Ecss e HB 31 01 Part15a

ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 15A
5 December 2011
Space engineering
Thermal design handbook - Part 15:
Existing Satellites
ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
ECSSEHB3101Part15A
5December2011
Foreword
ThisHandbookisonedocumentoftheseriesofECSSDocumentsintendedtobeusedassupporting
material for ECSS Standards in space projects and applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the
EuropeanSpaceAgency,nationalspaceagenciesandEuropeanindustryassociationsforthepurpose
ofdevelopingandmaintainingcommonstandards.
The material in this Handbook is a collection of data gathered from many projects and technical
journals which provides the reader with description and recommendation on subjects to be
consideredwhenperformingtheworkofThermaldesign.
Thematerialforthesubjectshasbeencollatedfromresearchspanningmanyyears,thereforeasubject
mayhavebeenrevisitedorupdatedbyscienceandindustry.
The material is provided as good background on the subjects of thermal design, the reader is
recommended to research whether a subject has been updated further, since the publication of the
materialcontainedherein.
This handbook has been prepared by TECMT/QR division, reviewed by the ECSS Executive
SecretariatandapprovedbytheECSSTechnicalAuthority.
Disclaimer
ECSSdoesnotprovideanywarrantywhatsoever,whetherexpressed,implied,orstatutory,including,
butnotlimitedto,anywarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurposeoranywarranty
that the contents of the item are errorfree. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages,including,butnotlimitedto,direct,indirect,special,orconsequentialdamagesarisingout
of,resultingfrom,orinanywayconnectedtotheuseofthisdocument,whetherornotbasedupon
warranty,businessagreement,tort,orotherwise;whetherornotinjurywassustainedbypersonsor
propertyorotherwise;andwhetherornotlosswassustainedfrom,oraroseoutof,theresultsof,the
item,oranyservicesthatmaybeprovidedbyECSS.
Publishedby:
Copyright:
ESARequirementsandStandardsDivision
ESTEC,P.O.Box299,
2200AGNoordwijk
TheNetherlands
2011bytheEuropeanSpaceAgencyforthemembersofECSS
ECSSEHB3101Part15A
5December2011
Table of contents
1 Scope.....................................................................................................................10
2 References ............................................................................................................11
3 Terms, definitions and symbols..........................................................................12
3.1
Terms and definitions ............................................................................................... 12
3.2
Abbreviated terms .................................................................................................... 12
3.3
Symbols....................................................................................................................17
4 International ultraviolet explorer (IUE)................................................................18

4.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................18
4.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................18
4.3
Main characteristics of the satellite ..........................................................................20
4.4
Orbit..........................................................................................................................21
4.5
Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 22
4.6
Design tradeoffs .......................................................................................................24
4.7
Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 24
4.8
Estimated on orbit performance ...............................................................................25
5 Orbital test satellite (OTS)....................................................................................29

5.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................29
5.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................29
5.3
5.4
Orbit..........................................................................................................................35
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Measured in orbit performance ................................................................................ 42
6 Landsat D ..............................................................................................................49
6.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................49
6.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................49
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6.3
Main characteristics of the satellite: .........................................................................50
6.4
Orbit..........................................................................................................................51
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Verification................................................................................................................56
6.10 Measured on orbit performance ...............................................................................57
7 Infrared astronomical satellite (IRAS).................................................................58

7.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................58
7.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................58
7.3
Spacecraft main characteristics ............................................................................... 60
7.4
Orbit..........................................................................................................................61
7.5
7.6
Design constraints....................................................................................................63
7.7
7.8
Test of the spacecraft system ..................................................................................67
7.9
Test of the superfluid Helium Dewar ........................................................................ 68

7.9.1
General.......................................................................................................68
7.9.2
Test of the plug...........................................................................................69
7.9.3
Prelaunch preparations ..............................................................................70
7.10 On orbit performance of the spacecraft .................................................................... 71

7.11 On orbit performance of the cryogenic system......................................................... 72
8 Satellite probatoire dobservation de la terre (SPOT)........................................76

8.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................76
8.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................76
8.3
8.4
Orbit..........................................................................................................................80
8.5

8.5.1
Functional modes ....................................................................................... 80
8.5.2
Orbital constraints.......................................................................................80
8.5.3
Limiting temperatures .................................................................................81
8.5.4
Thermal interfaces...................................................................................... 83
8.6
8.7

8.7.1
Platform ......................................................................................................84
8.7.2
Batteries compartment ...............................................................................85

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8.8
8.7.3
High-resolution visible range instruments................................................... 87
8.7.4
Payload telemetry system .......................................................................... 90
Estimated on-orbit performance ...............................................................................92

8.8.1
Platform ......................................................................................................92
8.8.2
Batteries compartment ...............................................................................93
8.8.3
High-resolution visible range instrument .................................................... 95
8.8.4
Payload telemetry system .......................................................................... 95
9 Olympus-1 .............................................................................................................97
9.1
Mission .....................................................................................................................97
9.2
Main subsystems......................................................................................................98
9.3
Orbit........................................................................................................................102
9.4
Thermal design requirements................................................................................. 102
9.5
Thermal control ......................................................................................................102
9.6
Thermal test of olympus-1 ......................................................................................105

9.6.1
Thermal vacuum test ................................................................................106
9.6.2
Infrared test ..............................................................................................109
10 ERS-1 .................................................................................................................114
10.1 Mission ...................................................................................................................114
10.2 Main subsystems....................................................................................................115
10.3 Orbit........................................................................................................................119
10.4 Thermal design requirements................................................................................. 119
10.5 Thermal control ......................................................................................................122
10.6 Thermal tests..........................................................................................................126
10.6.1
Thermal balance test of the engineering model ....................................... 126
10.6.2
Thermal vacuum test ................................................................................132
Bibliography...........................................................................................................133
Figures
Figure 4-1: IUE spacecraft in orbital flight. ............................................................................. 18
Figure 4-2: Exploded view of the IUE spacecraft. .................................................................. 20
Figure 4-3: IUE orientation to the Sun and reference axes. ................................................... 22
Figure 4-4: Assembled IUE Spacecraft. From Skladany & Seivold (1976) [42]. Notice
that this figure, which corresponds to an earlier development, differs from
Figure 4-1 in minor details. ..................................................................................23
Figure 4-5: IUE main equipment platform. From Skladany & Seivold (1976) [42].................. 24
Figure 5-1: OTS mission event sequence. From Collette & Stockwell (1976) [14]. ............... 29
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Figure 5-2: Exploded view of the OTS spacecraft. From Bouchez, Howle & Stmpel
(1978) [9]. ............................................................................................................33
Figure 5-3: OTS main organic diagram. From Collette & Stockwell (1976) [14]. ................... 34
Figure 5-4: OTS Thermal Control Subsystem temperature limits. From Stmpel (1978)a
[45].......................................................................................................................35
Figure 5-5: OTS thermal control layout summary. From Stmpel (1978)a [45]. .................... 39
Figure 5-6: Insulation in the OTS hydrazine line system. From Stmpel (1978)a [45]. .......... 39
Figure 5-7: OTS heater switching diagram.............................................................................40
Figure 5-8: Thermal insulation of the hydrazine tank. The tank is totally covered with
low emittance tape. Heaters are of the foil type (see ECSS-E-HB-31-01
Part 11, clause 4.2). The tank contacts the platform via a low conductance
amount. From Stmpel (1978)b [46]....................................................................40
Figure 5-9: Thermal decoupling of FCV from TCA onboard OTS. The heat barrier
maintains temperature differences up to 800 K via a length of 0,03 m................ 41
Figure 5-10: Histograms for ground and first orbit test. From Bouchez & Glpen (1980)
[5]. The ordinates show the number of samples the temperature deviation
of which stays within the limits shown in abscissae. (T = TmeasuredTpredicted)...... 43
Figure 5-11: Histograms for orbit tests during different summer solstices. Data for 1978
and 1980 are from Bouchez & Glpen (1981) [5] and those for 1981 from
Bouchez & Howle (1982) [7]. ............................................................................... 44
Figure 5-12: Temperature increases T as a function of time, t elapsed since Jan 1,
1978. From Chalmers, Konzok, Bouchez & Howlw (1983) [13]. Circle:
Summer Solstice test points. Square: Winter Solstice test points. Triangle:
Equinox test points. ............................................................................................. 46
Figure 5-13: Mean solar absorptance, s, on antenna dish white S-13 G/LO paint. From
Chalmers, Konzok, Bouchez & Howle (1983) [13]. Circle: Summer Solstice
test points. Square: Winter Solstice test points. Triangle: Equinox test
points. ..................................................................................................................48
Figure 6-1: Landsat spacecraft in orbital flight. ...................................................................... 49
Figure 6-2: Exploded view of the Landsat D spacecraft before deployment. ......................... 50
Figure 6-3: Assembled Wide Band Module............................................................................ 53
Figure 6-4: Thermal Control coatings used on Landsat D...................................................... 54
Figure 7-1: IRAS spacecraft in orbital flight. See also Table 7-1. From Van Leeuwen
(1983) [53]. ..........................................................................................................58
Figure 7-2: IRAS telescope subsystem. From Urbach et al. (1982) [52]................................ 61
Figure 7-3: IRAS attitude constraints during mission. From Van Leeuwen (1983) [53]. ........ 63
Figure 7-4: IRAS spacecraft thermal control layout summary. From Van Leewen (1983,
1985) [53] & [54]. .................................................................................................65
Figure 7-5: IRAS Telescope thermal control layout summary. From Urbach et al. (1982)
[52] and Sherman (1982) [41]..............................................................................67
Figure 7-6: IRAS Test Configuration. a. Thermal model. b. Complete satellite in JPL
facility. From Van Leeuwen (1983) [53]. .............................................................. 67
Figure 7-7: Effect of Critical parameters on heat load to cryogen. From Urbach,
Hopkins & Mason (1983) [50]. ............................................................................. 69
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Figure 7-8: Tilting of the MCT for porous plug submersion. From Petrac & Mason
(1984) [39]. ..........................................................................................................70
Figure 7-9: Vapor mass flow rate, m, and heat transfer rate, Q, through the plug vs.
pressure drop, p. From Petrac & Mason (1984) [39]. ........................................ 70
Figure 7-10: Histogram for ground and orbit test just after launching. The temperature
deviation is T = Tmeasured Tpredicted. From Van Leeuwen (1983) [53].................. 71
Figure 7-11: FSSS temperature, T, as a function of time, t, elapsed after launch. From
Van Leeuwen (1983) [53]. A thermal misalignment phenomenon, occurred
during the experimental phase of the mission, has been reported by
Karsten & Teule (1984) [31]. This phenomenon, which was adequately
modelled and partially overcome, was responsible for the development of
cross-scan attitude errors of up to 100 arcsec. The origins of the
misalignment changes could be traced to both spacecraft structure and
FSSS brackets.....................................................................................................72
Figure 7-12: Cryogenic System Equilibrium Temperatures. From Urbach & Mason
(1984) [51]. ..........................................................................................................74
Figure 7-13: Cryogenic boil-off rate according to different models. From Urbach,
Hopkings & Mason (1983) [50]. ........................................................................... 75
Figure 8-1: SPOT 1 spacecraft in orbital flight. ......................................................................76
Figure 8-2: Exploded view of the SPOT 1 subsystems and components which require
thermal control. Drawn by the compiler after Alet & Foret (1983) [1],
Fagnoni (1983) [20], Courtois & Weill (1985) [16]. Encircled numbers in the
figure are the same as those of the clauses in the text. ...................................... 84
Figure 8-3: Battery assembly of the SPOT multimission platform. From Fagnoni (1983)
[20].......................................................................................................................86
Figure 8-4: Exploded view of the HRVs. From Mauduyt, Bonnet & Toulemont (1983)
[34].......................................................................................................................87
Figure 8-5: Design hot mission profile for HRV and TMCU. From Racaud, dAntin &
Lelivret (1983) [40].............................................................................................88
Figure 8-6: Thermal control layout summary of the HRV. From Mauduyt, Bonnet &
Toulemont (1983) [34]. ........................................................................................90
Figure 8-7: SPOT 1 Satellite as seen from the Z side. From Racaud et al. (1983) [40]. ...... 91
Figure 8-8: Temperature limits of the SPOT 1 platform components. From Alet & Foret
(1983) [1]. ............................................................................................................93
Figure 8-9: Test configuration of the batteries compartment of the SPOT multimission
platform. From Fanoni (1983) [20]. ......................................................................94
Figure 9-1: Olympus-1 in orbital flight. From Bonhomme & Steels (1984) [4], Steels &
Baston (1986) [44]. ..............................................................................................97
Figure 9-2: Exploded view of Olympus-1 satellite. From ESA (1984), Bowles (1987)
[10], Paul (1989) [38]. ..........................................................................................98
Figure 9-3: Schematic of the different phases of the Olympus-1 solar array deployment.
Prepared by the compiler after Bonhome & Steels (1984) [4], Bowles
(1987) [10]. ........................................................................................................100
Figure 9-4: Olympus-1 satellite thermal control layout used for thermal vacuum tests.
From Boggiatto, Colizzi, Perotto & Tavera (1985) [3]. Explanation is given
in Table 9-3........................................................................................................103
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Figure 9-5: Olympus-1 satellite battery thermal control layout. a) Ni-Cd battery; b) Ni-H2
battery. From Konzok, Gutschmidt, Stmpel, Schlitt & Dunbar (1987) [33]....... 105
Figure 9-6: Temperature Difference Histograms for the three test cases considered in
the Thermal Vacuum Tests of Olympus-1 satellite (see Table 9-6 above).
From Boggiatto, Colizzi, Perotto & Tavera (1985) [3]. ....................................... 109
Figure 9-7: Infrared test related activities. From Messidoro & Colizzi (1986) [37]................ 111
Figure 9-8: Temperature vs. time profiles of Olympus-1 satellite as obtained from the
infrared test.
North radiator, inner face.
South radiator, outer
face.
Communications Module Service Module, central cylinder.
Communications Module, upper floor. From Messidoro & Colizzi
(1986) [37]. ........................................................................................................113
Figure 10-1: ERS-1 in flight configuration. From Francis et al. (1991) [21]. ......................... 115
Figure 10-2: Exploded view of ERS-1 satellite. From Francis et al. (1991) [21]................... 116
Figure 10-3: Schematic of the different phases of ERS-1 SAR Antenna deployment.
From Francis et al. (1991) [21]. ......................................................................... 123
Figure 10-4: ERS-1 satellite. PEM external thermal design. From Haimler, Overbosch &
Pieper (1987) [24] ..............................................................................................124
Figure 10-5: ERS-1 satellite. PEM internal thermal design. From Haimler, Overbosch &
Pieper (1987) [24]. .............................................................................................125
Figure 10-6: Temperature difference histograms for the PL-Off Phase. From Haimler,
Kamp & Pieper (1990). ...................................................................................... 131
Figure 10-7: Transient temperature behaviour of IDHT TWTs: a) Predicted, b)
measured. From Haimler, Kamp & Pieper (1990). ............................................ 131
Tables
Table 4-1: Characteristics of the IUE Main Subsystems ........................................................ 19
Table 4-2: IUE Flight Segment Mass Summary .....................................................................21
Table 4-3: Thermal Design Requirements ............................................................................. 23
Table 4-4: Estimated and Measured Performance of Spacecraft Components and
Scientific Instrument Components with Nominal Power Dissipation.................... 26
Table 5-1: Characteristics of the OTS main Subsystems....................................................... 30
Table 5-2: OTS Mass Summary.............................................................................................33
Table 5-3: Sensor Distribution................................................................................................42
Table 5-4: In Orbit Measured Values and Curve Fitting Values ............................................. 45
Table 5-5: Change in Solar Absorptance, s, of OSR vs. Exposure Time as Deduced
from OTS Solstice Data .......................................................................................47
Table 6-1: Landsat D Flight Segment Mass Summary...........................................................51
Table 6-3: Estimated on Orbit Performance of the Instrument Module Components............. 55
Table 7-1: IRAS Main Subsystems ........................................................................................ 59
Table 7-3: Cryogenic System performance Summary ........................................................... 72
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Table 8-1: Characteristics of the SPOT 1 Main Subsystems ................................................. 77
Table 8-2: SPOT 1 Mass Summary .......................................................................................79
Table 8-3: Limiting Temperatures and Heat Dissipation Rates of Typical Components
SPOT 1 Satellite ..................................................................................................81
Table 8-4: Estimated and Measured Performance of the SPOT Multimission Platform
Batteries Compartment (T in K). ..........................................................................94
Table 9-1: Olympus-1 Main Subsystems ............................................................................... 99
Table 9-2: Olympus Payload ................................................................................................100
Table 9-3: Payload Subsystems Identification in Figure 9-4. ............................................... 103
Table 9-4: Olympus-1 Battery Performance Characteristics ................................................ 104
Table 9-5: Olympus-1 Thermal Test.....................................................................................105
Table 9-6: Representative Cases Considered in the Thermal Test ..................................... 106
Table 9-7: Subsystem Temperature [K] after Different Steps in the Test-Mathematical
Model Interaction. ..............................................................................................108
Table 9-8: Winter Solstice Heat Transfer Rates, Qe[W.m-2], Measured and Compared
with the Requirements .......................................................................................112
Table 10-1: Payload Main Subsystems................................................................................ 117
Table 10-2: Typical Design Temperature Limits and PEM Dissipations .............................. 120
Table 10-3: ERS-1 Thermal Test ......................................................................................... 126
Table 10-4: Thermal Balance Test Phases. From Haimler, Kamp and Pieper (1990) ......... 128
Table 10-5: Final Level Correlation Status. Average Measured Predicted Deviation for
Steady State Case.............................................................................................132
ECSSEHB3101Part15A
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1
Scope
InthisPart15,existingsatellitesaredescribedandexaminedfromathermalcontrolanddesignview.
Thethermalcontrolrequirementsaregivenandanassessmentismadeofthethermalcontrolsystems
usedagainstperformanceforeachsatellite.
TheThermaldesignhandbookispublishedin16Parts
ECSSEHB3101Part1
ThermaldesignhandbookPart1:Viewfactors
ECSSEHB3101Part2
ThermaldesignhandbookPart2:Holes,GroovesandCavities
ECSSEHB3101Part3
ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature
ECSSEHB3101Part4
ThermaldesignhandbookPart4:ConductiveHeatTransfer
ECSSEHB3101Part5
ThermaldesignhandbookPart5:StructuralMaterials:Metallicand
Composite
ECSSEHB3101Part6
ThermaldesignhandbookPart6:ThermalControlSurfaces
ECSSEHB3101Part7
ThermaldesignhandbookPart7:Insulations
ECSSEHB3101Part8
ThermaldesignhandbookPart8:HeatPipes
ECSSEHB3101Part9
ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators
ECSSEHB3101Part10
ThermaldesignhandbookPart10:PhaseChangeCapacitors
ECSSEHB3101Part11
ThermaldesignhandbookPart11:ElectricalHeating
ECSSEHB3101Part12
ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers
ECSSEHB3101Part13
ThermaldesignhandbookPart13:FluidLoops
ECSSEHB3101Part14
ThermaldesignhandbookPart14:CryogenicCooling
ECSSEHB3101Part15
ThermaldesignhandbookPart15:ExistingSatellites
ECSSEHB3101Part16
ThermaldesignhandbookPart16:ThermalProtectionSystem
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2
References
ECSSSST0001
ECSSSystemGlossaryofterms
ECSSEHB3101Part3
ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature
ECSSEHB3101Part5
ThermaldesignhandbookPart5:StructuralMaterials:Metallicand
Composite
ECSSEHB3101Part6
ThermaldesignhandbookPart6:ThermalControlSurfaces
ECSSEHB3101Part7
ThermaldesignhandbookPart7:Insulations
ECSSEHB3101Part8
ThermaldesignhandbookPart8:HeatPipes
ECSSEHB3101Part9
ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators
ECSSEHB3101Part11
ThermaldesignhandbookPart11:ElectricalHeating
ECSSEHB3101Part12
ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers
ECSSEHB3101Part13
ThermaldesignhandbookPart13:FluidLoops
ECSSEHB3101Part14
ThermaldesignhandbookPart14:CryogenicCooling
AllotherreferencesmadetopublicationsinthisPartarelisted,alphabetically,intheBibliography.
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3
Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1
Terms and definitions
ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninECSSSST0001apply.
3.2
Abbreviated terms
ThefollowingabbreviatedtermsaredefinedandusedwithinthisStandard.
ABM
apogeeboostmotor
ACM
acquisitioncameramodule
ACS
attitudecontrolsystem
Clause8:attitudecontrolsensors
AFNOR
(associationFrancaisedenormalisation),French
standardsassociation.
AIT
assembly,integrationandtesting
AMI
activemicrowaveinstrument
AOCS
attitudeandorbitcontrolsystem
AOP
advancedonboardprocessor
ATSR
alongtrackscanningradiometer
BAPTA
bearingandpowertransferassembly
BASD
ballaerospacesystemdivision
BCU
buscouplingunit
BD
Clause8:burstdisc
Clause9:(boitierdedtection),detectorhousing
BOL
beginningoflife
BSR
backsidereflectioncell
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CCD
coupledchargedevice
CCHP
constantconductanceheatpipe
CEU
controlelectronicunit
CM
communicationmodule
CNES
(centrenationaldetudesspatiales),Frenchspace
agency
CRU
commandrelayunit
CSS
coarsesunsensor
CU
(chargeutile)payload
d.o.d.
depthofdischarge
DAX
Dutchadditionalexperiment
DBS
directbroadcastservice
DC
directcurrent
DET
directenergytransfer
equinox
EAIM
attitudemeasurementandcontrolelectronics
ECS
Europeancommunicationsatellite
EGSE
electricalgroundsupportequipment
EIRP
equivalentisotropicradiatedpower
EM
engineeringmodel
EMA
(electroniquedemessuredattitude),gyroelectronics
EOL
endoflife
EPC
electronicpowerconditioner
ERS
Europeanremotesensingsatellite
ETU
engineeringtestunit
FCV
fuelcontrolvalve
FDMA
frequencydivisionmultipleaccess
FES
fineerrorsensor
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FMW
fixedmomentumwheel
FPA
focalplaneassembly
FSSS
finesunsensor
GEO
geostationary
GPS
globalpositioningsystem
GRM
globalreferencemission
GSE
groundsupportequipment.
GSFC
goddardspaceflightcenter
GYRS
gyrosensor
HAPS
hydrazineauxiliarypropulsionsystem.
HP
heatpipe
HPA
highpoweramplifier
HRV
highresolutionvisible
HV
highvoltage
IDTH
instrumentdatahandlingandtransmissionsystem
IM
instrumentmodule
IR
infrared
IRA
inertialreferenceassembly
IRAS
infraredastronomicalsatellite
IRES
infraredearthsensor
IRX
infraredexperiment
IUE
internationalultravioletexplorer
LRR
laserretroreflector
LSS
largestspacesimulation
LTV
lowthrustvents
LV
lowvoltage
MAM
missionadaptermodule
MCL
magneticcoil
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MCS
maritimecommunicationsatellite
MCT
maincryogenictank
MEGS
(mcanismedentrainementdugnrateursolaire)
solararraydriversystem
MLI
multilayerinsulation.
MMS
multimissionmodularspacecraft
MP
(moduledepropulsion)propulsionmodule
MS
(moduledeservitude)servicemodule
MSS
multispectralscanner
MSTH
(modlestructuraletthermique),structuraland
thermalmodel
OBC
onboardcomputer
OCOE
overallcheckoutequipment
OSR
opticalsolarreflector
OTS
orbitaltestsatellite
Pan
panchromatic
PCU
powercontrolunit
PDU
powerdistributionunit
PEM
payloadelectronicsmodule
PF
platform
PFM
plateformemultimission
PL
payload
PP
porousplug
PPE
(plateauporteequipements),equipmentbaseplate
PRARE
precisionrangeandrangerateequipment
PROPOS
programmablepowersupply
PSE
powersupplyelectronics
RA
radaraltimeter
RCS
reactioncontrolsystem
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RDU
repeaterdriveunit
RF
radiofrequency
RIG
rateintegratinggyro
RIU/EU
remoteinterfaceunit/expanderunit
solstice
SAR
syntheticapertureradiation
SCOT
spacecraftcomponentontelescope
SES
solarenvironmentsimulator
SHF
superhighfrequency
SM
servicemodule
SPOT
(satelliteprobatoiredobservationdelaTerre),trial
Earthobservationsatellite(inthebeginning)
(satellitePourlobservationdelaTerre),Earth
observationsatellite(currentusage)(Dyson(1986)
[18])
SS
summersolstice
SSM
secondsurfacemirror
SSTDMA
satelliteswitchedtimedivisionmultipleaccess
STD
(senseurterrestredigital),digitalEarthsensor
TCA
thrustchamberassembly
TCS
thermalcontrolsubsystem
TDH
testdatahandling
TDRS
trackinganddatarelaysatellite
TIMM
thermalinterfacemathematicalmodel
TM
thematicmapper
TMCU
(tlmesuredelachargeutile),payloadtelemetry
system
TT&C
telemetry,trackingandcommand
TU
tapeunit
TVBS
televisionbroadcastsystem
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3.3
TWT
travellingwavetube
TWTA
travellingwavetubeamplifier
UV
ultraviolet
VCS
vaporcooledshield
VHF
veryhighfrequency
WBM
widebandmodule
XS
multispectral
Symbols
Q
heattransferrate,[W]
temperature,[K]
Tm
characteristictemperature,[K]
leff
effectiveheatpipelength,[m]
mass,[kg]
louverheatrejectioncapability,[W.m2]
time,[d]
t0
referencetime,[d]
solarabsorptance
attitudeangleofthesatellitewithrespecttoSunline,
[angulardegrees]itisnotdefinedinaunifiedway
Clauses9and12:anglebetweenthelinetotheSun
andthelongitudinalaxisofthesatellite
Clause10:anglebetweenthelietotheSunandthe
normaltoorbitplane
Clause11:90minustheanglebetweenthelinetothe
Sunandthenormaltoorbitplane
hemisphericaltotalemittance
standarddeviation
characteristictime
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4
International ultraviolet explorer (IUE)
4.1
Mission
Observationoftheultravioletspectraofastronomicalsourcesinthespectralregionbetween1,15x107
mand3,2x107m.
Launchingdate:Jan.26,1978.
Missionlife:3yearsdesignlifewitha5yearsdesigngoal.Aftersixyearinorbit,adetailedstudyby
NASAshownthatthesolarpanelswouldsupporttheoperationtill1988.
Figure41:IUEspacecraftinorbitalflight.
4.2
Main subsystems
IUE carries a 0,45 m diameter Casegrain telescope, which uses an echelle spectrograph for UV
astronomyinthespectralregionbetween1,15x107mand3,2x107m.Aimedresolutionwas1011min
the mentioned region of the spectrum for stars and planets brighter than 7th visual magnitude, and
lowerresolution(6x1011m)forstellarandextendedobjectsasfaintas12thmagnitude.Spectroscopy
onstarsasfaintas18thmagnitudehasbeenperformedwiththisinstrument.
RelevantcharacteristicsofthedifferentsubsystemsaresummarizedinTable41.
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Table41:CharacteristicsoftheIUEMainSubsystems
Subsystem
Power
DirectEnergy
transfer(DET)
Purpose
Providingregulated(28V
DC2%)powerwhichis
transferredfromthesolar
arraytothespacecraftbus.
Components
Twodeployablesolarpanelsfurnishedby
ESA. Manufactured by Arospatiale
(France)
and
AEGTelefunken
(Germany),seeBulloch(1978)[11].
Powersupplyelectronics(PSE)composed
of redundant power modules. A power
moduleconsistsofbatterycharger,shunt
driver, boost regulator, control unit and
12dumpresistors.
Mission Adapter Module (MAM)

