Constitution)
2. Restricted as to extent
reasonably necessary to
enableittocarryoutpurpose
forwhichitwascreated
3. If engaged in agriculture, it is
restrictedto1,024hectares.
Q:Mayacorporationapplyforregistrationofa
parcelofland?
Note:Determinativeofthisissueisthecharacterof
the parcels of land whether they were still public
or already private when the registration
proceedingswerecommenced.
462
Iftheyarealreadyprivatelands,theconstitutional
prohibitionagainstacquisitionsbyaprivate
corporationwouldnotapply.
IV.ORIGINALREGISTRATION
Q:Whatlawsgovernlandregistration?
A:
1. Property Registration Decree (PD 1529,
asamended)
Note: Amended and superseded C.A. No.
496.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CadastralAct(Act2259,asamended)
Public Land Act (CA No. 141,as
amended)
Emancipation Decree (PD 27, as
amended)
ComprehensiveAgrarianReformLawof
1988(R.A.6657)
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (R.A.
8371)
Q:Whatarethepurposesoflandregistration?
A:To:QUIPCC
1. Quiet title to the land and to stop
forever any question as to the legality
ofsaidtitle;
2. relievelandofUnknownclaims;
3. guarantee the Integrity of land titles
andtoprotecttheirindefeasibilityonce
the claim of ownership is established
andrecognized;
4. give every registered owner complete
Peaceofmind;
5. issue a Certificate of title to the owner
which shall be the best evidence of his
ownershipoftheland;and
6. avoidConflictsoftitleinrealestateand
tofacilitatetransactions.
Q:Whatisoriginalregistration?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
JUDICIAL/
ADMINISTRATIVE/
VOLUNTARY/
INVOLUNTARY/
ORDINARY
CADASTRAL
3.
under
PD
1529
(Property Registration
Decree)
under Sec. 48 of CA
141(PublicLandAct)
5.
Compulsory
registrationinitiatedby
the government, to
adjudicate ownership
oflandandinvoluntary
on the part of the
claimants,buttheyare
compelled
to
substantiatetheirclaim
or interest through an
answer.
A.WHOMAYAPPLY
1.UNDERPD1529
Q:Whenisordinaryregistrationproper?
A:Whenpropertyisacquiredby:
1. open, continuous, exclusive, and
notorious
possession
and
occupation of alienable and
disposable lands of public domain
under a bona fide claim of
ownership since June 12,1945 or
earlier(OCENCO);
2. prescription;
3. accessionoraccretion;or
4. anyothermannerprovidedbylaw.
A:
1. Those who by themselves or through
their predecessorsininterest have
beeninopen,continuous,exclusive,and
notorious (OCEN) possession and
occupation of alienable and disposable
lands of public domain under a bona
fide claim of ownership since June
12,1945orearlier;
2. Thosewhohaveacquiredownershipof
private lands by prescription under
provisionsofexistinglaws;
4.
Thosewhohaveacquiredownershipof
private lands or abandoned river beds
byrightofaccessionoraccretion;or
Thosewhohaveacquiredownershipof
land by any other manner provided by
law.
Q:Mayprivatecorporationsholdalienablelands
ofpublicdomain?
Q:Noynoy,Erap,MannyandGiboarecoowners
ofaparcelofland.MayMannyseekregistration
inhisnameofthelandinitsentirety?
A:Sinceacoownercannotbeconsideredatrue
owner of a specific portion until division or
partitioniseffected,hecannotfileanapplication
forregistrationofthewholeareawithoutjoining
thecoownersasapplicants.(Agcaoilireviewer,p.
19,2008ed)
Q:Whomayapplyforregistrationofaland
subjecttoa:
1.Pactoderetrosale?
XPN:Vendeearetro,shouldtheperiod
forredemptionexpireduringpendency
of registration proceedings and
ownership to property is consolidated
invendeearetro.
2.Trust?
GR:Trusteemayapplyforregistration.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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3.Reservatroncal?
2.UNDERCA141
Note:Thefollowingconditionsmustconcurinorder
that the benefits of the Public Land Act on the
confirmationofimperfectorincompletetitlemaybe
availedof:
1. theapplicantmustbeaFilipinocitizen;
2. he must have, by himself or through his
predecessorsininterest, possessed and
occupied an alienable and disposable
agriculturalportionofthepublicdomain;
3. such possession and occupation must
have been open, continuous, exclusive,
notorious and in the concept of owner,
sinceJune,12,1945;and
4. the application must be filed with the
propercourt.
464
A:Yes.Theadversepossessionwhichmaybethe
basis of a grant of title in confirmation of
imperfect title cases applies only to alienable
lands of the public domain. There is no question
that the lands in the case at bar were not
alienablelandsofthepublicdomain.Therecords
showthatsuchwereneverdeclaredasalienable
and disposable and subject to private alienation
priorto1913uptothepresent.(Sps.Palomo,et.
al.,v.CA,et.al.,G.R.No.95608,Jan.21,1997)
Q:Bracewellassertsthathehasarightoftitleto
a parcel of land having been, by himself and
through his predecessorsininterest, in xxx
occupation xxx under a bona fide claim of
ownership since 1908. The land has been
classifiedasalienableordisposableonlyonMay
27, 1972. May his application for confirmation
ofimperfecttitlebegranted?
A:No.Thelandwasonlyclassifiedasalienableor
disposable on May 27, 1972. Prior to said date,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:No.Section14(1)merelyrequirestheproperty
sought to be registered as already alienable and
disposable at the time the application for
registration of title is filed. If the State, at the
timetheapplicationismade,hasnotyetdeemed
itpropertoreleasethepropertyforalienationor
disposition, the presumption is that the
government is still reserving the right to utilize
the property; hence, the need to preserve its
ownership in the State irrespective of the length
of adverse possession even if in good faith.
However, if the property has already been
classified as alienable and disposable, as it is in
this case, then there is already an intention on
the part of the State to abdicate its exclusive
prerogative over the property. (Republic v. CA
andNaguit,G.R.No.144057,Jan.17,2005)
Q:Whomayapplyforjudicialconfirmation?
A:
1. Filipino citizens who by themselves or
through their predecessorsininterest
have been in open, continuous,
exclusive and notorious possession and
occupation of alienable and disposable
lands of public domain under a bona
fide claim of acquisition since June 12,
1945 or prior thereto or since time
immemorial;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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A:
1. That the land is alienable and
disposablelandofpublicdomain;and
Note:ExtendedperiodforfilingofapplicationSec.
1, R.A. 9176 provides in part that, The time to be
fixed in the entire archipelago for the filing of
applications shall not extend beyond December 31,
2020. Provided that the area applied for does not
exceed12hectares.
466
3.UNDERRA8371
B.REGISTRATIONPROCESSANDREQUIREMENTS
Q:Whatarethemodesofregisteringlandtitles?
A:Therearetwomodes:
1. Original registration proceedings
under the Property Registration
Decree(PD1529),and
2. Confirmation of imperfect or
incomplete title under Section
48(b) of the Public Land Act, as
amended.
A:SASTPSAHPIEST
1. Survey of land by Bureau of Lands
or any duly licensed private
surveyor
for
2. Filing
of
Application
registrationbyapplicant
3. Settingofdateforinitialhearingby
thecourt
4. Transmittalofapplicationanddate
of initial hearing together w/ all
documents or other pieces of
evidenceattachedtheretobyclerk
ofcourttoNationalLandTitlesand
Deeds Registration Administration
(NALTDRA)
5. Publication of notice of filing of
application and date and place of
hearing
6. Service of notice by sheriff upon
contiguous owners, occupants and
those known to have interest in
theproperty
7. Filing of Answer or opposition to
the application by any person
whether named in the notice or
not
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Note:Motiontointerveneinalandregistrationcase
isnotallowed.
1.APPLICATION
FORMANDCONTENTS
A:
Inwriting;
1. Signed by the applicant or person
dulyauthorizedinhisbehalf;
Q:Whatarethecontentsoftheapplication?
A:DCAMEFARN
1. Description of the land applied for
together with the buildings and
improvements; the plan approved by
Director of Lands and the technical
descriptionsmustbeattached
4. Mannerofacquisitionofland
5. MortgageorEncumbranceaffectingthe
land or names of other persons who
may have an interest therein, legal or
equitable
9. IftheapplicantisaNonresidentofthe
Philippines, he shall file an instrument
appointing an agent residing in the
Philippines and shall agree that service
ofanylegalprocessshallbeofthesame
legal effect as if made upon the
applicantwithinthePhilippines(Sec.16,
PD1529)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Allmunimentsoftitlesandcopiesthereofwith
survey plan approved by Bureau of Lands must
accompanytheapplication.
Q:Whataremunimentsoftitle?
WHEREFILED
Q:Whereshalltheapplicationbefiled?
A:Iftheapplicationcoversasingleparcelofland
situatedwithin:
1. onlyonecityorprovince:
RTCorMTC,asthecasemaybe,ofthe
province or city where the land is
situated.
2. twoormoreprovincesorcities:
a. Whenboundariesarenotdefined
in the RTC or MTC of the place
where it is declared for taxation
purposes.
b. When boundaries are defined
separate plan for each portion
mustbemadebyasurveyoranda
separate application for each lot
mustbefiledwiththeappropriate
RTCorMTC.
Inothercases,theRTChasjurisdiction.
JurisdictionoftheMTCswasdelegatedthroughthe
JudiciaryReorganizationActof1980(R.A.7691).
468
IncasesofdelegatedjurisdictiontotheMTC,appeal
isdirectedtothe CA. (Sec. 34, BP 129, as amended
bySec.4,R.A.7691)
AMENDMENTOFTHEAPPLICATION
Q:Whenmayanamendmentoftheapplication
behad?
Q:Whomayorderthatanamendmentbedone?
A:Thecourtmayatanytime,orderanapplication
to be amended by striking out one or more
parcelsoflandorbyseveranceoftheapplication.
(Sec.18,PD1529)
A:
Publication
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
b.
c.
Q:Ispublicationandnoticenecessaryincasethe
applicationisamended?
A:Publicationandnoticearenecessarywherethe
amendmenttotheapplicationconsistsin:SIA
1. Substantialchangeintheboundaries
2. Increaseintheareaofthelandapplied
for
3. TheinclusionofAdditionalland
Withoutsuchpublication,theregistration
court cannot acquirejurisdictionover the
areathatisadded.
Q:Whenispublicationnotnecessaryincasethe
applicationisamended?
A:
1. If the amendment consists in the
exclusion of a portion of the area
covered by the original application and
the original plan as previously
published, a new publication is not
necessary(Exclusion).
2.
a.
Joindermeansjoiningoftwoormore
defendantsorplaintiffsinvolvedina
single claim, or where two or more
claims or remedies can be disposed
ofinthesamelegalproceedings.
3.
Anamendmentduetochangeofname
oftheapplicant.
2.PUBLICATIONOFNOTICEOFFILINGOF
APPLICATIONANDDATEANDPLACEOF
HEARING
A:To:
1. chargethewholeworldwithknowledge
of the application of the land involved,
andinvitethemtotakepartinthecase
and assert and prove their rights over
thesubjectland;and
2. conferjurisdictionoverthelandapplied
foruponthecourt.
Q:Wheremustthesaidnoticebepublished?
A:
1. Once in the Official Gazette (OG) this
confersjurisdictionuponthecourt;and
2. Once in a newspaper of general
circulation
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Note:PublicationintheOfficialGazetteissufficient
to confer jurisdiction upon the court. (Sec. 23, P.D.
1529)
DEFECTIVEPUBLICATION
Q:Whenispublicationdefective?
A:Thereisadefectivepublicationinthefollowing
instances:
1. Where what was published in the
Official Gazette is the description of a
bigger lot which includes the lands
subjectofregistration.
Reasons:
a. Sec. 15, PD 1529 requires thatthe
application for registration should
containthedescriptionoftheland
subject of registration and this is
thedescriptiontobepublished;
b. It is the publication of specific
boundaries of lands to be
registered that would actually put
the interested parties on notice of
the registration proceedings and
enable them, if they have rights
and interests in the property, to
show why the application for
registrationshouldnotbegranted;
c. Theadjoiningownersofthebigger
lotwouldnotbethesameowners
of the smaller lots subject of
registration. Hence, notice to
adjoining owners of the bigger lot
is not notice to those of the
smallerlots.
Q:Whatistheeffectofadefectivepublication?
A:Itdeprivesthecourtofjurisdiction.
470
3.OPPOSITION
A:
1. Setforthobjectionstotheapplication;
2. Stateinterestclaimedbyoppositor;
3. Applyfortheremedydesired;and
4. Signedandsworntobyhimorbysome
otherdulyauthorizedperson.
A:Thefollowingmaybeproperoppositors:
1. A homesteader who has not yet been
issued his title but who had fulfilled all
theconditionsrequiredbylawtoentitle
himtoapatent.
2. A purchaser of friar land before the
issuanceofthepatenttohim.
3. Persons who claim to be in possession
of a tract of public land and have
appliedwiththeBureauofLandsforits
purchase.
4. TheGovernmentrelativetotherightof
foreshore lessees of public land as the
lattersrightsisnotbasedondominion
orrealrightindependentoftherightof
thegovernment.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
ABSENCEOFOPPOSITIONORFAILURETO
OPPOSEDEFAULT
Q:Whenmayapersonbedeclaredindefaultin
landregistrationproceedings?
A:Apersonmaybedeclaredindefaultifhefails
tofileanopposition.
Q:Whatistheeffectoffailuretooppose?
A:OrderofdefaultThecourtshall,uponmotion
of the applicant, no reason to the contrary
appearing, order a default to be recorded and
requireapplicanttopresentevidence.
Q:Ajudgedeclaredindefaultanoppositorwho
had already filed with the court an opposition
based on substantial grounds for his failure to
appear at the initial hearing of the application
for registration. Is the default order proper? If
not,whatishisremedy?
A:No,itisnot.Failureoftheoppositortoappear
attheinitialhearingisnotagroundfordefault.In
whichcase,hisproperremedyistofileapetition
for certiorari to contest the illegal declaration or
orderofdefault,notanappeal.(Agcaoili,p.175,
2006)
A:Adefaultorderinlandregistrationproceedings
is entered against the whole world, so that all
persons, except only the parties who had
appeared and filed pleadings in the case, are
boundbysaidorder.
A:Whenthereisnoopposition,allallegationsin
theapplicationaredeemedconfessedonthepart
oftheopponent.
A:
1. Motion to set aside default order A
defaulted interested person may gain
standing in court by filing such motion
at any time after notice thereof and
beforejudgment,uponpropershowing
that:
a. hisfailuretoanswer(orfilean
oppositionasinordinaryland
registration case) was due to:
FAME:
i. Fraud
ii. Accident
iii. Mistake
iv. ExcusableNeglect
b. andthathehasameritorious
defense.(Sec.3,Rule9,Rules
ofCourt)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.EVIDENCE
Q:Whatmusttheapplicantforlandregistration
prove?
A:Theapplicantmustprove:DIP
1. Declassification That the land applied
forhasbeendeclassifiedandisapublic
agricultural land, alienable and
disposable or otherwise capable of
registration;
2. Identityoftheland;and
3. Possession and occupation of the land
for the length of time and in the
mannerrequiredbylaw.
EVIDENCEOFDECLASSIFICATION
A:POEMCIL
1. Presidentialproclamation
2. Administrative Order issued by the
Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources
3. Executiveorder
4. Bureau of Forest Development (BFD)
LandClassificationMap
5. CertificationbytheDirectorofForestry,
andreportsofDistrictForester
6. InvestigationreportsofBureauofLands
investigator
7. Legislativeact,orbystatute(Aquino,p.
63,2007ed)
472
publicland,otherwise,publiclands,regardlessof
their classification, can be subject of registration
of private titles, as long as the applicant shows
that he meets the required years of possession.
The applicant must establish the existence of a
positive act of the government, such as a
presidential proclamation or an executive order;
administrativeaction;reportsofBureauofLands
investigators and a legislative act or a statute.
(Republic v. Ceniza, G.R. No. 127060, Nov. 19,
2002)
EVIDENCEOFIDENTITYOFTHELAND
2
A:ST D
1. Surveyplaningeneral
2. Tracingclothplanandblueprintcopies
ofplan
3. Technicaldescriptionoftheland
4. TaxDeclarations
A:
GR:Boundariesprevailoverarea.
XPNs:
Boundaries relied upon do not identify land
beyonddoubt.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
EVIDENCEOFPOSSESSIONANDOCCUPATION
Q:Whatmayconstituteproofofpossession?
A:Toprovepossession,itisnotenoughtosimply
declare ones possession and that of the
applicantspredecessorsininteresttohavebeen
adverse, continuous, open, public, peaceful and
inconceptofownerfortherequirednumberof
years.Theapplicantshouldpresentspecificfacts
to show such nature of possession because bare
allegations, without more, do not amount to
preponderant evidence that would shift the
burden to the oppositor. (Diaz v. Republic, G.R.
No.141031,Aug.31,2004)
A:
1. Introducing valuable improvements on
thepropertylikefruitbearingtrees;
2. Fencingthearea;
3. Constructing a residential house
thereon;or
4. Declaring the same for taxation
purposes.
Q:Whatareinsufficientproofsofpossession?
A:COF3T
1. Mere Casual cultivation of portions of
thelandbyclaimant.
Reason:Possessionisnotexclusiveand
notorious so as to give rise to a
presumptivegrantfromtheState.
2. PossessionofOtherpersonsintheland
applied for impugns the exclusive
qualityoftheapplicantspossession.
5.
Reason:Holder isnotintheconceptof
owner and possessory acts no matter
howlongdonotstarttherunningofthe
periodofprescription.
5.
