1.10. What are modes of failure?

Solution:
Failure modes are the physical processes that take place or combine their
effects to produce failure.
The following are modes of failure:
1. Failure by excessive deflection
a. elastic deflection
b. deflection caused by creep
2. Failure by general yielding
3. Failure by fracture
a. sudden fracture of brittle materials
b. fracture of cracked or flawed members
c. progressive fracture (fatigue)
4. Failure by instability
1.11 What are failure criteria? How are they related to modes of failure?
Solution:
Failure criteria are critical parameters which signals the onset of failure,
might be stress, strain, displacement, load and number of load cycles or a
combination of these. It is used to accurately predict the failure modes.
Suitable failure criteria must account for different materials, different loading
histories, and factors that influence the stress distribution in the member.

Solution:
Set :
Ps is the force on steel bar,
Pa is the force on the aluminum bar.
s is the elongation in the steel bar.
a is the elongation in the aluminum bar.
s is the stress in the steel bar
a is the stress in the aluminum bar
Es is the modulus of elasticity of the steel
Ea is the modulus of elasticity of the aluminum
Right is the positive orientation
a. The free body diagram for the cross section of point A is as follow:
Ps

Pa

b. The free body diagram for the cross section of point A is as follow:
Ps2

Ps

Pa
Set Ps2 is the force from the wall due to the right shift