interfacing modules to one another, to
solararraysandtobatteries.
Two21,6x103C(3,6A.h)NiCdbatteries.
Communication Transmittingdatato
ground.Receivingground
generatedcommands.
Providingrangeandrange
ratesignalsformetric
tracking.
Commend&
DataHandling
Stabilization&
Control
Acceptinganddecoding
commandsfromgroundor
fromonboardcomputer.
Encodingspacecraftand
scientificinstrument
telemetry.Performing
attitudecontrol
computations.Monitoring
criticalsubsystemsand
controllingexposuretimes
ofspectralimages.
Precessingthespacecraft
spinaxis180in
preparationfortheapogee
engineburn.
Attainingthecorrectorbit.
Despinningoncetheorbit
hasbeenachieved.
VHF System used during transfer orbit

and for tracking during mission orbit. It
consists of two redundant transponders,
antenna distribution and a turnstile
antennasystem.
S band downlink system for mission
orbit. Two redundant transmitters and
four Sband antennae. Active antenna is
selectableonground.
Two redundant command decoders
processing messages either from VHF
receiver analog signal or from digital
information generated by the onboard
computer.
ACommandRelayUnit(CRU).
Two data multiplex units. Each one
consists of dataplexer, analog subplexer
anddigitalsubplexer.
Advanced Onboard Processor (AOP)
computer.
Earth and Sun sensors for ground

computerattitudedetermination.
Rate gyros and analog Sun sensors for

initialspacecraftacquisition.
Inertial Reference Assembly (IRA). Six

gasbearing, pulse rebalanced, rate
19
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Subsystem
Purpose
Components
Controlledpointingand
slewofthetelescope
accordingtospecifications.
4.3
integratinggyros.
Redundant twoaxis digital Sun sensor
system.
Redundantsetofstartrackerswithinthe
scientific instruments and utilizing the
telescopeoptics.
Redundantreactingwheel.
Nutationreactionaccelerometers.
Apogee Boost Motor (ABM) and

Hydrazine Auxiliary Propulsion System
(HAPS)
Main characteristics of the satellite
Themainbodyisoctogonalinshape.Thetelescopeextendsfromtheupperendofthemainbody.Itis
attachedtothespacecraftstructurebymeansofsstrongringrestingonthreecolumnswhichcarrythe
loadtothelowerspacecraftstructure.Thecolumnsaresupportedlaterallybytrussmembersofthe
mainbody.
Figure42:ExplodedviewoftheIUEspacecraft.
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Twofixedsolararraysextendfromoppositesides.Spacecraftorientationiskeptinmissionorbitsuch
thatthefrontofthesolararraysalwaysfacestowardtheSunwhereasthethermalcontrolLouvers(see
ECSSEHB3101Part12)faceawayfromtheSun.Spacecraftsubsystemsarelocatedasfollows:
Mostofthehigherpowerelectronicequipmentislocatedonthemainequipmentplatform,withinthe
mainspacecraftbodyandadjacenttothelouvers.
Experiment electronics, attitude control reaction wheels, gyro electronics and Sun sensor electronics
arelocatedontheupperequipmentplatform.
Hydrazineauxiliarypropulsionsystemislocatedbelowthemainequipmentplatform.
Apogeeboostmotor,inthelowerconeassembly.
Spacecraftlength(intherollaxisdirection)is4,1m.
IUEwaslaunchedonJanuary26,1978,byaDelta2914booster.
ThemassoftheIUEFlightSegmentisgiveninTable42.
Table42:IUEFlightSegmentMassSummary
Component
Mass[kg]
Spacecraft
312
ScientificInstruments
122
Apogeemotor(218kgofpropellant)
237
LaunchVehicleAdapter
29
LaunchMass
700
Mass reduction was a major problem. More than 50 items were analyzed for possible mass saving
duringthecourseofthestudy,and21changeswereadopted.Amongthem:
Orbitredesignedfrominitiallycircularsynchronoustoalowerenergyelliptical.59kgsavings.
TwoAcquisitionCameraModules(ACM)plusaFineErrorSensor(FES)werereplacedbytwoFESs.
7,6kgsavings.
Batterycapacityhalved.
ElectronicsoftheInertialReferenceAssembly(IRA)lightenedthroughusedofhybrids.
4.4
Orbit
EllipticalGeosynchronous(eccentricity:0,21).
Inclination:28,6
Longitude:71W
Apogee:44000km
Perigee:27000km
ThesedatashiftwithtimeandaredailyissuedbytheGoddardSpaceFlightCenter(GSFC).
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SpacecraftinwithincontinuousviewofGoddardandwithindirectview,foratleast10hperday,of
theEuropeanGroundObservatorynearMadrid(Spain).
Theattitudeofthespacecraftissuchthat
:between0and135(Missionorbit)
between45and135(Transferorbit)
HereistheanglebetweenthelinefromtheSunandthespacecraftrollortelescopeaxes,with =0
whentheSunlooksuptothebottomofthespacecraft,Figure43.
Figure43:IUEorientationtotheSunandreferenceaxes.
4.5
Thermal design requirements
The spacecraft will operate over 135 angle range and can survive an 85 min zero power eclipse.
Total power dissipation is around 186 W of which 130 W are dissipated in the main spacecraft
compartment.
ThermaldesignrequirementsofthevariouscomponentandsubsystemsaresummarizedinTable43.
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Table43:ThermalDesignRequirements
Component
(LocationinFigure44)
AuxiliaryPropulsionArea
(Sta045,5)
ABM
258311
HAPS
278338
MainSpacecraftCompartment
(Sta45,587,5)
Batteries
273313
<293
Gyros
330,51
Spectrograph
273293
Telescope(Sta87,5164,5)
273303
Secondarymirror/focusmechanism
Operating
TemperatureRange[K]
Beforeignition(50hafter
launch).
Throughoutmission.
Containownthermal
controlsystem.
Thermaltransientsand
thermalgradients
minimized.
273
Primarymirror
Solararray
Nospecificrequirement.
Figure44:AssembledIUESpacecraft.FromSkladany&Seivold(1976)[42].Notice
thatthisfigure,whichcorrespondstoanearlierdevelopment,differsfromFigure
41inminordetails.
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4.6
Design tradeoffs
Modularvs.Integrated:Modulardesignwasselectedbecauseofthefollowingreasons:
The five major components listed in Table 43 are thermally decoupled, each with its own
specificthermalproblems,andmayuseseparatethermalcontrol.
Majority of electronics can be controlled by a common radiator through a high thermal
conductancesupport.
Sincethereisnotheattransferamongmodules,significantinorbitthermaldistortionsshould
notresult.
Passivevs.SemiActive.Allcomponentsarepassivelycontrolled.Nevertheless,sincethepower
dissipationisnotconstantandthespacecraftcanoperateoverawiderangeofSunangles,the
heatrejectioncapabilitydoeschangeand,thence,thermallouversareusedforthermalcontrol
oftheMainSpacecraftCompartment.
4.7
Thermal control of various components
The Main Spacecraft Compartment encloses the spectrograph and the electronic equipment. The
spectrographisthermallydecoupledfromthecompartment.Themajorityoftheelectronicequipment
ismountedonahoneycombplatform(Figure45)andtheremainderonanupperplatform.
Figure45:IUEmainequipmentplatform.FromSkladany&Seivold(1976)[42].
The compartment is covered with an MLI (see ECSSEHB3101 Part 7, clause 6) with a silvered
Teflonouterlayer.
RadiationtoouterspaceisachievedthroughthreesetsofninebladedlouverslocatedintheAntiSun
side.Eachbladeisindividuallycontrolledbyitsownbimetallicspringlocatedwithinthehoneycomb
platformasindicatedinFigure45bythreegroupsofnineholeseach.Whenfullyopenthelouvers
provide0,6m2ofradiatingarea,q220W.m2HeatRejectionCapability(seeECSSEHB3101Part
12,clause6.1.2).Thecorrespondingbaseplatetemperatureisnotgiven(althougharoughestimatecan
bebasedondatain)Table44).Theactuatorsarecalibratedtomovefromfullyclosedat273Ktofully
open at 283 K. Similar louvers were flown on the SASC satellite (Explorer 53, launched on May, 7,
1975).
Two circular, ammoniafilled, grooved Heat Pipes (see ECSSEHB3101 Part 8) are attached to the
underside of the main equipment platform. The integral Heat Transport Factor of each Heat Pipe is
[Q.leff]max=75W.m.Temperaturedifferencesintheplatformarekeptbelow5K.Theseheatpipesare
ofthetypeflownontheATS6spacecraft(seeKirckpatrick&Brennan(1975)[32]).
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ThetelescopeexternalsurfaceiscoveredwithanMLI,theouterlayerofwhichissilveredTeflon.The
primarymirrorisconductivelydecoupledfromthetelescopestructureandheldat273Kwith3to8
WHeaters(seeECSSEHB3101Part11).Anotherheater(1,5W)isusedtomaintainthesecondary
mirrorat273K.Thesecondarymirrorsupportisnotinsulatedalthoughitisconductivelydecoupled
fromtheSunshade.
Radiative decoupling of the spectrograph from the main compartment is achieved by utilizing low
emittance surfaces. The spectrograph temperatures are maintained within satisfactory limits by
controllingtheprimarymirrortemperature.
The thermal control of the HAPS is achieved by radiation only. The canted side of HAPS bay is
covered by an SSM consisting of vapordeposited aluminium on a Kapton layer with SiOSiOx
overcoating.Thissurface(s=0,25,=0,23)providesasolarinputof20Wat=135.Thesidesofthe
HAPSbayarecoveredwithanMLIwithavapordepositedaluminiumouterlayer.Theremainderof
thepropulsionareaiscoveredwithMLIwithablackouterlayer.RadiativedecouplingfromtheMain
SpacecraftCompartmentisachievedbyanMLI.
ABM is covered with an MLI to prevent heat transfer to the Main Spacecraft Compartment during
firing,andtotheouterspaceduringorbitalflight.Aheatshieldcoversthenozzleexitbeforefiring.
4.8
Estimated on orbit performance
Threedifferentthermalmodelswereusedtopredictonorbitperformance.Oneofthem(165nodes)
forthescientificinstruments,other(186nodes)fortheremainderofthespacecraft,andathirdmore
detailedmodel(250nodes)forthePropulsionArea.
Nominal values of s were taken for all angles except in the case = 67,5 were a degraded,
conservative,valuewasused.Reflectionsandshadowingweretakenintoaccount.
AnEngineeringTestUnit(ETU)wasconstructedforathermalbalancetestintheSolarEnvironment
Simulator,(SES)locatedatGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.
ETUwasthermallysimilartotheflightunitexceptforthefollowing,norcorrectlymodelled,items:
Sensors and antennas penetrations through MLIs, except for the Sband antenna bracket on the
telescopeSunshade.
HAPS,nottrulymodelled,andHAPSthrusters,notincluded.
Burnedoutapogeemotor,discardedbecauseitwasasourceofcontamination.
Solar radiation was simulated by electric heaters supported on 1,27x106 m thick Kapton sheets (see
ECSSEHB3101 Part 11, clause 4.2) which were attached to the irradiated surfaces. Solararrays,
apogeemotornozzleandelectronicequipmentweresimulatedinasimilarway.Theexceptionwasa
liveVHFtransponderassemblyonthe)mainplatform.
Heat loss to the mounting fixture was minimized by use of an insulated zero heat transfer unit
automaticallymonitoredtomaintainlessthan1Ktemperaturebetweenthespacecraftinterfaceand
theadapterring.
OuterspaceconditionsweresimulatedwithanLN2coldwallsinkandavacuumoflessthan1,33x103
Pa.
350thermocouplesandauxiliaryequipmentwereused.
Severaloperatingcasesateachanglewererun.Inaddition,85minshadowrunswereaccomplished
afterreachingequilibriumat=0and=135.
A summary of the results are given in Table 44. A more complete set of data can be found in
Skladany&Seivold(1976)[42].
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Table44:EstimatedandMeasuredPerformanceofSpacecraftComponentsandScientificInstrumentComponentswith
NominalPowerDissipation.
=0
COMPONENT
=90
=135
=67,5
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
CommandSubsystem
288,3
286,6
291,3
290,7
289,6
289,8
295,8
293,1
Multiplexer
Subsystem
288,8
286,2
291,2
289,8
289,4
288,3
295,5
292,0
Computer(Processor)
294,8
296,3
300,3
300,0
299,5
299,3
304,5
302,3
Computer
(Memories)
290,1
285,7
292,4
289,7
291,4
288,8
296,8
292,0
SbandPowerAmp.
(Base)
301,6
301,2
303,6
301,8
301,2
302,2
307,3
303,3
Batteries
285,2
285,9
287,4
287,4
281,6
286,8
291,3
289,0
ControlElectronics
283,5
283,2
285,6
285,1
280,6
284,3
289,6
286,5
PowerSupply
Electronics
290,6
288,6
293,3
292,5
292,1
291,3
297,6
294,8
CameraElectronics
289,1
285,0
291,7
288,7
289,8
288,4
295,7
290,4
SunSensor
Electronics
283,8
281,2
286,7
284,5
284,3
284,2
290,8
286,3
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=0
COMPONENT
=90
=135
=67,5
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Experiment
Electronics
291,9
290,2
294,9
295,3
293,0
295,3
299,2
297,6
PitchReactionWheel
285,2
284,5
288,0
289,2
284,0
288,7
292,2
290,8
RollReactionWheel
285,4
282,6
288,4
287,6
284,3
287,2
292,9
289,4
YawReactionWheel
285,4
284,8
288,4
288,9
286,0
288,5
292,8
290,6
RedundantWheel
285,2
278,9
288,3
284,5
284,0
283,9
292,7
286,6
UpperPlatform
283,2
~280,0
287,2
285,2
283,2
285,2
293,2
288,2
MainPlatform
288,2
~285,7
292,2
289,2
287,2
288,2
295,2
291,2
HAPSTank(FacetD)
284,8
289,6
276,6
275,4
268,8
273,5
288,9
286,9
HAPSTank(FacetB)
289,9
289,0
286,4
286,7
279,3
285,7
297,7
296,5
TelescopeTube(+z
STA133)
202,2
209,6
206,2
216,3
(a)
215,8
(a)
216,7
TelescopeTube(z
STA133)
205,2
212,3
209,2
218,6
(a)
218,3
(a)
218,6
PrimaryMirror
274,2
276,8
277,2
277,3
(a)
275,7
(a)
274,3
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=0
COMPONENT
=90
=135
=67,5
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
Estimated
Temp[K]
Measured
Temp[K]
(b)
292,9
(b)
294,7
(a)
296,7
(a)
296,9
L.W.Camera1
281,2(c)
281,2
283,2(c)
284,5
(a)
285,4
(a)
284,4
S.W.Camera1
279,2(c)
280,6
281,2(c)
283,9
(a)
284,4
(a)
283,7
SecondaryMirror
b
c
Testconditionswerenotanalyzed.
Testconditionsdifferedfromanalyzeddesign.
AnalyticalModelgivescomponentaveragetemperature.thermocoupleslocatedtogivespecificinformation.
References:Kirckpatrick&Brennan(1975)[32],Skladany&Seivold(1976)[42],Bulloch(1978)[11],Freeman&Longanecker(1979)[22].Allthefigures,unless
otherwisestated,arefromFreeman&Longanecker(1979)[22].
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5
Orbital test satellite (OTS)
5.1
Mission
Validating the telecommunication technologiesandspacecraft hardware to be usedin theEuropean

CommunicationSatellite(ECS)program.
Launchingdate:May11,1978.
Missionlife:3yr,expandableto7foroperationalvariants.EndofServicetestswereconductedearly
in1984,followedbyanoperationinhibernationmodefor18mo.
FirstexperimentaltelecommunicationspacecraftofESA.
Figure51:OTSmissioneventsequence.FromCollette&Stockwell(1976)[14].
5.2
Main subsystems
OTSconsistsofaservicemodule(SM)providingallthebasicservicefunctionsandacommunication
module(CM)carryingmainlythepayload.
RelevantcharacteristicsofthedifferentsubsystemsaresummarizedinTable51.
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Table51:CharacteristicsoftheOTSmainSubsystems
Subsystem
Structure
Power
Generationand
Electrical
Distribution
Telemetry,
Trackingand
Telecommands
(TT&C)
Attitudeand
Purpose
Components
Toprovidethemeansof
supportforthepayloadand
serviceequipment.
Toprovidethemechanical
interfacewiththelaunch
vehicle.
Itformsahexagonalshapedbodywithadequate
volumeonNorthandSouthfacestostowthesolar
arraysinthelaunchconfiguration.
ItconsistsoftwoseparableModules.
Toprovideforpower
requirementsandelectrical
interconnectionofthe
variousequipmentandfor
protectionofthemain
powerbusagainstfailures.
TheCM,withantennaeandrepeaterunits.
The SM, with the subsystem equipments,

providingfunctionalservicestothepayload.
Two independently steerable rigid solar

arrays.Theyprovide
105Wattransferorbit.
750WatBeginningoflife(BOL)onstation.
600Wat5yearsonstation.
Two Bearing and Power Transfer

Assemblies(BAPTAs)toaligncontinuously
thesolararraystotheSun.
Adigitalshuntregulatorsystemtoregulate
themainpowerbusvoltage(50VDC1%).
A28cell21AhNiCdbattery,thatprovides
122WatendoflifeoftheOTS.Itischarged
viaredundantseriescharges.
Toreceiveincomingsignals
fromacircularpolarized
antennaarrayusedduring
transferorbitandonstation.
It operates at VHF prior to normal mode

operationandinbackupmodes.
Tomaintaintheelectrical
ItoperatesatSHF,14,125GHzfortheuplink
and11,575GHzforthedownlink,innormal
modeoperation.
Itisdividedinto
theSMpartwith
VHFantennaandbranchingunit.
VHFtransponder.
priorityselectandinterfaceunit.
SMdecoderandencoder.
theCMpartwith
VHFreceiver
SHFtransmitter
payloaddecoderandencoder.
Attitudesensors
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Subsystem
OrbitControl
System(AOCS)
ReactionControl
System(RCS)
Purpose
boresightoftheantennae
withinahalfconeangleof
0,2(3)andthesatellite
yawerrorwithin5(3)
underallorbitalconditions.
Toprovidethemeansof
controllingthespacecraft
attitudeduringtransfer
orbit,driftorbitand
synchronousorbitphases.
Toprovidethrustrequired
for:
Transferorbit.
Spinaxisorientation.
DriftOrbit.
ApogeeBoost
Motor(ABM)
Components
VbeamSunsensor.
InfraredpencilbeamEarthSensors(IRES).
Twoaxisinfraredsensors.
Measurement
electronics
and
signal
processing
Passivenutationdamper.
Controlelectronics.
RateIntegratingGyro(RIG).
Actuators
FixedMomentumWheel(FMW).
Hydrazinethrusters.
Storagesystem
4sphericalpressurevessels.
Distribution
Vialaunchingvalves,inafullyredundantmanner.
Thruster
Earth
and
spin
Twogroupsofthrusterscontainingeighthighlevel
acquisition,
initial
andtwolowlevelthrusters,each.
stabilization in three
axis mode, balance
torque during wheel
spin up, drift orbit
and initial station
localization.
Operationsonstation.
Momentum
unloading,
disturbance
removal.
wheel
torque
Toimpactsufficientvelocity Solidpropellantmotorismountedwithinthe
incrementtothesatelliteat centraltubeofthespacecraftstructure.
theapogeeofthetransfer
orbittoinjectitintoanear
synchronouscircularorbit
withapproximatelyzero
inclination.
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ThecommunicationpayloadissplitintoModuleA,ModuleBandtheantennae.
ModuleAcontainstwochainsof40MHznominalbandwidthandtwoof120MHz,thetelecommand
receiversandthetelemetrytransmitters.Therearetwobasicsectionsinthismodule:thewideband
sectionandthechannelizedsection.Bothutilizelinearpolarization.
Theuplinkanddownlinkfrequenciesplannedforthismoduleare,respectively:
Uplink
Telecommandreceiver:14125MHz
40MHzchains:14125MHzto14192,5MHz
120MHzchains:14242,5MHzto14362,5MHz
Downlink
40MHzchains:11490MHzto11530MHz
Telemetrytransmitter:11575MHz
ModuleBincludesrepeaterchainsof5MHznominalbandwidthwithagainsubstantiallyhigherthan
thechainsofmoduleA.Thismodulealsocontainsanonboardbeacontransmitter.Itutilizescircular
polarization.
Uplink
Downlink
Beacontransmitter:11786MHz
5MHzchains:11792,5MHzto11797,5MHz
Therearesixcircularreflectorantennaewithfrontalfeedhornsupportedbyfourstruts,namely:Three
EurobeamAantennaewith26,5dbpeakgains
5.3
ThepowersubsystemcapabilityallowstooperateamaximumofsixTravellingWaveTubes(TWTs)
duringSunilluminationandonlytwoduringeclipse.
Thebatteryislocatedastwoseparateunitsonoppositesideofthespacecraft(formassdistribution)
althoughitisconsideredelectricallyasone.
Twoplatformssupportedbyacentraltubecarrytheelectroniccomponents.
Shuntelectronics,whichcontrolthesolararrayoutput,aremountedonadedicatedradiatorareaon
theNorthfaceofthespacecraft.
In orbital flight, a farm of white painted antennae are on the Earth viewing panel, however, the
launcheradapter,theApogeeBoostMotor(ABM),theVHFantennaeand12hydrazinethrustersare
positionedfacingawayfromtheEarth.
OTSconfigurationcanbeseeninFigure52.
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ECSSEHB3101Part15A
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Figure52:ExplodedviewoftheOTSspacecraft.FromBouchez,Howle&Stmpel
(1978)[9].
Typicaldimensionsare:
2,18mdiametralenvelope,
2,10mheight,
8,62mdeployedarrays.
OTSwaslaunchedonMay11,1978byaDelta3914booster.Themassbeforelaunchingwas865kg,
andmassinorbit444kg.Massdistribution,beforelaunching,isgiveninTable52.
Table52:OTSMassSummary
Subsystem
Repeater
Antenna
TT&C
Power
Solararray
BAPTA
m[kg]
42,0
14,5
21,7
56,5
29,7
8,3
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ECSSEHB3101Part15A
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Subsystem
NOTE
m[kg]
ElectricalDistribution
AOCS
ReactionControlAssembly+Residuals
Structure
ThermalControl
Instrumentation
Pyrotechnic
18,5
38,2
27,0
60,5
18,7
1,8
3,0
Totaldrymass
340,4
Balancemass
ABMpull
Hydrazine
LaunchVehicleAdaptor
6,0
433,5
45,2
36,3
Totalatlaunch
861,4
FromWearmouth&McLaurin(1977)[57].
OTS was developed and manufactured by an industrial organization of firms grouped within the
MESHconsortium(Figure53).
Figure53:OTSmainorganicdiagram.FromCollette&Stockwell(1976)[14].
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ECSSEHB3101Part15A
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5.4
Orbit
Geostationary(overGabon).Equatorial.
Atfirstpositionedat10Elongitude.InApril1982wasmovedto5EtomakeroomfortheECS
satellites.
Apogee:35779km.
Perigee:35072km.
:thesolarangleforthefirst14haftercutoffwasabout20frombelow(zsideofspacecraft).
Duringthesecondhalfofthetransferorbit,wasclosetozero(xyplane).
Onstationvariedbetween0and23,5.
5.5
ThetemperaturerequirementsofeachunitareaarerepresentedinFigure54.
Figure54:OTSThermalControlSubsystemtemperaturelimits.FromStmpel
(1978)a[45].
Themajorconstraintsbesidesthosegeneratedbythetemperaturelimitswere:
No active thermal controlelements except for RCSheaters of very limited total heating
power(25W),controlledbytelemetrycommandswitches.
Noheatingadmittedintransferorbitandonstationeclipses.
Large range between maximum and minimum total unit dissipation (approx. 100 W
shuntpowervariationpossible).
Threeaxisstabilizationcausingextremesensitivitytopolarinput.
Maximumeclipseof72minutes.
TheRCSconfigurationimposedsevererequirementsonthethermalcontrol,forexample:
Thelowesttemperatureofanypartincontactwithhydrazineshouldbeabove277K.
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ThehighesttemperatureoftheFuelControlValve(FCV)underalloperationalconditions
of the thruster (preheated, firing, stand by) and under daily and seasonal extremes
shouldbebelow328K(and348Kforshorttimepeaks).
TheThrustChamberAssembly(TCA)shouldbepreheatedforfiringto463K,forthe
0,5Nthrusters,andto363K,forthe2,0Nthrusters.
FCVheaterpowerminimized.
Thermostatstoautomaticallyoperateheaterswerenotpermitted.
Telecommandswitchesminimized(initially4,finally9).
Operation of telecommand switches restricted to seasonal variations and operation of