Q:MauricioandCarmencitatestifiedtoestablish
their claim over the subject lots. When the
application was granted, the OSG appealed,
arguing that weight should not be given to the
selfservingtestimoniesofthetwo;thattheirtax
declaration is not sufficient proof that they and
their parents have been in possession of the
property for at least thirty years, said tax
declarationbeingonlyfortheyear1994andthe
propertytaxreceiptspresentedbythemwereall
of recent dates. Are the said pieces of evidence
sufficient to establish actual possession of land
for the period required by law thus warranting
thegrantoftheapplication?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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EVIDENCEOFPRIVATEOWNERSHIP
A:STOP
1. Spanishtitle,impendingcases.
2.
Taxdeclarationandtaxpayments.
474
3.
Otherkindsofproof.
E.g.Testimonialevidence(i.e.accretion
isonalandadjacenttoariver).
4.
Q:Aretaxdeclarationsorpaymentofrealtytax
conclusiveevidenceofownership?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
1. Compromise agreement among parties
to a land registration case where they
have rights and interest over the land
and allocated portions thereof to each
ofthem.
2.
3.
Surveyplanofaninalienableland.
Note: Such plan does not convert such
landintoalienableland,muchlessprivate
property.
A:Ifthecourt,afterconsideringtheevidenceand
reportoftheLRA,findsthattheapplicantorthe
oppositor has sufficient title proper for
registration, it shall render judgment confirming
thetitleoftheapplicant,ortheoppositor,tothe
landorportionsthereof,asthecasemaybe.(Sec.
5.JUDGMENTANDDECREE
OFREGISTRATION
Q:Whatisdecreeofregistration?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatdoesadecreeofregistrationcover?
A:Onlyclaimedpropertyoraportionthereofcan
be adjudicated. A land registration court has no
jurisdictiontoadjudgealandtoapersonwhohas
neverassertedanyrightofownershipthereof.
Q:Whatistheeffectofadecreeofregistration?
476
in1965XsoldittoY,newtitlesweresuccessively
issuedinthenamesofthesaidpurchasers.
Theappealisnotmeritorious.Thetrialcourtruled
correctlyingrantingdefendant'smotiontodismiss
forthefollowingreasons:
UnderSec.45,Act496,theentryofacertificate
oftitleshallberegardedasanagreementrunning
withtheland,andbindingupontheapplicantand
allhissuccessorsintitlethatthelandshallbeand
always remain registered land. A title under Act
496isindefeasibleandtopreservethatcharacter,
the title is cleansed anew with every transfer for
value(DeJesusv.CityofManila,G.R.No.L26816,
Feb.28,1967;Laperalv.CityofManila,G.R.No.L
16991,Mar.31,1964;Penullarv.PNB,G.R.No.L
32762Jan.27,1983)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Maythecourtreopenthejudgmentordecree
ofregistration?
ENTRYOFDECREEOFREGISTRATION
A:
1. This serves as the reckoning date
to determine the 1year period
from which one can impugn the
validityoftheregistration.
2. 1 year after the date of entry, it
becomes incontrovertible, and
amendments will not be allowed
exceptclericalerrors.Itisdeemed
conclusiveastothewholeworld.
3. Putsanendtolitigation.
WRITOFPOSSESSION
Q:Whatiswritofpossession?
A:Itisawritemployedtoenforceajudgmentto
recover the possession of land, commanding the
sheriff to enter into the land and give the
possession thereof to the person entitled under
thejudgment.(Pineda,Property,p.45,1999ed)
Note:Itmaybeissuedonlypursuanttoadecreeof
registration in an original land registration
proceeding.
A:Possessionofthepropertymaybeobtainedby
filinganexpartemotionwiththeRTCcourtofthe
provinceorplacewherethepropertyissituated.
Uponfilingofthemotionandtherequiredbond,
itbecomesaministerialdutyofthecourttoorder
theissuanceofawritofpossessioninfavorofthe
purchaser. After the expiration of the oneyear
periodwithoutredemptionbeingeffectedbythe
propertyowner,therightofthepurchasertothe
possession of the foreclosed property becomes
absolute. (PNB v. Sanao Marketing Corporation,
G.R.No.153951,July29,2005)
A:Inaregistrationcase,awritofpossessionmay
beissuedagainst:
1. Thepersonwhohasbeendefeatedina
registrationcase;and
2. Any person adversely occupying the
land or any portion thereof during the
land registration proceedings up to the
issuance of the final decree (Agcaoili
Reviewer,p.167,2008ed)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Ifthecourtgrantedtheregistration,mustthe
applicant move for the issuance of a writ of
possession in case he is deprived of possession
over the land subject of the registration
proceedings?
A:
Yes,ifitisagainst:
1. thepersonwhohasbeendefeatedina
registrationcase;and
2. any person adversely occupying the
land or any portion thereof during the
land registration proceedings up to the
issuanceofthefinaldecree.
No,ifitisagainstpersonswhotookpossessionof
the land after final adjudication of the same ina
registration proceeding. In which case, the
remedyisfileaseparateactionfor:
1. unlawfulentry;
2. unlawfuldetainer;or
3. reinvindicatory action, as the case may
be,andonlyafterafavorablejudgment
cantheprevailingpartysecureawritof
possession. (Agcaoili Reviewer, p. 168,
2008 ed, citing Bernas v. Nuevo, G.R.
No.L58438,Jan.31,1984)
478
A:
GR:No.
6.DECREEOFCONFIRMATIONAND
REGISTRATION
A:Decreeofregistrationisissuedpursuanttothe
Property Registration Decree, where there
already exists a title which is confirmed by the
court.
Decreeofconfirmationandregistrationoftitleis
issuedpursuanttothePublicLandAct,wherethe
presumption always is that the land applied for
pertainstotheState,andthattheoccupantsand
possessors only claim an interest in the same by
virtueoftheirimperfecttitleorcontinuous,open,
and notorious possession. (Limcoma Multi
PurposeCooperativev.Republic,G.R.No.167652,
July10,2007)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
DIRECTATTACK
COLLATERALATTACK
Itismadewhen,inanother
actiontoobtainadifferent
Theissuesare
relief,anattackonthe
raisedinadirect
judgmentismadeasan
proceedinginan
incidentinsaidaction.
actioninstituted
forthat
e.g.Torrenstitleisquestioned
purpose.
intheordinarycivilactionfor
recoveryofpossession
Q:Inacaseforrecoveryofpossessionbasedon
ownership, is a thirdparty complaint to nullify
thetitleofthethirdpartydefendantconsidered
adirectattackonthetitle?
A:Iftheobjectofthethirdpartycomplaintisto
nullify the title of the thirdparty defendant, the
thirdparty complaint constitutes a directattack
onthetitlebecausethesameisinthenature of
an original complaint for cancellation of title.
(AgcaoiliReviewer,p.264.2008)
C.REMEDIESIN.REGISTRATIONPROCEEDINGS
Q:Whataretheremediesofanaggrievedparty
inregistrationproceedings?
A:RADARCANQP
1. Relieffromjudgment
2. Appeal
3. ActionforDamages
4. Action for Compensation from the
AssuranceFund
5. ActionforReconveyance
6. Cancellationofsuits
7. Annulmentofjudgment
8. Newtrial
9. Quietingoftitle
10. PetitionforReview(ofaDecree)
APPEAL
Q:Inlandregistrationcases,withinwhatperiod
mayanappealbefiled?
A:Itmustbefiledwithin15daysfromreceiptof
thejudgmentorfinalorderappealedfrom.
Q:Whichcourtshaveappellatejurisdictionover
landregistrationcases?
A:UnderPD1529,judgmentsandordersinland
registration cases are appealable to the CA or to
theSCinthesamemannerasordinaryactions.
A:Onlythosewhoparticipatedintheproceedings
caninterposeanappeal.
Q:Inlandregistrationcases,mayapartyvalidly
moveforexecutionpendingappeal?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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PETITIONFORREVIEW
A:
Petitionerhasarealright;
Hehasbeendeprivedthereof;
The deprivation is through fraud
(actual/extrinsic);
Petition is filed within 1 year from issuance
ofthedecree;and
The property has not yet passed to an
innocentpurchaserforvalue.
A:Anypersonmayfileapetitionforreviewtoset
aside the decree of registration on the ground
that he was deprived of their opportunity to be
heard in the original registration case not later
than1yearaftertheentryofthedecree.
Q:Onwhatgroundsmayapetitionforreviewbe
filed?
A:
1. That a land belonging to a person
hasbeenregisteredinthenameof
another or that an interest has
beenomittedintheapplication;
2. Registration has been procured
thruactualfraud;
3. Petitioner is the owner of thesaid
propertyorinteresttherein;
4. Property has not been transferred
toaninnocentpurchaserforvalue;
5. Actionisfiledwithinoneyearfrom
the issuance and entry of the
decreeofregistration;or
6. Actualfraudmustbeutilizedinthe
procurementofthedecreeandnot
thereafter
Note:Whatiscontemplatedbylawis
extrinsicfraud.(Garinganv.Garingan,G.R.
No.144095,Apr.12,2005)
RECONVEYANCE
Q:Whatisactionforreconveyance?
480
Note:Thisactionmaybefiledevenafterthelapseof
1 year from entry of the decree of registration as
long as the property has not been transferred or
conveyedtoaninnocentpurchaserforvalue.
A:
GROUNDS
PRESCRIPTIVEPERIOD
4yearsfromthediscoveryofthe
fraud(deemedtohavetaken
placefromtheissuanceofthe
originalcertificateoftitle)
Fraud
Note:TheStatehasan
imprescriptiblerighttocausethe
reversionofapieceofproperty
belongingtothepublicdomainif
titlehasbeenacquiredthrough
fraudulentmeans.
Impliedor
Constructive
Trust
10yearsfromthedateofthe
issuanceoftheOCTorTCT.
Itdoesnotapplywherethe
personenforcingthetrustisin
actualpossessionoftheproperty
becauseheisineffectseekingto
quiettitletothesamewhichis
imprescriptible.
Notbarredbyprescription
Imprescriptible
ExpressTrust
VoidContract
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OnNovember28,1986,theSolicitorGeneralfiled
A:Iffraudbediscoveredintheapplicationwhich
ledtotheissuanceofthepatentandCertificateof
Title, this Title becomes ipso facto null and void.
Thus, in a case where a person who obtained a
freepatent,knowinglymadeafalsestatementof
material and essential facts in his application for
the same, by stating therein that the lot in
question was part of the public domain not
occupiedorclaimedbyanyotherperson,histitle
becomes ipso facto canceled and consequently
renderednullandvoid.
Thisactiondoesnotprescribe.
WithrespecttoPercival'sactionforreconveyance,
it would have prescribed, having been filed more
thanten(10)yearsafterregistrationandissuance
of an OCT in the name of Melvin, were it not for
the inherent infirmity of the latter's title. Under
the facts, the statute of limitations will not apply
toPercivalbecauseMelvinknewthatapartofthe
land covered by his title actually belonged to
Percival.So,insteadofnullifyingintotothetitleof
Melvin, the court, in the exercise of equity and
jurisdiction, may grant prayer for the
reconveyanceofLotBtoPercivalwhohasactually
possessed the land under a claim of ownership
since 1947. After all, if Melvin's title is declared
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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voidabinitioandthelandisrevertedtothepublic
domain, Percival would just the same be entitled
to preference right to acquire the land from the
government. Besides, well settled is the rule that
once public land has been in open, continuous,
exclusive and notorious possession under a
bonafideclaimofacquisitionofownershipforthe
periodprescribedbySec.48,PublicLandAct,the
same ipso jure ceases to be public and in
contemplation of law acquired the character of
privateland.Thus,reconveyanceofthelandfrom
MelvintoPercivalwouldbethebetterprocedure.
(Vital v. Anore, G.R. No. L4136, Feb. 29, 1952;
Pena, Land Titles and Deeds, p. 427, 1982 ed)
(1997BarQuestion)
Q:Rommelwasissuedacertificateoftitleovera
parcel of land in Quezon City. One year later,
Rachelle, the legitimate owner of the land,
discovered the fraudulent registration obtained
by Rommel. She filed a complaint against
Rommel for reconveyance and caused the
annotation of a notice of lis pendens on the
certificate of title issued to Rommel. Rommel
now invokes the indefeasibility of his title
considering that one year has already elapsed
fromitsissuance.Healsoseeksthecancellation
ofthenoticeoflispendens.
A:Yes,Rachellessuitwillprosperbecauseallthe
elements of an action for reconveyance are
present,namely:
1. Rachelle is claiming dominical rights
overtheproperty;
2. Rommel procured his title to the land
byfraud;
3. The action was brought within the
statutory period of four years from
discovery of the fraud and not later
than 10 years from the date of
registrationofRommelstitle;and
4. Titletothelandhasnotyetpassedinto
thehandsofaninnocentpurchaserfor
value.
Rommelcaninvoketheindefeasibility ofhistitle
if Rachelle had filed a petition to reopen or
review the decree of registration. But Rachelle
instead filed an ordinary action in personam for
reconveyance. In the latter action, indefeasibility
is not a valid defense, because in filing such
action, Rachelle is not seeking to nullify nor to
impugn the indefeasibility of Rommels title. She
is only asking the court to compel Rommel to
482
reconveythetitletoherasthelegitimateowner
oftheland.
A:Anoticeoflispendensmaybecancelledeven
before final judgment upon proper showing that
the notice is for the purpose of molesting or
harassing the adverse party orthat the noticeof
lispendensisnotnecessarytoprotecttherightof
thepartywhocauseittoberegistered.(Sec.77,
PD1529)
A:No.ItappearsthattheywerenotifiedofInes
application for free patent and were duly
afforded the opportunity to object to the
registration and to substantiate their claims,
whichtheyfailedtodoandtheynevercontested
the order of the Bureau of Lands disregarding
theirclaims.Thiscouldonlymeanthattheyeither
agreed with the order or decided to abandon
theirclaims.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
DAMAGES
Q:Whenmayanactionfordamagesberesorted
toinlandregistrationcases?
CANCELLATIONSUIT
Q:Whatiscancellationsuit?
Q:Whenisresorttoacancellationsuitproper?
A:
1. Whentwocertificatesoftitleareissued
to different persons covering the same
parceloflandinwholeorinpart;
Q:Whataretherulesasregardscancellationof
certificatesoftitlebelongingtodifferentpersons
overthesameland?
A:Itisaprinciplewhichmeanshewhoisfirstin
time is preferred in right. (Agcaoili Reviewer, p.
189,1999ed)
Q:Pablooccupiedaparceloflandsince1800.In
1820,hewasissuedacertificateoftitleoversaid
land.In1830,however,thelandwasreclassified
asalienableanddisposable,asitwasoriginallya
forestland.In1850,Pedrowasabletoobtaina
certificate of title over the same land. Upon
learning of such, Pablo sought to have Pedros
titledeclarednullandvoid.Decide.
QUIETINGOFTITLE
Q:Whatisactionforquietingoftitle?
A:Itisanactionthatisbroughttoremoveclouds
on the title to real property or any interest
therein, by reason of any instrument, record,
claim, encumbrance, or proceeding which is
apparentlyvalidoreffectivebutisintruthandin
fact
invalid,
ineffective,
voidable
or
unenforceable, and may be prejudicial to said
title.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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Q:Whomayfileanactiontoquiettitle?
A:
Registeredowner;
A person who has an equitable right or
interestintheproperty;or
TheState.
Note:
CriminalactionStatemaycriminallyprosecutefor
perjury the party who obtains registration through
fraud,suchasbystatingfalseassertionsinthesworn
answer required of applicants in cadastral
proceedings.
ActionfordamagesFiledinanordinaryactionfor
damagesifthepropertyhaspasseduntothehands
ofaninnocentpurchaserforvalue.
REMEDYINCASEOFLOSSOR
DESRUCTIONOFCERTIFICATEOFTITLE:
A:Itdepends.
1. If what is lost is the OCT or TCT
Reconstitutionofcertificateoftitle;
2. If, however, it is the duplicate of the
OCT or TCT Replacement of lost
duplicatecertificateoftitle.
RECONSTITUTIONOFCERTIFICATEOFTITLE
Q:Whatisreconstitutionofcertificateoftitle?
Q:Whatisthepurposeofreconstitutionoftitle?
484
A:
1. Certificatehasbeenlostordestroyed;
2. Petitioner is the registered owner or
hasaninteresttherein;and
3. Certificate was in force at the time it
waslostordestroyed.
A:Noticethereofshallbe:
1. Published twice in successive issues of
theOfficialGazette;
2. Posted on the main entrance of the
provincialbuildingandofthemunicipal
building of the municipality or city,
wherethelandissituated;and
3. Sentbyregisteredmailtoeveryperson
namedinsaidnotice
Q:Whatarethekindsofreconstitutionoftitle?
A:
1. Judicial partakes the nature of a land
registration proceeding in rem. The
registered owners, assigns, or any
person having an interest in the
property may file a petition for that
purpose with RTC where property is
located. RD is not the proper party to
filethepetition.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Judicialreconstitution
ForOCT(inthefollowingorder):
1. Owners duplicate of the certificate
oftitle
2. Coowners, mortgagees or lessees
duplicateofsaidcertificate
3. Certified copy of such certificate,
previously issued by the Register of
Deeds
4. Authenticated copy of the decree of
registration or patent, as the case
may be, which was the basis of the
certificateoftitle
5. Deed or mortgage, lease or
encumbrance containing description
ofpropertycoveredbythecertificate
oftitleandonfilewiththeRegistryof
Deeds, or an authenticated copy
thereof
6. Any other document which, in the
judgment of the court, is sufficient
andproperbasisforreconstitution
ForTCT(inthefollowingorder):
1. Owners duplicate of the certificate
oftitle
2. Coowners, mortgagees or lessees
duplicateofsaidcertificate
3.
Administrativereconstitution
1. Owners duplicate of the certificate of
title
2. Coowners, mortgagees or lessees
duplicateofsaidcertificate
REPLACEMENTOF
LOSTDUPLICATECERTIFICATEOFTITLE
A:No.Whentheduplicatetitleofthelandowner
islost,theproperpetitionisnotreconstitutionof
title, but one filed with the court for issuance of
newtitleinlieuofthelostcopy.
