Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Routing Introduction in BGP
Routing Introduction in BGP
ISP Workshops
Routing Concepts
p IPv4
& IPv6
p Routing
p Forwarding
p Some definitions
p Policy options
p Routing Protocols
IPv4
p Internet
(legacy protocol)
n Addresses are 32 bits long
n Addresses are written as decimal with each 8bit range separated by a .
n Range from 1.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
n 0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255 and 224.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255 have special uses
n
p IPv4
IPv6
p Internet
p IPv6
IP address format
p Address
n
IPv4 written as
12.34.56.78 255.255.255.0 or
p 12.34.56.78/24
p
IPv6 written as
p
2001:DB8:A::1/64
IP subnets
p IPv4
n
example 12.34.56.78/24
p IPv6
n
example 2001:DB8:A::1/64
= building
maps and giving
directions
p Forwarding
=
moving packets
between interfaces
according to the
directions
9
p Decisions
IP route lookup
p Based
on destination IP address
p longest match routing
More specific prefix preferred over less specific
prefix
n Example: packet with destination of
2001:DB8:1::1/128 is sent to the router
announcing 2001:DB8:1::/48 rather than the
router announcing 2001:DB8::/32.
n
11
IP route lookup
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
R4
2001:db8:1::/48
announced from
here
12
IP route lookup:
Longest match routing
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
2001:db8:1::1 && ffff:ffff::
vs.
Match!
2001:db8:: && ffff:ffff::
R4
2001:db8:1::/48
announced from
here
13
IP route lookup:
Longest match routing
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
2001:db8:1::1 && ffff:ffff:ffff::
vs.
2001:db8:1:: && ffff:ffff:ffff::
R4
2001:db8:1::/48
announced from
here
Match as well!
14
IP route lookup:
Longest match routing
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
R4
2001:db8:1::1 && ffff:ffff::
vs.
2001:db9:: && ffff:ffff::
2001:db8:1::/48
announced from
here
IP route lookup:
Longest match routing
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
R4
2001:db8:1::/48
announced from
2001:db8:1::1 && ffff:ffff::
here
vs.
Does not match!
2001:dba:: && ffff:ffff::
16
IP route lookup:
Longest match routing
p Based
on destination IP address
Packet: Destination
IP address: 2001:db8:1::1
R1
2001:db8::/32 R3
2001:db8:1::/48 R4
2001:db9::/32 R5
2001:dba::/32 R6
2001:db8::/32
announced
from here
R3
R2
R4
2001:db8:1::/48
Longest match, 48 bit netmask announced from
here
17
IP Forwarding
p
p
p
destination address
class of service (fair queuing, precedence, others)
local requirements (packet filtering)
18
n
n
Default:
n
n
n
Hybrid:
n
n
n
Minimise overhead
Provide useful granularity
Requires some filtering knowledge
21
Egress Traffic
p How
22
Ingress Traffic
p How
23
p
p
p
Definition of terms
p
Neighbours
n
n
Announce
n
Originate
n
Accept
n
Peers
n
AS 1
accept
announce
routing flow
announce
accept
AS 2
packet flow
must
must
must
must
announce to AS2
accept from AS1
announce to AS1
accept from AS2
26
27
AS 34
N1
AS16
AS 8
N16
AS 34
N1
AS16
AS 8
N16
p As
Routing Policy
p Used
red
Internet
green
AS99
green
packet flow
p
p
red
Internet
AS99
AS22
green
green
packet flow
p
p
32
2016:
p Routes
Routing Protocols
We now know what routing
means
but what do the routers
get up to?
And why are we doing this
anyway?
34
p Instead,
36
37
38
Routing Protocols
p Routers
39
What Is an IGP?
p Interior
Gateway Protocol
p Within an Autonomous System
p Carries information about internal
infrastructure prefixes
p Two widely used IGPs:
OSPF
n IS-IS
n
40
backbone scaling
Hierarchy
n Limiting scope of failure
n Only used for ISPs infrastructure addresses,
not customers or anything else
n Design goal is to minimise number of prefixes
in IGP to aid scalability and rapid convergence
n
41
What Is an EGP?
p Exterior
Gateway Protocol
p Used to convey routing information
between Autonomous Systems
p De-coupled from the IGP
p Current EGP is BGP
42
to large network
Hierarchy
n Limit scope of failure
n
p Define
Administrative Boundary
p Policy
43
Automatic
neighbour discovery
n Generally trust your
IGP routers
n Prefixes go to all
IGP routers
n Binds routers in one
AS together
n
p Exterior
Specifically
configured peers
n Connecting with
outside networks
n Set administrative
boundaries
n Binds ASs together
n
44
Carries ISP
infrastructure
addresses only
n ISPs aim to keep
the IGP small for
efficiency and
scalability
n
p Exterior
Carries customer
prefixes
n Carries Internet
prefixes
n EGPs are
independent of ISP
network topology
n
45
BGP4
and OSPF/IS-IS
BGP4
IXP
Static/BGP4
Customers
46
Cisco
Juniper
Huawei
Brocade
Connected Interface
Static Route
60
N/A
N/A
External BGP
20
170
255
20
90
N/A
N/A
IGRP
100
N/A
N/A
OSPF
110
10
10
110
IS-IS
115
18
15
115
RIP
120
100
100
120
EGP
140
N/A
N/A
N/A
External EIGRP
170
N/A
N/A
Internal BGP
200
170
255
200
Unknown
255
255
255
47
Routing Basics
ISP Workshops
48