boostheaterspriortoeclipses.
FVC & TCA had to penetrate the insulation of the spacecraft and had to be located in
remotecorners,poorlycoupledtothethermalmassofthespacecraft.
5.6
5.7
Design tradeoffs
Modular vs. integrated. The thermal design of OTS was conceived to achieve the
modularity of the spacecraft to the greatest extent. It was, however, constrained by the
desire to embark previously developed European units, payload and electronic units
(antennae,TWTs,FMW,etc.).
Passive vs. active: ESA requested a passive thermal design. ESA didnt allow for this
spacecraft the use of heat pipes, automatically controlled heaters, or other active or
semiactiveelements,toeasethethermaldesigntask.
ThemaincharacteristicsoftheOTSthermalcontrolaresummarizedinFigure55.
1.TWTRADIATORS
LocatedonNorthSouthpanelsoftheCMconductivelydecoupledfromthestructure.
Profiledhoneycombconstruction.
Front surface coated with rigid Second Surface Mirrors (SSMs) (see ECSSEHB3101 Part 6,
clause 5.2.6) and flexible Optical Solar Reflectors (OSRs), rear painted black. Power output of
eachTWTvariablewithinafewWpertube.TwoextraredundantTWTcarriedonthecentral
radiatorofeachNorthandSouthpanel,butonlyoneenergized)atanytime.
2.CONTROLRADIATOR
NorthSouthpanelsoftheSM.
FrontSurfacecoatedadTWTradiator.
3.SHUNTRADIATOR
LocatedonSouthfaceofSM,conductivelydecoupledfromthestructure.
Solid aluminium plate, profiled with respect to attachment points and heat distribution
capability.
FrontsurfacecoatedasTWTradiator,rearpaintedblack.
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Shuntelectronicpowerdissipationintherange40Wto145W.
4.MULTILAYERINSULATION(MLI)
(seeECSSEHB3101Part7,clause6).
4.1. High temperature resistant type to shield spacecraft against heat generated by the ABM and
hydrazinethruster.
Located at upper and lower dome of ABM, inner thrust cone and cylinder, z plane of the
spacecraft,inthevicinityofhydrazinethruster.
Kapton insulation: 18 crinkled sheets of 0,5 mil (12x106 m) aluminized Kapton, sandwiched
between two 3 mil (76,2x106 m) aluminized Kapton foils. Launcher adapter, ABM, VHF
antennaeand12hydrazinethrusterspiercetheMLIsonthezplane.
4.2.Mylarinsulation.
Locatedatxsides,antennaplatform,antennae.
10crinkledMylarsheetsof0,25mil(6,35x106m)aluminizedononeside,sandwichedbetween
2mil(50,8x106m)and1mil(25,4x106m)Mylarfoils,rearsidealuminized.
WherenoVHFshieldisapplied(antennae,antennaplatform),anouterlayerof3mil(76,2x106
m)Kapton,aluminizedrearside,isapplied.
4.3.VHFshield.
Covering all blanketed areas except inner thrust cone, cylinder, ABM rear dome, antennae,
antennaplatform.
30x106 m aluminium foil, 0,25 mil (6,25x106 m) clear Kapton foil and 3 mil (76,2x106 m)
Kaptonfoil,aluminizedrearside.
Groundedtostructurebyequallyspacedstrapsof70x103mlengthand102mwidth.
4.4.BlowoffinsulationatABM.
(seeECSSEHB3101Part7,Clause4).
Closingtheexitplane.
Sametypeasusedonantennae.
4.5.InsulationSupportingGrid.
Pretensionedwirestosupportthezinsulationatthefreeareasofthezframework.
5.HEATERS(seeECSSEHB3101Part11).
5.1.TravellingWaveTubeAmplifier(TWTA)SimulationHeaters.
OperatedtosimulatedissipationofswitchoffTWTElectronicPowerConditioner(EPC)during
onstationsunlighttokeepconstantthespacecraftinternaltemperature.
BondedontotheradiatororstructureofCMadjacenttotheTWTAunits.
5.2.LineHeater(seeFigure57).
Wrappedonspiralsontothelines.
Fixedbyaluminiumtape.
Preventhydrazinefromfreezing.
Operatedbygroundcommand.
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5.3.TankHeater(seeFigure58).
Bondedontotanks.
Preventhydrazinefromfreezing.
5.4.ValveHeaters.
BondedontoFCV.
Preventhydrazinefromfreezingwithinthevalve.
5.5.BatteriesHeaters.
Bondedontobatteries.
6.BRACKETSORFLANGESOFLIMITEDCONDUCTANCE
Fiberglass polyimid prepreg standoffs, brackets, etc., to provide minimum conductive heat
exchangebetween:
Antennadishesplatform.
Radiatorsstructure.
BAPTA.yoke,structure.
Batteriesstructure.
Tanksstructure.
Linesstructure.
RCAthrusters(seeFigure59)thrustersbrackets.
ABMstructure.
AntennaPlatformsupportstructure.
7.THERMALCONTROLPAINTBlackpaintforspacecraftinteriorandunits
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Figure55:OTSthermalcontrollayoutsummary.FromStmpel(1978)a[45].
TheAOCSpresentsitsownthermalcontrolproblemswhicharenotdealtwithinFigure55.
Figure56showstheinsulationofthehydrazinelinesystem.Heatingtoavoidfreezingofhydrazine
in tanks, lines and valves under widely varying environmental conditions demands for a complex
electric circuitry operated by ground command, Figure 57. Figure 58 shows the heaters of the
hydrazinetankandFigure59thethermaldecouplingbetweentheTCAandFCV.
Figure56:InsulationintheOTShydrazinelinesystem.FromStmpel(1978)a
[45].
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Figure57:OTSheaterswitchingdiagram.
a)Heatingoflinestanks,valvesandbatteries.
Thedifferentheatersaregroupedin8circuits.Fivecircuits(correspondingtotelecommandswitches
S1 to S5) are implemented for seasonal operation, one of them (S5) also activates the heater of one
battery half. The other battery half has its own separate heater (through switch S6) to limit the
temperaturedifferencesbetweenthetwohalves.Twoheatercircuits(S7andS8)arereservedforboost
heatingofthehydrazinecomponentspriortosolareclipseperiodswhichhavetobesurvivedwithout
heating.
Thetelecommandswitchinthetankheatercircuit(notlabelled)allowseitherthenormalheatingor
theboostheatingofthetank.
b)HeatingofvalvesandthrustersoftheAOCS(telecommandswitchesS9toS12)isalsoshown.
FromStmpel(1978)b[46]andBouchez&Glpen(1980)[5].
Figure58:Thermalinsulationofthehydrazinetank.Thetankistotallycovered
withlowemittancetape.Heatersareofthefoiltype(seeECSSEHB3101Part11,
clause4.2).Thetankcontactstheplatformviaalowconductanceamount.From
Stmpel(1978)b[46].
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Figure59:ThermaldecouplingofFCVfromTCAonboardOTS.Theheatbarrier
maintainstemperaturedifferencesupto800Kviaalengthof0,03m.
Aradiationfixtureofthreecopperstrapsspotweldedtotheheatbarrierclosetoitsjunctionintothe
thrustchamberheadplatewasusedtoavoidtheflashbackproblem.Flashbackresultsinareduction
of the refrigerating effectof hydrazineand heatingof thefeed tube to the hydrazine decomposition
temperature,andinastrongreductioninthrust.FromStmpel(1978)b[46].
Possibleimprovementsinthermalcontroloffuturespacecraft,basedonOTSexperience:
Introductionofanequinoxheatersystem.Areductionoftheseasonaltemperaturesing
to less than 5 K would be achievable by more complex heater system applying certain
heatingalsoundersolsticeconditions.Thiswouldrequireathermostaticheatercontrol,
desirably with an electronic control unit (Proposed by ERNO for implementation in
ECS/MCS).
Directcouplingofthebatterytospacethrough3circularviewportsintheadjacentside
walls.
ThermostaticcontrolforRCS.Twoapproachesareconceivedforfutureprojects:Anon
off electronic thermoswitch which operates each heater individually and the
optimizationofproperheaterpower.
Isolation of external units. Equipment causing leaks in the insulation may contribute
considerably to the spacecraft diurnal temperature variation without being directly
controllable by the thermal control system. It is necessary to provide individual
componentlevelthermalcontrolforsuchunitswhichallowtheirtotalisolationfromthe
spacecraftinterior.
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5.8
The investigation of the long term stability of the employed thermal control technologies in
geostationary orbit was one of the main aims of the OTS (see also ECSSEHB3101 Part 6, clause
5.2.6).
Thermaltestswereperformedonthegroundandinorbit.Thepurposeofgroundtestswastoverify
that the spacecraft performance was within acceptable limitsand that the mathematicalmodel used
wascapableofpredicting)thetestresults.Inordertoachievethistwofoldaim,testswereperformed
simulatingspacetemperaturesandsolarirradiationatextremeequinoxandsolsticeconditionsunder
selectedfixedsolarinputangles(steadystatetests).
Thespacecraftwasinstrumentedwith152thermistors,thermocouplesandplatinumwireresistances.
TheirdistributionisgiveninTable53.Thetotalnumberofthermalsensorswasconstrainedbythe
availabletelemetrychannelsinorbit.
All sensors were calibrated. The error sources associated with temperature readings were partially
duetothemathematicalfunctionintroducedtorepresentthecalibrationcurve(whichwasverysmall
an error), and partially due to the quantization associated with a one bit of the telemetry channel
(between0,3Kand0,8K).
Table53:SensorDistribution
Subsystem
NOTE
Sensors
RCS
Power
ABM
AOCS
TT&C
Antenna
Repeater
Structure
38
13
2
14
9
24
40
12
Total
152
FromBouchez&Howle(1982)[7].
Mathematicalmodelswereusedtopredictboththesteadystatethermalconditionsandthetransient
temperatureresponsetothedailycycleofthespacecraftrelativetotheSunandtovariationsinon
boardpowerdissipation.
The accuracy of the mathematical model could be verified by comparison of the actual orbit
temperatures with those predicted with identical operating and environmental conditions. This
comparisonwillbeintroducedinthefollowingclause.
5.9
Measured in orbit performance
The objectives of the orbit tests were to assess the adequacy of the thermal control subsystems, to
validate the analytical predictions, to provide the possibility of assessing the thermal distortion of a
largeantennadish,andtodetectandquantifydegradationsofthethermalcontrolcoatings.
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Alltestswerewelldefinedbeforehandinordertomodelaccuratelythedissipationoftheindividual
equipment. The estimation of the dissipations that had to be introduced in the mathematical
predictionmodelwasamajorprobleminthethermalanalysis.Duringteststheactivityoftherepeater
was kept to a minimum and as few channels as possible were operated. Nevertheless, identical
operating conditions at all comparable orbit test was not fully achieved because of operational
constraints.
Each test lasted two days, and readings of sensors were telemetered at 25,6 s intervals during test
time.
ThefirstinorbitthermaltestwasconductedonMay2526,1978afterthespacecrafthadreachedits
final position and was set into normal operation mode. Histograms of the deviation between
measured and predicted temperatures are shown in Figure 510. Tests were performed with 48
thermalsensorsinternallyplacedontheradiatorsofthespacecraft.Theaccuracyofeachsensorwas
around0,3Kto0,5K,although,duetothenumberandsituationofthe48selectedsensors,themean
spacecrafttemperaturehadanaccuracybetterthan0,1Kinsomecases.
Figure510:Histogramsforgroundandfirstorbittest.FromBouchez&Glpen
(1980)[5].Theordinatesshowthenumberofsamplesthetemperaturedeviationof
whichstayswithinthelimitsshowninabscissae.
(T=TmeasuredTpredicted).
The main differences found between measured and predicted temperatures were that mean diurnal
temperature was about 1,5 K above predictions, with a standard deviation of 5 K, and diurnal
temperaturevariationwasabout3Klargerthanpredicted.Thereasonwasanunderestimatedsolar
inputintothespacecraftadapterandthecavityoftheABMneverproperlysimulatedduringground
tests. Once this effect was accounted for, the mean diurnal temperature was reduced to 0,7 K, the
standarddeviationto4,5Kandthediurnaltemperaturevariationto1,8K.
In Figure 511, three typical histograms for daily maximum and minimum temperature of test
performed during Summer Solstices (SS) of 1978, 1980 and 1981 are shown. Here the predicted
temperaturecorrespondstoBOL.
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Figure511:Histogramsfororbittestsduringdifferentsummersolstices.Datafor
1978and1980arefromBouchez&Glpen(1981)[5]andthosefor1981from
Bouchez&Howle(1982)[7].
Duringsolsticetheinaccuracyassociatedtopowerdissipationcanbeapproximately0,8K,thisisso
since solstice involves few spacecraft switching activities and the operating mode is more or less
constant. During the equinox there are operational RF mode changes, extra switching of heaters in
preeclipse periods, battery recharging and a drastic change of external input after eclipse. The
inaccuracyisestimatedtoberound1,4K.
DailymaximumtemperatureincreasesrespectBOLpredictionsaregiveninTable54andFigure512.
Exponentialtimefunctionhavebeenfittedtomeasureddata.
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Table54:InOrbitMeasuredValuesandCurveFittingValues
Date
DailyMax.
Solstice
Test
(S)
T
Equinox [K]
(E)
Summer
S1978
DailyMin.
Differences
Curve
Curve Daily
Test
Fitting
Fitting Max
T
T
T
T
[K]
[K]
[K]
[K]
Daily
Min
T
[K]
2,96
3,05
1,09
1,09
0,09
3,84
4,02
1,52
1,72
0,18
0,20
WinterS
1978
Summer
S1979
FittingExponentialFunction
T=Tm(1e(tto)/)
6,39
6,04
3,61
3,55
0,35
0,06
7,63
7,42
4,68
4,36
0,21
0,32
8,06
8,29
5,12
5,22
0,23
0,10
9,93
9,69
6,60
6,13
0,24
0,47
9,81
10,00
6,22
6,39
0,19
0,17
Winter
11,13
11,21
6,87
7,33
0,08
0,46
Daily
Max.
WinterS
1981
122
1333
9,1
42
1003
14,4
42
933
9,9
164
942
7,9
212
1181
Daily
Min.
11,68
11,30
7,64
7,20
0,38
0,44
11,12
12,23
7,15
8,14
1,11
0,99
12,20
12,30
7,54
7,77
0,10
0,23
13,73
12,92
9,56
8,70
0,81
0,86
Autum.
E1978
2,47
2,63
0,16
VernalE
1979
3,90
3,38
0,52
3,98
4,04
0,06
4,53
4,59
0,06
Summer
S1982
15,5
Daily
Max.
WinterS
1980
Summer
S1981
[d]
Summer
WinterS
1979
Summer
S1980
to
[d]
Tm
[K]
WinterS
1982
Summer
S1983
Daily
Min.
WinterS
1983
Daily
Max.
(Outside
eclipse)
Autum.
E1979
VernalE
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Date
DailyMax.
Solstice
Test
(S)
T
Equinox [K]
(E)
1980
DailyMin.
Differences
Curve
Curve Daily
Test
Fitting
Fitting Max
T
T
T
T
[K]
[K]
[K]
[K]
4,21
5,07
0,86
5,19
5,47
0,28
6,25
5,82
0,43
FittingExponentialFunction
Daily
Min
T
[K]
T=Tm(1e(tto)/)
Autum.
E1980
VernalE
1981
Beginning
ofeclipse
Autum.
E1981
VernalE
1982
6,76
6,12
0,64
6,88
6,38
0,50
6,52
6,60
0,08
6,20
6,79
0,59
4,7
798
5,3
126
830
Autum.
E1982
VernalE
1983
Endof
eclipse
Autum.
E1983
NOTE
FromBouchez&Howle(1984)[7].
Figure512:TemperatureincreasesTasafunctionoftime,telapsedsinceJan1,
1978.FromChalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howlw(1983)[13].
Circle:SummerSolsticetestpoints.
Square:WinterSolsticetestpoints.
Triangle:Equinoxtestpoints.
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The temperatureincreases can be traced back to surface degradation which results in an increase of
absorptance.Thiseffectcanbeassessedthroughorbitthermaltestdataviaaduplicationoftheorbit
measurementsbyamathematicalmodelwhichtakesintoaccounttheactualoperationalconfiguration
ofeachtest.
The surfaces which degradate during equinox were MLIs, S13 G/LO white paint on the antenna
dishes,spacecraftadapterandsomesmallEarthandSunsensorapertures.Theestimatedincreasein
absorptanceoftheMLIandwhitepaintwouldgiveatemperatureincreaseof3,3K.Sinceaccordingto
Figure 512 the increase since the first equinox is of the order of 4 K, some degradation of the
spacecraftadaptershouldbetakenintoaccount.
In solstice, the effect on the radiation of OSRs degradation should add to the mentioned effects.
CausesofOSRdegradationarediscussedinECSSEHB3101Part6,clause5.2.6.Resultsfromsolstice
dataaresummarizedinTable55.ComparethesedatawithsimilarresultsinECSSEHB3101Part6,
clause5.2.6.
Table55:ChangeinSolarAbsorptance,s,ofOSRvs.ExposureTimeas
DeducedfromOTSSolsticeData
TimefromLaunch
[d]
40
214
400
582
773
949
1137
1312
1501
1676 1865
Summer
Solstice
0,016
0,050
0,080
0,099
0,113
0,131
Winter
Solstice
0,016
0,074
0,100
0,112
0,113
NOTE
FromChalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howle(1983)[13]
In order to estimate the solar absorptance degradation of the S13 G/LO white paint the spotbeam
antennadishwasinstrumentedwithatotalof14temperaturesensors(3platinumresistanceand11
thermistors). Due to deterioration in performance of some sensors with time, a group of 10 of the
original 14 sensors has been used to calculate the points which appear in Figure 513. The BOL
absorptance(s=0,18)andapredictedbandofabsorptancevaluesarealsoshowninthefigure.
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Figure513:Meansolarabsorptance,s,onantennadishwhiteS13G/LOpaint.
FromChalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howle(1983)[13].
Circle:SummerSolsticetestpoints.
Square:WinterSolsticetestpoints.
Triangle:Equinoxtestpoints.
It can be seen that while the first two values after launch are significantly greater than expected,
subsequent values are generally only a little above the prediction band. Good lines can be drawn
through the winter and the summer solstice points and through the autumn and vernal equinox
pointsalthough,inthefirstcase,theanglesthattheSunvectormadewiththeplanesofthesensors
werequitedifferentinthetwoseasons.
AreevaluationofthepropertiesofS13G/LOwhitepainthasbeenmaderecentlybyCulletal.(1984)
[17].
References:Collette&Stockwell(1976)[14];Wearmouth&McLaurin(1977)[57];Bouchez,Howle&
Stmpel(1978)[9];Bulloch(1978)[11];Stmpel(1978)a[45];Stmpel(1978)b[46];Bouchez&Glpen
(1980)[5]:Bouchez&Howle(1981)[6];McLaurin&Gregory(1981)[35];Bouchez&Howle(1982)[7];
Chalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howle(1983)[13];Bouchez&Howle(1984)[8].
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6
Landsat D
6.1
Mission
Imagingthesame185kmbeltoftheEarthsurfaceeach20days.
Launchingdate:July16,1982.
Missionlife:3years.
Figure61:Landsatspacecraftinorbitalflight.
6.2
Main subsystems
LandsatD(now,thatisinorbit,knownasLandsat4)incorporatestheThematicMapper(TM),aseven
spectral band mechanically scanned radiometer with 30 m spatial resolution, and the MultiSpectral
Scanner(MSS),80mresolutionandfourspectralbands,similartothatflownonLandsat1and2(see
ECSSEHB3101Part9clause6.6).TMwasnotflownbefore.BothinstrumentswerebuiltforNASA
bySantaBarbaraResearchCenter,Goleta,Calif.,asubsidiaryofHughesAircraft.
DatafromTMandMSSaretransmittedthroughthewidebandcommunicationsystemtotheTracking
andDataRelaySatellite(TDRS)andtogroundbasedstations.
Landsat D is the first NASA Satellite to utilize the Global Positioning System (GPS) which receives
navigation messages from a constellation of Navigation Data Satellites and computes position,
velocityandtimeforthehostsatellite.
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6.3
Main characteristics of the satellite:
The main body of the spacecraft consists of NASAs standard Multimission Modular Spacecraft
(MMS),andtheLandsatInstrumentModule(IM),Figure62.MMSprovides:power,attitudecontrol,
communications and data handling, and propulsion. The same module was used in the future with
differentpayload(Caruso&Stipandic(1980)[12]).
Figure62:ExplodedviewoftheLandsatDspacecraftbeforedeployment.
Thelongdimensionofthespacecraftbody(therollaxis)liesintheplaneoftheorbit,theyawaxisis
oriented to the local vertical (parallel to the antenna mast), and the pitch axis is normal to the orbit
planeandparalleltotheaxisofrotationofthesolararray.
Landsat D was launched on July 16, 1982, by a Delta 3910 booster. Subsequent launches of Landsat
satellites are planned for the Shuttle, commencing in late 1984. The already launched satellite were
recoveredbytheShuttlebeforethesecondlaunch.
ThemassoftheLandsatDFlightSegment(asofMay1979)isgiveninTable61.
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Table61:LandsatDFlightSegmentMassSummary
Component
MultimissionModularSpacecraft
SpacecraftDry
PayloadAttachmentFitting
PayloadInstruments
ThematicMapper
MultiSpectralScanner
InstrumentModule
GlobalPositioningSystem
WideBandModule
RFModuleandAntenna
TrackingandDataRelaySystemAntennaBoom
SolarArray&Drive
Structure
ThermalSubsystem
ElectricalIntegration
TotalDryMass
Fuel&Pressurant
LaunchMass
6.4
Mass[kg]
754
63
234
65
21
73
72
55
71
92
14
50
1564
77
1641
Orbit
CircularSunsynchronous.
Altitude:709km.
Inclination:98,2.
Descendingnode:between9h30minand10ha.m.
:between23,4and41,8.
6.5
Thethermalcontrolsubsystemmaintainsallcomponentswithintherequiredoperatingtemperature
limits(Table62)duringlaunch,ascenttoorbitanddeployments,onorbitmissionmodes,SafeHold,
andShuttlestorageandretrievaloperations.SafeHoldmodeofoperationaimsatrecoveringaftera
computermalfunction.
Temperature control for Earth ambient can be accomplished with the assistance of suitable Ground
SupportEquipment.
Table62itemizesthethermaldesignrequirementsofthevariouscomponentsandsubsystems.
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Component
6.6
OperatingTemp.Range
[K]
InstrumentModuleStructure
283303
SBandTransmitters
278308
Sensors
283303
WideBandModule
283303
RFModule/Boom
261303
GPSPreamplifier
253303
MultimissionModularSpacecraft
283303
Design tradeoffs
Modularvs.Integrated.Modulardesignwasselectedbecauseofthefollowingreasons:
Hardwareformajorsubsystemsismodularizedanduseseparatethermalcontrol.
WideBand system can be packaged into selfcontained units with minimal interfaces with the
othersubsystems.
Majorityofremainingelectronicscanbecontrolledbyacommonradiator.
Since thereis no heat transferamongmodules, the temperature of the structure remainsvery
stable.Thence,significantinorbitthermaldistortionsshouldnotresult.
Passivevs.Active.AllcomponentswerepassivelycontrolledwiththeexceptionofMMSwhich,
being designed for a wide range of missions, is controlled by means of Louvers (see ECSSE
HB3101Part12,andalso,Karam(1979)[30],Hwangbo&Kelly(1980)[27]).
Passively controlled components are mounted within a thermal enclosure covered with MLIs
(see ECSSEHB3101 Part 9 clause 6). Heat is rejected to space through openings in the
insulation (Radiators, see ECSSEHB3101 Part 9). The components are mounted as close as
practical to the radiators to minimize heat paths. Structural interfaces will provide maximum
heattransfer.
6.7
The InstrumentModuleradiatorisplacedintheantiearthfaceofthespacecraft,removedfromthe
payloadinstrumentinterfaces.
TheSbandtransmittersaremountedontheantiSunfaceofthespacecrafttoallowformaximumfin
efficiency.Whenthetransmittersdonotoperateatall,orwhenthedutyislow,electricalheatingis
usedtokeeptemperaturesaboveminimum.
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TheThematicMapperusesatwostagepassiveradiancooler(seeECSSEHB3101Part9clause6),
orientedtotheantiSunsideofthespacecraft,fortemperaturecontrolofthethermalbanddetectors.
Thedetectorheatloadis85mW,whereasSherman(1982)[41]quotesvaluesoftheorderof30mW.
TheMultiSpectralScannerincorporatesaconecooler(seeECSSEHB3101Part9,clause6.6),theaxis
ofwhichisorientedtowardtheEarth.
The Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTA) of the WideBand Module (WBM) are placed in the
partiallySunilluminatedfaceofthespacecraftbecause)oftheirhighoperatingtemperatures(Table
62). MLIs are used with the aim of diminishing heat transfer from these amplifiers to the RF and
gimbaldrivecomponents,whichareplacedintheSunshadowedfaceofthespacecraft.Figure63.
Figure63:AssembledWideBandModule.
Thermostaticallycontrolledheatersareusedtocompensateforvariablesanduncertaintiessuchas:
Internalheatgeneration.
HeatleaksintheMLIs.
Coatingdegradation.
Solarheatloadeffects.
Sensorinterfaceperformance.
Heater requirements for the InstrumentModuleinclude:sixelectrical circuits for nominal operation
modes,twoforSafeHoldandsevenforoperatingduringstorageandretrievalwithintheShuttle.
Allsubsystemshaveindividualheatersforthermalcontrolwhentheparticularsubsystemisturned
off.
CoatingusedareshownintheFigure64.
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Figure64:ThermalControlcoatingsusedonLandsatD.
D4DisaleafingAluminiumcoatingmanufacturedbyGEC.
S13G/LOisaZincOxideMethylSiliconewhitepaintmanufacturedbyIITRI.
OSRsee
6.8
Modelincorporatesanautomaticheaterroutinewhichsensesstructuraltemperatureandappliesheat
atagivenheatersettinguntilthetemperaturerisestoapredeterminedcutoffvalue.
Table63givesaveragetemperaturesanddaynighttemperaturevariationsforallcomponentsinthe
Instrument Module and for hot and old case conditions corresponding to extreme values. All
temperaturevaluesarewithintheextremesgiveninTable62.
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Table63:EstimatedonOrbitPerformanceoftheInstrumentModuleComponents
COMPONENT
MountingStructure
Temperature[K]
HotCase ColdCase
=26
=41,8a
DaynightTemperature COMMENTS
Variation[K]
HotCase
=26
ColdCase
=41,8a
GlobalPositioning
SystemReceiver
Processor
302,5
285,3
2,0
0,6
BusCouplingUnit
BCUNo.1
301,8
284,1
5,5
4,2
BCUNo.2
302,7
285,2
4,3
3,6
RemoteInterface
Unit/ExpanderUnit
RIU/EUNo.1
300,4
284,2
7,8
5,4
Mounted
adjacenttoMSS
multiplexer.
MultiSpectralScanner
Multiplexer
302,8
288,7
10,7
9,1
Largeheat
dissipationand
partialduty
cycle.
SolarArrayDrive
303,0
286,6
0,6
0,5
RIU/EUNo.2
300,3
284,9
1,6
0,8
GlobalPositioning
SystemLocal
Oscillator
300,3
283,9
9,0
5,8
Largeheat
dissipation.
Changeinsolar
fluxabsorbed
overorbit.
SBandTransmitterA
293,7
278,7
5,5
2,8
SBandTransmitterB
302,4
279,7
24,0
6,2
Largeheat
dissipationand
partialduty
cycle.
DigitalProcessorUnit
301,7
286,0
7,1
0,5
BCUNo.3
300,9
284,5
6,1
3,9
PowerDistribution
Unit
300,5
296,5
0,1
RFCombiner
292,6
288,3
RIU/EUNo.3
295,0
289,3
0,2
0,1
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COMPONENT
MountingStructure
Temperature[K]
HotCase ColdCase
=26
=41,8a
HotCase
=26
ColdCase
=41,8a
MMSIntermediate
Frequency
292,6
288,1
0,1
0,1
TMIntermediate
Frequency
293,0
288,6
0,4
0,2
MSSIntermediate
Frequency
302,4
284,1
0,8
0,4
WideBand
Intermediate
Frequency
301,0
284,6
1,7
1,9
DaynightTemperature COMMENTS
Variation[K]
AverageheaterpowerQ=20,3W.
6.9
Verification
Accomplishedbyacombinationoftesting,analysisandinspection.
AtComponentlevel
EquipmentswereacceptanceandqualificationtestedaccordingwithNASAapprovedstandardsand
specifications.
Opticalpropertiesofthecoatingweremeasured.
Eachhoneycombpanelwascheckedforthermalcompliance.
Heatersandthermostatsweretestedatthemanufacturingfacilitiesandacceptancetested.
AtSystemlevel
Athermalanalysiswasperformedtocheckthebasicthermaldesignandperformance.
ThermalbalancetestsoftheprotoflightInstrumentModuleweremadeinasolarsimulationfacility.
The IM was positioned in the chamber and rotated to simulate worse case transient orbit
environmentalconditions.
EarthandalbedoradiationsweresimulatedbyIRlampsattachedtothetestsupportstructure.
Interfacesweresimulatedasfollows:
Thesolararraypanelsbyafixedheaterdummymodel.
The TDRS antenna boom by a partial boom length with appropriate thermal coating and thermal
properties.
MMSandtheMSSsensorbymeansofmodelswhichduplicatetheheatcapacityandblockageeffects
of the prime hardware provided with an attachment point heater to simulate the interface heat
transfer.
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AseparatethermaltestwasperformedtoverifythethermaldesignoftheTDRSantennaRFModule
andgimbaldriveassembly.
6.10 Measured on orbit performance