A:
1. Registeredowner
2. Eachcoowner
A:
1. Due notice under oath shall be sent by
the owner or by someone in his behalf
totheRegisterofDeedsoftheprovince
or city where the land lies as soon as
thelossortheftisdiscovered.
2. Petitionforreplacementshouldbefiled
with the RTC of the province or city
wherethelandlies.
3. NoticetoSolicitorGeneralbypetitioner
is not imposed by law but it is the
Register of Deeds who should request
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.
AMENDMENTORCORRECTIONOFTITLE
A:When:
1. registered interests of any description,
whethervested,contingentorinchoate
haveterminatedandceased;
2. new interests have arisen or been
created which do not appear upon the
certificate;
3. any error, omission or mistake was
made in entering a certificate or any
memorandum thereon or on any
duplicatecertificate;
4. the name of any person on the
certificatehasbeenchanged;
5. theregisteredownerhasbeenmarried,
or registered as married, the marriage
hasterminatedandnorightorinterest
of heirs or creditors will thereby be
affected;
6. a corporation, which owned registered
land and has been dissolved, has not
conveyedthesamewithin3yearsafter
itsdissolution;or
7. there is a reasonable ground for the
amendmentoralterationoftitle.
A:FREONU
1. ItmustbeFiledintheoriginalcase;
2. BytheRegisteredownerorapersonin
interest;
3. OngroundsEnumerated;
4. AllpartiesmustbeNotified;
5. ThereisUnanimityamongthem;and
6. OriginaldecreemustnotbeOpened.
CANCELLATIONOFTITLE
A:
1. Whentitleisvoid;
486
2.
3.
SURRENDEROF
WITHHELDDUPLICATECERTIFICATEOFTITLE
A:
1. When it is necessary to issue a new
certificate of title pursuant to any
involuntary instrument which divests
thetitleoftheregisteredowneragainst
hisconsent;
2. Where a voluntary instrument cannot
beregisteredbyreasonoftherefusalor
failure of the holder to surrender the
ownersduplicatecertificateoftitle;or
3. Wheretheownersduplicatecertificate
is not presented for amendment or
alterationpursuanttoacourtorder.
REVERSION
Q:Whatismeantbyreversion?
Q:Whendoesreversionapply?
A:Generally,reversionappliesinallcaseswhere
lands of public domain and the improvements
thereon and all lands are held in violation of the
Constitution.(AgcaoiliReviewer,p.221,1999ed)
A:
1. Violation of Sec.s 118, 120, 121 and
122, Public Land Act (e.g. alienation or
sale of homestead executed within the
5yearprohibitoryperiod
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
4.
5.
Note:Indefeasibilityoftitle,prescription,lachesand
estoppeldonotbarreversionsuits.
D.CADASTRALLANDREGISTRATION
Q:Whatiscadastralregistration?
A:Itisaproceedinginrem,initiatedbythefiling
of a petition for registration by the government,
notbythepersonsclaimingownershipoftheland
subjectthereof,andthelatterare,onthepainof
losing their claim thereto, in effect compelled to
gotocourttomakeknowntheirclaimorinterest
therein, and to substantiate such claim or
interest.
Q:Whatisthepurposeofcadastralregistration?
A:
1. Cadastralsurvey
2. Filingofpetition
3. Publicationofnoticeofinitialhearing
4. Filingofanswer
5. Hearingofcase
6. Decision
7. Issuanceofdecree&certificateoftitle
V.SUBSEQUENTREGISTRATION
Q:Whatissubsequentregistration?
A:
GR: The mere execution of deeds of sale,
mortgages, leases or other voluntary
documentsservesonly2purposes:
1. as a contract between the
partiesthereto
2. as evidence of authority to
the RD to register such
documents(Sec.51,PD1529)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Note:Itisonlytheactofregisteringtheinstrument
intheRDoftheprovinceorthecitywheretheland
lies which is the operative act that conveys
ownership or affects the land insofar as third
personsareconcerned(Sec.51,PD1529).
Yes,incaseofinvoluntarytransfer.
Note:Thefactthatnotransfercertificateoftitlehas
as yet been issued by the RD in the name of the
vendor, cannot detract from the rights of a
purchaserforvalueandingoodfaithentitledtothe
protection of law, once the deed of sale has been
recordedinthedaybook.Whatremainstobedone
liesnotwithinhispowertoperform.
Q:Ismereregistrationintheentryordaybook
of the deed of sale without the presentation of
the duplicate certificate enough to effect
conveyance?
A:Itdepends.
No,incaseofvoluntarytransfer.
Q:Differentiatevoluntaryfrominvoluntarydealingsinland?
A:
VOLUNTARYDEALINGS
INVOLUNTARYDEALINGS
Concept
Refertodeeds,instrumentsordocumentswhicharethe
resultsoffreeandvoluntaryactsofthepartiesthereto
Refertosuchwrit,orderorprocessissuedbyacourtof
recordaffectingregisteredlandwhichbylawshouldbe
registeredtobeeffective,andalsotosuchinstruments
which are not the willful acts of the registered owner
and which may have been executed even without his
knowledgeoragainsthisconsent
Kinds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sale
Realpropertymortgage
Lease
Pactoderetrosale
Extrajudicialsettlement
Freepatent/homestead
Powersofattorney
Trusts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Attachment
Saleonexecutionofjudgmentorsalesfor
taxes
Adverseclaims
Noticeoflispendens
EffectsofRegistration
An innocent purchaser for value of registered land
becomestheregisteredownerthemomenthepresents
andfilesadulynotarizedandvaliddeedofsaleandthe Entry thereof in the day book of the RD is sufficient
same is enteredin the day book and at the sametime notice to all persons even if the owners duplicate
he surrenders or presents the owners duplicate certificateoftitleisnotpresentedtotheRD
certificate of title covering the land sold and pays the
registrationfees
Requirementtopresenttitle
Needtopresenttitletorecordthedeedinregistryand
tomakememorandumontitle
488
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Mustvoluntarydealingsberegistered?
A:PIPE
1. Presentation of owners duplicate
certificate whenever any duly executed
voluntary instrument is filed for
registration;
2. Inclusion of one extra copy of any
document of transfer or alienation of
realproperty,tobefurnishedtothecity
orprovincialassessor;
3. Paymentofprescribedregistrationfees
andrequisitedocstamps;and
4. Evidence of full payment of real estate
taxasmaybedue.
A:It:
1. creates a lien that attaches to the
propertyinfavorofthemortgagee;and
2. constitutes constructive notice of his
interest in the property to the whole
world.
B.INVOLUNTARYDEALINGS
Q:Mustinvoluntarydealingsberegistered?
A:Yes.Itistheactofregistrationwhichcreatesa
constructive notice to the whole world of such
instrument or court writ or process and is the
operative act that conveys ownership or affects
the land insofar as third persons are concerned.
(Aquino,p.185,2007ed)
ATTACHMENT
Q:Whatisattachment?
SALEONEXECUTION
Q:Whatissaleonexecution?
ADVERSECLAIM
Q:Whatisadverseclaim?
A:Itisanotice tothirdpersonsthatsomeoneis
claiming an interest on the property or has a
better right than the registered owner thereof,
and that any transaction regarding the disputed
landissubjecttotheoutcomeofthedispute.
Q:Whenisaclaimofinterestadverse?
A:
1. Claimantsrightorinterestinregistered
landisadversetotheregisteredowner;
2. Suchrightarosesubsequenttothedate
oforiginalregistration;or
3. No other provision is made in the
decreefortheregistrationofsuchright
orclaim.
Q:Whataretheformalrequisitesofanadverse
claimforpurposesofregistration?
A:WNR
1. Adverse claimant must state the
followinginWriting:
a. hisallegedrightorinterest;
b. how and under whom such alleged
rightofinterestisacquired;
c. descriptionofthelandinwhichthe
rightorinterestisclaimed;and
d. certificateoftitlenumber
Q:Howareadverseclaimsregistered?
A:ByfilingaswornstatementwiththeRegisterof
Deeds of the province where the property is
located, setting forth the basis of the claimed
right together with other data pertinent thereto.
(Agcaoili,p.538,2006)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Anyclaimofpartorinterestinregisteredland
that are adverse to the registered owner, arising
subsequenttothedateoftheoriginalregistration
(Sec.70,PD1529)
A:Itrenderstheadverseclaimeffectiveandany
transaction regarding the disputed land shall be
subjecttotheoutcomeofthedispute(Aquino,p.
217,2007ed)
Q:Whatarethelimitationstotheregistrationof
anadverseclaim?
A:Yes.
1. No second adverse claim based on the
same ground may be registered by the
sameclaimant.
2. A mere money claim cannot be
registeredasanadverseclaim.
Q:Mayanadverseclaimexistconcurrentlywith
a subsequent annotation of a notice of lis
pendens?
490
Q:MaytheRDcancelanadverseclaim?
Q:Whatmustaninterestedpartydoifheseeks
thecancellationofaregisteredadverseclaim?
A:Theinterestedpartymustfilewiththeproper
courtapetitionforcancellationofadverseclaim,
andahearingmustalsofirstbeconducted.
NOTICEOFLISPENDENS
Q:Whatisnoticeoflispendens?
A:Lispendensliterallymeansapendingsuit.The
doctrine of lis pendens refers to the jurisdiction,
power or control which a court acquires over
property involved in a suit, pending the
continuance of the action, and until final
judgment.(AgcaoiliReviewer,p.343,2008ed)
Itmerelycreatesacontingencyandnotalien.It
doesnotproduceanyrightorinterestwhichmay
beexercisedoverthepropertyofanother.Itonly
protects the applicants rights which will be
determinedduringtrial.(Aquino,p.221,2007ed;
AgcaoiliReviewer,p.255,1999ed)
A:To:
1. protect the rights of the party causing
theregistrationofthelispendens;and
2. advise third persons who purchase or
contract on the subject property that
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whenmayanoticeoflispendensbehadand
whenmayitnotberesortedto?
A:
NOTICEOFLISPENDENS
Whenapplicable
WhenInapplicable
1. Recover possession
ofrealestate
2. Quietingoftitle
3. Remove clouds upon
title
4. ForPartition
5. Anyotherproceeding
of any kind in court
directly affecting title
to the land or its use
or occupation or the
buildingthereon
1. Attachments
2. Levyorexecution
3. Proceedings
on
probateorwills
4. Administration of
the real estate of
deceasedperson
5. Proceedings for the
recovery of money
judgments
A:Thefilingofnoticeoflispendenshas2effects:
1. Itkeepsthesubjectmatterof litigation
within the power of the court until the
entry of the final judgment to prevent
the defeat of the final judgment by
successivealienation;and
2. Itbindsapurchaser,bonafideornot,of
the land subject of the litigation to the
judgment or decree that the court will
promulgate subsequently (Agcaoili
Reviewer,p.344,1999ed)
A:LUPD
1. Liens,claimsorrightsarisingorexisting
under the laws and the Constitution,
notrequiredbylawtoappearofrecord
intheRD;
A:Anoticeoflispendensmaybecancelledinthe
followingcasesbeforefinaljudgmentuponorder
ofthecourt:MENDPC
2. WheretheEvidencesofarpresentedby
theplaintiffdoesnotbearoutthemain
allegationsofthecomplaint;
4. Wherethecontinuancesofthetrialare
unnecessarily
Delaying
the
determination of the case to the
prejudiceofthedefendant;
5. UponverifiedPetitionofthepartywho
causedtheregistrationthereof;or
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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pendingandundetermined,thepropercourthas
discretionary power to cancel it under peculiar
circumstances, as for instance, where the
evidence so far presented by the plaintiffs does
not bear out the main allegations of his
complaint, and where the continuances of the
trial, for which the plaintiffs is responsible are
unnecessarily delaying the determination of the
casetotheprejudiceofthedefendants.(Baranda
v.Gustillo,G.R.No.L81163,Sept.26,1988)
VI.NONREGISTRABLEPROPERTIES
Q:Whatarenonregistrablelands?
A:Thesearepropertiesofpublicdominionwhich,
under existing legislation, are not the subject of
private ownership and are reserved for public
purposes.(Aquino,p.38,2007ed)
A:Theyareintendedforpublicuse,publicservice
or development of thenational wealth. They are
outsidethecommerceofmenand,therefore,not
subjecttoprivateappropriation.
Q:Whichlandsarenonregistrable?
A:
1. Property of public domain or those
intended for public use, public service
ordevelopmentofthenationalwealth.
2. Forestortimberlands
3. Watersheds
4. Mangroveswamps
5. Minerallands
6. Parksandplazas
7. Militaryornavalreservations
8. Foreshorelands
9. Reclaimedlands
10. Submergedareas
11. Riverbanks
12. Lakes
13. Reservations for public and semipublic
purposes
14. Others of similar character (Agcaoili
Reviewer,p.82,2008)
FORESTLAND
Q:In1913,Gov.Gen.Forbesreservedaparcelof
land for provincial park purposes. Sometime
thereafter, the court ordered said land to be
registeredinIgnacioPalomosname.Whatisthe
492
effectoftheactofGov.GenForbesinreserving
thelandforprovincialparkpurposes?
FORESHORELAND
Q:Whatisforeshoreland?
MANGROVESWAMPS
Q:Whataremangroveswamps?
MINERALLANDS
Q:Whatareminerallands?
Mineralresources,ontheotherhand,meansany
concentration of mineral/rocks with potential
economicvalue.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Whatiswatershed?
Q:Whatiswatershedreservation?
VII.DEALINGSWITHUNREGISTEREDLANDS
Q:Whichlandsareregistrable?
A:
1. Alienable and disposable public
agriculturallands;and
2. Privatelands.
A:Registeredlandortheownersarenotrelieved
fromthefollowing:
1. any rights incident to the relation of
husbandandwife,landlordandtenant;
2. liability to attachment or levy on
execution;
3. liability to any lien of any description
established by law on the land and
buildings thereon, or in the interest of
theownerinsuchlandorbuilding;
4. any right or liability that may arise due
tochangeofthelawofdescent;
5. the rights of partition between co
owners;
6. the right of government to take the
landbyeminentdomain;
7. liability to be recovered by an assignee
in insolvency or trustee or bankruptcy
under the laws relative to preferences;
and
8. anyotherrightsorliabilitiescreatedby
lawandapplicabletounregisteredland.
A.ADVERSEPOSSESSION
Q:Whenispossessionadverse?
A:
1. Possessionmustbe:OCENCU
a. Open;
b. Continuous;
c. Exclusive;
d. Notorious;
e. IntheConceptofanowner;and
f. Uninterruptedpossessionfor:
i.
10 Years If possession is in
goodfaithandwithjusttitle
ii.
30 Years If possession is in
badfaithandwithoutjusttitle
2. Landpossessedmustbeanalienableor
disposablepublicland
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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UnderCANo.141,thereckoningpointisJune12,
1945. If the predecessorsininterest of Manna
Propertieshavebeeninpossessionofthelandin
question since this date, or earlier, Manna
Properties may rightfully apply for confirmation
of title to the land.Manna Properties, a private
corporation, may apply for judicial confirmation
of the land without need of a separate
confirmation proceeding for its predecessorsin
interest first. (Republic v. Manna Properties Inc.,
G.R.No.146527,Jan.31,2005)
Note:Sec.48(b),CA141orPublicLandActgoverns
theconfirmationofimperfectorincompletetitlesto
landsofthepublicdomain.
B.ACQUISITIONOFTITLEBYLAW
Q:Howmaylandtitlesbeacquiredbylaw?
A:
1. FreePatentsbasedonPublicLandAct;
2. TitletoAccretioninriverbanks;
3. Reclamation;or
4. TitlebyEscheat(Rule91,RulesofCourt)
PATENTSUNDERTHEPUBLICLANDACT
Q:WhatarethedifferentkindsofpatentsunderthePublicLandAct?Towhomaretheygrantedandwhat
aretherequirementsforacquisitionofsuch?
A:
TOWHOMGRANTED
REQUIREMENTS
HomesteadPatent
ToanyFilipinocitizenovertheageof
18yearsorheadofafamily
Doesnotownmorethan24hectaresoflandinthePhilippinesorhasnothadthe
benefitofanygratuitousallotmentofmorethan24hectares
Musthaveresidedcontinuouslyforatleast1yearinthemunicipalitywherethe
landissituated
Musthavecultivatedatleast1/5ofthelandappliedfor
FreePatent
Toanynaturalborncitizenofthe
Philippines
Doesnotownmorethan12hectaresofland
Hascontinuouslyoccupiedandcultivated,eitherbyhimselforhispredecessorsin
interesttract/sofagriculturalpubliclandsubjecttodisposition
SalesPatent
CitizensofthePhilippinesoflawful
ageorsuchcitizensnotoflawfulage
whoisheadofafamilymaypurchase
publicagriculturallandofnotmore
than12hectares
Tohaveatleast1/5ofthelandbrokenandcultivatedwithin5yearsfromthedate
oftheaward
Shallhaveestablishedactualoccupancy,cultivationandimprovementofatleast
1/5ofthelanduntilthedateofsuchfinalpayment
SpecialPatents
TononChristianFilipinosunderSec.
84ofthePublicLandAct
494
Sec.oftheDILGshallcertifythatthemajorityofthenonChristianinhabitantsof
anygivenreservationhaveadvancedsufficientlyincivilization
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:By:
1. Succession(testateorintestate)
a. Bydescenttitleisacquiredwhen
an heir succeeds the deceased
owner whether by testate or
intestate.
b. By devise person acquires land
fromonewhomayormaynotbea
relative, if he is named in the
deceasedswillasdeviseeforsuch
property.
LANDPATENTS
Q:Howarepubliclandssuitableforagricultural
purposesdisposedof?
A:
1. Lands acquired under free patent or
homestead patent is prohibited from
beingalienated,exceptifinfavorofthe
government,5yearsfromandafterthe
issuanceofthepatentorgrant.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Noalienation,transferorconveyanceof
any homestead after five (5) years and
before twentyfive (25) years after the
issuance of title shall be valid without
the approval of the Secretary of DENR.
(C.A. No. 141 as amended by C.A. No.
458)
It cannot be alienated within five (5)
years after approval of such patent
application.
Itcannotbeliableforthesatisfactionof
debt within five (5) years after the
approvalofsuchpatentapplication.
It is subject to repurchase of the heirs
within five (5) years after alienation
whensuchisalreadyallowed.
No private corporation, partnership or
association may lease such land unless
it is solely for commercial, industrial,
educational, religious or charitable
purposes,orrightofway(subjecttothe
consentofthegranteeandtheapproval
of the Secretary of the DENR). [The
PublicLandAct(C.A.No.141)].
A:
1. Actions for partition because it is not a
conveyance,
2. Alienations or encumbrances made in
favorofthegovernment.
ACCRETION
Q:Differentiateaccretionfromalluvium.
A:Alluviumisthesoilimperceptiblyandgradually
deposited on lands adjoining the banks of rivers
causedbythecurrentofthewater.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whataretherequisitesofaccretion?
A:
1. The deposit of soil or sediment be
gradualandimperceptible;
2. It is the result of the current of the
waters(river/sea);and
3. Thelandwhereaccretiontakesplaceis
adjacent to the banks of rivers or the
seacoast.
Note:Alluvionmustbetheexclusiveworkofnature.
Q:Towhomdoesaccretionbelong?
A:Itdepends.
1. Accretions on the bank of a lake
belong to the owners of the estate to
whichtheyhavebeenadded.
2. Accretion on the sea bank still of
public domain, and is not available for
private ownership until formally
declared by the government to be no
longer needed for public use (Republic
v. Amanda Vda. De Castillo, G.R. No. L
69002June30,1988).
Note:Thelandadjoiningthebankoftheriveristhe
principalandthealluvialdepositsalongsuchriparian
land constitute the accessory. (Rabuya, Property, p.
262,2007)Accessoryfollowstheprincipal.
Q:Iftheland,theareaofwhichisincreasedby
accretion, has already been registered, is there
stillaneedtoregisterthealluvion?
A:Yes.Accretiondoesnotautomaticallybecome
registered.Itneedsanewregistration.
496
A:Jennycanlegallyclaimownershipofthelands
byrightofaccession(accretion)underArticle457
oftheCivilCode.Thelandscameintobeingover
the years through the gradual deposition of soil
andsiltbythenaturalactionofthewatersofthe
river.
IfJessicasandJennyspropertiesareregistered,
will the benefit of such registration extend to
theincreasedareaoftheirproperties?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
RECLAMATION
Q:Whatisreclamation?
Note:Itmustbeinitiallyownedbythegovernment.
It may be subsequently transferred to private
owners.
Q:Whomayundertakereclamationprojects?
Q:Towhomdoesareclaimedareabelong?
A:UndertheRegaliandoctrine,theStateownsall
waters and lands of the public domain, including
those physically reclaimed. (Agcaoili Reviewer, p.
110,2008ed)
ESCHEAT
A:Anactionforreversionisslightlydifferentfrom
escheatproceeding,butinitseffectstheyarethe
same. They only differ in procedure. Escheat
proceedings may be instituted as a consequence
of a violation of the Constitution which prohibits
transfers of private agricultural lands to aliens,
whereas an action for reversion is expressly
authorizedbythePublicLandAct.(Rellosav.Gaw
CheeHun,G.R.No.L1411,Sept.29,1953)
REGISTEROFDEEDS
Q:WhatistheOfficeoftheRegisterofDeeds?
A:Itconstitutesapublicrepositoryofrecordsor
instruments affecting registered or unregistered
lands and chattel mortgages in the province or
citywheresuchofficeissituated.
Note:
Register:bookcontainingalist,record,etc.
Registrar:personwhosedutyistokeeparegister.
Registry:officeorplacewhereregistersarekept.
Q:WhatisthenatureofthefunctionsoftheRD?
A:
GR:ThefunctionoftheRDwithreferenceto
registration of deeds, encumbrances,
instruments, and the like is ministerial in
nature.
Note:Adeedofsaleexecutedinaplaceotherthan
where the property is located does not affect
extrinsic validity of the instrument as long as the
notary public concerned has authority to
acknowledge the document executed within his
territorialjurisdiction.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:No.MandamusdoesnotlietocompeltheRD
to register the deed of sale. Where any party in
interestdoesnotagreewiththeRD,thequestion
shall be submitted to the Commissioner of Land
Registration, where decision on the matter shall
be binding upon all RDs. (Almirol v. Register of
Deeds of Agusan, G.R. No. L22486, Mar. 20,
1968)
Q:Almirolpurchasedaparceloflandcoveredby
anOCTinthenameofArcenioAbalo,marriedto
Nicolasa Abalo (deceased). When Almirol went
to the Registerof Deeds to register thedeedof
sale and to secure in his name a TCT, the RD
refusedsuch,sayingthatitisaconjugalproperty
andthatitisnecessarythatthepropertybefirst
liquidated and transferred in the name of the
surviving spouse and heirs by means of
extrajudicial settlement of partition. Was the
RDcorrect?
A:No.Whetheradocumentisvalidornot,isnot
for the RD to determine, this function belongs
properly to a court of competent jurisdiction.
(Almirol v. Register of Deeds of Agusan, G.R. No.
L22486,Mar.20,1968)
Q:WhatactionshouldtheRDtakeincaseheis
indoubtastowhethertheinstrumentshouldbe
registeredornot?
498
LANDREGISTRATIONAUTHORITY
Q:WhatisLRA?
A:Itisanagencyofthegovernmentchargedwith
the execution of laws relative to the registration
of lands and under the executive supervision of
DOJ.
A:DRVICES
1. Issues Decrees of registration pursuant
tofinaljudgmentsofthecourtsinland
registration proceedings and cause the
issuance by the Registers of Deeds of
thecorrespondingcertificatesoftitle;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
documentsfromtheRegistry,elevatethematter
A: Where the instrument is denied registration,
by consulta within five (5) days from receipt of
the Register of Deeds shall notify the interested
notice of the denial of registration to the
party in writing, setting forth the defects of the
CommissionerofLandRegistration.(Sec.117,PD
instrument or legal grounds relied upon, and
1529)
advising him that if he is not agreeable to such
Q:WhatarethefunctionsoftheRD,LRAandthecourtsinlandregistration?
A:
RD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Registrationofaninstrument
presentedforregistration
dealingwithrealorpersonal
propertywhichcomplieswith
therequisitesforregistration
Seetoitthatsaidinstrument
bearstheproperdocumentary
andstampsandthatthesame
areproperlycancelled
Iftheinstrumentisnot
registerable:
denytheregistrationthereof
andinformthepresentorof
suchdenialinwriting,stating
thegroundorreasontherefore,
and
advisinghimofhisrightto
appealbyconsultain
accordancewithSec.117ofPD
1529
Prepareandkeepanindex
systemwhichcontainsthe
namesofallregisteredowners
andlandsregistered
LRA
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assistancetothe
Departmentof
AgrarianReform,the
LandBank,andother
agenciesinthe
implementationofthe
landreformprogram
ofthegovernment
Assistancetocourtsin
ordinaryandcadastral
landregistration
proceedings
Centralrepositoryof
recordsrelativetothe
originalregistrationof
landstitledunderthe
Torrenssystem,
includingthe
subdivisionand
consolidationplansof
titledlands.
Adjudicateappealen
consultacases
COURTS
Jurisdictionover:
1. Applicationsfororiginal
registrationoftitleto
lands,including
improvementsand
intereststherein
2. Petitionsfiledafteroriginal
registration,withpowerto
hearanddetermineall
questionsarisinguponsuch
applicationorpetitions.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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TORTSANDDAMAGES
BOOKITORTS
I.PRINCIPLES
A.ABUSEOFRIGHT;ELEMENTS
Q:Whatistheprincipleofabuseofrights?
A:Everypersonmust,intheexerciseofhisrights
and in the performance of his duties, act with
justice, give everyone his due, and observe
honestyandgoodfaith.(Art.19,NCC)
A:
1. Legalrightorduty
2. The right or duty is exercised in bad
faith,and
3. For the sole intent of prejudicing or
injuringanother
B.UNJUSTENRICHMENT
Coverage:thearticleappliesonlyif:
i.
Someone acquires or comes into
possessionofsomethingwhichmeans
deliveryoracquisitionofthings;and
ii.
Acquisitionisundueandattheexpense
of another which means without any
justorlegalground.
NOTE:Thegovernmentisnotexemptedfromthe
principleofunjustenrichment.
Q:Whatistheremedyforunjustenrichment?
A:AccionInRemVerso.Itisanactionforrecovery
ofwhathasbeenpaidwithoutjustcause.
NOTE:Thisisonlyasubsidiaryaction.
500
ProtectionofHumanDignityEverypersonshall
respect the dignity, personality, privacy and
peaceofmindofhisneighborsandotherpersons.
A:
1. Thatthedefendanthasbeenenriched;
2. Thattheplaintiffhassufferedaloss;
3. Thattheenrichmentofthedefendantis
withoutjustorlegalground
4. That the plaintiff has no other action
based on contract, quasicontract,
crimeorquasidelict.
Q:Whenmayaccioninremversobeavailedof?
A:
ACCIONINREMVERSO
SOLUTIOINDEBITI
Itisnotnecessarythat Paymentbymistakeis
paymentbemadeby
anessentialelement
mistake
C.LIABILITYWITHOUTFAULT
A:Yes.LiabilitywithoutFaultincludes:
a. Strict Liability there is strict liability if
one is made independent of fault,
negligence or intent after establishing
certainfactsspecifiedbylaw.Itincludes
liability for conversion and for injuries
caused by animals, ultrahazardous
activitiesandnuisance.
b. Product Liability is the law which
governs the liability of manufacturers
and sellers for damages resulting from
defective products. (Aquino, T., Torts
andDamages,2005,SecondEd.)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR:No.
XPN:
1. Visitors Owners of buildings or
premisesoweadutyofcaretovisitors.
2. ToleratedPosessionTheownerisstill
liable if the plaintiff is inside his
property by tolerance or by implied
permission.
Commoncarriersmaybeheldliablefor
negligencetopersonswhostayintheir
premises even if they are not
passengers.
3. DoctrineofAttractiveNuisance
D.ACTSCONTRARYTOLAW
Q:Doestheabovestatedruleapplytoallcases
violationoflaw?
E.ACTSCONTRARYTOMORALS
Q:DifferentiateArticle20fromArticle21ofthe
CivilCode.
A:Article20speaksofthegeneralsanctionforall
other provisions of law which do not especially
provide for their own sanction. Article 21 on the
other hand, speaks of act which is legal but is
contrarytomorals,goodcustom,publicorderor
publicpolicyandisdonewithintenttoinjure.
NOTE:Anypersonwhowillfullycauseslossorinjury
to another in a manner that is contrary to morals,
goodcustomsorpublicpolicyshallcompensatethe
latterforthedamage.(Art.21,NCC)
A:
1. Thereisanactwhichislegal;
2. but which is contrary to morals, good
custom, public order, or public policy;
and
3. itisdonewithintenttoinjure.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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II.CLASSIFICATIONOFTORTS
A.ACCORDINGTOMANNEROFCOMMISSION
A:
1. Negligent torts It involves voluntary
acts or omissions which results in injury
toothers,withoutintendingtocausethe
same.
3. StrictliabilityThepersonismadeliable
independent of fault or negligence upon
submissionofproofofcertainfacts.
a. art19,20,21(catchallprovisions)
502
b.
unjustenrichment(arts.22,23,
2142&2143)
c. violationofrightofprivacyand
familyrelations
d. derelictionofofficialdutyofpublic
officers
e. unfaircompetition
f. maliciousprosecution
g. violationofrightsandlibertiesof
anotherperson
h. nuisance
III.THETORTFEASOR
A.THEDIRECTTORTFEASOR
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableforaquasidelict?
A:Defendantsintortcasescaneitherbenatural
orartificialbeings.
Q:Canacorporationbeheldliablefortorts?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
1.INGENERAL
Q:Whoarethepersonsmaderesponsiblefor
others?
A:
1. Father/motherfortheirminorchildren.
2. Guardiansareliablefortheminorsand
incapacitated persons under their
authority.
3. Owners/managers of establishment or
enterprisefortheiremployees
4. Employers for their employees and
householdhelpers.
5. Statefortheirspecialagents
6. Teachers/Heads of establishment of
arts
and
trades
for
their
pupils/students/apprentices (Art. 2180,
NCC).
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenaminorchild
and an incapacitated person in the preceding
number?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofvicariousliabilityof
parents?
A:
1. The child is below twentyone (21)
yearsofage
2. The child committed a tortuous act to
the damage and prejudice of another
person
3. The child lives in the company of the
parent concerned whether single or
married.
Q:Whoisresponsibleforanillegitimatechild?
A:Ifthechildisillegitimateandacknowledgedby
the father and lives with the latter, the father is
responsible.However,anillegitimatechildwhois
notrecognizedbytheputativefatherbutisunder
the custody and supervision of the mother, it is
thelatterwhoistheonevicariouslyliable.
Q:Aredefactoguardiansvicariouslyliable?
Note:Defactoguardiansarerelativesandneighbors
who take unto themselves the duty to care and
support orphaned children without passing through
judicialproceedings.
A:
GR:Ameremanager,whodoesnotownthe
business, is not to be considered an
employerbecauseasamanager,heisjusta
highclassemployee.
Q:Whenistheemployerliableforthetortuous
actoftheemployee?
A:TomaketheemployerliableunderArt2180(5
and6),itmustbeestablishedthattheinjuriousor
tortuous act was committed at the time the
employeewasperforminghisfunctions.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatistheruleonindependentcontractors?
A:
GR: An independent contractor is not an
employee of the person who engaged his
services. The independent contractor is free
toexecutetheworkwithoutbeingsubjectto
theordersoftheemployeronthedetailsof
work.
XPN:Iftheemployerretainsthecontroland
supervision over the person engaged with
respect to the work to be done, there is
between them an employeremployee
relationship.
A.QUASIDELICTSUNDERARTICLE2180,
HOWINTERPRETED
NOTE:Art.2176,NCCWhoeverbyactoromission
causes damage to another, there being no fault or
negligence is obliged to pay for the damage done.
Such fault or negligence, if there is no preexisting
contractualrelationbetweentheparties,is calleda
quasidelictandisgovernedbytheprovisionsofthis
Chapter.
Q:Whataretheremediesofaninjuredpartyfor
thetortuousactofanemployee?
A:
1. Filing a civil action for damages based
on quasidelict under Art. 2180
liability of the employer is primary,
directandsolidary
504
2.
FAMILYCODE
A:ThetermunemancipatedminorfoundinArt
221(FC) means children below 18 years of age.
Thisisincontrastwiththeminorchildrenfound
in Art 2180(2)(NCC) which refers to children
below21years.Toavoidtheoverlappinginages,
the better option to settle the conflict is to
consider Art 221 as totally superseded by Art
236(FC)asamendedbyR.A.6809.Thus:
XPNS:21yearsofageinthefollowingcases
1. marriage
2. Art.2180(2)NCC
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
ARTICLE218
ARTICLE2180
School,its
Teachers,headof
administrators,
establishmentinarts
teachersengagedin
andtradesaremade
childcarearemade
expresslyliable
expresslyliable
Liabilityofschool,its
administrators,
Nosuchexpress
teachersissolidary
solidarynorsubsidiary
andparentsaremade
liabilityisstated
subsidiaryliable
Studentsinvolved
Studentsinvolvedare
mustbeaminor
notnecessarilyminors
Q:Cantheliabilitybeimputedtotheteacherin
charge even if the student has already reached
theageofmajority?
A:Yes.UnderArticle2180,agedoesnotmatter.
Q:Isitrequiredthatthestudentbeonlywithin
the school premises in order for the liability to
ariseunderthisarticle?
A:Thosegivenauthorityandresponsibilityunder
theprecedingArticle(Art.218)shallbeprincipally
and solidarily liable for damages caused by the
acts or omissions of the unemancipated minor.
The parents, judicial guardians or the persons
exercising substitute parental authority over said
minorshallbesubsidiarilyliable.
Q:Whatdefense,ifany,isavailabletothem?
(1)ELEMENTS;DEFINITION
Q:Whataretheelementsofaquasidelict?
A:
1. Negligentorwrongfulactoromission;
2. Damageorinjurycausedtoanother;
3. Causal relation between such
negligenceorfaultanddamage;
4. Nopreexistingcontractualrelationship
between the parties (some authorities
believethiselementnotessential).(Art.
2176)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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basedonthecontractofcarriagebutonsomeother
bases like deliberate and malicious violation of the
contract(AirFrancev.Carroscoso,G.R.No.L21438,
Sept.28,1966).
Q:Whenisapersonliableforaquasidelict?
NOTE:Asingleactoromissionmaygiverisetotwo
or more causes of action. Thus, an act or omission
may give rise to an action based on delict, quasi
delictorcontract.
A:
1.
2.
3.
Iftheactionforquasidelictisinstituted
after four (4) years, it is deemed
prescribed.
4.
Whentheinjurysufferedbyapersonis
theresultofafortuitouseventwithout
humanintervention.
5.
Ifthereisnodamageorinjurycausedto
another.
(2)DISTINGUISHEDFROMCULPACONTRACTUALANDCULPACRIMINAL
Q:Distinguishquasidelictfromculpacontractualandculpacriminal.