Nodatahavebeenfound.
On20February1983theXbandradiotransmitter,thatbeamsTM,didnotrecoverproperfunctioning
afteraSafeHold(Waldrop(1983)a[55]).
OtherbreakdownsinceFebruary1983were(Waldrop(1983)b[56]):
Failureofcommunicationsanddatahandlingmodule.Commandsfromgroundarebeingsortedand
routedbyabackup.
Progressivedeteriorationoftheelectricalcablesfromthesolarpanel.Twoofthepanelsareinoperable
(asofAugust1983).ThisleavesjustenoughpowertorunMSS.
TDRSwasstillundergoingcheckoutinorbitduringAugust1983,andwillbeusedmainlyforSpace
Shuttleoperationswhenfullyoperational.
References:Allthedatainthisitem,unlessotherwisestated,arefromBachofer(1979)[2].
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7
Infrared astronomical satellite (IRAS)
7.1
Mission
Tomakeafirsttimeallskysurveyofinfraredsourcesintheuniverseinthewavelengthregion8x106
mto119x106mandauxiliaryobservationsfrom8x106mto300x106m.
Launchingdate:January25,1983.
Mission life: 300 d. Mission life is controlled by the venting rate of superfluid helium in the
cryocoolingsystemoftheTelescope.
Figure71:IRASspacecraftinorbitalflight.SeealsoTable71.FromVanLeeuwen
(1983)[53].
7.2
Main subsystems
IRAS satellite consists of two parts, the Spacecraft providing the housekeeping systems, and the
cryogenicsystemandTelescope.
The spacecraft system provides the support functions, such as attitude control, power,
communicationsanddatastorage.
The cryogenic system is required to maintain the telescope optics below 10 K, and the focal plane
below3,5K.
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Table71presentsthesubsystemsandcomponentswhichrequirethermalcontrol(seeFigure71).
Table71:IRASMainSubsystems
Subsystem
Power
Command&
DataHandling
Stabilization&
Control
Components
LocalizationintheSatellite
SolarPanelAssembly
FixedPanel
Attachedtothedewar(SCOT)*.
DeployableArrays
Attachedtothefixedpanel
PowerControlUnit(PCU)
Converter
Innersurfaceonthecone,zside.
Regulator
Innersurfaceonthecone,zside.
Battery
Conerearside.
Transponder
Equipmentplatform,+yside.
Telemetry&Command
Unit
Equipmentplatform,+zside.
OnBoardComputer(OBC)
Equipmentplatform,+y/+z
quadrant.
Antenna
xsideofthespacecraft.
AttitudeControlSensors
(ACS)Packagecontaining
Outer+zsideofthecone.
FineSunSensor(FSSS)
+zviewing.
GyroSensor(GYRS)
Inside.
GyroElectronics(GYRS)
Inside.
Magnetometer(MGMS)+
Electronics(MGME)
Inside.
Inside.
CoarseSunSensors(CSSS)
ACSpackagey
ysideofthesunshade.
OnHSE.
HorizonSensor(HSE)
zsideoftheconeoutside.
ReactionWheels(RWL)+
Electronics(WDE)
Equipmentplatform.
(RWLx,y,z).
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Subsystem
Components
MagneticCoils(MCL)
LocalizationintheSatellite
Rearsideofthedewar.
Outershell(MCL+y/zand
y/z).
Equipmentplatform+xside.
AttitudeControlElectronics Equipmentplatform.
(ACE)
Payload
Telescope
Surroundedbythedewar.
NOTE
(*)SCOT:SpacecraftComponentOntheTelescope.
FromVanLeeuwen(1985)[54].
7.3
Spacecraft main characteristics
The structure of the Spacecraft consists of an aluminium truncated cone supporting a honeycomb
platform at the Telescope side. The cone serves on one side as the interface of the satellite with the
Deltalauncher,ontheothersidetheconesupportstheInfraredExperiment(IRX).Theconeisalsothe
mainradiatorforinternalSpacecraftdissipations.
MostofthehousekeepingunitsaremountedontheSpacecraftplatform.Someofthemaremounted
ontheoutersideofthecone.TheSCOTunitsaremountedonthetelescopeforreasonsofdimensions
orrequiredfieldofview.
Figure72presentsaviewoftheIRAStelescopesubsystem.Twocryogenicsystemsareused:1)The
main cryogenic tank (MCT) with superfluid helium to surround the telescope, and 2) a cover
containingsupercriticalheliumtosealtheapertureofthedewar.Thecoverisejectedinspaceoncethe
satelliteoutgassingratehasreachedanacceptablelevel.
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Figure72:IRAStelescopesubsystem.FromUrbachetal.(1982)[52]
MCT(whichisannularinshape)contains70kgofsuperfluidheliumwith120llageatatemperatureof
1,8K.Thetelescopemountingringisweldedtothesurfaceofthe0,75mcavityandtheentirecavityis
surroundedbyathinaluminiumthermalshroud.MCTandinsulationsystemaresupportedbythree
supportsatthetopandbysixatthebottom.Anchoredtooneoftheuppersupportbracketsisagetter
cupcontaining0,5kgofcharcoal.Amainshellprovidestheprimarystructuralintegrityofthesystem.
Theaperturecoversubassemblyisthevacuumsealforthemainshellduringgroundoperation.Itis
alsoagascondensationtrappriortoandduringcooldownoftheMCTanditminimizesheatleakto
theMCTduringlaunchhold.Itcontains6kgofsupercriticalhelium,whichallowsfourteendaysin
orbitwitha48hlaunchpadhold.Afteraminimumoffourdaysthecoverisejectedintospaceand
theallskysurveystarts.
IRAS was launched on January 25, 1983 from Western Test Range, California, by a twostage Delta
3910launchvehicle.Totalmassofthesatellitewas1077kg.
IRAS is a joint project by the Netherlands, United States and United Kingdom. Dutch contribution
(Fokker BV with Signaal Co., and NLR) consisted of the design and manufacture of the Spacecraft,
integration, testing, launch preparation and a significant part of the ground operations. USA
developed and manufactured the IRX, launched the satellite and processed the scientific data. The
cryogenicsystemandTelescopeweresuppliedbyBallAerospaceSystemDivision(BASD),whereas
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) had USA project management responsibility and supplied the
detectorfocalplaneassembly(FPA).TheSpaceResearchLaboratoryoftheUniversityofGroningen
developedtheDutchAdditionalExperiment(DAX),aninfraredexperimentpackageinthetelescope.
The UK contribution, mainly conducted at the RutherfordAppleton Laboratories, provided the
groundstationandoperations.
7.4
Orbit
Nearpolarsunsynchronouscirculartwilight:
Inclination:99
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Altitude:900km
:between60and120.Theseareupperandlowerbounds. dependsonthemissionday.Here,as
inclause4.4,istheanglebetweenthelinetotheSunandthetelescopeaxis.
7.5
TheSpacecraftThermalControlSubsystemprovidesthreemainfunctions:
1st. Maintain the prescribed temperature requirements for all subsystems, including SCOT but
excludingIRX,forallmissionphases.
2nd.MinimizetheheatflowfromtheSpacecrafttothetelescope.
3rd.Minimizethethermalcontributiontostructuraldistortions.
Thecryogenicsystemwillmaintainthetelescopeopticsandfocalplaneattheprescribedtemperature.
Table 72 summarizes the thermal design requirements of the various components and subsystems
that were used. The temperature requirements for the electronic equipment are, in general, the
acceptancetemperatureasdefinedbytheunitsuppliers.
Spacecraft
Components
Telescope
Operating
Temp.Range
[K]
Components
Operating
Temp.Range
[K]
ElectronicEquipment
263313
Optics
<10
Battery
273293
FocalPlaneAssembly
(FPA)
<3,5
Transponders
263328
Baffle
95
FSSS
PreferredRange
278298
MainShell
170
AcceptanceRange
263313
FromUrbachetal.(1982)[52].
GYRS
Sensor
SensorEnvironment
343
263313
CSS
93333
MCL
118338
CSSandMCLaremountedontheTelescope.MinimizingheatflowtotheTelescoperesultsinan
extremelywidetemperaturerangeforthementionedunits.
NOTE
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InterfacerequirementsthatwereappliedintheIRASproject:
1st.TheheatflowfromSpacecraftstructuretotelescopeshallnotexceed15Wconductivelyplus10W
radiatively.
2nd.TheheatflowthroughtheSolarArrayMountingtothetelescopeshallnotexceed6W.
3rd.TheCSSandMCL,mountedonthetelescope,shallnotcontributemorethan1Weach.
7.6
Design constraints
IRASmissionincludesthefollowingphases:
(a)
Launchandascent.
(b)
Sun/Earthacquisition.
(c)
Normal operation in orbit. During orbital flight a number of attitude restrictions

applytokeepSunandEarthfromtheinnersideofthetelescopebaffle.Theselimits
the angleasindicatedabove(seeclause7.4).Arotationaroundthe+zaxisofat
most 30 is allowed. During observation both this angle and can change
continuously(Figure73).
Figure73:IRASattitudeconstraintsduringmission.FromVanLeeuwen(1983)
[53].
Thefollowingconstrainshavebeentakenintoaccount:
1st. The spacecraft power dissipation can vary between 160 W and 195 W, depending on the
observationprogrammeandattitudemaneuvers(orbitaveraged).
2nd.Seasonalvariationofthesolarintensityis:
S0=135346W.m2.
This was the best estimate when the IRAS thermal control project was undertaken. A more precise
value,S0=13715W.m2,isgiveninSmith&West(1983).
3rd.Maximumeclipsedurationof16min.
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4th.Earthradiation,2377W.m2.
Earthalbedo,F=0,300,05(seeECSSEHB3101Part3clause5.1)
The above requirements and constraints are fulfilled with a passive thermal design with properly
controlledheater.
The batteryis provided with heatersand thermistors controlledby the OBC.The GYRS isprovided
withinternallycontrolledheaters.
7.7
The main characteristics of the IRAS thermal control are summarized in Figure 74, concerning the
spacecraft,andFigure75thetelescope.
1.EQUIPMENTPLATFORM
Attachedtothe+xsideofthespacecraftcone.
Supportsmostoftheelectronicunits.
Platformattachedtotheconeby48thermallyisolatedwashers.
Cubertin306blackpaintonallunitsandstructuralpartsinsidethecompartment.
MLIonthe+xsideoftheplatform.
1.1.0,5mil(1,27x106m)silveredTeflonandoutsidealuminizedKaptontapeontheconeoutside.
1.2.Bottompanelasreceivedaluminiumcoveredontheouterside(xface)withMLI,theouterlayer
ofwhichis2milinsidealuminizedKapton.
1.3. The horizon sensoris attached to the z outer side of the cone through 4 isolation washers and
coveredwithoutsidealuminizedKapton.
Launch adapter, integrated on the cone, polished and treated with an Alodine 1000
anticorrosionfinish.Polishedpartkeptsmallrelativetothemaincontrolsurfacearea.
2.ACSPACKAGE
Attachedtothe+zsideofthecone.
MLIs on the top, front and bottom side. The outer layer of the MLI is 2 mil inside
aluminizedKapton.
Radiator areas on +y and y side covered by silvered Teflon and outsidealuminized

Kaptontape.
Internalunitsonisolationwashers.Blackpaintonallunits.
2.1.FSSSismountedonasubbracketwhichconsistsona3pointsmountingwithoneofmounting
pinsflexible,madeoftitanium,soastoallowalongitudinaltranslationifathermalgradientoccurs
alongthebrackets.OuterfacesilveredTeflononFSSS.
3.BATTERY
Mountedontheconerearsideby8mountingfooteachprovidedwithisolatingwashers.
The top surface and part of the sides are radiating areas (silvered Teflon, aluminized
Kapton),therestiscoveredbyMLI,theouterlayerofwhichis2milinsidealuminized
Kapton.
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Redundant heater system provides up to 9,8 W. The heater is controlled by the OBC
whichswitchesitaroundasetpointsof283Kwithaminimumintervaltimeof512s.A
backupisimplementedbyhardwiredcircuitinthePCU,switchingontheheaterat277
Kandoffat289K(2K),andoverridingtheOBCcontrolloopincaseofOBCfailure.
4.SOLARPANELASSEMBLY
4,1.Centralpanelattachedtothedewarthroughfiberglassmountinglugs.
Bothsidescoveredwith1,27x106mthicksilveredTeflontape.
4.2.Twosolararraysattachedtothecentralpanel.
Eachpanelprovidedwith8modulesof2408solarcellstoobtain420Wintotal.
Low / silvered Teflon tape is applied between the cell modules to minimize the
operatingtemperature.
Panelrearsideisfullycoveredwith1,27x106mthicksilveredTeflontape.
AttitudemaneuvershavebeencarriedoutbytheDeltalaunchertoavoidperpendicular
solar illumination of theundeployed solararray during launch temperatures exceeding
363K.
5.SCOT
5.1.CSSSisenclosedinlow,lowtitaniumcasingandhardmountedtothetelescopesunshade.
5.2.TwoMCLsmountedontherearsideofthedewaroutershell.
CoveredwithastrippatternofaluminizedKaptonandsilveredKaptontape.
Verylowtemperaturereducetheheattransfertothedewarbutresultinhighelectrical
currents if the MCLs are designed for justafterlaunch operating temperature (close to
293K).Duringmissiontheminimumoperatingtemperatureis141K.Aspecialswitched
circuitisavailableintheACEtocopewiththedifferencebetweenthesetemperatures.
Figure74:IRASspacecraftthermalcontrollayoutsummary.FromVanLeewen
(1983,1985)[53]&[54].
1.MAINCRYOGENICTANK(MCT)
Annularinshape,constructedof5083Alalloywithinternalstiffeningrings.
Theinnercavityissurroundedbyathinaluminiumthermalshroud.
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SurroundedbyfourMLIsspacedbythreeVCSs.(SeeECSSEHB3101Part6clause5).
TheMLIis6,4x106mdoublealuminizedMylarwithpolyesternetspacers.(SeeECSSE
HB3101Part6clause5).
AblackradiatorringisthermallyattachedtotheouterVCS.
2.MAINSHELL
Itservesbothasvacuumvesseloftheinsulationandasarigidizerofthesupportsystem.
CoveredbyMLIonthesidefacingtheEarthandtheSun,andwithZOTwhitepaint(see
ECSSEHB3101Part6,clause5.2.3)inthefaceradiatingtospace.
3.APERTURECOVERSUBASSEMBLY)
Itconsistsof:
sphericaltank
twoMLIsandoneVCS
threefiberglasssupports
Valves,backpressureregulator,instrumentation
4.FLUIDMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
Threeinternalvalves:
V2internalfillvalve.Avoidssuperfluidheliumcreepingintoplumbing.
V3crossovervalvetopermitventingthrougheitherthefillortheventline.
V4porousplugbypassvalveusedduringtankfilloperations.Avoidssuperfluidhelium
creepingintoplumbing.
Twoexternalvalves,V1andV5,tocloseofthefillandventlines.
BurstDiscs(BD)toprotectthetankandplumbingagainstrupture.
LowThrustVents(LTV)toeliminateadisturbingtorqueduringventing.
Normal operating pressure of the MCT is below 3,2x10 Pa. BD pressure differential is
7,5x10Pa.
4.1.PorousPlug(PP)
Poresize:3,9x106m.
Surfacearea:0,35x103m2.
Thickness:6,4x103m.
Heattransferrate:Q=22x103Wto0,350W.
ComparewithECSSEHB3101Part14clause7.4.2.6.
5.THERMALINTERFACECONTACTJOINTS
FPAissupportedbyacopperstrapwitha25,4x103msquareblockoneachend.Thejoint
atoneendis0,127x103mthickannealedgoldfoilandindium0,076x103mattheother.
ElectricalisolationisachievedbycoatingoneblockwithParylene(Paryleneisapolymer
film manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation. Its main features are: very low
outgassing,evenfilmthickness,andvariousthicknesses(Urbach(1986)[49])bondingthe
goldfoiltoit.
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Theoptics/FPAassemblycontactsthedewarmountingringthroughtwelve25,4x103m
square pieces of 0,127x103 m annealed gold foil mounted between the two aluminium
rings.Loadingisappliedbytorquingaboltateachjointtoapproximately0,7x106Pa.
Figure75:IRASTelescopethermalcontrollayoutsummary.FromUrbachetal.
(1982)[52]andSherman(1982)[41].
7.8
Test of the spacecraft system
AthermalmodeloftheSpacecraft(i.e.excludingtheIRX)wasbuiltandtestedinESTECHBF3solar
simulation facility. The thermal model consisted of the complete Spacecraft with dummy units to
providethecorrectdistribution.Thetruss,onwhichwillbemountedtheTelescope,servedasapart
ofthesupporttothefacility.TothisendtheESAGEOStestadapterprovidedtheinterfacewiththe
gimbalsystemofthefacility,Figure76a
Figure76:IRASTestConfiguration.a.Thermalmodel.b.Completesatellitein
JPLfacility.FromVanLeeuwen(1983)[53].
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TheexpectedTelescopetemperaturewereappliedattheadaptersideofthetrussontheIRXdummy,
whereasEarthshineandalbedoweresimulatedbyelectricalheatersontheconeinside.Onespecial
steady state test phase was carried outto check thesimulation of the Earth radiation on the bottom
panel.EarthradiationwassimulatedthiswayusingtheTMbottompanelintheflightmodeltest.
Thesolararraywassimulatedbystiffenedplatesrepresentingtherelevantdimensions.Realsizesolar
arraycouldnotbepresentduetothephysicallimitationsoftheESTECfacility.Fivesteadystateplus
a number of transient phases were carried out to check the thermal design and validate thermal
modelling.
ThecompleteflightSpacecraftwassubjectedtoathermalvacuumtestatESTECin19801981.InMay
1981 the IRAS Telescope was assembled with the Spacecraft and, after a number of tests at ESTEC
(vibration,electrical),itwasflowtoJPLforthefinalmodificationsandtestactivities.
At JPL the satellite was mounted horizontally to the floor by a support structure attached to the
telescopegirthrings.Aspecialmechanismmadeitpossibletochangethesolaraspectanglewithout
openingthechamber,Figure76b.
7.9
7.9.1
Test of the superfluid Helium Dewar