A:
CULPACONTRACTUAL
CULPAAQUILIANA
CivilNegligence,QuasiDelict,
ContractualNegligence
Tort,orCulpaExtraContractual
ProofNeeded
Preponderanceofevidence
Preponderanceofevidence
CULPACRIMINAL
CriminalNegligence
Proofofguiltbeyond
reasonabledoubt
OnusProbandi
Contractingpartymustprove:
1. Theexistenceofthe
contract;
2. Thebreachthereof.
Exerciseofextraordinary
diligence(incontractsof
carriage),Forcemajeure
Victimmustprove:
1. Thedamagesuffered;
2. Thenegligenceofthedefendant;
3. Thecausalconnectionbetweenthe
damageandthenegligence.
DefenseAvailable
Exerciseofdiligenceofagoodfatherof
afamilyintheselectionand
supervisionofemployees
Prosecutionmustprovethe
guiltoftheaccusedbeyond
reasonabledoubt.
Defensesprovidedforunder
theRevisedPenalCode.
ExistenceofContractbetweentheParties
Thereispreexistingcontract
Nopreexistingcontract
Nopreexistingcontract
Note:Theresultinthecriminalcase,whetheracquittal,orconvictionisirrelevantintheindependentcivilaction
undertheCivilCode(DionisiovsAlyendia,102Phil443,57,citedinMckeevsIAC,211SCRA536)unlessacquittalis
basedonthecourtsdeclarationthatthefactfromwhichthecivilactionarosedidnotexist,hencethedismissalof
criminalactioncarrieswiththeextinctionofthecivilliability.(AndamovsIAC,191SCRA204,90J.Fernan)
506
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
B.INDIRECTLIABILITYFORINTENTIONALACTS
SeeVicariousLiability.
C.PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCEONPERSONS
INDIRECTLYRESPONSIBLE
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofnegligenceon
personsindirectlyresponsible?
Note:Thepresumptionisjuristantumandnotjuris
et de jure; subsequently, it may be rebutted.
Accordingly, if the employer shows to the
satisfaction of the court that in the selection and
supervision of his employee he has exercised the
care and diligence of a good father of a family, the
presumption is overcome and he is relieved of the
liability.
D.NATUREOFLIABILITY;JOINTORSOLIDARY
Q:Whatistheprincipleofvicariousliabilityor
lawonimputednegligence?
A:UnderArt.2180,apersonisnotonlyliablefor
tortscommittedbyhim,butalsofortorts
committedbyotherswithwhomhehasacertain
relationorforwhomheisresponsible.
Q:Whoarethepersonsvicariouslyliable?
A:FGOEST
1. Father,orincaseofdeathorincapacity,
mother:
a. damagecausedbyminorchildren
b. livingintheircompany
2. Guardians:
a. for minors or incapacitated
persons
b. undertheirauthority
c. livingintheircompany
and
managers
of
3. Owners
establishments:
4.
5.
6.
fortheiremployees
in the service of the branches in
whichtheyareemployed,or;
c. ontheoccasionoftheirfunctions
Employers:
a. damages caused by employees
andhouseholdhelpers
b. acting within the scope of their
assignedtasks
c. even if the employer is not
engaged in any business or
industry
State acting through a special agent
and not when the damage has been
causedbytheofficialtowhomthetask
doneproperlypertains.
Teachersorheadsofestablishments:
a. ofartsandtrades
b. fordamagescausedbytheirpupils
andstudentsorapprentices
c. so long as they remain in their
custody(Art.2180,NCC)
Q:Givethedistinctionsontheemployers
liabilityunderArt2180NCCandRevisedPenal
Code.
A:
a. Under the Civil Code: the liability is
direct and primary (solidary),the
employer may be sued even without
suingtheemployee
b.
2.INPARTICULAR
A.PARENTS
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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Asforanillegitimatechild,ifheisacknowledgedby
thefatherandlivewiththelatter,thefathershallbe
responsible.However,ifheisnotrecognizedbythe
putative father but is under the custody and
supervisionofthemother,itisthelatterwhoisthe
onevicariouslyliable(Pineda,p.87,2009ed).
B.GUARDIAN
Q:Whoisaminorunderthisarticle?
Q:AredefactoguardianscoveredbyArt.2180?
A:Yes,thelawshouldbeappliedbyanalogy.De
facto guardians are relatives and neighbors who
take upon themselves the duty to care and
support orphaned children without passing
through judicial proceedings. (Pineda, p.88, 2009
ed.)
508
C.OWNERSANDMANAGERSOF
ESTABLISHMENTSANDENTERPRISES
A:Theyareusedinthesenseofemployerand
donotincludethemanagerofacorporationwho
himselfisjustanemployee(Phil.RabbitBusLines
v. Phil. American Forwarders, Inc., G.R. No. L
25142,Mar.25,1975).
D.EMPLOYERS
(1)MEANINGOFEMPLOYERS
Q:Whoisanemployer?
A:Employerincludesanypersonactingdirectlyor
indirectly in the interest of an employer in
relation to an employee and shall include the
governmentandallitsbranches,subdivisionsand
instrumentalities, all governmentowned or
controlled corporations and institutions, as well
as nonprofit private institutions, or
organizations.(Art.97,P.D.442)
(2)REQUISITES
Q:Whenisanemployerliable?
A:Theemployerisliableonlyiftheemployeewas
performing his assigned task at the time the
injury was caused. This includes any act done by
theemployeeinthefurtheranceoftheinterestof
the employer at the time of the infliction of the
injuryordamage.(Aquino,T.,TortsandDamages,
2005,SecondEd.,p697)
(A)EMPLOYEECHOSENBYEMPLOYEROR
THROUGHANOTHER
Q:Whatisrequiredbeforeanemployermaybe
heldliablefortheactofitsemployees?
A:
1. The employee was chosen by the
employer personally or through
another;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
(B)SERVICESRENDEREDINACCORDANCEWITH
ORDERSWHICHEMPLOYERHASAUTHORITYTO
GIVE
Seediscussionbelow.
(C)ILLICITACTOFEMPLOYEEWASONTHE
OCCASIONORBYREASONOFTHEFUNCTIONS
ENTRUSTEDTOHIM
Q:Isitrequiredthattheemployeemustbe
performinghisassignedtaskatthetimethatthe
injuryiscaused?
Itisnotnecessarythatthetaskperformedbythe
employee is his regular job or that which was
expressly given to him by the employer. It is
enough that the task is indispensable to the
business or beneficial to the employer. (Filamer
ChristianInstitutev.IAC,212SCRA637)
(D)PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCE
Q:Whatisthepresumptiononthenegligenceof
theemployer?
A:Theemployerispresumedtobenegligentand
thepresumptionflowsfromthenegligenceofthe
employee. Once the employees fault is
established, the employer can then be made
liable on the basis of the presumption that the
employer failed to exercise diligentissimi patris
families in the selection and supervision of its
employees.(LRTAv.Navidad,G.R.145804,Feb.6,
2003)
(3)EMPLOYERNEEDNOTBEENGAGEDIN
BUSINESSORINDUSTRY
Q:Isitrequiredthattheemployerisengagedin
somekindofindustryorwork?
(4)DEFENSEOFDILIGENCEINSELECTIONAND
SUPERVISION
A:
1. Exercise of due diligence in the
selection and supervision of its
employees(exceptincriminalaction);
2. The act or omission was made outside
working hours and in violation of
companysrulesandregulations.
Q:Whataretheremediesoftheinjuredpartyin
pursuingthecivilliabilityoftheemployerforthe
actsofhisemployees?
A:
1. If he chooses to file a civil action for
damages based on quasidelict under
Article 2180 and succeeds in proving
the negligence of the employee, the
liability of the employer is primary,
directandsolidary.Itisnotconditioned
on the insolvency of the employee
(Metro Manila Transit Corp. v. CA, G.R.
No.118069,Nov.16,1998).
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Q:WhataretheaspectsofliabilityoftheState?
A:
1. Public/GovernmentalwheretheState
isliableonlyforthetortuousactspfits
specialagents.
2. Private/Nongovernmental when the
State is engaged in private business or
enterprise, it becomes liable as an
ordinaryemployer.
(5)NATUREOFEMPLOYERSLIABILITY
A:IfbasedonculpaaquilianaunderArt.2176and
2180 of the Civil Code, the liability is primary,
while that under Art. 103 of the Revised Penal
Codeissubsidiary.
E.STATE
A:TheStateisonlyliableforthenegligentactsof
itsofficers,agentsandemployeeswhentheyare
actingasspecialagents.TheStatehasvoluntarily
assumed liability for acts done through special
agents.
Note:Ifthespecialagentisnotapublicofficialand
is commissioned to perform nongovernmental
functions, then the State assumes the role of an
ordinaryemployerandwillbeheldliableassuchfor
the tortuous acts of said agent. If the State
commissioned a private individual to perform a
special governmental task, it is acting through a
specialagentwithinthemeaningoftheprovision.
Q:Whoisaspecialagent?
510
F.TEACHERSANDHEADSOFESTABLISHMENTS
OFARTSANDTRADES
A:
GR: The teacherincharge is liable for
theactsofhisstudents.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
C.JOINTTORTFEASORS
Q:Whoarejointtortfeasors?
IV.ACTOROMISSIONANDITSMODALITIES
A.CONCEPTOFACT
Q:Whatisanact?
V.PROXIMATECAUSE
A.CONCEPT
1.DEFINITION
Q:Whatisproximatecause?
2.TEST
A:
1. CauseInFactTestItisnecessarythat
thereisproofthatdefendantsconduct
isafactorincausingplaintiffsdamage.
Determines whether the defendants
act or omission is a causally relevant
factor
a. ButForTest/SineQuaNonTest
b. SubstantialFactorTest
c. Necessary and Sufficient Test
(NESS) The act or omission is a
causeinfact if it is a necessary
elementofasufficientset.
NOTE:Suchlimitofliabilityisdetermined
by applying these subtests of the policy
test:
a. ForeseeabilityTest;
b. Natural and Probable Consequence
Test;
c. Natural and Ordinary or Direct
ConsequencesTest;
d. HindsightTest;
e. OrbitofRiskTest;
f. SubstantialFactorTest.
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3.DISTINGUISHEDFROMIMMEDIATECAUSE,INTERVENINGCAUSE,REMOTEANDCONCURRENT
Q:Distinguishproximate,immediateinterveningremoteandconcurrentcauses.
A:
PROXIMATECAUSE
INTERVENINGCAUSE
Onethatdestroysthe
Itisthecausewhich,in
causalconnectionbetween
naturalandcontinuous
sequence,unbrokenby thenegligentactandinjury
andtherebynegatives
anyefficientintervening
liability.
cause,producesthe
injury,andwithoutwhich
Note:ForeseeableIntervening
theresultwouldnothave
causescannotbeconsidered
occurred.
sufficientinterveningcauses
REMOTECAUSE
CONCURRENTCAUSE
Thatcausewhichsome
independentforcemerely
tookadvantageofto
accomplishsomethingnot
thenaturaleffectthereof.
Causesbroughtaboutby
theactsandomissionsof
thirdpersonswhichmakes
thedefendantstillliable.
Here,theproximatecause
isnotnecessarilythesole
causeoftheaccident
B.CAUSEINFACT
1.BUTFOR
C.LEGALCAUSE
1.NATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCES
Q:Whatisthebutfortest?
A:Itconsiderswhethertheinjurywouldnothave
occurred but for the defendant's negligent act.
Defendants conduct is the cause in fact of the
injuryifthedamagewouldnothaveresultedhad
there been no negligence on the part of the
defendant.
2.SUBSTANTIALFACTORTEST
Q:Whatisthesubstantialfactortest?
3.CONCURRENTCAUSES
Q:Whatistheprincipleofconcurrentcauses?
Q:Explainnaturalandforeseeabletest.
2.FORESEEABILITY
Q:Explaintheforeseeabilitytest.
D.EFFICIENTINTERVENINGCAUSE
Q:Whatisanefficientinterveningcause?
A:Itisonewhichdestroysthecausalconnection
between the negligent act and the injury and
thereby negatives liability (novus actus
interviens).
Q:Whenistherenoefficientinterveningcause?
512
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
E.CAUSEVS.CONDITION
Q:Distinguishcauseandcondition.
A:Causeistheactiveforcewhileconditionisthe
passivesituation.Theformeristheactivecause
of the harm and the latter is the existing
conditionsuponwhichthecauseoperated.
Note:Ifthedefendanthascreatedonlyapassive
staticconditionwhichmadethedamagepossible,
thedefendantissaidnottobeliable.
F.LASTCLEARCHANCE
Q:Whatisthedoctrineoflastclearchance?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofthedoctrineoflast
clearchance?
A:
1. Both plaintiff and defendant were
negligent. (This is an exception to
concurrentnegligencerule);
2. Plaintiff was in a position of danger by
hisownnegligence;
3. Defendantknewofsuchpositionofthe
plaintiff;
4. Defendant had the last clear chance to
avoid the accident by exercise of
ordinarycarebutfailedtoexercisesuch
lastclearchance;
5. Accident occurred as proximate cause
ofsuchfailure.
Q:Isthedoctrineoflastclearchanceapplicable
incaseofcollision?
Note:Thereisadifferentruleincaseofcollisionof
vessels.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenthedoctrineof
lastclearchanceisinapplicable?
A:
1. The party charged is required to act
instantaneously, and the injury cannot
be avoided by the application of all
means at hand after the peril is or
should have been discovered;
(Pantranco North Expressway v. Baesa,
G.R.Nos.7905051,Nov.14,1989)
Q:Whatarethealternativeviewsregardingthe
doctrineoflastclearchance?
A:
1. Prevailing view: The law is that the
person who has the last fair chance to
avoid the impending harm and fails to
do so is chargeable with the
consequences,withoutreferencetothe
priornegligenceoftheotherparty.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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VI.LEGALINJURY
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisinjuryasdistinguishedfromdamage?
A:Injuryistheillegalinvasionofalegalright
whiledamageistheloss,hurtorharm.Injury
referstoanyindeterminaterightorproperty,but
alsotohonorandcredit.
B.ELEMENTSOFRIGHT
Q:Whatisaright?
Q:Whatarethekindsofrights?Distinguish.
A:
1. Natural Rights Those which grow out
ofthenatureofmananddependupon
personality.
2. PoliticalRightsConsistinthepowerto
participate, directly or indirectly, in the
establishment or administration of
government.
E.g.
1. propertyrights,
2. marriage,
3. equalprotectionoflaws,
4. freedom of contract, trial by
jury.(Pineda,Persons,p.24)
5. Rights of personalty or human
rights;
6. Familyrights;and
7. Patrimonialrights:
i.Realrights
ii. Personal rights. (Rabuya
Persons,p.19)
514
C.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTORLEGALINJURY
Q:Whataretheavailableremediesforaperson
whoserightshavebeenviolated?
Theprimarypurposeofatortactionistoprovide
compensationtoapersonwhowasinjuredbythe
tortuous conduct of the defendant. The remedy
of the injured person is therefore primarily an
action for damages against the defendant.
(Aquino,p.20,2005ed.)
D.CLASSESOFINJURY
1.INJURYTOPERSONS
Q:Whatarethetortscommittedagainst
persons?
A:
1. assault,
2. battery,
3. falseimprisonment,
4. intentional infliction of emotional
distress,and
5. fraud
2.INJURYTOPROPERTY
Q:Whatarethetortscommittedagainst
property?
A:
1. trespasstoland,
2. trespasstochattels,and
3. conversion.
3.INJURYTORELATIONS
Q:Whatarethetortsthatcauseinjuryto
relations?
A:
1. Familyrelations
a. Alienationofaffection
b. Lossofconsortium
c. Criminalconversation(adultery)
2. Socialrelations
a. Meddlingwithordisturbingfamily
relations
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
4.
Intriguingtocauseanothertobe
alienatedfromhisfriends
Economicrelations
a. Interferencewithcontractual
relations
b. Unfaircompetition
Politicalrelations
a. Violationofrighttosuffrage
b. Violationofotherpoliticalrights
(freedomofspeech,press,
assemblyandpetition,etc.)
VII.INTENTIONALTORTS
A.GENERAL
1.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisintentionaltort?
A:Tortorwrongperpetratedbyonewhointends
to do that which the law has declared wrong as
contrastedwithnegligenceinwhichthetorfeasor
failstoexercisethatdegreeofcareindoingwhat
is otherwise permissible (Blacks Law Dictionary,
th
6 edition,p.1489).
2.CLASSES
A.INTERFERENCEWITHPERSONSAND
PROPERTY
(1)PHYSICALHARMS
Q:Whatthekindsofphysicalharms?
A:
1. Violation of persons security, physical
injuries
a. battery(physicalinjury)
b. assault(gravethreat)
2. Falseimprisonment(illegaldetention)
3. Trespasstoland
4. Interferencewithpersonalproperty
a. trespasstochattels
b. conversion
(2)NONPHYSICALHARMS
Q:Whatthekindsofnonphysicalharms?
A:
1. Violationofpersonaldignity
2. Inflictionofemotionaldistress
3. Violationofprivacy
4.
5.
6.
a. Appropriation
b. Intrusion
c. publicdisclosureofprivatefacts
d. falselightinthepubliceye
Disturbanceofpeaceofmind
Maliciousprosecution
Defamation
B.INTERFERENCEWITHRELATIONS
SeeInjurytoRelations.
B.INTERFERENCEWITHRIGHTSTOPERSONS
ANDPROPERTY
1.INTENTIONALPHYSICALHARMS
A.GENERAL
(1)CONCEPT
(2)KINDS
B.VIOLATIONOFPERSONSSECURITY,PHYSICAL
INJURIES
(1)BATTERY(PHYSICALINJURY)
Q:Whatisbatteryasabasisfortortliability?
Q:Whataretheelementsofbattery?
A:
1. Intent
2. Harmfuloroffensiveconduct
3. Absenceofprivilege
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Q:Isactualcontactnecessaryinbattery?
NOTE:Unlikecriminallaw,whichrecognizesdegrees
ofvariouscrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact,thereis
butasingletortofbattery.Lightlyflickingaperson's
earisbattery,asisseverelybeatingsomeonewitha
tire iron. Neither is there a separate tort for a
batteryofasexualnature.
A:
1. The victim of a battery need not be
awareoftheactatthetimeforthetort
tohaveoccurred.
2. Battery is a form oftrespassto the
person and as such no actual damage
(e.g. injury) needs to be proved. Only
proof of contact (with the appropriate
level of intention or negligence) needs
tobemade.
3. Ifthereisanattemptedbattery,butno
actual contact, that may constitute a
tortofassault.
4. Battery need not require bodytobody
contact. Touching an object "intimately
connected" to a person (such as an
objectheorsheisholding)canalsobe
battery.
5. Acontactmayconstituteabatteryeven
if there is a delay between the
defendant's act and the contact to the
plaintiff'sinjury.
Privilegeisadefenseforbattery.Defendanthas
burdentoprove.
516
(2)ASSAULT(GRAVETHREAT)
Q:Whatisassaultinthecontextoftorts?
A:
1. An act by defendant creating a
reasonableapprehensioninplaintiff
2. of immediate harmful or offensive
contacttoplaintiff'sperson
3. Intent
4. Causation
A:Anactorisliableforassaultif:
1. Heactsintendingtocauseaharmfulor
offensivecontactwiththepersonofthe
other, or an imminent apprehension of
suchacontact,and
2. The other is thereby put in such
imminentapprehension.
Note:Assaultrequiresintent.
Q:Whenisanactnotconsideredanassault?
A:Anactintendedasasteptowardtheinfliction
ofafuturecontact,whichissorecognizedbythe
other, does not make the actor liable for an
assaultundertherule.
Q:Isactualcontactnecessaryinassault?
A:No.Asdistinguishedfrombattery,assaultneed
nottoinvolveactualcontactitonlyneedsintent
andtheresultingapprehension.However,assault
requires more than words alone. For example,
wielding a knife while shouting threats could be
construed as assault if an apprehension was
created.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:Whilethelawvariesbyjurisdiction,contact is
oftendefinedas"harmful"ifitobjectivelyintends
toinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepain.
Q:Whenisanactdeemedtobeoffensive?
Q:Inwhatcontextisimminenceunderstoodin
determiningtortliabilityforassault?
Q:Distinguishapprehensionfromfear.
Q:Whataresomedefensesinassault?
C.FALSEIMPRISONMENT(ILLEGALDETENTION)
Q:Whataretheelementsoffalseimprisonment
asabasisfortortliability?
A:
1. An act or omission on the part of
defendant that confines or restrains
plaintiff
2. That plaintiff is confined or restrained
toaboundedarea;
3. Intent;and
4. Causation
3.
D.TRESPASSTOLAND
(1)CONCEPT
Q:Whatistrespasstorealproperty?
A:Itisatortthatiscommittedwhenaperson
unlawfullyinvadestherealpropertyofanother.
Q:Whenmaydamagesbeawardedin
deprivationofrealproperty?
Note:Damagesmaybeawardedtotherealownerif
hesufferedsuchdamagesbecausehewasdeprived
of possession of his property by a possessor in bad
faith or by a person who does not have any right
whatsoeverovertheproperty.
(2)ELEMENTS
Q:Isintentorbadfaithnecessaryforliabilityto
attach?
A:Yes,theRevisedPenalCodeandtheNewCivil
Coderequiresintentorbadfaith.
Q:Whatistheextentoftrespasstopersonal
property?
A:Inthefieldoftort,trespassextendstoallcases
where a person is deprived of his personal
propertyevenintheabsenceofcriminalliability.
(Aquino,T.,TortsandDamages,2005,SecondEd.
P.368)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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E.INTERFERENCEWITHPERSONALPROPERTY
(1)TRESPASSTOCHATTELS
Q:Whatistrespasstochattels?
A:Itiswhereapersontookpossessionofthe
propertyofanotherinbadfaith.
(2)CONVERSION
Q:Whataretheelementsofconversion?
A:
1. An act by defendant that interferes with
plaintiff's right of possession in a
chattel.
Q:Whatmaybeincludedinconversion?
A:Conversionmayinclude:
1. Cases where the defendant deprived
theplaintiffofpersonalpropertyforthe
purpose of obtaining possession of a
real property, as when a landlord
deprived his tenants of water in order
for them to vacate the lot they were
cultivating.
2. Unjustified deprivation of access to
property
such
as
unjustified
disconnectionofelectricityservice
2.INTENTIONALNONPHYSICALHARMS
A.GENERAL
(1)CONCEPT
(2)KINDS
B.VIOLATIONOFPERSONALDIGNITY
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtotherightofa
person to his dignity, personality, privacy and
peaceofmind?
518
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.INFLICTIONOFEMOTIONALDISTRESS
Q:Whataretherequisitesforonetobeableto
recover for the intentional infliction of
emotionaldistress?
A:Theplaintiffmustshowthat:
A:Itisconductthatissooutrageousincharacter,
and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all
possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded
as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in civilized
society.
Q:Whatdoesemotionaldistressmean?
A:Itisanyhighlyunpleasantmentalreactionsuch
as extreme grief, shame, humiliation,
embarrassment, anger, disappointment, worry,
nausea, mental suffering and anguish, shock,
fright,horror,andchagrin.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Theplaintiffcannotrecovermerelybecauseofhurt
feelings.Liabilitycannotbeextendedtoeverytrivial
indignity.Theplaintiffmustnecessarilybeexpected
andrequiredtobehardenedtoacertainamountof
rough language, and to acts that are definitely
inconsiderateandunkind.
A:Anemotionaldistresstortactionispersonalin
nature.Itisacivilactionfiledbyanindividualto
assuage the injuries to his emotional tranquility
duetopersonalattacksonhischaracter.
NOTE:Theprincipleofrelationalharmincludesharm
tosocialrelationshipsinthecommunityintheform
ofdefamationasdistinguishedfromtheprincipleof
reactive harm which includes injuries to individual
emotionaltranquility.
D.VIOLATIONOFPRIVACY
Q:WhatarethezonesofprivacyundertheNCC,
RPC,RulesofCourt,andspeciallaws?
A:
1. That every person shall respect the
dignity,personality,privacyandpeace
of mind of his neighbors and other
persons and any act of a person of
meddling and prying into the privacy
of another is punishable as an
actionablewrong;
3.
TheRPCmakesacrimethe:
i. violation of secrets by an
officer,
ii. revelation of trade and
industrialsecrets,and
iii. trespasstodwelling.
A:
1. Whether by his conduct, the individual
hasexhibitedanexpectationofprivacy;
and
2. Whether this expectation is one that
societyrecognizesasreasonable.
A:
1. appropriation;
2. intrusion;
3. publicdisclosureofprivatefacts;and
4. falselightinthepubliceye
(1)APPROPRIATION
Q:Whatisappropriation?
A:Itconsistsofappropriation,forthedefendants
benefit or advantage, of the plaintiffs name or
likeness.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatdoesthistortprotect?
1. name
2. likeness
3. achievements
4. identifyingcharacteristics
5. actualperformances
6. fictitious characters created by a
performer
7. phrases and other things associated
withanindividual.
(2)INTRUSION
Q:Whatisintrusion?
NOTE:Thetortofintrusionuponapersonssolitude
protects a persons sense of locational and
psychologicalprivacy.
Intrusioninpublicplaces:
Intrusionandadministrativeinvestigation:
520
Intrusionandpublicrecords:
(3)PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS
Q:Whatispublicdisclosureofprivatefacts?
Q:Whatisviolatedinpublicdisclosureofprivate
facts?
A:Theinterestsoughttobeprotectedistheright
to be free from unwarranted publicity, from the
wrongful publicizing of the private affairs and
activities of an individual which are outside the
realmoflegitimateconcern.
Q:Whataretheelementsofpublicdisclosureof
privatefacts?
A:
1. theremustbeapublicdisclosure;
2. the facts disclosed must be a private
fact;
3. the matter be one which would be
offensive and objectionable to a
reasonable person of ordinary
sensibilities.
Q:Whoisapublicfigure?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:No,saidrightbelongsonlytoindividualsacting
inaprivatecapacity.
(4)FALSELIGHTINTHEPUBLICEYE
Q:Whatisfalselightinthepubliceye?
A:Itisatortcommittedbyputtingapersonina
false light before the public. It is a non
defamatoryfalsehoodinthatafalseimpressionis
conveyed.
A:Theinteresttobeprotectedinthistortisthe
interest of the individual in not being made to
appearbeforethepublicinanobjectionablefalse
lightorfalseposition.
A:Infalselight,thegravamenoftheclaimisnot
reputationalharmbutrathertheembarrassment
of a person in being made into something he is
not.
Publicationindefamationissatisfiedifaletteris
sent to a third person; while in false light cases,
thestatementshouldbeactuallymadepublic.
E.DISTURBANCEOFPEACEOFMIND
SeeEmotionalDistress.
F.MALICIOUSPROSECUTION
RE:Malice:Thepresenceofprobablecausesignifies,
as a legal consequence, the absence of malice.The
absenceofmalice,therefore,involvesgoodfaithon
thepartofthedefendant.Thisgoodfaithmayeven
bebasedonmistakeoflaw.
Nevertheless,itisbelievedthatprioracquittalmay
includedismissalbytheprosecutorafterpreliminary
investigation.
A:Incriminalcases:
Incivilcases:
1. the defendant filed a civil action against
theplaintiffpreviously;
2. the actionwas dismissed for clear lack of
merit or for being baseless, unfounded,
andmalicious;
3. the defendant who filed the previous
complaintasplaintiffwasmotivatedbyill
willorsinisterdesign;
4. the present plaintiff suffered injury or
damage by reason of the previous
complaintfiledagainsthim.
Note:Maliceandprobablecausemustconcur.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Iftheactionfiledbyapartyisstillpendingtrial,
thefilingbythedefendantofanactionbasedon
malicious prosecution anchored on the first case
is premature. Its dismissal is in order. (Pineda,
2004citingCabacunganv.Corrales,95PHIL919)
A:None.Themerefilingofasuitdoesnotrender
theplaintiffliableformaliciousprosectionshould
he be unsuccessful. Persons should have free
resort to the courts. The law does not impose a
penaltyontherighttolitigate.(Pineda,2004)
Note:However,therepeatedfilingofacomplaintall
of which were dismissed, shows malicious
prosecution entitling the injured party to an award
of moral damages. (Pineda, 2004 citing Hawpia v.
CA,20SCRA536)
G.DEFAMATION
Q:Whatisdefamationandwhatdoesitcover?
A:
1. Defamatorylanguage;
2. oforconcerningtheplaintiff;
3. Publication thereof by defendant to a
thirdperson;and
4. Damagetoplaintiff'sreputation.
Q:Whatislibel?
522
Q:Whatisslander?
A:Anoraldefamation.
Q:Whatisslanderbydeed?
A:No,becauseintenttocommitacrimeisnota
violationoflaw.
(1)DEFENSES
(A)ABSENCEOFELEMENTS
Inordertoescapecriminalresponsibility,itisnot
enoughfortheoffendertosaythatheexpresses
therein no more than his opinion or belief. The
communication must be made in the
performanceofalegal,moral,orsocialduty.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Ifthedefamatoryimputationsweremadeina
privileged communication, is there liability
therefor?
A:None.Anabsolutelyprivilegedcommunication
is one for which, by reason of the occasion on
which it is made, no remedy is provided for the
damagesinacivilactionforslanderorlibel.
H.FRAUDORMISREPRESENTATION(FORMERLY
DECEIT)
Q:Whataretheelementsofmisrepresentation
intortscases?
A:
1. Affirmative misrepresentation of a
materialfact;
2. Defendant knew that statement being
madewasfalse;
3. Intent;
4. Causation;
5. Justifiablereliance;and
6. Damages
I.SEDUCTION
A:Seduction,byitself,isanactwhichiscontrary
to morals, good customs and public policy. The
defendant is liable if he employed deceit,
enticement, superior power or abuse of
confidence in successfully having sexual
intercoursewithanother.
Q:Whatisincludedinsexualassault?
A:Thedefendantwouldbeliableforallformsof
sexual assault. These include rape, acts of
lasciviousnessandseduction.
J.UNJUSTDISMISSAL
Q:Whatistheruleondismissalofemployees?
A:Itisabasicrulethatanemployerhasarightto
dismiss an employee in the manner and on the
grounds provided for under the NCC. If the
dismissal is for a valid cause, his dismissal is
consistentwiththeemployersrighttoprotecthis
interest in seeing to it that his employees are
performing their jobs with honesty, integrity and
goodfaith.
C.INTERFERENCEWITHRELATIONS
1.GENERAL
A.CONCEPT
B.KINDS
Q:Whatarethefourkindsofinterference?
A:Interferencewith:
1. Familyrelations;
2. Socialrelations;
3. Economicrelations;and
4. Politicalrelations.
2.FAMILYRELATIONS
A.ALIENATIONOFAFFECTION
Q:Whatisalienationofaffection?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Itextendstoallcasesofwrongfulinterference
inthefamilyaffairsofotherswherebyonespouse
isinducedtoleavetheotherspouseortoconduct
himselforherselfinamannerthatthecomfortof
marriedlifeisdestroyed.
Note:Itisnotnecessarythatthereisadulteryorthe
spouseisdeprivedofhouseholdservices.
A:
1. A woman cannot be made liable for
alienation of the affections of the
husband (of another woman) for being
merely the object of the affections of
said husband. To be liable, she must
have done some active acts calculated
to alienate the affections of the
husband. She must, in a sense, be the
pursuer,notmerelythepursued;
2. A prostitute is not liable for alienation
of affections of the husband for having
sexual intimacies with him ona chance
occasion.
3. When there is no more affection to
alienate.
A:Yes.However,parentsarepresumedtoactfor
thebestinterestoftheirchild.Thelawrecognizes
the right of a parent to advise his/her child and
when such advise is given in good faith, the act,
524
B.LOSSOFCONSORTIUM
Q:Whatislossofconsortium?
A:Aspousehasalegalobligationtolivewithhis
orherspouse.Ifaspousedoesnotperformhisor
her duty to the other, he may be held liable for
damages for such omission because the same is
contrarytolaw,moralsandgoodcustoms.
C.CRIMINALCONVERSATION(ADULTERY)
Q:Whenisadulterycommitted?
A:Adulteryiscommittedbyanymarriedwoman
whoshallhavesexualintercoursewithamannot
her husband and by the man who has carnal
knowledge of her knowing her to be married,
even if the marriage was subsequently declared
void.(Art.333,RPC)
Note:Concubinageiscommittedbyahusbandwho
shall:
1. keepamistressintheconjugaldwelling;
2. have sexual intercourse with her, under
scandalous circumstances, with a woman
nothiswife;or
3. cohabit with her in any other place. (Art.
334,RPC)
Nomoraldamagesisdueincaseofbigamy.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.MEDDLINGWITHORDISTURBINGFAMILY
RELATIONS
SeeInterferencewithfamilyrelations.
B.INTRIGUINGTOCAUSEANOTHERTOBE
ALIENATEDFROMHISFRIENDS
Q:Whomaybeheldliableforthetortintriguing
to cause another to be alienated from his
friends?
4.ECONOMICRELATIONS
A.INTERFERENCEWITHCONTRACTUAL
RELATIONS
Q:Whatisinterferencewithcontract?
Q:Whyisinterferencewithcontracttortuous?
A:Suchinterferenceistortiousbecauseitviolates
the right of the contracting parties to fulfill the
contractandtohaveitfulfilled,toreaptheprofits
resulting therefrom, and to compel the
performancebytheotherparty.
A:
1. existenceofavalidcontract;
2. knowledge on the part of the third
personoftheexistenceofthecontract;
3. interferenceofthethirdpersonwithout
legaljustificationorexcuse.
A:Ifthereisnocontractyetandthedefendantis
onlybeingsuedforinducinganothernottoenter
into a contract with the plaintiff, the tort
committed is appropriately called interference
withprospectiveadvantage.
Q:Whatistheextentandnatureoftheliability
oftheintermeddler?
A:Hisliabilityissolidaryandcannotbemorethan
the liability that will be incurred by the party in
whose behalf he intermeddled. Otherwise, that
willresultininjusticeandunfairness.
A:
GR:Yes.
XPN: If the intention of the intermeddler is
honest and laudable such as when the
interference is intended to protect the
contracting party he is intermeddling for,
fromdangertohislifeorproperty,heshould
not be made liable for damages for the
breachofthecontract.
B.UNFAIRCOMPETITION
Q:Whatisincludedinunfaircompetition?
Q:Whatispredatorypricing?
5.POLITICALRELATIONS
A.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTTOSUFFRAGE(NCC,
ART.32)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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B.VIOLATIONOFOTHERPOLITICALRIGHTS
(FREEDOMOFSPEECH,PRESS,ASSEMBLYAND
PETITION,ETC.)
SeeViolationofConstitutionalRights
6.DEFENSES
A.ABSENCEOFELEMENT
Q:Whatisthedefenseoninterference?
B.PRIVILEGE
A:Tosaythatanactisprivilegedconnotesthat
theactorowesnolegaldutytorefrainfromsuch
contact.
1.CONSENT
Q:Whenisconsentadefenseintortscasesand
whatisitsbasis?
A:Typically,onecannotholdanotherliableintort
for actions to which one has consented. This is
frequentlysummarizedbythephrase"volentinon
fitinjuria"(Latin:"toawillingperson,noinjuryis
done" or "no injury is done to a person who
consents"). It operates when the claimant either
expresslyorimplicitlyconsentstotheriskofloss
ordamage.
Q:Whataresomerulesindeterminingwhether
consentispresentasadefense?
A:
1. It need not be communicated to the
defendant.
526
2.
3.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SELFDEFENSE
Q:Whyisselfdefenseadefenseintortcases?
A:Anactorisprivilegedtousereasonableforce,
not intended or likely to cause death or serious
bodily harm, to defend himself against
unprivileged harmful contract which he
reasonably believes that another is about to
inflict.