General
PriortoMCTtestsseveralslightlydifferentcomputermodelsweredevelopedoverseveralyears.All
were of the lumped parameter thermal network type, sharing in common the following important
assumptions:
Thevacuumshell,theVCSsandtheheliumtanksareeachisothermal.
ThetemperatureofeffluentintheventlinereachesthatofagivenVCSbeforetheventlineleavesthat
shield.
Thereisnogaseousconduction.
Thesupportstrapsareperfectlyattached(thermally)totheVCS.
Thethermalconductivityofthemultilayerinsulationwasfinallygivenby
keff=1,69x1012(T12+T22)(T1+T2)+0,15x106W.m1.K1
SeeECSSEHB3101Part7clause6.
The major paths of heat flow into the MCT are through the VCS. Conduction through the center
conductorsofthe400stainlessstealcoaxialcablesisassumedtopassstraightwayintothetank.Wires
insidethefilllinesarealsonotvaporcooled.Therestoftheelectricalcablingisvaporcooledbyspot
bondingtothesupportstrapsatthelocationswheretheyareattachedtotheVCS.
Thegroundtestresultsindicatedthatthemodelwasunderestimatingtheradiativeheatloadsatthe
frontendoftheMCT(i.e.theinterfacewiththecover).Afterthisareaattheinterfacewascarefully
inspected and a computer model of that area prepared to evaluate more rigorously the radiation
exchange factors for input to the model. Also, the conductances representing the support strap end
fittingswereadjustedonthebasisoftemperaturemeasuredduringMCTtesting.Whenvaluesbased
ontheobservedtemperaturedropwereaddedtothemodelbetweenthecablingandeachVCS,onlya
slightdegradationinpredictedsuperfluidflowrateresulted.
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After four months of testing, the VCS and line attachment were redesigned and the aperture cover
rebuilt.Afteraddingseveralradiationbarriersattheinterfacebetweenthemaindewarandthecover,
thecoverwasinstalledandthesystemevacuatedfortesting.
The superfluid flow rate measured was 20 percent greater than predicted, and shield temperatures
agreedfairlywell.Twonewradiationpathswereaddedtothemodel,onefromthevacuumshellto
the outer VCS and one from the outer VCS to the helium tank. These paths were adjusted so that
predictedshieldtemperaturesandboiloffrateexactlymatchedthetestdata.Themodelthenmatched
the Flow Swap test results (tests in which the MCT was vented through the fill line, which was
attachedonlytotheinnerVCS).
Figure77showsthesensitivityofcryogenboiloffratetochangesinimportantdesignparametersas
computed through the final mathematical model. Vacuum shell temperature is by far the greatest
uncertaintyinthepredictionofdewarperformance.
Figure77:EffectofCriticalparametersonheatloadtocryogen.FromUrbach,
Hopkins&Mason(1983)[50].
The cryogenic system was subjected to sine wave, random, and acoustic vibration tests. No
degradation of the system performance was detected. On the other hand, helium slosh effects were
alsoabsent;thetankringstiffeners,actingasbaffles,woulddampenthesmallmassofheliumduring
potentialsloshmodes.
7.9.2
Test of the plug
The IRAS flight porous plug was tested in the laboratory before installation in 1979. These tests
furnished the mass flow rate versus tank temperature and the temperature drop through the plug,
indicating that the plug fulfilled the requirements for the range of mass flow expected under both
flightandgroundoperations.
Insitutestswereperformedwiththefullyassembledsysteminordertoverifythattheperformance
wasthesameasinthelaboratory.Threetestswereperformed:
1.
FlightconditionsweresimulatedbytiltingtheMCTinincrementsuptoamaximumof
55fromverticalposition.(Figure78).Plugtemperaturebeforetilting,withbypassvalve
V4 open, was higher than MCT temperature. Once tilted the MCT with V4 closed, the
plug temperature dropped to the liquid temperature indicating hat the plug was
submerged. In situ data were in reasonable agreement with laboratory data except
temperaturedownstreamoftheplugwhichwasslightlyhigherinsitu.
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Figure78:TiltingoftheMCTforporousplugsubmersion.FromPetrac&Mason
(1984)[39].
2.
Restartingafterfloodingtheplugwasdemonstratedinthesocalledrestarttest.Theplug
was submerged by tilting the MCT. Initially, the vent valve V5 was open, and
temperaturereadingsshowedthattheplugwasperformingrightly.V5wasthenclosed
andinoneminutethetemperaturedifferenceacrosstheplugreducedto0,1K(thebest
resolutionofthedatasystem).After15minutes,ventingwasreestablishedbyopening
V5. Within two minutes the temperature jump across the plug indicated that phase
separationrestarted,andwiththesameflowrateasbeforeclosingV5.
3.
Cleanlinessoftheplugwascheckedinthecoldvaporflowtests.Firstthevaporsfromthe
heatedMCTwereventedwithbypassvalveV4open.WhenV4wasclosedtheflowrate
throughtheplugwasalmostthesameasthatinthelaboratorytests(Figure79).
Figure79:Vapormassflowrate,m,andheattransferrate,Q,throughtheplugvs.
pressuredrop,p.FromPetrac&Mason(1984)[39].
7.9.3
Prelaunch preparations
FillingtheMCTwithsuperfluidheliumwasperformedmoreorlessinthelinesofECSSEHB3101
Part14,clause7.5.
Firstfillingwithnearsuperfluidheliumtookplace8daysbeforelaunch.Afterwardstheliquidinthe
tankwasmaintainedsuperfluidat1,6Kbypumpinguntillaunchminus42h,whenthetankwas85%
full.
Finalfilling,achievinga93%fillofsuperfluidheliumat1,6Kwasperformedatlaunchminus42h
andthetankwasvalvedoffinpreparationforlaunchatlaunchtimeminus26h.
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During satellite development tests, problems arose while transferring because of the occurrence of
largetransientpressurepulsesinthetransferline.Inordertoavoidthesepressurepulsesthetransfer
systemwasmodified.SeeTward&Mason(1982)[48].
Theaperturecoverwasfilledwith6kgofnormalheliumatlaunchminus23handwasimmediately
valved off and allowed to become supercritical. At launch minus 15 h it reaches the 255x103 Paand
maintainedthispressurethroughcoverejection.
7.10 On orbit performance of the spacecraft

30 temperature sensors were mounted for on orbit temperature measurements in the Spacecraft. 7
amongthemwererequiredbythethermalcontrolsubsystemandtheother23weremounted,bythe
suppliers,ontheelectronicunits.
AproblemoccurredduringthefirstdayofthemissionintheACS.Thiscouldbetracedtoarandomly
occurring spiking of the FSSS which was intercepted by the ACS as an anomalous attitude, placing
frequentlythesatelliteintoasafemode.Threedecisionsweretaken:
1.
TokeepthesatellitewiththesolararraynormaltotheSunwithoutperformingattitude
maneuvers.
2.
ToreprogramtheOBCtoobtainmoreinformationonthenatureofthefailure,and
3.
ToadaptthesafetyalgorithmintheOBC.After27hthesatellitecontinuedthenormalin
orbitcheckoutphaseand,subsequently,theobservationprogramme.
The fact that the satellite remained during 27 h with a angle of 90 allowed comparing flight
temperaturewithoneofthedesigncases.
Measuredtemperaturesoftheelectronicunitswerecomparedwiththeaverageunittemperaturesas
recordedduringESTECandJPLtests.Theagreementwasfairforunitswitharatherconstantpower
dissipation.ResultsofthiscomparisondirectlyafterlaunchareshowninFigure710.Differencesare
wellwithintheclaimeduncertaintywitsomeexceptionconcerningunitswithdifferentpowerprofile
thanthoseassumedinthepreflightpredictions.
Figure710:Histogramforgroundandorbittestjustafterlaunching.The
temperaturedeviationisT=TmeasuredTpredicted.FromVanLeeuwen(1983)[53].
The average temperature of several components of the Spacecraft increased at a rate higher than
predicted.TheanalysisshowedthatthiscanbeattributedtodegradationofasilveredTefloncoating.
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Inthepreflightanalysisa sof0,02/yrwasassumedwhereasahighervalueof0,011/mofitsbetter
experimentaldata.TypicalresultswiththisadjustedvalueofsareshowninFigure711.
Figure711:FSSStemperature,T,asafunctionoftime,t,elapsedafterlaunch.
Athermalmisalignmentphenomenon,occurredduringtheexperimentalphaseof
themission,hasbeenreportedbyKarsten&Teule(1984)[31].Thisphenomenon,
whichwasadequatelymodelledandpartiallyovercome,wasresponsibleforthe
developmentofcrossscanattitudeerrorsofupto100arcsec.Theoriginsofthe
misalignmentchangescouldbetracedtobothspacecraftstructureandFSSS
brackets.
7.11 On orbit performance of the cryogenic system

Figure73summarizestheflightperformanceoftheIRAScryogenicsystemregardinginitialtransient
andlongtermsteadystateperformance.SeealsoFigure712withsteadystatetemperatures.
Table73:CryogenicSystemperformanceSummary
DesignReq.
Prelaunch
Initial
Orbital
Peak
Flight
Actual
Boiloffrate,mx103
[kg.s1]
2,29
N/A
2,77
4,20
2,39
MCTPressure,px103
[Pa]
N/A
N/A
1,14
1,55
1,12
LiquidHelium
Temp.[K]
1,8
1,60a
1,80
1,95
1,80
PorousPlug,
Upstream[K]
N/A
1,57a
1,72
1,81
1,72
PorousPlug,
Downstream[K]
N/A
1,52a
1,68
1,77
1,68
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DesignReq.
Prelaunch
Initial
Orbital
Peak
Flight
Actual
BarrelBaffle,Heat
Exch.[K]
N/A
3,20a
4,03
No
2,13
MiddleVCS[K]
N/A
36,0a
82,1
83,9
47,9
OuterVCS[K]
N/A
87,3a
143,4
No
87,9
FPAMainFrame[K]
<3,0
2,39
DewarMounting
Ring[K]
N/A
1,62a
1,88
1,90
1,82
OpticsInterface
Ring[K]
N/A
1,69a
2,14
No
1,91
OpticsBaseplate[K]
N/A
2,05a
2,56
No
2,10
BarrelBaffle[K]
<8
5,28a
7,04
No
3,67
BarrelBaffleFin[K]
<8
6,00a
9,17
9,17
4,12
Flowmeter[K]
300
294
292
292
268
Mainshell(average)
[K]
170
294
286
286
197
Sunshade(average)
[K]
90
294
97
launchminus48h.
NOTE
FromUrbach&Mason(1984)[51].
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Figure712:CryogenicSystemEquilibriumTemperatures.FromUrbach&Mason
(1984)[51].
There are no focal plane temperature data for the first day of orbit because the aperture cover
temperaturesensorsharedthetelemetrychannelwiththefocalplanesensor.
The transient performance of the MCT was influenced by the 26 h of no vapor cooling before
launching (see clause 7.9.3). Twenty days after launch the insulation system, and MCT temperature
andpressureapproachedstability.Theflowratehadreducedtowithin7%ofitsultimatevalue.At
launchplus80dtheflowratewasstablewithin1%.
Immediately after cover ejection the focal plane temperature was less than the required design
temperature.
The cryogen system performed on orbit better than predicted because the analysis was based on
groundtestdatainwhichthecryogenicsystemneverstabilized.Additionalfactorssuchasvacuum
level, gravity effects on the insulation and thermal interactions at the MCTaperture cover interface
alsocontributedtotheconservativelifetimepredictions.
Asindicatedinclause7.9,theMCTthermalmodelgraduallyevolvedtowarditsfinalform.
Amathematicalmodelwasdevelopedduringtheprogramdesignphase.Themodelwasadjustedto
force agreement of calculated temperatures and heat transfer rates with measurements from initial
dewartestingwiththevacuumshellatroomtemperature.correlationofthatmodelwiththetestdata
andresultingpredictionsofinorbitperformanceweredescribedbyHopkinsandBrooks(1982).
Modificationsnthedewarandthermalbalancetestsresultedinarefinedmodelwithtwoadditional
radiation paths. Following these tests the model was adjusted independently by BASD and by JPL.
Finally,agreementwiththeflightperformancedata,includingtheinorbitmeasuredboiloffratewas
achievedonalateradjustment.Theinfluenceoftheseveralrefinementsofthethermalmodelonthe
cryogenboiloffrateissummarizedinchronologicalorderinFigure713.
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Figure713:Cryogenicboiloffrateaccordingtodifferentmodels.FromUrbach,
Hopkings&Mason(1983)[50].
During the development of the thermal model additional heat paths were introduced to force the
agreementwithgroundtests(seeclause7.9).Sincetheeffectsaccountedforinthemodelrefinements
basedongroundtestdatadisappearedinflight,thefinalmodelwasbasicallythesameasthatused
beforeinitialMCTthermalperformancetestingexceptminorrefinementsinthethermalconductivity
ofthesupportsandintheeffectivethermalconductivityoftheMLIwhichfinallywasthatgivenin.
References: Brooks (1982); Urbach, Hopkins & Mason (1983) [50]; van Leeuwen (1983, 1985) [53] &
[54];Karsten&Teule(1984)[31];Petrac&Mason(1984)[39];Urbach&Mason(1984)[51].
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8
Satellite probatoire dobservation de la
terre (SPOT)
ThecompleteSPOTprogrammeusesfoursatellites,SPOT1toSPOT4.Thisdataitemcorrespondsto
SPOT1.
Figure81:SPOT1spacecraftinorbitalflight.
8.1
Mission
TheobjectivesoftheSPOTmissionareto:
1.
Contributetoremotesensingfromspace.
2.
Research and develop applications requiring data with high resolution (10 m 20 m),
rapidvisitorrevisittime,frequentaccess,andstereoterrainperception.
3.
Buildupadatabaseofplanimetricandstereodataoverimportantareasoftheworld.
4.
Qualify a multimission platform and linear array sensors for extended freeflying
missions.
Launchingdate:Feb.21,1986.
Missionlife:3years.ThecompleteSPOTprogrammewilllastnolessthan10years.
8.2
Main subsystems
TheSPOT1satellitehastwoparts:themultimissionplatformandthemissionspecificpayload.The
SPOT1platformisonemodelofamultimissionbusdevelopedwithintheSPOTproject.TheSPOT1
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payloadincludestwoidenticalhighresolutionvisiblerangeinstrument(HRV).Theseinstrumentsare
pointable in the acrosstrack direction to allow rapid access to any point in the globe and the
acquisition of stereoscopic image pairs from different satellite passes. Data generated by the
instrumentsare transmitted to the ground orstored by two onboard recorders for later recovery by
thegroundstations.
FromCourtois&Weill(1985)[16].
8.3
TheSPOT1platformconsistsofaServiceModule(MS)andaPropulsionModule(MP).Thelatteris
assembledaroundacentraltubehousingthebatteriesandpartofthehydrazinetanks.
AdescriptionofsubsystemsandcomponentsrequiringthermalcontrolisgiveninTable81.
Table81:CharacteristicsoftheSPOT1MainSubsystems
Subsystem
Service
Module
(MS)
Component
Comments
PowerSupplies
Deployablesolarpanel,located2,3mawayfrom
thesatellitebody.Itsspanis8,12manditsarea
12m2.
BatteriesCompartment
Contains2to4batteries(3inSPOT1case)of24
NiCdbatterycellseach(SAFTtypeV024S),and
theassociatedelectricandelectronicsystems.
Telemetry&Command
Unit
AttitudeandOrbital
Control
OnboardComputer(OBC)
Propulsion
Module
(MP)
Payload
Interface
Thrusters
Tworedundantlinesof8thrusterseach(3x1,5N
thrust + 5x15,6 N thrust). Thrusters are
hydrazinefed by flowndown pressurized
helium(22x105Pato5,5x105Pa).
Tanks
2 to 4 tanks (in SPOT 1 case) containing

respectively150kgand300kgofhydrazine.
Ducts,Filters,Valves,
Servovalves
Onemonitoringpressuregagebyline.
Onefilterbyline.
Valves for fillingempting tanks and valves for

pressurizationdepressurization.
Interfaces the above missionindependent

subsystemswiththemissionspecificsubsystem,
below.
StructuralPlate
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Subsystem
Payload
NOTE
Component
Comments
TwoHighResolution
VisibleRangeInstruments
(HRV)
HRV uses pushbroom image generation based

on available CCDs. It can operate in the
multispectral modeXS(two CCDs to produce
each image element (pixel), or in the
panchromatic modePan (one CCD per pixel).
HRV performance specifications are given by
Courtois&Weill(1985)[16].SeeHenry,Juvigny
&Serradeil(1988)[25]foronorbitresults.
OpticsandDetection
System
Folded catadioptric telescope with 1,082 m focal

length and f/3,5 numerical aperture. It also
includescorrectingand/orfocussinglenses.
Imageprocessing
ElectronicSystem
It handles separately 12 XS arrays and 4 Pan

arrays.ThereadingfrequencyoftheXSmodeis
half that of the Pan mode. In the last case, high
ground resolution requires parallel reading of 4
chains.
OffNadirViewing
Mechanism
Acompletesteerablemirrorassemblydrivenby
a1200steprevolutionsteppermotor(onemotor
step 0,3 mirror step). Mirror position is
measured by a shaft angle encoder with output
connectedtotheOBC.
PayloadTelemetrySystem
(TMCU)
Each HRV delivers two bit streams

corresponding to XS and Pan modes. Only two
among the 4 bit streams are transmitted to the
ground or recorded for later recovery by the
Toulouse and Kiruna receiving stations. The
PayloadtelemetrySystemconsistsofan8x109Hz
quadriphasemodulator, two 20 W power TWTs
andasetoffilters.
Antenna
Fixed antenna (0,8 m dia.) covering the entire

coneofvisibilityoftheEarth.
HyperfrequencyPlate
Thermal spreading plate supporting the two

TWTs.
TwoOnBoardTape
Recorders
FromCorsai(1983)[15],Fagnoni(1983)[20],Racaud,dAntin,&Lelivre(1983)[40],Courtois&Weill
(1985)[16].
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TheSPOTprogrammeisbeingcoordinatedbyCNES.
ThethermalcontroloftheSPOT1platformhasbeenstudiedbyAerospatiale,Cannes.Thestructure
andsolarpanelassemblyhavebeendevelopedbyMATRA,Toulouse.ThethermalcontroloftheHRV
instruments has been developed by MATRA, Toulouse, and that of the TMCU by ThomsonCSF,
Toulouse.
SPOTIMAGEisaventureofCNEStogetherwith18publicandprivateinstitutionsinFrance,Belgium
andSweden,theaimofwhichistoorganize,promote,distributeandsaleSPOTdataonaworldwide
basis.
SPOT1waslaunchedontheeveningof21ofFebruary1986fromKourou,FrenchGuiana,aboardthe
ESAArianerocket.Thelaunchwasfollowedbytwomonthsofinflightacceptancetesting.
Thedimensionsofthesatellitebodyare4,7mx2mx2mintheX,YandZdirections,respectively.
TheSPOT1MassSummary,atlaunch,isgiveninTable82.
Table82:SPOT1MassSummary
Component
Structure
ComputerSystem
SolarGenerator&Controls
PowerPackage(includingBatteries)
Orbit&AttitudeControl
PropulsionSystem
Wiring
ThermalControl
Telemetry,Localization
Miscellaneous
370,0
35,0
128,0
158,0
106,0
194,0BOL
44,0EOL
43,0
18,0
10,0
16,0
TotalPlatform
1078,0BOL
Platform
HRV1
HRV2
Recorder&Telemetry
Miscellaneous
241,5
241,5
248,0
3,0
TotalPayload
734,0
TotalSatellite
1812,0BOL
Payload
NOTE
Mass[kg]
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8.4
Orbit
CircularSunsynchronous.
Altitude(45N):832km.
Inclination(mean):98,37.
Revolutions/day:14+5/26.
Nodalperiod:101,46min.
Orbital(repeat)cycle:26d.
Numberoftracks/orbitalcycle:369.
Intertrackdistance(equatorial):108,4km.
Accessibilitypatternat45latitude:1,4,1,4,1,4,1,4,1,4,1days.
Meanlocalsolartimeatdescendingnode:10h30mina.m.
8.5
Thefollowinggeneralconstraintshavebeentakenintoaccount.
8.5.1
Functional modes
1.Launchingphase,withandwithoutshroudenvelope.
2.Acquisitionphase.Betweeninjectionandnormaloperation.
3.Normalinorbitoperationwhichcouldconsistofthefollowingthreemodes:
3.1.Nominalmode.WiththeZaxisintheorbitalplaneandpointingtoEarth.
3.2.Survivalmode.Duringafailurethesatellitespinsaroundthe+Zaxis,whichpointstotheSun.
3.3.Orbitalcontrolmode.Whenorbitalcorrections,ifrequired,arebeingperformed.
8.5.2
Orbital constraints
1.
Solarradiation.Thesolaranglechangesalongtheyear.Itsinfluenceonthesatellitealso
depends on the ascent time of the nodes (nodal time) for the chosen orbit, and on the
functional mode (geocentric orspin, see 3.1and3.2above). Thenodal timeuncertitude
fortheSPOT1orbitis20min.
2.
AlbedoandEarthradiation,theinfluenceofwhichareimportantforlowaltitudeorbits
(832km).
3.
In the case of SPOT 1, orbit duration is around 100 min with an eclipse duration of 30
min.
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8.5.3
Limiting temperatures
The thermal design requirements can be hardly systematized. They result from different
considerations regarding the performance of the electronic equipment, thermal gradients along a
givenbatterycell,thermalbalancebetweencells,CCDstemperaturestability,thermoelasticstability
of the HRV optical axis, etc. Limiting operating temperatures and heat dissipation rates of several
SPOT1componentsaresummarizedinTable83below.
Table83:LimitingTemperaturesandHeatDissipationRatesofTypical
ComponentsSPOT1Satellite
Component
Localization
Includedin
thePlatform
Thermal
Control
Component
OBC
Operating
Temp.
Range[K]
HeatDissipation
Rate,Q[W]
on
min
max
13,5
4,5
8,0
off
263 233343
323
Transponder 263 233333