A:Anactorisprivilegedtodefendhimselfagainst
another by force likely to cause death or serious
bodilyharmwhenhereasonablybelievesthat:
1. theotherisabouttoinflictuponhiman
intentionalcontactand
2. he is thereby put in peril of death or
seriousbodilyharmwhichcansafelybe
prevented only by immediate use of
suchforce.
Q:Isapersonprotectingatotalstrangerliable?
Q:Maytheinterveneruseanymeansoramount
offorceindefendingtheother?
Q:Whatistheconsequenceofamistakeonthe
partoftheintervener?
NOTE:Courtrequiresobjectiveandsubjectivebelief
(reasonablepersoncouldhaveseenthesituationas
dangerous and subject believed that he was in
danger).
Q:Whendoestheprivilegeofselfdefenseexist
andwhendoesitnotexist?
A:Theactorisnotprivilegedtouseanymeansof
selfdefensewhichisintendedorlikelytocausea
bodily harm in excess of that which the actor
correctly or reasonably believes to be necessary
forhisprotection.
3.DEFENSEOFPROPERTY
A:Anactorisprivilegedtousereasonableforce,
not intended or likely to cause death or serious
bodily harm, to prevent or terminate anothers
intrusionupontheactorslandif:
1. theintrusionisnotprivileged;
2. the actor reasonably believes that the
intrusion can be prevented only by the
forceused;and
3. the actor has first requested the other
to desist or the actor believes such
request will be useless or substantial
harm will be done before it can be
made.
DEFENSEOFOTHERS
Note:Theintentionalinflictionwhichisintendedor
likelytocausedeathorseriousbodilyharm,forthe
purpose of preventing or terminating the others
intrusion upon the actors possession of land, is
privileged only if the actor reasonably believes that
theintruderislikelytocausedeathorseriousbodily
harm.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.NECESSITY
Theownerorlawfulpossessorofathinghasthe
righttoexcludeanypersonfromtheenjoyment
and disposal thereof. For this purpose, he may
use such force as may be reasonably necessary
to repel or prevent an actual or threatened
unlawful physical invasion or usurpation of his
property.(Art.429,NCC)
1. Onemaysacrificethepersonalproperty
ofanothertosavehislifeorthelivesof
hisfellows;
2. One is privileged by necessity to
trespass when there is a serious threat
to life and no other lifesaving option is
available;and
3. The owner of property may not eject a
trespasser if the trespasser requires
entry to protest himself and his
propertyfromharm.
Thenecessityprivilegetoenterthelandofanother
in order to avoid serious harm is coupled with an
obligation on the part of the entrant to pay for
whateverharmhecaused.
MISCELLANEOUSPRIVILEGES
A:
1. To at least some extent, teachers and
parentsareexemptfrombatteryclaims
broughtonbehalfofchildrentheyhave
physicallydisciplined;
2. Other privileges include those relating
to the arrest of lawbreakers and the
prevention of crime, the enforcement
ofmilitaryorders,andtherecaptureof
landandpossessions.
528
5.AUTHORITYOFLAW
C.PRESCRIPTION
SeeDefenses;Prescription
D.WAIVER
SeePersons:WaiverofRights
E.FORCEMAJEURE
Q:Whatarethetwogeneralcausesoffortuitous
events?
A:
1. Bynature,suchasearthquakes,storms,
floods,epidemics,fires,etc.;and
2. By the act of man, such as an armed
invasion,
attack
by
bandits,
governmental prohibitions, robbery,
etc.
A:
1. The cause of the unforeseen and
unexpectedoccurrence,orofthefailure
of the debtor to comply with his
obligation,mustbeindependentofthe
humanwill;
2. It must be impossible to foresee the
event which constitutes the caso
fortuito,orifitcanbeforeseen,itmust
beimpossibletoavoid;
3. The occurrence must be such as to
render it impossible for the debtor to
fulfillhisobligationinanormalmanner;
and
4. The obligor must be free from any
participation in the aggravation of the
injuryresultingtothecreditor.
Q:Whenisthereliabilityfordamagescausedby
fortuitousevents?
Ifuponthehappeningofafortuitouseventofan
actofGod,thereconcursacorrespondingfraud,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
VIII.NEGLIGENCE
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisnegligence?
A:Theomissionofthatdegreeofdiligencewhich
is required by the nature of the obligation and
corresponding to the circumstances of the
persons,ofthetimeandplace.(Art.1173,NCC)
Q:Whatisthetestofnegligence?
A:
1. Simple negligence want of slight care
anddiligenceonly
Q:Whatarethecircumstancestobeconsidered
indeterminingwhetheranactisnegligent?
A:
1. Person Exposed to the Risk A higher
degree of diligence is required if the
personinvolvedisachild.
2. EmergencyTheactorconfrontedwith
an emergency is not to be held up to
the standard of conduct normally
applied to an individual who is in no
suchsituation.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ViolationofRulesandStatutes
a. Statutes
b. AdministrativeRules
c. PrivateRulesofConduct
PracticeandCustomApracticewhich
isdangeroustohumanlifecannotripen
intoacustomwhichwillprotectanyone
who follows it (Yamada v. Manila
Railroad,G.R.No.10073,Dec.24,1915).
Q:Willintoxicationsignifynegligence?
A:
GR:Mereintoxicationisnotnegligenceperse
nor establishes want of ordinary care. But it
may be one of the circumstances to be
considered to prove negligence. (Wright v.
ManilaElectricRailroad&LightCo.,GRNo.L
7760,Oct.1,1914)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatiscontributorynegligence?
B.GOODFATHEROFAFAMILYORREASONABLY
PRUDENTMAN
A:TheSupremeCourtdescribedagoodfatherof
afamilybyfirststatingwhoisnot.Heisnotandis
not supposed to be omniscient of the future;
rather, he is one who takes precautions against
anyharmwhenthereissomethingbeforehimto
suggestorwarnhimofthedangerortoforeseeit
(Picartv.Smith,G.R.No.L12406,Mar.15,1918).
Q:Whatisthetestofnegligence?
530
A.
GR: The action of a child will not necessarily
be judged according to the standard of an
adult.
XPN: If the minor is mature enough to
understand and appreciate the nature and
consequencesofhisactions.Insuchacase,he
shallbeconsideredtohavebeennegligent.
Note:R.A.9344(JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof
2006):15yearsofageoryoungerageofabsolute
irresponsibility.
Q:Whatisdiligencebeforethefact?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
STANDARDOFCONDUCTorDEGREEOFCAREREQUIRED
InGeneral
If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is
expectedofagoodfatherofafamilyshallberequired(Article1173,2ndparagraph,NCC).
Note:DiligenceofagoodfatherofafamilybonospaterfamiliasAreasonablemanisdeemedtohaveknowledgeofthefactsthat
amanshouldbeexpectedtoknowbasedonordinaryhumanexperience.(PNRv.IAC,GRNo.7054,Jan.22,1993)
PersonswhohavePhysicalDisability
GR:Aweakoraccidentpronepersonmustcomeuptothestandardofareasonableman,otherwise,hewillbe
consideredasnegligent.
XPN:Ifthedefectamountstoarealdisability,thestandardofconductisthatofareasonablepersonunderlike
disability.
ExpertsandProfessionals
GR:Theyshouldexhibitthecaseandskillofonewhoisordinarilyskilledintheparticularfieldthatheisin.
Note:Thisruledoesnotapplysolelyorexclusivelytoprofessionalswhohaveundergoneformaleducation.
XPN:Whentheactivity,byitsverynature,requirestheexerciseofahigherdegreeofdiligence
e.g.Banks;Commoncarriers
InsanePersons
ThesameruleappliesundertheNewCivilCode.Theinsanityofapersondoesnotexcusehimorhisguardianform
liability based on quasidelict. (Arts. 2180 and 2182, NCC). This means that the act or omission of the person
sufferingfrommentaldefectwillbejudgedusingthestandardtestofareasonableman.
Thebasesforholdingapermanentlyinsanepersonliableforhistortsareasfollows:
Whereoneoftwoinnocentpersonmustsufferalossitshouldbebornebytheonewhooccasionedit;
Toinducethoseinterestedintheestateoftheinsaneperson(ifhehasone)torestrainandcontrolhim;and
Thefearthataninsanitydefensewouldleadtofalseclaimsofinsanitytoavoidliability.(Bruenigv.American
FamilyInsuranceCo.,173N.W.2d619[1970]).
Note:UndertheRPC,aninsanepersonisexemptfromcriminalliability.However,byexpressprovisionoflaw,theremaybecivil
liabilityevenwhentheactorisexemptfromcriminalliability.Aninsanepersonisstillliablewithhispropertyfortheconsequences
ofhisacts,thoughtheyperformedunwittingly.(USv.Baggay,Jr.G.R.No.6706,Sept.1,1911)
Employers
ThatdegreeofcareasmandatedbytheLaborCodeorothermandatoryprovisionsforpropermaintenanceofthe
workplaceoradequatefacilitiestoensurethesafetyoftheemployees.
Note:Failureoftheemployertocomplywithmandatoryprovisionsmaybeconsiderednegligenceperse.
Employees
Employeesareboundtoexerciseduecareintheperformanceoftheirfunctionsfortheemployers.Liabilitymaybe
basedonnegligencecommittedwhileintheperformanceofthedutiesoftheemployee(Aranetav.DeJoya,G.R.
No.83491,Aug.27,1990)
Owners,ProprietorsandPossessorsofProperty
GR:Theownerhasnodutytotakereasonablecaretowardsatrespasserforhisprotectionoreventoprotecthim
fromconcealeddanger.
XPN:
1. Visitors
2. ToleratedPossession
3. DoctrineofAttractiveNuisance
4. StateofNecessity
Doctors
IfaGeneralPractitionerOrdinarycareanddiligenceintheapplicationofhisknowledgeandskillinthepracticeof
hisprofession
IfaSpecialistThelegaldutytothepatientisgenerallyconsideredtobethatofanaveragephysician.
Lawyers
An attorney is bound to exercise only a reasonable degree of care and skill, having reference to the business he
undertakestodo(Adarnev.Aldaba,Adm.CaseNo.80,June27,1978).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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1.NCC,ART.1173
A:BonusPaterFamiliasorthatofagoodfatherof
afamily.
Q:Whatistheruleincaseoffaultornegligence
ofanobligor?
A:Art.1173.Thefaultornegligenceoftheobligor
consistsintheomissionofthatdiligencewhichis
required by the nature of the obligation and
corresponds with the circumstances of the
persons, of the time and of the place. When
negligence shows bad faith, the provisions of
Articles1171and2201,paragraph2,shallapply.
NOTE:Art.1171.Responsibilityarisingfromfraudis
demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an
actionforfuturefraudisvoid.
2.EMERGENCYRULE
Q:Whatistheemergencyrule?
Note:Emergencyruleexemptscommoncarriers.
532
D.UNREASONABLERISKOFHARM
Q:Indeterminingwhetherapersonhasexposed
himselftoanunreasonablegreatrisk,whatmust
bepresent?
A:Reasonableness,theelementsofwhichareas
follows:
3. Magnitudeoftherisk
4. Principalobject
5. Collateralobject
6. Utilityoftherisk
7. Necessityoftherisk
Ifthemagnitudeoftheriskisverygreatandthe
principal object, very valuable, yet the value of
the collateral object and the great utility and
necessity of the risk counterbalanced those
considerations,theriskismadereasonable.
Thefollowingarecircumstancestobeconsidered:
1. Time
2. Place
3. Emergency
4. Gravityofharmtobeavoided
5. Alternativecourseofaction
6. Socialvalueorutilityofactivity
7. Personexposedtotherisk
E.EVIDENCE
F.PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCE
1.LEGALPROVISIONS
A:Personsaregenerallypresumedtohavetaken
ordinary care of his concerns.There are however
exceptionswhennegligenceispresumed.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.
Note:Proofoftrafficviolationrequired.
3.
2.RESIPSALOQUITUR
Q:Whatdoesresipsaloquiturmean?
Q:Whataretherequisitesfortheapplicationof
thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur?
A:
1. That the accident is of a kind which
ordinarilydoesnotoccurintheabsence
ofsomeonesnegligence;
2. Itiscausedbyaninstrumentalitywithin
the exclusive control of the
defendant/s;and
3. The possibility of contributing conduct
which would make plaintiff responsible
iseliminated.
Q:Whataresomecaseswherethedoctrinewas
heldtobeinapplicable?
A:
1. Where there is direct proof of absence
orpresenceofnegligence;
2. Where other causes, including the
conduct of the plaintiff and third
persons, are not sufficiently eliminated
bytheevidence;
3. Whenoneormorerequisiteisabsent.
G.DEFENSES
1.COMPLETE
Q:Whyaretheycalledcompletedefenses?
a.ABSENCEOFELEMENT
(1)DUEDILIGENCE
SeeRulesonDegreeorStandardofCare
(2)ACTSOFPUBLICOFFICERS
b.ACCIDENTORFORTUITOUSEVENT
SeeForceMajeureorFortuitousEvent
c.DAMNUMABSQUEINJURIA
Q:Whatismeantbydamnumabsqueinjuria?
Q:Whatisinjury?
A:itisthelegalinvasionofalegalright.
Q:Whatisdamage?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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A:Onewhoexercisesarightdoesnoinjury.
d.AUTHORITYOFLAW
e.ASSUMPTIONOFRISK
Q:Whatismeantbyvolentinonfitinjuria?
A:Toawillingperson,noinjuryisdone.
A:
1. The plaintiff must know that the risk is
present;
2. He must further understand its nature;
and
3. His choice to incur it is free and
voluntary.
Q:Whatarethetwokindsofassumptionofrisk?
A:
1. Expresswaiveroftherighttorecover;
2. Impliedassumption
a. DangerousConditions
b. ContractualRelations
c. DangerousActivities
d. Defendantsnegligence
Q:Whatismeantby:
1. Dangerousconditions?
A: A person who, knowing that he is
exposed to a dangerous condition,
voluntarily assumes the risk of such
dangerous condition may not recover
from the defendant who maintained
suchdangerouscondition.
2. Contractualrelations?
A:Theremaybeanimpliedassumption
of risk if the plaintiff entered into
contractual relations with the
defendant. By entering into a
relationship freely and voluntarily
where the negligence of the defendant
isobvious,theplaintiffmaybefoundto
accept and consent to it, and to
undertaketolookoutforhimselfandto
relievethedefendantoftheduty.
3. Dangerousactivities?
A:Apersonwhovoluntarilyparticipates
in dangerous activities assumes the
534
4.
Defendantsnegligence?
A: When the plaintiff is aware of the
risk created by the defendants
negligence, yet he voluntarily proceed
to encounter it, there is implied
assumption of risk on the part of the
plaintiff.
f.LASTCLEARCHANCE
SeeLastClearChance
g.PRESCRIPTION
Q:Whatistheprescriptiveperiodforquasi
delict?
A:Four(4)yearsreckonedfromthedateofthe
accident.
h.WAIVER
SeePersons:WaiverofRights.
i.DOUBLERECOVERY
Q:Whatistheruleagainstdoublerecovery?
A:Theplaintiffcannotrecoverdamagestwicefor
the same act or omission of the defendant. (Art.
2177,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.GENERAL
1.CONCEPT
B.PRODUCTSLIABILITY
Q:Whatisproductandserviceliability?
1.MANUFACTURERSORPROCESSORS
a.ELEMENTS
b.CONSUMERACT
Q:Whatistheconsumeract(RA7394)?
A:ConsumerActprohibitsfraudulentsalesactsor
practices. Chapter I of Title III expressly provides
for protection against defective, unfair and
unconscionable sales acts and practices. The Act
likewise contains provisions imposing warranty
obligationsonthemanufacturersandsellers.This
Act also imposes liability for defective service
independentlyoffault.
A:ThestrictliabilityundertheActisimposedon
themanufacturer.
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whatarethedefensesofamanufacturerand
supplier?
A:
The manufacturer shall not be liable when it
evidences:
1. thatitdidnotplacetheproductonthe
market;
2. that although it did place the product
on the market such product has no
defect;
3. that the consumer or the third party is
solelyatfault.
Thesuppliershallnotbeliablewhenitisproven:
1. that there is no defect in the service
rendered;
2. that the consumer or the third party is
solelyatfault.
Q:Whatarethekindsofdefectsinproducts?
A:
1. Manufacturing defect defects
resulting
from
manufacture,
construction,assemblyanderection.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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C.NUISANCE
1.NUISANCEPERSEANDNUISANCEPER
ACCIDENCE
Q:Whatarethekindsofnuisance?
A:
1. Astothenumberofpersonsaffected:
a. Public(orcommon)isonewhich
affects
a
community
ir
neighborhood or considerable
numberofpersons.
b. Private is one which affects an
individualorfewpersonsonly.
2. Otherclassification:
a. NuisancePerSethatkindof
nuisance which is always a
nuisance. By its nature, it is
alwaysanuisanceallthetime
under any circumstances
regardless of location or
surroundings.
b. Nuisance Per Accidens that
kind of nuisance by reason of
location, surrounding or in a
manner it is conducted or
managed.
c. Temporary that kind which
if properly attended does not
constituteanuisance.
d. Permanent that kind which
bynatureofstructurecreates
apermanentinconvenience.
e. Continuing that kind which
by its nature will continue to
exist indefinitely unless
abated
f. Intermittentthatkindwhich
recurs off and on may be
discontinuedanytime.
g. Attractive Nuisance one
who maintains on his
premises
dangerous
instrumentalities
or
appliances of a character
likely to attract children in
play,andwhofailstoexercise
ordinary care to prevent
children
from
playing
therewith
or
resorting
thereto, is liable to a child of
tender years who is injured
thereby, even if the child is
technicallyatrespasserinthe
premises.
536
2.PUBLICNUISANCEANDPRIVATENUISANCE
Q:Whataretheremediesagainstpublic
nuisances?