323
EAIM
263 253333
323
30,0
EMA
263 263333
318
7,0
40,0
Shunt
263
323
13,0
61,0
Inertial
Wheel
263 233333
323
6,0
Hydrazine
System
283323
Total
Platform
160,0
380,0
Thermal
Requirements
Battery
Cell
Topto
BottomSingle Nominal
Discharge
268293
Alet&Foret(1983)[1]
HeatDissipation
Rate,Q[W]
Discharge d.o.d.b
Ratea
BatteryCell
Includedin
theBatteries
Compartment
Thermal
References
0,30
15
1,09
22
1,94
Fagnoni(1983)
[20]
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Component
Localization
Component
Operating
Temp.
Range[K]
HeatDissipation
Rate,Q[W]
on
min
off
max
Cell.T2,5. Satellite
Homologous Nominal
PointsofTwo Mode
Cellsinthe
Discharge
SameBattery.
T2.
Control
Homologous
PointsofTwo
Cellsfrom
Different
Batteries.T
5.
268[K]
293[K]
0,40
0,72
15
0,45
0,80
22
0,70
1,22
Satellite
Survival
Mode
Discharge
Includedin
theHRV
Thermal
Control
Electronicsc
263323
ImageChain
293318
CCDsd
2932
Includedin
theTMCU
Thermal
Control
HeatDissipation
Rate,Q[W]
Thermal
Requirements
[K]
References
0,54to
0,58
depending
onthe
orbit
nodaltime
Mauduyt,Bonnet&
Toulemont(1983)[34]
Racaud,dAntin&Lelivre
(1983)[40]
Telescopee
Pyramid
2885.T<
5betweenZ
TiltedPlate
2935
Payload
Interface
29310
Exposure
Plane
2932
Electronics
253333
10,0(Average)
TWT
258343
32,0(DuringDirect
Transmissionor
Reading)
EPC
253328
13,0(Asabove)
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Component
Localization
Component
TU
Operating
Temp.
Range[K]
HeatDissipation
Rate,Q[W]
on
min
off
283313
References
max
92,9(During
Reading)
TotalTMCU
Direct
Transmission
174,0
Writing
246,0
Reading
362,0
Standby
39,0(Innominal
orbit)
60,0(Insurvival
orbit)
Dischargerateisthecurrentflowrequiredtodischargeacellorbatterytoaspecifiedendpointvoltageina
specifiedperiodoftime.DataintheTablecorrespondtodifferentdischargehistories.
DepthofDischargeistheproportion(expressedinpercent)ofthenominalcapacityremovedfromacellor
batteryduringeachdischargeportionofacycle.
ExceptImageChain.
Inordertolimitthefluctuationofthedetectorsthresholdlightcurrent.
Structuraldeviationsshouldbekeptwithinspecifiedlimits.Themaximumspecifiedstructuraldeviation
aroundtheXandYaxes,withreferencetoasensorcubeplacedonthepayloadplatform,is2x104radiansfor
thewholesatellite.
8.5.4
Thermal interfaces
The subsystems are thermally decoupled from each other, both radiatively (by MLIs) and
conductively(byinsulators).
Theinterfaceswhichhavebeenconsideredarethefollowing:
Attheplatformlevel:solarpanel,payload,batteriescompartment,antennaandexternalappendages.
At the batteries compartment level: platform (heat leaks through connecting wires cannot be
completelyeliminated),solarpanelanditsstoragehousing(radiativeexchangeandshadowing).
AttheHRVlevel:platform,TMCU.
AttheTMCUlevel:HRV,payloadinterface.
8.6
Design tradeoffs
Theselectionofthethermalcontrolconceptisbasedonthefollowingleadingprinciples:
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1.
Fulfilmentoftheabovethermaldesignrequirements.
2.
Use of simple and reliable components based on proven technology: passive thermal
controlsupplementedwithelectricheaters,manyofthemactivatedbytheOBC.
3.
Multimission adaptability by limited changes in the outer coatings. The main platform
components should be adapted, with minimal modifications, to any orbital
sunsynchronousmissionrangingfrom600kmto1200kmaltitudeand8hto16hsolar
timeatascendingordescendingnode.
8.7
ThemaincharacteristicsoftheSPOT1thermalcontrolaresummarizedinFigure82,whichconcerns
theplatform,andinFigure83toFigure87,whichconcernthebatteriescompartment,theHRVand
theTMCU.
Figure82:ExplodedviewoftheSPOT1subsystemsandcomponentswhich
requirethermalcontrol.DrawnbythecompilerafterAlet&Foret(1983)[1],
Fagnoni(1983)[20],Courtois&Weill(1985)[16].Encirclednumbersinthefigure
arethesameasthoseoftheclausesinthetext.
8.7.1
Platform
The platform thermal control is passive except regarding the propulsion (hydrazine) system. The
latter is achieved by means of electrical heaters. Highly dissipating components are placed near the
walls, conductively coupled to them. Heat is radiated to the outer space through SSMs (aluminized
Teflon)windows.
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8.7.1.1
Outer Elements
8.7.1.1.1. The overall thermal control of the platform is achieved by SSMaluminium mosaics on the
outerfacesofthewallsofboththeMSandMP.
8.7.1.1.2.The+Zfaceiscoveredbyasolarabsorber(goldizedKapton)andthermallycoupledtothe
insideoftheplatform.Duringthesurvivalmode,whenmostoftheelectronicequipmentisswitched
on,solarradiationisabsorbedthroughthe+ZfacewhichpointstotheSun.
8.7.1.1.3. The four faces of the MP are covered by a Kapton foil uncoated in the inner face and
aluminized on the outer face so as to form an SSMKapton aluminized mosaic. The film thickness
depends on the prevailing vibration level. Another Kapton foil closes the cavity of the Solar Array
DriveSystem(MEGS)whichisentirelycoveredbySSMs(notshown).
8.7.1.1.4. MLIs cover most of the sensitive outer elements (Earth and Sun Sensors), mainly those
exposed to solar radiation, such as the lower plate and the external part of the central tube. Other
MLIsformaclosedcavity,radiativelycoupledtotheinnerpartoftheMParoundsensorsplacedan
the Z face (which points to Earth). These sensors are in contact with the payload interface. Other
MLIsshieldtheexternalstructuraljointsfromtheSun.Externalaccessholes,reservoirfillingopening,
wiring passages, and the interface between the MEGS and the arm of the solar panel are closed by
easilydetachableMLIs.
8.7.1.2
Inner Elements
8.7.1.2.1.Allinnerstructuresarecoveredwithblackpainttohomogenizetheinnertemperatureofthe
platform.
8.7.1.2.2. The inner faces of the MS walls are covered by a mosaic of black paint and structural
aluminiumwhichprovidesomeflexibilityintheinnerthermalbalance.
8.7.1.2.3.Theinnerfaceofthe+Zaxisiscompletelyblack.
Themassallottedtotheplatformthermalcontrolis31kg.Theavailableelectricpoweris120Wforthe
survival mode and 50 W for any other mode. Electric heating is controlled by the OBC (through 8
differentfeedinglines)foranyfunctionalmodeexceptsurvival.Inthislastcaseheatingiscontrolled
bythermostats,andtherequiredheatingpowerisonlyavailableduringthesunlightedphaseofthe
orbit.
8.7.1.3
Propulsion System
The thermal control of the hydrazine system (except the thrusters) is based on MLIs, fiberglass
supportsorinsulatingrings,andthermostaticallycontrolledlocalheaters.
8.7.1.3.1.ThethermalcontrolofthethrusterslocatedinYand+Zfacesofthepropulsionmoduleis
based,ononehand,onhightemperatureMLIscoveringthewholesupportingstructure,and,onthe
other hand, on heaters bonded to the servovalves (or to their supports). These servovalves are
radiatively coupled to the inside of the cavity and conductively coupled to each other and to the
structure.Therequiredheatingpowerisabout100Wforthesurvivalmode,and30Wforanyother
mode.
8.7.2
Batteries compartment
Thebatteriescompartmentisplacedonthe+Xbaseoftheplatformtube,radiativelyandconductively
decoupled from the platform. Conductive decoupling is achieved by the AMT (Architecture
MechaniqueetThermique)subsystem.Thebatteriescompartmentconsistsof:
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8.7.2.1.Astructuralsupportjoinedtotheplatformtubeservingbothasathermalspreaderandasa
radiator.
8.7.2.2.Threebatteriesof24cellseach.
8.7.2.3.Passivethermalcontrolwithanadditionalsystemofthermostaticallycontrolledheaters.
8.7.2.4.Theassociatedelectricandelectronicsystems.
Thethermaldesignconstraintsarebasedon:
1.
Functionalmodes3.1and3.2inclause8.5.1.
2.
Orbitalconstraintsasinclause8.5.2.
3.
Heat dissipation rates and thermal design requirements as in Table 83, clause 8.5.3.
Thermalinterfacesasinclause8.5.4.
The solution which has been worked out in order to fulfil the thermal design requirements has the
following characteristics (the description concerns the battery assembly of the SPOT multimission
platform(Figure83)):
Figure83:BatteryassemblyoftheSPOTmultimissionplatform.FromFagnoni
(1983)[20].
1. A5 Al alloy (AFNOR designation, ECSSEHB3101 Part 5, clause 4.2) dividing plates, 2x103m
thick, sandwiched between the large faces of the cells. These dividing plates are in good thermal
contact with the structural support. The thermal) conductance between the battery cells and the
dividing plates in enhanced by compression and by an adhesive. The conductance between the
dividingplatesandthesupportisenhancedbymanyattachmentpointsandbytheuseofafiller.
2.ThedissipatedheatisevacuatedtotheouterspacethroughtheSSMcoated+Xwall.Theradiator
areacanbeadjustedtotheparticularmissionoftheplatform.
3.Thermostaticallycontrolledheaterskeepthetemperatureabove268K.Theseheatersarebondedto
thedividingplatesnearthecells.
Thesupportingstructureisacompromisebetweenmechanicalandthermalrequirements.Itismade
ofA5Alalloy,ofmaximumthickness13x103m.
The batteries compartment is radiatively decoupled from the rest of the satellite by MLIs. The
interfacesbetweenthebaseofthecentraltubeandthecompartmentbordersarefilledwithMLIs.
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Theestimatedbatterylifetimeis3yr.For15%d.o.d.and2yr.For22%d.o.d.Theallottedmassshould
notexceed170kgincludingbatteries,structureandthermalcontrol.
8.7.3
High-resolution visible range instruments
Two HRV instrument are enclosed in the SPOT 1 payload. An exploded view of an HRV system is
showninFigure84.
Figure84:ExplodedviewoftheHRVs.FromMauduyt,Bonnet&Toulemont
(1983)[34].
Thethermaldesignconstraintsarebasedon:
1.
Functionalmodes3,1and3,2inclause8.5.1.
2.
Orbitalconstraintsasinclause8.5.2.
3.
Missionconstraints.
Imageacquisitioncouldlastfrom0to30minperday.Themostthermalcontroldemandingmissionis
summarizedinFigure85.ThecoldestcasecorrespondstopermanentstandbyoftheHRV.Limiting
temperatures and heat dissipation rates were given in Table 83, clause 8.5.3. Note the right
requirementfortheCCDs.Inordertofulfilitthedetectorhousingisfullydecoupledfromtherestof
theHRV,andindependentlycontrolled.
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Figure85:DesignhotmissionprofileforHRVandTMCU.FromRacaud,dAntin
&Lelivret(1983)[40].
FromthethermalcontrolpointofviewthemaincomponentsoftheHVRsystemare:
8.7.3.1. Detectors housing. Placed within a cavity of aluminiumcopper alloy AU4G (AFNOR
designation, ECSSEHB3101 Part 5, clause 4.3) internally polished to achieve high reflectance (
0,95)andlowemittance.Theheatdissipatedwithinthedetectorhousing(BD)istransferredtowarda
radiativecold)plate,andthecavityisbothdecoupledfromtheHRVandfromtheouterspace.
Thepositioningaccuracyofthedetectorsrequiresarigidconnectionwiththeexposureplanewhich
precludes the use of insulating rings. Heat transfer occurs via inner reflections within the cavity,
absorptionbytheradiatorandrejectiontoouterspace.Coatingshavebeensochosenastoenhance
theheattransferwithinthecavity(detectorhousingandinnerfaceoftheradiatorarebothblack).This
improvesheatrejectiontospaceandlimitstheinfluenceofthesolarfluxontheMLIcoveringthe+Z
face.TheouterfaceoftheradiatorispaintedwhitewithanMLIframingouttheradiativesurface.The
thermalstabilityofthedetectorsisactivelyachievedatthreelevels:
1.
CommutationcontrolledcompensationheatersneartheCCDs.
2.
Groundcontrolledlevelheaterswithinthehousingtoachievea4Ktemperatureincrease
oftheCCDswhenthethermalcontrolfallsshort.
3.
OBCcontrolledheatersbondedtotheradiatortoattenuatethethermalfluctuationsofthe
CCDsaround293K.TheestimatedlifetimeoftheHVRsis2yr.
Thepowerallocatedforthermalcontrolis33Wduringstandbyinthenominalorbitalmode,or50W
duringthesunlightedphaseoftheorbitinthesurvivalmode.Nopowerisallocatedtothepayload
duringthefirstthreeorbitaftersurvival.
8.7.3.2.Telescope.ThetelescopewasadjustedonEarthina293Kenvironmentandhadtooperateat
thistemperature.Inordertofulfilthethermalcontrolrequirements(Table83,clause8.5.3)thewhole
telescope assembly has been covered by MLIs except for radiative windows, and the most sensitive
components were electrically heated. Two heating circuits are placed on the +Z and Z faces of the
pyramid.Thesecircuitsaremonitoredbyteleoperatedthresholdthermistors.Changingthethreshold
allowstominimizetemperaturedifferentialsandinfluencesthetemperaturelevel.
TemperaturedifferentialsbetweenYfaces,duetothesteepermotorin+Y,arereducedbyheaters
placedinY.TheseheatersareoperatedbyOBCactuatedthermistors.
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8.7.3.3.Equipment.Theimagechain,thespecificationsofwhicharegiveninTable83,clause8.5.3,is
placedinthevideohousing.RadiationtoouterspacetakesplacethroughMLIscoveringtheshielding
hat(seeFigure86).NotshowninthefigurearelateralMLIswhichhavefewerlayersthanthoseof
theshieldinghat,andtwoMLIswhichfacetoeachotherhavewindowsopened.Thesewindowsonly
receivereflectedexternalheat.
Duringsurvival(seeclause8.5.1)powerforthermalcontrolislimitedto50W(forthesunlightedpart
of the orbit) and the OBC does not work. The +Z face of the detectors housing is sunlighted and
compensation and level heaters are powered by a permanent bus. Equipment is heated by
thermostaticallycontrolled heaters bonded to the shielding faces. The thermostats do not operate
duringthefirstthreeorbitsofthesurvivalmode.
ThethermalcontrollayoutoftheHRVissummarizedinFigure86.
1.MLIs
1.1.Outershield:Kaptonsinglealuminized,1mil(1mil=2,54x105m).
Spacers:11layerstulle.
Intermediateshields:10layersMylardoublealuminized,1/4mil.
Innershield:Mylarsinglealuminized,2mil.
1.2.Outershield:Kaptonsinglealuminized,1mil.
1.3.Outershield:Mylarsinglealuminized,2mil.
1.4.Mylardoublealuminized,1/4mil.
2.Radiators
2.1. Telescope radiant window (not shown). Single aluminized Kapton layer (1 mil) on surface
obtainedbypicklingablackcoatedaluminiumplate.
2.2.Radiatorofthedetectorhousing.AU4GAlalloy.Innerfaceblack,outerfacewhiteframedoutby
anMLI.
3.Coatings
3.1.Innerfaceoftheshieldinghatandequipments,blackpaint.
3.2.Radiatorofthedetectorhousing,whitepaint.
4.Insulation
4.1.Conductivedecoupling:PPE/Telescope
Cavity/Telescope
Radiatorofthedetectorhousing/Cavity
Baffle/Shieldinghat
Insulatingringsareused.
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5.NominalElectricHeaters
5.1.Pyramid.Heatersonthe+ZandZsidescontrolledbythermistorsofgroundselectablethreshold.
5.2.Drivingrod.HeatersbondedtoYrodoppositetosteppermotorin+Y.Thelargesttemperature
differentialisgroundselectable.
5.3.Tiltedplate.Heatersonfoursidescontrolledbythermostorsofgroundselectablethreshold.
5.4. Payload supporting plate. Heaters bonded to the plate and controlled by thermistors of ground
selectablethreshold.
5.5.Radiativeplate.Heatersbondedtotheplatearecontrolledbythermistorsthethresholdofwhich
dependsonCCDtemperature.
5.6.Detectorhousinglevelheaterbondedtothedetectorhousingfairing,andgroundoperated.
6.SurvivalElectricHeaters
Heatersonthesidesoftheshieldinghatcontrolledbytwoinparallelthermostats(notshown).
Figure86:ThermalcontrollayoutsummaryoftheHRV.FromMauduyt,Bonnet&
Toulemont(1983)[34].
8.7.4
Payload telemetry system
TheSPOT1payloadplatformcontains,inadditiontothetwoHRVs,thePayloadTelemetrySystem
(TMCU).ItisattachedtothePayloadInterface(whichshareswiththeHRVs)atsixpoints.Aviewof
theSPOT1SatellitefacingtheTMCUisgiveninFigure87.
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Figure87:SPOT1SatelliteasseenfromtheZside.FromRacaudetal.(1983)[40].
TheTMCUconsistsof:
8.7.4.1. The Payload Telemetry itself. A honeycomb sandwiched between carbon fiber plates (NIDA
platform) supports a mechanical structure on one side and the electronic equipments on the other
side.
8.7.4.2. The hyper frequency platform. It supports the TWTs which are characterized by high heat
dissipation peaks. This platform is provided with a radiative window facing the Earth, and
conductivelydecoupledfromtheTMCU.
8.7.4.3.ThePayloadAntenna.8x109Hz,0,8mdia.ItfacestheEarth,andisfullydecoupledfromthe
TMCU.
Thethermaldesignconstraintsofthesesubsystemsarebasedon:
1.
Functional modes 3,1 and 3,2 in clause 8.5.1. These functional modes of the satellite
correspondtofivefunctionalmodesoftheTMCUitself.Fourcorrespondtothenominal
modeofthesatelliteandthelastonetothesurvivalmode(seeTable83,clause8.5.3).
2.
Operatingtemperaturesandthermaldissipationofrepresentativesubsystemsasgivenin
Table 83, clause 8.5.3. The main characteristics of these constraints are: thermal
transients, large heat dissipation, peaks, very strict temperature ranges for the TU
(because of mechanical problems with the magnetic tape)... The accessibility of ground
stationslimitsto300minperorbittheuseofequipments.Thecontrollingmissionprofile
isthatofFigure85,clause8.7.3.Thecoldcorrespondstothesurvivalmode.
3.
Thermalinterfacesasinclause8.5.4.
Thethermalcontrolofthevariouscomponentsisachievedasfollows:
1.
TMCUitself.Theradiativewindowmentionedin4,2above,isplacedontheXfaceof
thesatellite,whichdoesnotreceiveanysolarfluxanddoesnotsufferfromlargealbedo
radiationchangesduringthenominalmodeoperation.TMCUisshieldedfromtheouter
radiation by an MLI (outer face Kapton). Conductive decoupling from the payload
interfaceisachievedwithinsulatingringsandtitaniumbolts.
ThethermalenvironmentaroundtheTMCUdirectlydependsonthesizeoftheradiative
windowandtoalesserextentonthestructureoftheMLI.Windowsdevisedtocopewith
the hot case are oversized for the cold case. Thus, electric heaters are implemented to
keeptheheadtapeabove283K.Theproblemworsensduringthesurvivalmodewhen
theTMCUdoesnotworkandthenominalheaterscannotbeused.Thus,anindependent
systemofthermostaticallycontrolledheatersareimplemented.Theequipmentplacedon
the NIDA platform rests on protruding supports and, thence, it is not in direct contact
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withtheplatform.Heattransferismainlyradiative.Thesameoccurswiththerecorders
onthehyperfrequencyplate(seebelow).
2.
Hyperfrequency plate. Highly dissipating equipments are mounted on a thermal

spreader platform. The operating temperature range of these equipments is narrower
than for other equipments. To meet these strict requirements the hyperfrequency plate
and its equipment are radiatively and conductively decoupled from the TMCU.
Conductivedecouplingisachievedthroughmanysupportsimposedbymechanicaland
dynamicalstabilityrequirements.
InordertominimizetheheattransferratetowardstheTMCUthefollowingprovisions
weretaken:
3.
8.8
(a)
Correctsizingoftheradiativewindow.
(b)
Implementing MLIs to radiatively decouple the TMCU from the hyperfrequency

plate.
(c)
Carefullyselectingmaterialsandattachmentprocedures.
Antenna.Thethermalcontroloftheantennaisindependentofthatofanyothersystem.
Theantennaisplacedoutsidethesatellite,radiativelyandconductivelydecoupledfrom
theTMCU.AnMLIjacketisplacedattherearofthereflector.Theconductivedecoupling
isachievedbyanotchedfiberglassrod,thenotchedpartofwhichiswrappedbyanMLI
toavoidaxialradiativetransferbetweenthesupportends.
Estimated on-orbit performance
InthisclausetheeffortsmadeforpredictingtheonorbitbehaviorofSPOT1thermalcontrolwillbe
summarized.Thesubsystemsarearrangedhereasin
8.8.1
Platform
Of the components have been used with the following aims: refining the chosen configuration,
optimizing the SSMaluminium mosaics, evaluating the required heating power, and assessing the
thermal control performance under every operational and preoperational modes. A lumped model
(260nodes)representedtheplatform,andthreedifferentmodelsthepropulsionsystem:110nodesfor
thethrusters,100nodesfortheductingand40nodesforthefillingemptingvalves.
ThermalbalancetestsoftheMSTH(ModleStructuraletThermique)weremade,duringMay1983,at
INTESPACE (Ingnierie Tests en Environnement Spatial) Toulouse, by use of the SIMLESS solar
simulator. Tests on the flight model were also performed at Toulouse by the beginning of 1984. No
dataonthelasttestshavebeenfound.
The solar simulator yielded an uniform flux over surface 3 m in diameter with shadowing for
simulatingeclipses.Therequiredsolarattitudeangleofthesatellitewasobtainedbyrotationofthe
tiltedplatform.Transientthermalevolutionsweresimulatedturningtheplatform1revolutionevery
100 min, and the steady state by rotating the platform at 10 rpm. The MSTH was furnished with
mechanicallyrepresentativedummies.
Albedo and Earth radiations were simulated by electrical heaters bonded to the outer faces except
whenhighlydissipativecomponentsareplacednearbythewalls.Inthesecasesheatingisprovided
nearthedummiessothatthethermoopticalcharacteristicsofthewallremainedunchanged.
Thefollowingtestsweremade:
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1.
Steady state test simulating the hot nominal mode of the SPOT 1 satellite (10 h 30 min
nodaltime).Meanvaluesoftheexternalfluxwereused.Thistestaimedatrefiningthe
thermalmodeloftheequipmentandtheouterthermalbalanceoftheplatform.
2.
TransienttestssimulatingthehotnominalandcoldsurvivalmodesoftheSPOT1orbit
with corresponding eclipse. These tests aimed at estimating thermal variations
(amplitudeandtimelags).
3.
Twotransienttestssimulatingthehotnominalmodesofalternativeorbits(8hand12h
nodal time). The aimed at the evaluation of the thermal behavior of a multimission
platform.
TheresultsoftransienttestsaresummarizedinFigure88.
Figure88:TemperaturelimitsoftheSPOT1platformcomponents.FromAlet&
Foret(1983)[1].
Majordeparturesfrompredictions(inthehotdirection),whichappearedinthesurvivalmode,were
associatedtoanincorrectestimateofgoldizedKaptonabsorptanceinthesimulatorwavelengthrange.
Noproblemsareanticipatedsincesurvivalisacoldcase.
8.8.2
Batteries compartment
The thermal analysis of the batteries compartment has been made on the basis of three different
models:
1.
An overall thermal model, with 36 nodes, of the battery compartment. It is used to

estimatethemeantemperatureofthebatteries.
2.
A 105node model of the battery cell for calculating the temperature distribution
throughout the battery call and for estimating the thickness of the dividing plates (see
clause5.5).
3.
A250nodemodelofthestructuralsupport(seeclause5.1)tocalculatethetemperature
differentials between the battery cells and for estimating the thickness of the support.
Thesethermaltestsaimedatassessingthechosenconfiguration,improvingtheaccuracy
oftheinputstothethermalmodelandverifyingthewholebatteriescompartmentunder
conditionscloselysimulatingtheinorbitperformance.ThetestsetupinshowninFigure
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89.Itrepresentsa9m3vacuumchamber,internallycooledwithliquidnitrogen(77K),
theoperatingpressureofwhichiskeptbelow105torr(1,33x103Pa).
Figure89:TestconfigurationofthebatteriescompartmentoftheSPOT
multimissionplatform.FromFanoni(1983)[20].
ThesocalledMImodelhasbeenusedfortests.Theradiativesurface,whichinthesatelliteisplaced
in the +X wall, faces the cooled walls of the vacuum chamber whereas the part of the chamber
simulatingtheplatformtubeiskeptat293K.
Impingingradiations(Sun,albedo,Earth)aresimulatedbyelectricheatersbondedtotheouterfaceof
theradiativesurface.Blackpaintisusedinthisface(insteadofSSM)(seeparagraph3inclause8.7.2).
Theemergencyinfraredlampsareusedonlyiftheelectricheatingfails.
Nearly one hundred chromelalumel thermocouples are distributed throughout the batteries
compartment.
TheresultsagreedwiththepredictionsascanbeseeninTable84.
Table84:EstimatedandMeasuredPerformanceoftheSPOTMultimission
PlatformBatteriesCompartment(TinK).
Specified
Estimated
Measured
MeanTemperatureoftheHottestBattery
(HotCase)
<293
287
287
MeanTemperatureoftheColdestBattery
(ColdCase)
268
270
270,5
ToptoBottomSingleCellT
2,5
1,1
1,1
HomologousPoints,TwoCellsintheSame
BatteryT
1,8
1,3
HomologousPoints,TwoCellsfrom
differentBatteriesT
2,3
1,7
NOTE
FromFagnoni(1983)[20].
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8.8.3
High-resolution visible range instrument
The HRV system underwent four thermal tests before launching; three solar simulation tests and a
thermoelastictest.
Thefirstsolarsimulationtestwasmadeinthelastquarterof1980onadummymodelofoneHRV.
Theaimofthistestwastorefitthemodelandtoassessthethermalcontrollayout.Theinterfaceswith
the second HRV, the TMCU and the payload interface, as well as the equipment performance and
electric heating were simulated. The test demonstrated the soundness of the thermal control layout.
Valuesofseveralconductanceswererefined,andacorrectionof30%wasmadetoaccountforeffects
of joint in the MLIs (see ECSSEHB3101 Part 7, clause 6.13.1). As a consequence of this test the
estimatedeffectivethermalconductanceofthe+Zfacehadtobereduced.
A second solar simulation test was performed a year later with a modified) MLI; Kapton was used
instead of Mylar in the outer shield, the number of shields was decreased and a lateral radiative
window opened (see 6.3, in clause 8.7.3). This test, which was initially devised for the TMCU, also
helpedtoevaluatethementionedmodifications,andtotestoperationmodessuchascalibrationand
refocalizationoftheopticalsystemmeasuringitsinfluenceontheequipmentinvolved.
ThethermoelastictestperformedonthedummyHRVduringtheCUMSTHtestsaimedatchecking
the predicted deformations and the model for calculating the line sight. The HRV was placed in
horizontal position to cope with gravity action and furnished with the nominal heaters and
thermocouples.Theinfluenceoftemperaturenonuniformitieswasthefollowing:
Atemperatureincreaseof10Kyieldedanangulardeviationof2,2x104radians.
Atemperaturedifferentialof5Konthepyramidinthe+Zdirectionresultedinapointingdeviationof
2,5x104radians.
Atemperaturedifferentialof7Kinthetiltedplateinthe+Zdirectionyieldedapointingdeviationof
104radians.
Theneedforspecificationsofthermaluniformity(localandtemporal)isclearlyseenifonetakesinto
account that the allowed angular deviation during the whole HRV lifetime is of the order 4x104
radians.
A last solar simulation test on the flight payload (2 HRV + TMCU) aimed at checking the thermal
controlloop,includingtheOBCsoftware,andatfixingthethresholdofthethermistors.
8.8.4
Payload telemetry system
DifferentthermalmodelswereusedforTMCUsubsystems.Thehyperfrequencyplatewasmodelled
with13nodes,theantennawith35nodesandtheTMCUitselfwith200nodes.Thefirsttwomodels
were incorporated (after reducing the number of nodes) into the third, giving rise to the overall
model.Theoverallmodel,initsturn,furnishedtheinputstothepartialmodelswhichweredealtwith
independently.
Geometrydefinitionmodelswerealsointroducedtocalculateexternalfluxesandradiosities(directly
emittedplusreflectedfluxes).
Thewholepayloadunderwentseveralthermalsimulationtests.Thesetestsaimedat:
1.
Assessingthethermalcontrollayout.
2.
Refittingthethermalmodels.
3.
Evaluatingtechnicalsolutions.
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Themeasurementsindicatedthatthepredictionswerebasicallymet.Temperaturedeviationfromthe
predictedvalueswereatmostoftheorderof3K.
References: Alet & Foret (1983) [1]; Corai (1983) [15]; Fagnoni (1983) [20]; Mauduyt, Bonnet &
Toulemont (1983) [34]; Racaud, dAntin & Lelivre (1983) [40]; Courtois & Weill (1985) [16]; Henry,
Juvigny&Serradeil(1988)[25].
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9
Olympus-1
Figure91:Olympus1inorbitalflight.FromBonhomme&Steels(1984)[4],Steels
&Baston(1986)[44].
9.1
Mission
Olympus1hasbeenconceived,withinthelargesatellite,(LSat)programme,asathreeaxisstabilized
demonstratorsatellitewithreducedpowerandmass(compatiblewithAriane3launcher)todevelop
a series of telecommunications payloads and their inorbit operation, to advance technological
capabilities of the industry, to stimulate users and to promote new applications of space
telecommunications.
Launchingdate:July12,1989
Missionlife:5years.OlympusMaxstandardsatellitedesignlifeis10years.
Olympus1 is a geostationary satellite. The following bodylinked coordinate system will be used
throughoutthisPart:
xaxispointingtowardsNorth.
yaxispointingtowardsEast.
zaxispointingawayfromtheEarth.
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9.2
Main subsystems
Olympus1satelliteconsistsofthreemainmodules(Figure92).
Figure92:ExplodedviewofOlympus1satellite.FromESA(1984),Bowles(1987)
[10],Paul(1989)[38].
ServiceModule,whichcontainsmostoftheplatformequipment.
Propulsion Module, containing the propellants (oxidizer and fuel), the pressurant tanks, associated
pipingandthrusters.
CommunicationsModule,comprisingtheNorthandSouthradiatingpanelsandtheEarthfacingfloor
whichprovidesmostofthepayloadmountingarea.TheEastandWestfacesofthespacecraftcarry
theEuropeanbroadcastbeamandthespecializedservicesantennarespectively.Themainsubsystems
andcomponentsoftheOlympus1satellitearelistedinTable91.
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Table91:Olympus1MainSubsystems
Subsystem
Components
Locationinthesatellite
Power
+/xsides.
SolarPanelAssembly,AEGBSRsiliconcells.
Forsolararraydeploymentphases,seeFigure93. Radiator:+/xsidewalls.
Radiatormountedbatteries.32cells2batteries
NiCd.24A.h.Saft.31cells1batteryNiH2.35
A.h.EaglePicher.
Chargeanddischargeregulators.Battery
ManagementUnit.
Combined
Propulsion
ABM(490Nthrust).Marquardt.
Eight(pluseightredundant)reactioncontrol
thrusters(22Neach).
Marquardt.Oneoxidizer(nitrogentetroxide)
tank.1,1.mdia.Onefuel(monomethyl
hydrazine)tank.1,1.mdia.Fourhelium
pressuranttanks.Valves,filters,pipes.Support
structure.
Attitude
andOrbit
Control
ServiceModule:+zside
Threeaxisstabilizationwhichisactivefrom
RFsensing:zfloor
transferorbiton.
Zeromomentumsystem.
Sensors:IRearthsensor,sunacquisition.RF
sensing(seeTVDirectBroadcast,Table92).
Actuators:Reactionwheels(oneforeachaxis)
duringquiescentphases.Thrustersduringstation
keeping.
ControlElectronicUnit(CEU)basedonTexasTI
9989microprocessor.
Payload
PropagationPackage,SpecializedServices,TV
DirectBroadcasting,Communications
SeeTable92.
NOTE
PropulsionModule:alongthe
+/zsatelliteaxis.
Thrustdirection:z
CommunicationsModule:z
floor,yside,+yside,zside.
ServiceModule:+zside,inner
facesof+/xwalls.
FromBonhomme&Steels(1984)[4],Paul(1989)[38].
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Figure93:SchematicofthedifferentphasesoftheOlympus1solararray
deployment.PreparedbythecompilerafterBonhome&Steels(1984)[4],Bowles
(1987)[10].
Table92:OlympusPayload
Type
Application
ComponentCharacteristics
Responsible
12/20/30GHz
Propagation
Package
Complementingand
verifyingpropagation
statisticsinthehigher
frequencyrange.
BTM(B)
Threebeacons:
Overallcoordination
Oneat12,5GHztostudy
bySeleniaSpazio(I)
frequencyscalingof
propagationcharacteristics.
Oneeachat20GHzand30GHz
fordirectsignalmeasurement.
12/14GHz
Specialized
Services
Experimentson
advanced
communications
experimentsbetween
smallEarthterminals
Fivebeamantennaprovides
bothreceiveandtransmitbands.
Repeaterwithfourreceiveand
fourtransmitchains.Four(plus
onebackup)30WTWTA13,1
13,2GHzand14,114,5
GHz/12,5212,57GHzup/down
Kuband.Fourchannelsprovide
two18MHzandtwo30MHzat
33,3dBWwitha4x4SSTDMA
MarconiSpace
Systems(UK)
Overallcoordination
bySeleniaSpazio(I)
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Type
Application
ComponentCharacteristics
Responsible
switchingmatrix.
Television
Direct
Broadcast
TVB1.Onechannelto
establishapre
operationalItalian
service.
TVB2.Fullysteerable
channeltoany
Europeancountry.
20/30GHz
Pointtopointand
Communications multipoint
teleconferencingand
otherexperimental
applications.
NOTE
TwoDBS230WTWTA17,617,8 SeleniaSpazio(I)
GHz/12,112,2GHzup/down
Kuband.
TVB1.Channelallocatedto
Italy:1,0x2,4ellipticbeamwith
anEIRPof62,4dBW.RFsensing
andpointingloop.
TVB2.ChanneltoanyEuropean
country.1,5circularbeam,27
MHzbandwith,63dBWEIRT.
TVB3.Dedicatedreceive
antennaforcommonreceiving.
Two(plusonebackup)300W
TWTA2828,6GHz/18,919,4
GHzup/downKaband
providingfullysteerablespot
beamsof0,6diawith40MHz
and700MHzbandwith,52,1
dBWEIRP.
SeleniaSpazio(I).
FromBowles(1987)[10],Paul(1989)[38],INTERAVIA(1989)[28].
Olympus1waslaunchedonJuly12,1989fromKourou,FrenchGuiana,byAriane3.
TotalMassofthesatelliteis2595kgatlaunch,1450kgingeostationaryorbit.Payloadmass359kg.
Deployeddimensionsare:Solararrayspan25,67m,body2,568mhighx1,75mx2,10m
Payloadpower:2470WRFinsunlight,1500Wineclipse
Platformreliability:0,9after6yr.
FromINTERAVIA(1989)[28].
Olympus1hasbeendevelopedunderESAbyateamconsistingofthefollowingindustrialgroups:
BritishAerospace(SpaceSystems)Ltd.(UK):Primecontractor.
Selenia Spazio (I): Coordination of the four communication payloads. Design and development of
bothTVDirectBroadcastingand20/30GHzCommunicationsPayload.
BTM(B):PropagationPackagePayload.
SPAR Aerospace Ltd. (Can.): Overall responsibility of the solar arrays, with major subcontracts to
AEG(D)andFokker(NL).
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SNIABDP(I):IntegrationandtestingoftheCombinedPropulsionSystem.
Fokker(NL):Spacecraftstructure.
Aeritalia(I):Northandsouthradiatorpanels.Thermalcontrol.
DavidFloridaLaboratories.(Can.):Environmentalandfinaltesting.
9.3
Orbit
Geostationary.Equatorial.Location:19W.
FromINTERAVIA(1989)[28].
9.4
Olympus1 thermalcontrol subsystem will ensure that, in all mission modes, the satellite and its
equipmentaremaintainedwithinacceptabletemperaturelimits.
9.5
Thermal control
Thermalrequirementscanbefulfilledwithapassivethermalcontrolsystemconsistingof:
1.
SSMradiatorsinthe+/xfaces.Totalradiatingarea:9m2.
Areaofeachpanel:2,57mx2,10m.
Rejectedheattransferrate:
Qe3,5kWat300Kinnertemperature,Qe5,3kWat330Kinnertemperature.
2.
Mylar and Kapton electrically conductive MLI blankets for internal equipment, for all
radiatorareasnotcoveredbySSMsandfortheotherfourfacesofthesatellite.
3.
Constantconductanceheatpipesonthestructuralaluminiumhoneycombpayloadwalls
(NorthandSouthradiators)inareasofhighdissipationnearthehighpowerTWTAsand
EPCs.
Heatpipesareofextrudedaluminiumwith20axialgroovesandflanged.Workingfluid
isAmmonia.Outersquarecrosssectionside:9,5x103mor102m.Lengthsbetween0,682
mand1,2m.Maximumintegralheattransport:20W.m.ManufacturedbyDornier(G).
(Chalmers,Burkle&Case(1988)).38heatpipesweremountedontheSouthradiatorand
24ontheNorthradiator.
4.
Conductivewhitepaint(seeECSSEHB3101Part5,clause5.9)coatingtheantennae.
5.
Electricheaterscontrolledeitherautomaticallyorbytelecommand.
From Bonhomme & Steels (1984) [4], Boggiatto, Colizzi, Perotto & Tavera (1985) [3],
Bowles(1987)[10].
The batteries are directlymounted onthe radiatorpanels in the +/x(NorthandSouth)
faces.
Thermal control layout of Olympus1 satellite is shown in Figure 94. Inner equipment
and outer SSM and MLI layouts of the North and South radiators are those used for
thermalvacuumtests.Seeclause9.6.1.
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Figure94:Olympus1satellitethermalcontrollayoutusedforthermalvacuum
tests.FromBoggiatto,Colizzi,Perotto&Tavera(1985)[3].Explanationisgivenin
Table93.
Table93:PayloadSubsystemsIdentificationinFigure94.
Key
NorthPanel
Payload
1
2
Specialized
Services
Payload
Subsystem
EPC
HPAssembly
SouthPanel
Payload
Television
Direct
Broadcast
Subsystem
EPCHV
TWT,HPAssembly
TWT
TWT
OutputFilter
OutputFilter
OutputSwitchNetwork
EPCLV
InputSwitchNetwork
EPC,HPAssembly
Receiver
Propagation
FrequencySource
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Key
NorthPanel
Payload
Subsystem
SouthPanel
Payload
Subsystem
PowerSwitchDriveUnit Package
EPC
LocalOscillator
TWT
EPC
10
11
20/30GHz
Propagation
Package
HPAssembly
12
TWT
13
OutputFilter
The performance characteristics of Olympus1 batteries are summarized in Table 94. The
correspondingthermaldesignlayoutsaregiveninFigure95.
Table94:Olympus1BatteryPerformanceCharacteristics
Type
Electrical
No.ofCells/Batteries
Capacity[A.h/Battery]
Max.d.o.d.(%)
DesignLifetime[yr]
Thermal
TemperatureRange[K]
TemperatureDifferencewithinBattery[K]
RequiredHeating[W]
ThermalCapacity[J/K]
Mx.DissipationDischargeAverage[W]
Mx.DissipationTrickleChargeAveragea[W]
Geometrical
Footprint[mxm]
Height[m]
TotalMass[kg]
NiCd
NiH2
32/2
24
60
7
31/1
35
70
7
268288
<2
24
37400
42,9
11,1
268288
N.A.
32
40000
121,4
15,8
0,62x0,21
0,224
0,67x0,44
0,340
37
36,5
Thetricklechargeresistorlimitsthebatterycurrentwhenthebatterytemperatureexceedsasafetylimit.
NOTE
FromKonzok,Gutschmidt,Stmpel,Schlitt&Dunbar(1987)[33].
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Figure95:Olympus1satellitebatterythermalcontrollayout.a)NiCdbattery;b)
NiH2battery.FromKonzok,Gutschmidt,Stmpel,Schlitt&Dunbar(1987)[33].
9.6
Thermal test of olympus-1
Two different types of Olympus1 thermal tests have been reported, namely: Thermal Vacuum Test
andInfraredTest.
AcalendarofOlympusthermaltestsisgiveninTable95.
Table95:Olympus1ThermalTest
No.
Test
Date
Place
Comments
Thermalvacuum
JuneJuly1984 ESTEC
ThermalModel.Northand
SouthRadiators.Seeclause
9.6.1.
Solarsimulation,1st
series
Nov.1984
Jet
Propulsion
ThermalModel.Reconfigured.
Solarsimulation,2nd
series
Dec.1984
Jet
Propulsion
ThermalModel.
InfraredTest
Jan.1986
David
Florida
ThermalModel.Seeclause
9.6.2.
AppendageRelease
underThermalVacuum
May1986
DavidFlorid ThermalModel.Datenot
clearlyestablished.
Solarsimulation
June1987
Jet
Propulsion
FlightModelofOlympus1
ThermalVacuum
JulyAug.
1988
David
Florida
FlightModelofOlympus1.
Partialretrofittingafter6.
NOTE
FromESABulletins.
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9.6.1
Thermal vacuum test
The thermal vacuum test for the development of the Olympus1 heat pipe radiator was performed
duringmid1984byuseoftheThermalVacuumChamberHBF3atESTEC.
Theusabletestvolumeofthechamberisasphere3mindiameter.Cryogenicshroudsonthetopand
lateral walls of the chamber were kept at the appropriate temperature to simulate the space
environment.
The two radiators were tested together. They formed two opposite vertical walls of a closed and
insulated box. The radiators faced the cryogenic shrouds of the test chamber and the zaxis was
horizontalsothattheheatpipeswereheldinhorizontalposition.Duringthetesttheboxwasheated
anditstemperaturecontrolledtosimulatethethermalenvironmentwithinthespacecraft.
The layouts of the internal faces of both radiators are shown in Figure 94. The subsystems were
simulated by dummies reproducing the following actual thermal and thermooptical characteristics:
thermal/mechanical interface with the radiator, power dissipation, thermal capacity, external shape,
finishanddimensions.
The external radiator surfaces were covered by SSMs and by MLIs where required. MLIs were
optimizedbyuseofanalyticalpredictions.
Tiltmeasurementsensors,threeforeachradiator,wereusedtokeephorizontaltheheatpipesduring
thetest.Thetemperatureatselectednodesofthethermalmathematicalmodelontheradiatorandon
thetestfixturewasmonitoredbymeansof400thermocouples.
Threesteadystatetestcaseswereconsidered,asitisindicatedinTable96.
Table96:RepresentativeCasesConsideredintheThermalTest
Test
Case
Intended
Simulation
MainFeatures
External
ColdEquinox
NOTE
Nosolar
input
Shroud
Temp.
[K]
Internal
RejectionHeat
TransferRate[W]
North
South
Radiator Radiator
Onstationsunlight
operation
100
747
589
LongDuration Nosolar
Eclipse(Cold input
Case)
Minimumallowable
temperatureof
electronicunits
200
546
108
Solstice(Hot
case)
Fullpoweroperation
240
702
626
Solarinput
FromBoggiatto,Colizzi,Perotto&Tavera(1985)[3].
Twodifferentthermalnetworkcomputermodelswereusedinordertocomplementandinteractwith
the thermal vacuum tests. They consisted of 185 and 195 nodes respectively with 850 conductors in
eachmodel.Atleastonenodewasassignedtoeachelectronicunit,withseveraltothecriticalunits,as
theTWTs.Inseveralinstancesapreliminarymultinodemodelwasintroducedonitemswhichwere
intendedtobedealtwithasasinglenodeinthefinalmodel.Thesolutionofthatlocalnetworkledto
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the definition of linear conductors representing the same situation but with an equivalent reduced
network.
Theinteractionofthermaltestandthermalmodelconsistedoffourmainsteps.
1.
Pretest predictions were made, on the basis of the expected values of the boundary
temperatures and dissipations, to provide a feeling of the test resultsand to verify that
thetemperaturelimitsofthecriticalcomponentsarenotoverrun.
2.
Thermalvacuumtestitself,asindicatedabove.
3.
Interaction.Aftertestcompletionthethermalmodelismodifiedifrequired.Tothisaim,
the actual test conditions are fed into the thermal model and the nodal temperatures
calculated. This comparison with the test results suggests several adjustments: node
thermocouple correspondence, heat leaks to the supporting frame, addition of nodes to
copewithtemperaturenonuniformities,improvedvaluesofthematerialproperties,...
4.
Correlation Success and Closure. The interaction activity ends when the temperature
differenceT=TmeasuredTcalculatedmeetsthefollowingcriteria:
1.Averagedeviationlessthan1,5K.
2.Standarddeviationlessthan2,5K.
3.T<UTPforeverythermalsensor.
UTPisthetestuncertaintyprediction,whichisdefinedasfollows:
2
U TP U S2 U TE
UI UM
[91]
USistheRMSuncertaintyduetospecimenparameters.
UTEistheRMSuncertaintyduetotestenvironmentparameters.
UIisthemodellizationerror,assumedtobe3K.
UMistheoverallmeasurementuncertaintyatthetestfacility,assumedtobe1K.
Thefollowinguncertaintiesinthespecimenandtestparameterswereassumed:
USOuterradiationeffectivethermalconductance(seeECSSEHB3101Part7,clause6.1.1)5%
USInnerradiatoneffectivethermalconductance10%
USInnerthermalconductance20%
UTEInputpower5%
UTEBoundarytemperature3K
Representative results are summarized in Table 97 and in Figure 96. Several thermocouples were
excludedfromthecorrelationforaccidentalreasons.
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Table97:SubsystemTemperature[K]afterDifferentStepsintheTest
MathematicalModelInteraction.
Subsystem
Prediction
Test
PostTest
Case Case Case3 Case Case Case3

1
2
1
2
Case1
Case2
Case3
T
[K]
UTP
[K]
T
[K]
UTP
[K]
T UTP[K]
[K]
TelevisionDirect
Broadcast,TWT
292,7 240,2 321,8 289,0 238,3
317,4
0,8
8,3
2,3
8,4
0,6
8,1
TelevisionDirect
Broadcast,EPC,LV
291,2 244,6 317,6 296,3 236,9
323,1
1,4
7,5
1,2
7,7
0,7
7,1
289,3 240,2 318,3 279,2 238,7

TelevisionDirect
Broadcast,TWT,HP
Assembly
307,6
0,9
7,8
1,2
8,1
1,1
7,9
287,3 244,5 313,8 275,2 236,4
304,0
1,5
7,3
0,3
8,2
0,1
7,7
PropagationPackage, 295,9 281,5 312,9 283,0 274,7

TWT30GHz
297,1
0,4
7,7
0,1
8,1
0,1
7,6
PropagationPackage, 287,4 273,4 311,6 284,5 274,7

FrequencySource
306,2
0,6
7,6
0,2
7,8
0,5
7,2
SpecializedServices, 303,0 291,4 325,0 298,4 282,5

TWT
321,0
2,6
8,2
1,9
8,5
0,9
8,0

EPC
319,7
0,5
8,0
0,1
8,3
0,4
7,8

TWT,HPAssembly
316,0
1,4
7,9
1,6
8,1
1,0
8,0

LocalOscillations
313,2
Communications,
20/30GHzTWT
318,5 314,5 342,9 303,5 298,5
325,4
1,1
8,5
0,2
8,6
0,3
8,2
Communications,
20/30GHzEPC
289,1 286,2 318,3 277,8 278,6
308,6
Communications,
20/30GHzRDU
277,6 267,4 304,3 266,2 261,9
295,1
Communications,
20/30GHzHP
Assembly
313,1 308,6 337,1 295,2 290,2
317,0
0,7
8,1
0,3
8,4
0,5
8,2
TelevisionDirect
Broadcast,EPC,LV,
HPAssembly
NOTE
FromBoggiatto,Colizzi,Perotto&Tavera(1985)[3].
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Figure96:TemperatureDifferenceHistogramsforthethreetestcasesconsidered
intheThermalVacuumTestsofOlympus1satellite(seeTable96above).From
Boggiatto,Colizzi,Perotto&Tavera(1985)[3].
9.6.2
Infrared test
Solar simulation tests of large spacecraft present major sizing and cost problems with presently
availablesolarsimulationfacilities.
Inthesefacilities,criticalorbitalconditionsarereproducedwithinathermalvacuumenvironmentby
useofcryogenicshrouds,tosimulatethecoldspace,andasolarbeamtosimulatetherequiredsolar
radiationfluxonthespacecraft.
Inadditiontosizedifficulties,whichinthecaseoftheOlympusclassspacecraftrenderedunsuitable
theavailableEuropeanfacilities,theclassicsolarsimulationtestpresentotherdrawbacks.
1.
A sophisticated motion system is required to orientate the spacecraft to the proper

incidencewithrespecttothesolarbeam.
2.
Infraredandalbedoradiationdata,whicharerequiredinthecaseofloworbits,cannot
beobtained.
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An alternative method to perform a thermal balance test, within the usual thermal vacuum facility,
consistsinlocallyirradiatingthespacecraftwithcloselyplaced,suitableinfraredlamps.
Thewideuseofthisalternativetechniqueisbasedonthefollowingpremises:
1.
Spectral reflectance data of the spacecraft outer faces are known (angular variations
included).
2.
A thermal mathematical model furnishes the local fluxes corresponding to direct and
reflectedincomingradiation.
3.
Asufficientlylargenumberofinfraredlampsareavailabletoirradiatethedifferentzones
wherethefluxisuniform,withinagivenleveloftoleranceanduniformity.
InthecaseofOlympus1tests,a6%levelofnonuniformitywastoleratedonradiator
SSMs, a 10 % on outer MLIs and even larger levels in zones were the reflections
complicatedthepredictionoftheradiationfluxestobereproducedinthetests.
4.
Specialradiometersmeetingtherequiredlevelofaccuracyareavailable.
Themethodshouldbevalidated,wheneverpossible,bycomparisonwiththeclassicsolarsimulation
tests.
ThefirstattemptsfortheintroductionofthistechniquehavebeenreportedbyMessidoro,Boggiatto,
Pataccia&Buratti(1983)[36]andbyTan&Walker(1983)[47].
TheOlympussatelliteinfraredtestwascarriedoutattheDavidFloridaLaboratories(Ottawa)during
thesecondhalfofJanuary1986,following3monthsofpreparation.Thesetestshavebeenreportedby
Messidoro & Colizzi (1986) [37]. A block diagram showing the activities related to infrared tests is
showninFigure97.
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Figure97:Infraredtestrelatedactivities.FromMessidoro&Colizzi(1986)[37].
Thehighvacuuminfraredchamberis6,7mindiameterand10,7mhigh.Thethermalenvironment
wassimulatedbycryogenicshroudsandinfraredheating.Thevacuumwas3x103Pato104Pa.
Thespacecraftwasinstrumentedwithabout600thermocouplesandspecialtiltsensorstocontrolits
attitudeandthe horizontality of heat pipes. A mounting fixturewith stainless steel cablesholds the
spacecraft with its z axis horizontal within an accuracy of 5 x 105. The heat transfer between the
spacecraftandthechamberinterfaceswasminimized.Thesupportstructureincludedbracketstohold
theinfraredheatersrig,bafflesandcables.
The infrared lamps (Research Inc. 52365) and other heating elements were attached to aluminium
tubes in predetermined locations to obtain the required heat transfer rates. 80 bodyanddisc
radiometerswereusedtomeasuretheactualfluxes.
Theheatingelementswereconnectedtodedicatedpowersuppliesandthedatawereacquiredviathe
dataprocessingsystem.
Thetestresultsfairlycomparedwithpredictionsandwereingoodagreementwithsimilardatafrom
thesolarsimulationtest.
The power supply and control rack operation was not as effective as expected. This affected the
eclipsetransientphasemodifyingtheforeseenswitchingON/OFFsequence.
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Othersmallfaultsanderrors,detectedduringthetest,werecorrectedonlinewithminimalimpacton
thetest.
Asanexample,acomparisonofrequiredvs.measuredheattransferratesforthewintersolsticecaseis
showninTable98.
Table98:WinterSolsticeHeatTransferRates,Qe[W.m2],
MeasuredandComparedwiththeRequirements
Locationa
Measured
Requirements
Max
Min
SouthRadiator
124,6
138,4
85,4
SouthRadiator
90,5
101,2
85,2
UpperFloorAntenna
580,4
768,0
562,0
UpperFloorTower
159,0
165,4
124,4
NorthRadiator
45,0
48,5
29,5
NorthRadiator
33,6
34,6
28,6
+yMLI
1303,2
1429,0
1165,0
+yMLI
760,7
761,1
593,1
+yAntennaDish
386,1
264,0
216,0
Differentcontrolzonesinthesamelocationhavebeenconsidered.
NOTE
FromMessidoro&Colizzi(1986)[37].
TheresultingtemperaturetimeprofilesofrelevantspacecraftzonesareshowninFigure98.
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Figure98:Temperaturevs.timeprofilesofOlympus1satelliteasobtainedfrom
theinfraredtest.
Northradiator,innerface.
Southradiator,outerface.
CommunicationsModuleServiceModule,centralcylinder.
CommunicationsModule,upperfloor.FromMessidoro&Colizzi(1986)[37].
References:Messidoro,Boggiatto,Pataccia&Buratti(1983)[36];Tan&Walker(1983)[47];Bonhomme
& Steels (1984) [4]; ESA (1984); Boggiatto, Colizzi, Perotto & Tavera (1985) [3]; Messidoro & Colizzi
(1986) [37]; Steels & Baston (1986) [44]; Bowles (1987) [10]; Konzok, Gutschmidt, Stmpel, Schlit &
Dunbar(1987)[33];Chalmers,Burkle&Case(1988)[13];INTERAVIA(1989)[28];Paul(1989)[38].
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10
ERS-1
10.1 Mission
TheobjectivesoftheERS1missionarebothofscientificandeconomicnatureaimingto:
Increasethescientificunderstandingofcoastalzonesandglobaloceanprocesses.
Monitorthepolarregions,seaiceandicebergs.
Enable significant advances in physical oceanography glaciology, climatology and sea

pollution.
Developandpromoteeconomic/commercialapplicationsrelatedtoabetterknowledgeofocean
parametersandseastateconditions.
TheirresultswillbemajorcontributionstotheWorldClimateProgramme.
ERS1 uses microwave and radar techniques to perform global measurements and imaging
independentlyofcloudsandsunlightconditions.
ERS1 performs measurements of parameters not included in previous satellite systems: sea state,
seasurfacewinds,oceancirculationandseaicelevels.
Launcher:ArianeV44
Launchingdate:July17,1991
Launchsite:Kourou
Missionlife:3years
The nominal orbit is a sunsynchronous near circular near polar orbit. The following bodylinked
coordinatesystemwillbeusedthroughoutthisPart(seeFigure101):
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Figure101:ERS1inflightconfiguration.FromFrancisetal.(1991)[21].
ZaxisEarthpointed(nominalmode)
Yaxispointinginflightdirection(nominalmode)
Xaxisformingarighthandedreferencesystem
Insafemodetheattitudechangestoasunoriented(+Z)condition.
10.2 Main subsystems