A:
1. ProsecutionundertheRPCoranylocal
ordinance
2. Civilaction
3. Abatement,withoutjudicialproceeding
Q:Whomayavailofremedies?
A:
1. Publicofficers
2. Privatepersonsifnuisanceisspecially
injurioustohimself;theff.steps
mustbemade:
i.
demandbefirstmadeuponowner
or possessor of the property to
abatethenuisance
ii.
that such demand has been
rejected
iii.
that the abatement be approved
by the district health officer and
executed with the assistance of
localpolice
iv.
that the value of destruction does
notexceedP3,000
Q:Whatisaprivatenuisance?
A:
1. Civilaction
2. Abatement,
without
judicial
proceedings
Q:Whomayavailofremedies?
A:
1. Publicofficers
2. Privatepersonsifnuisanceisspecially
injurious to himself; the ff.
stepsmustbemade:
i.
demandbefirstmadeuponowner
or possessor of the property
toabatethenuisance
ii.
that such demand has been
rejected
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
iv.
3.ATTRACTIVENUISANCE
Q:Whatisanattractivenuisance?
Onewhomaintainsanattractivenuisanceonhis
estate without exercising due care is liable to a
childoftenderyearsevenifatrespasser.
D.VIOLATIONOFCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTS
1.VIOLATIONOFCIVILLIBERTIES
Q:WhatistherationalefortheinclusionofArt.
32intheNewCivilCode?
E.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTSCOMMITTEDBYPUBLIC
OFFICERS
Q:Inwhatinstancescanapublicofficerbeliable
fordamages?
Anactionmaybebroughtbyanypersonsuffering
frommaterialormorallossbecauseapublic
servantrefusesorneglects,withoutjustcauseto
performhisofficialduty(ART,27NCC).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Requisites:
i.
defendant is a public officer charged
withtheperformanceofadutyinfavor
oftheplaintiff
ii.
he refused or neglected without just
causetoperformsuchduty(ministerial)
iii.
plaintiffsustainedmaterialormoralloss
as consequence of such non
performance
iv.
the amount of such damages, if
material
A:Art.34isintendedtoaffordaremedyagainst
police officers who connive with bad elements,
areafraidofthemorsimplyindifferenttoduty.
F.PROVINCES,CITIESANDMUNICIPALITIES
G.OWNEROFMOTORVEHICLE
Q:Whatistheliabilityoftheownerofavehicle
incaseofanaccident?
A:Inmotorvehiclemishaps,theowneris
solidarilyliablewithhisdriver,iftheformer,who
wasinthevehicle,couldhave,bytheuseofthe
duediligence,preventedthemisfortune.Itis
disputablypresumedthatadriverwasnegligent,
ifhehadbeenfoundguiltyorrecklessdrivingor
violatingtrafficregulationsatleasttwicewithin
thenextprecedingtwomonths.(Art.2184,NCC)
H.PROPRIETOROF
BUILDINGORSTRUCTUREORTHING
A:
a. Theproprietorofabuildingorstructure
isresponsibleforthedamagesresulting
from its total or partial collapse, if it
should be due to the lack of necessary
repairs.(Art.2190,NCC)
538
b.
Proprietorsshallalsoberesponsiblefor
damagescaused:
I.HEADOFFAMILY
SeePersonsMadeResponsibleForOthers;
Parents
X.STRICTLIABILITY
Q:Whenistherestrictliability?
A.ANIMALS
1.POSSESSORANDUSEROFANANIMAL
Q:Whoisliablefordamagescausedbyanimals?
A:
1. Anownerisstrictlyliableforreasonably
foreseeabledamagedonebyatrespass
ofhisanimals.
2. An owner is strictly liable to licensees
and invitees for injuries caused by wild
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
4.
B.NUISANCE
SeeNuisance.
1.CLASSES
SeeNuisance.
2.EASEMENTAGAINSTNUISANCE
Q:Whatiseasementagainstnuisance?
C.PRODUCTSLIABILITY
1.CONSUMERACT
SeeManufacturersorProcessors;ConsumerAct.
BOOKIIDAMAGES
I.GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
A.CLASSIFICATION
Q:Whataredamages?
Q:Whatarethekindsofdamages?
A:MENTAL
1. Moral
2. Exemplary
3. Nominal
4. Temperate
5. Actual
6. Liquidated
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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ACTUAL/
COMPENSATORY
MORAL
NOMINAL
Accordingtopurpose
Actual or compensatory damages Awarded only to enable the
simply make good or replace the injured party to obtain means,
losscausedbythewrong.
diversion or amusement that will
alleviate the moral suffering he
has undergone, by reason of
defendants
culpable
action.
(Roblezav.CA,174SCRA354)
Accordingtomannerofdetermination
Claimantmustproducecompetent
proof or the best evidence
obtainable such as receipts to
justify an award therefore. Actual
or compensatory damages cannot
be presumed but must be proved
with reasonable certainty. (People
v.Ereno,Feb.22,2000)
Special/Ordinary
Ordinary
Special
Special
540
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
TEMPERATE
EXEMPLARY/
CORRECTIVE
LIQUIDATED
Accordingtopurpose
When the court is convinced that
there has been such a loss, the
judge is empowered to calculate
moderatedamagesratherthanlet
the complainant suffer without
redress. (GSIS v. LabungDeang,
365SCRA341)
Liquidateddamagesarefrequently
agreeduponbytheparties,either
by way of penalty or in order to
avoid controversy on the amount
ofdamages.
Accordingtomannerofdetermination
Mayberecoveredwhenthecourt
findsthatsomepecuniarylosshas
been suffered but its amount
cannot, from the nature of the
case,beprovedwithcertainty.No
proof of pecuniary loss is
necessary.
If intended as a penalty in
obligations with a penal cause,
proof of actual damages suffered
by the creditor is not necessary in
order that the penalty may be
demanded(Art.1228,NCC).
No proof of pecuniary loss is
necessary.
1.Thattheclaimantisentitledto
moral,
temperate
or
compensatorydamages;and
Special/Ordinary
Special
Special
Special
II.ACTUALANDCOMPENSATORYDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatareactualorcompensatorydamages?
Q:Whatarethekindsofactualorcompensatory
damages?
A:
1. General damages natural, necessary
andlogicalconsequencesofaparticular
2.
wrongfulactwhichresultininjury;need
notbespecificallypleadedbecausethe
lawitselfimpliesorpresumesthatthey
resultedfromthewrongfulact.
B.REQUISITES
1.ALLEGEDANDPROVEDWITHCERTAINTY
Q:Isitnecessarythatlossbeproved?
A:
GR: Loss must be proved before one can be
entitledtodamages.
XPN:Lossneednotbeprovedinthefollowing
cases:
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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1.
2.
3.
4.
2.NOTSPECULATIVE
C.COMPONENTELEMENTS
1.VALUEOFLOSS;UNREALIZEDPROFIT
Q:Whatdoesactualdamagescover?
Q:Whatmustbeconsideredindeterminingthe
amountofdamagesrecoverable?
Q:Isitproperfortheheirstoclaimasdamages
thefullamountofearningsofthedeceased?
Incaseofbusinessestablishments,itcoversinjuryto
thebusinessstandingorcommercialcredit.
542
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.ATTORNEYSFEESANDEXPENSESOF
LITIGATION
A:
1. Ordinary
2. Extraordinary
ORDINARY
Thereasonable
compensationpaid
toalawyerforthe
legalservices
renderedtoaclient
whohasengaged
him
EXTRAORDINARY
Nature
Anindemnityfordamages
orderedbythecourttobe
paidbythelosingtothe
prevailingpartyinlitigation
Basis
Thefactof
employmentofthe
Anycasesauthorizedbylaw
lawyerbytheclient
Towhompayable
Lawyer
Client
Q:TowhatdoesArticle2208pertain?
A:
GR:Notrecoverable.
XPN:SWISSMUDERC
1. Stipulationbetweenparties
2. Recovery of Wages of household
helpers,laborersandskilledworkers
3. ActionsforIndemnityunderworkmen's
compensation and employer liability
laws
4. LegalSupportactions
5. Separate civil action to recover civil
liabilityarisingfromcrime
6. Maliciousprosecution
7. Clearly Unfounded civil action or
proceedingagainstplaintiff
8. WhenDoublejudicialcostsareawarded
9. WhenExemplarydamagesareawarded
10. Defendantactedingross&evidentbad
faithinRefusingtosatisfyplaintiff'sjust
&demandableclaim
11. When defendant's act or omission
Compelled plaintiff to litigate with 3rd
3.INTEREST
Q:Whencaninterestbepartofdamages?
D.EXTENTORSCOPEOFACTUALDAMAGES
1.INCONTRACTSANDQUASICONTRACTS
Q:Canactualdamagesbemitigated?
A:Yes,inthefollowingcases:
1. ForContracts:
a. Violation of terms of the contract
bytheplaintiffhimself;
b. Obtentionorenjoymentofbenefit
under the contract by the plaintiff
himself;
c. Defendant acted upon advice of
counsel in cases where the
exemplary damages are to be
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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d.
2.
3.
ForQuasicontracts:
a. Incaseswhereexemplarydamages
are to be awarded such as in
Article2232;
b. Defendant has done his best to
lessentheplaintiffsinjuryorloss.
ForQuasidelicts:
a. That the loss would have resulted
in any event because of the
negligenceoromissionofanother,
and where such negligence or
omission is the immediate and
proximatecauseofthedamageor
injury;
b. Defendant has done his best to
lessentheplaintiffsinjuryorloss.
2.INCRIMESANDQUASIDELICTS
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3.
III.MORALDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whyaremoraldamagesawarded?
Q:Howcantheplaintiffrecovermoraldamages?
A:
GR:Theplaintiffmustallegeandprove:
1. The factual basis for moral damages
and
2. The causal relation to the defendants
act
XPN:Moraldamagesmaybeawardedtothe
victim in criminal proceedings without the
need for pleading of proof or the basis
thereof.
B.WHENRECOVERABLE
Q:Whenismoraldamagesrecoverable?
A:Moraldamagesmayberecoveredinthe
followingandanalogouscases:
1. Acriminaloffenseresultinginphysical
injuries;
2. Quasidelictscausingphysicalinjuries;
3. Seduction,abduction,rape,orother
lasciviousacts;
4. Adulteryorconcubinage;
5. Illegalorarbitrarydetentionorarrest;
6. Illegalsearch;
7. Libel,slanderoranyotherformof
defamation;
8. Maliciousprosecution;
9. ActsmentionedinArticle309;and
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
1.INSEDUCTION,ABDUCTION,RAPEAND
OTHERLASCIVIOUSACTS
A:Yes.Incriminalproceedingsforrape.
Requisites:
1. There must be an injury whether
physical, mental or psychological,
clearlysustainedbytheclaimant
2. Theremustbeculpableactoromission
3. Such act or omission is the proximate
causeoftheinjury
4. The damage is predicated on the cases
citedinArt.2219
Q:Inrapecases,iscivilindemnitythesamewith
moraldamages?
Whenthefactofrapehasbeenestablished,civil
indemnity is mandatory. If it is simple rape, civil
indemnity is P50,000.00. If there is qualifying
circumstanceastojustifytheimpositionofdeath
penalty, it should be no less than P75,000.00
(People v. Banago ; People v. Mahinay, G.R. No.
109613,July17,1995)(Pineda,p.247,2009ed.).
2.INACTSREFERREDTOINARTS.21,26,27,28,
29,32,34&35,NCC
A:
1. Willful acts contrary to morals, good
customsorpublicpolicy
2. Disrespect to the dignity, personality,
privacyandpeaceofmindofneighbors
andotherpersons
3. Refusalorneglectofapublicservantto
perform his official duty without just
cause
4. Unfair competition in enterprise or in
labor
5. Civilactionfordamagesagainstaccused
acquittedonreasonabledoubt
6. Violationofcivilrights
7. Civil action for damages against city or
municipalpoliceforce
8. When the trial court finds no
reasonable ground to believe that a
crime has been committed after a
preliminary investigation or when the
prosecutor refuses or fails to institute
criminalproceedings.
3.INCASESOFMALICIOUSPROSECUTION
Q:Whatisanactionformaliciousprosecution?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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sincetheawardofmoralandexemplarydamages
isnolongerjustified,theawardofattorney'sfees
and expenses of litigation is left without basis.
(Buenaventura v. CA, G.R. No. 127358,Mar. 31,
2005)
IV.NOMINALDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisthepurposeofnominaldamages?
Note:Elements:
1. Plaintiffhasaright;
2. Suchrightisviolated;
3. The purpose of awarding damages is to
vindicateorrecognizetherightviolated.
B.WHENAWARDED
Note:Nominaldamagescannotcoexistwithactual
or compensatory damages because nominal
damages are recoverable when the damages
suffered cannot be proved with reasonable
certainty.Thelawpresumesdamagealthoughactual
orcompensatorydamagesarenotproven.Awardof
actual, moral, temperate or moderate damages
preclude nominal damages. But it may be awarded
togetherwith attorneys fees. (Pineda, pp. 284285,
2009ed)
V.TEMPERATEORMODERATEDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whataretemperatedamages?
A:Thosedamages,whicharemorethannominal
but less than compensatory, and may be
recovered when the court finds that some
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Note:Elements:
1. Somepecuniaryloss;
2. Loss is incapable of pecuniary
estimation;
3. The
damages
awarded are
reasonable.
VI.LIQUIDATEDDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatareliquidateddamages?
A:Thoseagreeduponbythepartiesinacontract,
tobepaidincaseofbreachthereof.
A:
1. Iniquitousorunconscionable
2. Partialorirregularperformance
B.RULESGOVERNINGINCASEOFBREACHOF
CONTRACT
A:Art.2228,NCC,providesthatwhenthebreach
of contract committed by the defendant is not
the one contemplated by the parties in agreeing
upon the liquidated damages, the law shall
determinethemeasureofdamages,andnotthe
stipulation.
VII.EXEMPLARYORCORRECTIVEDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisthepurposeofexemplarydamages?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
B.WHENRECOVERED
A:
GR:Exemplarydamagescannotberecovered
asamatterofright(Art.2233,NCC)
XPN:
1. Criminal offense when the crime was
committed with one or more
aggravatingcircumstances(Art.2230)
2. Quasidelicts when the defendant
actedwithgrossnegligence(Art.2231)
3. Contracts and Quasicontracts when
defendantactedinwanton,fraudulent,
reckless, oppressive, or malevolent
manner (Art. 2232) (Pineda, p. 301,
2009ed)
Q:Whatarethedamagesthatcanberecovered
incaseofdeath?
3
A:MEAI
1. Moraldamages
2. Exemplarydamages
3. Attomey's fees and expenses for
litigation
4. Indemnityfordeath
5. Indemnityforlossofearningcapacity
6. Interestinpropercases
Q:Whatarethedamagesthatcanberecovered
incaseofdeath?
3
A:MEAI
1. Moraldamages
2. Exemplarydamages
3. Attomey's fees and expenses for
litigation
4. Indemnityfordeath
5. Indemnityforlossofearningcapacity
6. Interestinpropercases
C.REQUISITES
Q:Whenistemperatedamagesrecoverable?
A:
1. The claimants right to exemplary
damageshasbeenestablished
2. Their determination depends upon the
amountofcompensatorydamagesthat
maybeawardedtotheclaimant
3.
VIII.DAMAGESINCASEOFDEATH
A.INCRIMESANDQUASIDELICTSCAUSING
DEATH
A:Incaseofdeath,theplaintiffisentitledtothe
amount that he spent during the wake and
funeral of the deceased. However, it has been
ruled that expenses after the burial are not
compensable.
Note:Theamountofdamagesfordeathcausedbya
crimeorquasidelictshallbeatleastthreethousand
pesos,eventhoughtheremayhavebeenmitigating
circumstances.Inaddition:
1. The defendant shall be liable for the loss
of the earning capacity of the deceased,
and the indemnity shall be paid to the
heirsofthelatter;suchindemnityshallin
every case be assessed and awarded by
thecourt,unlessthedeceasedonaccount
of permanent physical disability not
caused by the defendant, had no earning
capacityatthetimeofhisdeath;
2. If the deceased was obliged to give
support according to the provisions of
Article 291, the recipient who is not an
heir called to the decedent's inheritance
by the law of testate or intestate
succession,maydemandsupportfromthe
personcausingthedeath,foraperiodnot
exceedingfiveyears,theexactdurationto
befixedbythecourt;
3. The spouse, legitimate and illegitimate
descendants and ascendants of the
deceasedmaydemandmoraldamagesfor
mentalanguishbyreasonofthedeathof
thedeceased.(Art.2206,NCC)
1.INDEATHCAUSEDBYBREACHOFCONDUCT
BYACOMMONCRIME
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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IX.GRADUATIONOFDAMAGES
Q:Whatistheruleingraduationofdamagesin
tortscases?
A.DUTYOFINJUREDPARTY
1.ART.2203
Q:Whatisthedutyoftheinjuredparty?
B.RULES
1.INCRIMES
Q: How are damages adjudicated in case of
crimes?
A:Incrimes,thedamagestobeadjudicatedmay
be respectively increased or lessened according
to the aggravating or mitigating circumstances.
(Art.2204,NCC)
2.INQUASIDELICT
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3.INCONTRACTS,QUASICONTRACTSAND
QUASIDELICTS;NCCART.2215
4.LIQUIDATEDDAMAGES
5.COMPROMISE
Q:Whatisacompromise?
Q:Whatistheessenceofacompromise?
A:Theelementofreciprocalconcessions.
Note:Inacivilcase,compromisemustbeentered
into before or during litigation, never after final
judgmenthasbeenrendered.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR:notallowed
X.MISCELLANEOUSRULES
Damages
Damages
Damages
thatcannot
thatmustco
thatmust
coexist
exist
standalone
Nominal
Exemplary
Nominal
Damages
Damages
Damages
cannotco
mustcoexist
existwith
withMoral,
Exemplary
Temperate,
Damages
Liquidatedor
Compensator
yDamages
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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