Thesatellite(seeFigure102)consistsoftwomajorelements:thePayloadandthePlatform.
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Figure102:ExplodedviewofERS1satellite.FromFrancisetal.(1991)[21].
ThePlatformisbasedonthePlateFormeMultimissionPFMdevelopedbyMatraforCNESinthe
frameoftheFrenchSPOTprogramme,andisadaptedtothespecificERS1requirements.Therefore,
inthefollowingmainattentionwillbegiventothePayload.InformationcoveringtheSPOTplatform
canbefoundinClause8.
The Platform composes three main assemblies: a Service Module, a Reaction Module and a Solar
Array. The Platform provides functions as: power supply and distribution, telemetry, tracking and
command, attitude and orbit control, control of onboard operations by the onboard computer
(OBC),andstructuralinterface.
ThemainsubsystemsandcomponentsoftheERS1payloadarelistedinTable101.
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Table101:PayloadMainSubsystems
Subsystem
Type
Application
ComponentCharacteristics Responsible
Earth
Observation
Instruments
AMI
Active
Microwave
Instrument
Syntheticaperture
radarsystemsforhigh
resolutionimaging.
Wavespectra.
Windscatterometry
overoceansurface
Imagemode:Bandwith,
Marconi
15,550,1MHz;peakpower,
4,8kW;Antennasize,10mx1
m;polarization,LV;sampling
rate,19x106samples/s;spatial
resolution,30mx30m;swath
width,100km;frequency,5,3
GHz(Cband);datarate,<105
Mbit/s.
Wavemode:Wavedirection,
018020;wavelength,100
1000m25%;spatial
sampling,5kmx5kmevery
200300km;frequency,5,3
GHz;polarization,LV.
Windmode:winddirection,0
36020;windspeed,424
m/s2m/sor10%;spatial
resolution,50km;grid
spacing,25km;swathwidth,
500km;frequency,5,3GHz;
polarization,LV;peakpower,
4,8kW.
RA
Radar
Altimeter
Kubandradataltimeter
comprisingnadir
lookinginstrumentfor
measurementsover
oceanandicesurface
Frequency,13,8GHz;transmit Selenia
peakpower,55kW;antenna
diameter,1,2m;heightnoise,
3cmat8mwaveheight;
mass,96kg;DCpower,130
W.
TosupportRAtime
LRR
delaycalibrationand
Laser
Retroreflector satelliteranging
ATSR
AlongTrack
Scanning
Radiometer
/Microwave
Sounder
Measurementofsea
surfacetemperatureand
atmosphericwater
vapourcontent.
Consistsoftwo
instruments,Infrared
Radiometer(IR)and
MicrowaveRadiometer
(MWR)
Wavelength,350800nm;
,efficiency,0,15EOL;
reflectioncoefficient,0,80
EOL;Fieldofview,60elev.
halfcone,360azimuth.
Aerospatiale
IRRadiometer:Swathwidth, ETCA
500km;spectralchannels,1,6,
3,7,11and12m;spatial
resolution,1kmx1km(at
nadir);radiometricresolution,
<0,1K;predictedaccuracy,0,5
K.
MWRRadiometer:Channels,
23,8,36,5GHz;instantaneous
fieldofview,20km.
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Subsystem
Type
PRARE
Precision
Rangeand
RangeRate
Equipment
Application
Providespreciserange
andrangeratedatainX
bandandsupport
functionsinSband.
(Thiselementis
accommodatedwithin
theservicemoduleof
theplatform)
ComponentCharacteristics Responsible
Uplink,7225MHzPSK10
Mbit/s;Groundtransponder,
60cmparabolicdish,2W
transmitpower;downlink,
8489MHzPSK10Mbit/s,1W
transmitpower;satellite
antennae,crosseddipolesat
XandSbands;ranging
accuracy,510cm(predicted).
Instrument
Data
Handling
and
Transmission
System
(IDHT)
2xbandlinks
Missionspecific
instrumentdata
handling,duetothe
highdataratesofthe
payload.Providesdata
collection,taperecorder
storage,formattingand
playbackorrealtime
transmissionforpayload
instruments.
Payload
support
subsystems:
structure
PEM
Payload
Electronics
Module
Housingofthemajority
oftheinstrument
electronics
Antennae
Support
Structure
Providesthemechanical
interfaceforthepayload
appendages
Contraves
Power
distribution
ETCA
Thermal
control
Fokker
NOTE
LABEN
FromHaimler,OverboschandPieper(1987)[24];Francisetal.(1991)[21];Ege(1991)[19].
MaincharacteristicsofERS1are:
Totalmass:2400kg
Payloadweight:1000kg
Overallheight:11,8m
Solararray:11,7mx2,4m
Payloadsupportstructure:2mx2mx3m
SARantennae:10,0mx1,0m
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Windscatterometerantennae
Foreandaftantenna:3,6mx0,25m
Midantenna:2,3mx0,35m
RAantenna:1,2m
Payloadpower:1kW(insunlight)
Solararraypower:1,8kW(insunlight)
ERS1 has been developed under ESA by an industrial consortium headed by Dornier System
consistingofthefollowingindustrialgroups:
MATRA
Platform,satelliteAIT&GSE
FOKKER
Payloadthermalcontrol,PayloadAIT&GSE
CONTRAVES
Payloadstructure
ETCA
PayloadPDU,ATSR
LABEN
IDTH
MARCONI
AMI
SELENIA
RA
MDA
Groundsupport
DSF
SubcontractswithORS,Aeroespatiale,Laben,CRISA,
IGG,TRW.
10.3 Orbit
Sunsynchronous near circular and near polar, 777 km altitude, 100 minutes period. Repetitive
ground track pattern. Sun period 66 minutes, eclipse period 34 minutes. Repetition period 3 days,
with 14 1/3 nodal periods per day (43 in total). Nominal local solar time (15th June) at descending
node10h30min.
FromHaimler,Overbosch&Pieper(1987)[24].
10.4 Thermal design requirements

The primary requirement for the Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) is to guarantee that specified
temperature limits (see Table 102) are not exceeded during all mission phases throughout the
lifetime.
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Table102:TypicalDesignTemperatureLimitsandPEMDissipations
Subsystem/
Instrument
Unit
Typicaldesigntemperaturelimits[K]
Operating
AMI
RA
IDTH
Switchon
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Typically
263
313
228
343
263
ElectronicPower
Conditioners
268
313
253
328
Typically
268
318
233
Microwave
Subsystem
273
318
HighPowerAmp.
268
Typically
Equipment
Nominalattitude
Safe
mode
Returnfrom
s.m.
off
Average
Peak
InsidePEM
416
1056*
263
OutsidePEM
25
85*
333
248
On+Ypanel
148
174
off
233
343
248
318
233
333
248
263
313
233
323
248
310
233
323
248
Electronicpower
Conditioners
263
313
243
333
248
226*
280
57
off
Modulators
Zpanel
268
305
233
323
248
Taperecorders
27
68
InsidePEM
35
35
off
OutsidePEM
77
77
Suminside
695
1572
Sumoutside
110
170
15
25
Taperecorders
ATSR
Nonoperating
PEMdissipation[W]
Sumtotal
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Subsystem/
Instrument
Unit
Typicaldesigntemperaturelimits[K]
Operating
Min
PLSupport
NOTE
Max
Nonoperating
Min
Max
Switchon
Sun/earthsensors
Payloadsupport
structure
263
318
253
323
253
223
343
313
Equipment
Min
258
Powerdistribution
unit
PEMdissipation[W]
Power
distributionunit
Sun/earthsensor
(outside)
Nominalattitude
Safe
mode
Returnfrom
s.m.
Average
Peak
805
1742
15
25
12
13
15
25
*Thedurationofpeakdissipationislimitedto10minutesmaximumperorbit.
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Thedesignhastoemploymainlypassivemeansfortemperaturecontrol.Whennecessarythispassive
design may be assisted by active elements. Further requirements and constraints to the TCS are to
minimize:
electricalenergyconsumption
temperaturegradientsinthestructure(compatiblewiththermaldistortionsrequirements)
mass
Themostimportantdesignconstraintsare:
twodifferentsatelliteorientations(nominal,safemode)
highheatdissipationwithintheelectronics
highnumber(43)ofdifferentoperationtimelines
limitedheaterpoweravailable
limitedradiatorarea
restrictedheateroperationduringnominalmissionphases(sunperiodonly)
heatfluxbetweenplatformandpayloadareminimized
limitedareaforheatermatapplication
Forthepurposeofthethermaldesigndefinitionalimitednumberofartificialthermaltimelineshas
beenderivedoutofthelargenumberoftimelinespossible.Characteristicsofinstrumentdissipation
aregatheredinTable102.
10.5 Thermal control

The Platform thermal subsystem is based on the design of SPOT1 (see Clause 8 for more
information).
The good radiative and conductive decoupling of PL and PF from each other allows for a modular
designandtesting.Ontheotherhand,thelargesizeofthiskindofsatellitesrequiresmodulartesting.
ConcerningthePayload,theTCSconsistsof:
1.
AntennaeandAntennaSupportStructurepossesatotallypassivethermaldesign.MLIis
covering the antenna rearsides. Front sides are either white painted or taped
(aluminium)andsilverpainted.StrutsandnodalpointsoftheAntennaSupportarealso
wrappedinMLI.
2.
ATSRthermallayoutiscomplementedbythermostatcontrolledheaters.
3.
PEMthermalcontrolisbasedonpassivethermalcontrolsupportedbyanactiveheater
system; thermal blankets except for defined radiator areas: OSR in Z, Y faces. Black
PaintradiatorinXfaces.
SpecialattentionhasbeengiventothethermalproblemsoftheSARantennadeployment(seeFigure
103).
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Figure103:SchematicofthedifferentphasesofERS1SARAntennadeployment.
FromFrancisetal.(1991)[21].
InthefollowingattentionisconcentratedonthePEM.
The PEM is an aluminum sandwich box type structure supported by nine vertical titanium beams.
Titaniumhasbeenchosentotakeadvantageofthelowthermalconductivityandthermalexpansion
coefficient,tominimizeboththeconductiveheatfluxtoandfromthePFandthermaldistortions.
Thermal requirements can be fulfilled with a passive thermal control system supported by active
heater,consistingof:
1.
SSM and OSR thermal radiators, located on the side panels of the PEM where the
majorityoftheelectronicunitsismounted.Asmallradiator,dedicatedfortaperecorder
coolingisplacedontopofthePEM.ForlocationofradiatorsseeFigure104
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Figure104:ERS1satellite.PEMexternalthermaldesign.FromHaimler,
Overbosch&Pieper(1987)[24]
Totalradiationarea:4m2.
Rejectedheattransferrate:700W
2.
Multilayerinsulationblankets
External blankets: an outer (space viewing) layer of 2 mil Kapton, aluminized on the
innerside,coveringapackageofaluminizedmylarsheetsseparatedbyDacronnet.
Insideblankets:twosetsofblanketsareemployed
(a)
Kaptononlytowithstand~420KoftheTWTcollectorheadsfor:theHighPower
Amplifier (HPA) panel set, protecting the AMI Electronic Power Conditioning
(EPC)fromtheAMITWTSandinsulatingthecompleteHPApanelfromtherest
ofthePEM.
(b)
blanket insulating the PEM from the PF and that insulating the X radiator
internally.
3.
Thermaldoublers.Unitswithamoderatelyhighratioofthermaldissipationtofootprint
areaareprovidedwithalocalthickening(upto3mm)ofthepanelfacesheets.
4.
Constant conductance heat pipes (CCHP). Axially grooved aluminium heat pipes, with
Ammoniaasworkingfluid,manufacturedbyDornierSystemGmbH.
The+Zpanelisequippedwith11CCHPsfortheAMITWTSandEPCs.
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TheYpanelisequippedwith4CCHPs.
TheXpanelisequippedwith4CCHPsfortaperecordersmountedtoacrosspanel.
The +Z and Y panel are provided with heat pipes which cover almost their whole
length,imbeddedinsidethehoneycomb.
5.
Blackpaintsareusedtocoverthesurfaceinsidethesatellitecoatingsforantennae.
6.
Heatersystem.Electricheaterscontrolledeitherautomaticallyorbytelecommand.
ThelayoutofthePEMisshowninFigure105
Figure105:ERS1satellite.PEMinternalthermaldesign.FromHaimler,
Overbosch&Pieper(1987)[24].
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10.6 Thermal tests

AcalendarofERS1ThermalTestsisgiveninTable103.
Table103:ERS1ThermalTest
No.
Test
Date
Place
Comments
ThermalBalance
Summer1989
LSS
EM
ThermalVacuum
Summer1989
LSS
EM
Twodifferenttypesofthermaltestshavebeenreported,namelyThermalVacuumTestandThermal
BalanceTest.
10.6.1
Thermal balance test of the engineering model
Objective
ToqualifythethermaldesignandtoverifythethermalmathematicalmodelofthePayload.
Facilities
LSS (Largest Space Simulation) chamber at ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. The chamber is a
verticalcylinder10mindiameterand15minheight.Thecollimationmirroris6mindiameter.
INTESPACEinToulouse,France,forthePlatformflightmodel.
Equipmentorsubsystemstested
Duetothephysicalsizeofthesatelliteindeployedconfiguration,thespacesimulationtesthadtobe
performedonthePayload,thePlatformandthelargeantennasystemsseparately.
WiththissplitandtheLSSafullyilluminatedPayloadwasachieved.
TheabsenceofthePlatformandpartsoftheantennasystemsdidnotinfluencethetestobjectives:a
good thermal decoupling between these parts was considered in the design, and the absence of the
itemswasaccountedforinthemathematicalmodel.
Besides, the absence of earthshine required compensation. This was achieved by means of electrical
heatersattachedtothebottompanelsofthePEMandtotheantennarearsides.Althoughtheheaters
didnotdissipatetheheatontheradiatorareas,whereearthshineisobservedinorbit,thetemperature
levelcouldbeboostedtothedesiredlevel.
Testsetup
LSS
Testarticlewithaprox.600thermocouples
EGSE(ElectricalGroundSupportEquipment)
PROPOS(PROgrammablePOwerSupply)
TDH(TestDataHandlingsystemperipheries)
ThemostcomplexitemwastheEGSEcomposedofthe:
Platformsimulatorwhichgives:
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powersupply
onboarddatahandlinginterface
heatercontrolviatheonboardcomputer
OCOE(OverallCheckOutEquipment),mastercontrollerofthePayload,andcoordinator
oftheallEGSEsubsystems.
Computermodelsdescription
Eachsubsystemhasestablishedmathematicalmodelstosupporttheconceptualanddetailedthermal
designandtheverification.
The interface heat flow between all subsystems are controlled with the Thermal Interface
MathematicalModel(TIMM)ofthecompletesatellite.
The thermal compatibility with the launcher environment is verified with a special ARIANE
dedicatedmodelofERS1.
ToexecutethecalculationsESAstandardprogramsareused:
VWHEAT,tocalculateradiationcouplingsandabsorbedexternalfluxes.
SINDA,fortemperaturecalculations.
The basic thermal design of the PEM has been defined with a flexible 100 node model. In addition,
detailedmodelsofeachsidepanel(100nodeseach)havebeenestablishedtosupportandrefinethe
globaldesign.
ForverificationbyThermalBalanceTestsandfinalflightpredictionsathermalmathematicalmodel
(of 400 nodes for the PEM) has been established. This model also includes the Antenna Support
Structuretohaveoneconsistenttemperaturepredictionforthermaldistortioncalculations.
Testdefinition
Definition of proper steady state cases are essential to perform a good model correlation. Artificial
cases,butclosetorealityhadtobedefined.Steadystateconditionswereachievedbyoperatingthe
instruments in continuous mode, disabling the heater system, adjusting fast spin (4 rpm) and no
day/nightsimulation.Thesteadystatecasesweretodeterminethelevelandtemperatureinsidethe
PEM.Thetransientcaseshadtoverifythetemperatureexcursionsofhighlydissipatingunits.
Theproperperformanceoftheheatpipesunder1gconditionsrequireaprecisehorizontallevelling.
TheThermalBalanceTestwascomposedof10testphases(seeTable104).Thesecaseswerederived
fromthedesigncaseswhichrepresenttheenvelopeofworstconditions.Theobjectivesofthesecases
arealsoreportedinTable104.
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Table104:ThermalBalanceTestPhases.FromHaimler,KampandPieper(1990)
TestPhase
Sunsimulation
Inten
sity
[W/m2]
Day/Night
Simulation
[h]
PayloadHotA
Steadystate
1600
no
31
PayloadHotB
SteadyState
1600
no
27
1600
no
10
PayloadHotB
Transient
PayloadHotA
Transient
GRMcold
transient+
contingency
phase
Cooldownto
safemode
Safemode
steadystate
Payloadoff
steadystate
MotionSimulator
Duration
Spin
Shroud
Temp.
[K]
Space
craftAxis
Instruments
Operation
Heaters
off
4rpm
Vertical
100
Steadystate
4rpm
Vertical
100
Steadystate
4rpm
Vertical
100
transient
timeline
1600
no
3,5
4rpm
Vertical
100
transient
timeline
1600
yes
19+5
1r.p.orbit2 Vertical
4rpm
100
transient
timeline
Vertical
100
off
no
1,5
off
off
off
TestPhase
Objectives
Temperature
distribution
(Achain
operating)
Temperature
distribution
(Bchainoperating)
Temperature
excursions
(Achain
operating)
Temperature
excursions
(Bchainoperating)
Verificationof
softwarecontrolled
heatsystem
(LL1,LL2,HL)
Determinationof
averagetime
constant
on1
(LL1,LL2,HL)
Verificationoflow
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TestPhase
Sunsimulation
Duration
Inten
sity
[W/m2]
Day/Night
Simulation
[h]
1350
no
31,5
1600
no
33,5
1600
yes
20,5
Orbital
transient
MotionSimulator
Spin
HPA
radiator
sun
oriented
4rpm
Shroud
Temp.
[K]
Space
craftAxis
Vertical
100
Vertical
100
tilted22,5 100
1r.p.orbit2 deg
Heatersswitchonprecautionally(LL1/2=lowlevel1/2heaterbus,HL=highlevelheaterbus).
1Orbit=100min.
Heatpipenotoperatingduetotilt.
1
2
3
Instruments
Operation
off
off
AMI:of3all
otherson
(transient)
Heaters
TestPhase
Objectives
levelheatersystem
LL1,LL2:on
HL:off
Verificationof
low+highlevel
heatersystem
on
(LL1,LL2,HL) Verificationof
thermaldesign
withinflightsun
on
incidence
(LL1,LL2,HL)
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GRM:GlobalReferenceMission.
In the Global Reference Mission (GRM) the inflight scenario was reproduced as close as possible:
theinstrumentswereoperatedasinflight,theheatersystemwasactivelycontrolled,andaslowspin
witheclipsesimulation.IntheSafeModeandPLOffphasestheaimwastoconfirmthattheinstalled
powerisenoughtoguaranteetherequiredtemperaturelevels.
In the orbital transient phase the aim was to verify the complex radiation exchange within the
AntennaSupportStructureandtheefficiencyofthesmallradiatorsonthePEMtoppanel.
Definition of steady state conditions: when about 800f selected thermocouples showed temperature
variationsoflessthan0,5Koveraperiodof5hours.
TemperaturePredictionUncertainties
Passive uncertainties: uncertainties due to specimen and environment parameter tolerances, and
modellization error. Do not apply in cases and areas where heaters are effective (to cope with
uncertainties).
Active uncertainties: set point tolerances of thermostats and thermistors usedfor heater control and
tolerancesintheassumedtemperaturedifferentialsbetweenthermostatsorthermistorsandtheunits
tobecontrolled.
Testcorrelationcriteria
Thecriteriaforcorrelationarethefollowing:
1.
Maximum deviation in overall temperature level in all equipment nodes equal or less
than1,5K.
2.
Maximumindividualdeviationofallelectronicequipmentequalorlessthan5K(10K)
forequipmentmountedinside(outside)thePEM.
Testevaluation
Threestepswereconsidered:
1.
Duringthetestcomparisonoftheresultsagainstthepretestpredictions.
2.
After the test a data base is created, containing all data test, and predictions are made
consideringtheactualtestconditions,tocomparewithtestresults.
3.
Correlationsbetweentheupdatedmathematicalmodelandthetestresults,toverifyand
validateforflightpredictions.
This process showed a good temperature correlation. Three modifications of the model were
consideredtorefinethemodelandcorrectbothaleveloffsetandsomepunctualdiscrepancies.
Theaimsofthecorrectionswere:
1.
To trim the radiator areas of the flight model to assure a minimum heater power
consumptionforcoldoperationalphases.
2.
To improve the behavior of those instrument units which possess a temperature

dependentperformance.
3.
Tocomputeaccuratethermaldistortionbudgets.
Thefactorsconsideredforthesecorrectionswere:
1.
Incorporation of a temperature dependent linear conductivity for the honeycomb core

material,notpreviouslyconsidered.
2.
Refiningofthethermoopticalpropertiesoftheradiators.
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3.
Updateofconductanceandradiativecouplings.
Aftertheincorporationofalladjustmentsintothemathematicalmodelmostofallthermocoupleson
units inside the PEM fulfilled the correlation criterion of 5 K. In transient phases temperature
excursionsdeviatedlessthan4Kfromobservations.
SomeresultsareshowninFigure106andFigure107andTable105.Inthiswayareductionof15%
inthefinalradiatorareawasconsideredfortheflightmodel,saving100Wheaterpowerduringcold
operationphases.
Figure106:TemperaturedifferencehistogramsforthePLOffPhase.From
Haimler,Kamp&Pieper(1990).
Figure107:TransienttemperaturebehaviourofIDHTTWTs:a)Predicted,b)
measured.FromHaimler,Kamp&Pieper(1990).
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Table105:FinalLevelCorrelationStatus.AverageMeasuredPredictedDeviation
forSteadyStateCase
Item
HotA
HotB
SafeMode
PLOff
AMIHPA
2,6
3,3
3,0
1,9
RFAccesories
5,4
5,8
1,5
3,0
AMI
2,9
4,3
3,2
2,4
RA
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,7
IDHT
0,4
1,0
2,3
1,6
CROSS+TOP
1,3
2,6
2,2
1,8
AOCS
2,3
1,8
4,4
1,0
LEVEL
1,3
2,1
0,3
0,1
10.6.2
Thermal vacuum test
Objective: verify the operational and functional performance of the payload at low and high
qualificationtemperaturelevelsinvacuum.
Schedule:20days
3,5forpumpdown,backoutandcooldown
9,5fortheThermalBalancepart
7,0fortheThermalVacuumpart
Noadditionalinformationonthissubjectwasavailableatthetimeofcompilation.
References:M.Haimler,E.Overbosch&E.Pieper,1987[24];G.Jander,F.Zilly&R.Bisanz(1988)[29];
INTERAVIA(1989)[28];M.Haimler,A.Kamp&B.Pieper(1990)[23];M.Ege(1991)[19];R.Franciset
al.(1991)[21].
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ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 15A

Terms and definitions ............................................................................................... 12

Abbreviated terms .................................................................................................... 12

4 International ultraviolet explorer (IUE)................................................................18

Main characteristics of the satellite ..........................................................................20

Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 22

Design tradeoffs .......................................................................................................24

Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 24

Estimated on orbit performance ...............................................................................25

5 Orbital test satellite (OTS)....................................................................................29

Main characteristics of the satellite ..........................................................................32

Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 35

Design tradeoffs .......................................................................................................36

Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 36

Estimated on orbit performance ...............................................................................42

Measured in orbit performance ................................................................................ 42

Main characteristics of the satellite: .........................................................................50

Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 51

Design tradeoffs .......................................................................................................52

Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 52

Estimated on orbit performance ...............................................................................54

6.10 Measured on orbit performance ...............................................................................57

7 Infrared astronomical satellite (IRAS).................................................................58

Spacecraft main characteristics ............................................................................... 60

Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 62

Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 64

Test of the spacecraft system ..................................................................................67

Test of the superfluid Helium Dewar ........................................................................ 68

Test of the plug...........................................................................................69

Prelaunch preparations ..............................................................................70

7.10 On orbit performance of the spacecraft .................................................................... 71

8 Satellite probatoire dobservation de la terre (SPOT)........................................76

Main characteristics of the satellite ..........................................................................77

Thermal design requirements................................................................................... 80

Functional modes ....................................................................................... 80

Limiting temperatures .................................................................................81

Design tradeoffs .......................................................................................................83

Thermal control of various components ................................................................... 84

Batteries compartment ...............................................................................85

High-resolution visible range instruments................................................... 87

Payload telemetry system .......................................................................... 90

Estimated on-orbit performance ...............................................................................92

Batteries compartment ...............................................................................93

High-resolution visible range instrument .................................................... 95

Payload telemetry system .......................................................................... 95

Thermal design requirements................................................................................. 102

Thermal control ......................................................................................................102

Thermal test of olympus-1 ......................................................................................105

Thermal vacuum test ................................................................................106

Infrared test ..............................................................................................109

Thermal balance test of the engineering model ....................................... 126

Thermal vacuum test ................................................................................132

Terms and definitions

Mission Adapter Module (MAM)

VHF System used during transfer orbit

Earth and Sun sensors for ground

Rate gyros and analog Sun sensors for

Inertial Reference Assembly (IRA). Six

Apogee Boost Motor (ABM) and

Main characteristics of the satellite

Thermal design requirements

Thermal control of various components

Estimated on orbit performance