Dela Pena, Paulo C.

ECE122L/B12
Group 1
Interpretation of Results
The first experiment for this subject is Introduction to Digital Communications. It is
divided into two parts. The first part is about introduction to digital signals and the second part is
all about PCM Encoding.
Practical Number 1 aids the students on the concept of information and its representation
in digital communication. We first started by setting up the appropriate knob positions on the
right side of the board. When a signal at a low state is represented by 0 and the high state be 1,
the information system is cold digital form. On the program shown on the screen, we can see that
there is no information at Rate 1 but both Rate 2 and Rate 3 carries information with Rate 3
having a higher frequency than Rate 2.
For Practical Number 2, we observed the signals using the oscilloscope and spectrum
analyser on the program. We then filled out the table which is consisted of the Bit Duration, Bit
Rate, and the Magnitude at 160 kHz of Rates 1,2,and 3. The magnitude at 160 kHz at all rates are
equal and at Rate 1, there is no Bit Duration and Bit Rate. We then drew the spectra of Rates 2
and 3 as seen on the spectrum analyser. We also recorded the values of the frequency
components are present for. The bandwidth is required by a signal dependent on the bit rate.
On Practical Number 3, there are 7 patterns given which is to be used to find their
difference and observe the signals each pattern generate. The frequency components vary as the
bit patterns are changed. At a frequency of 32 kHz, patterns 2 and 3 have a gain of -5 dB. At 16
kHz, patterns 4 and 5 almost have an equal gain at approximately -43 dB. Lastly, at 8 kHz,
patterns 6 and 7 have a gain approximately equal to -37 dB. The patterns 2 and 3 occupies the
greatest bandwidth among the seven patterns given that they produce the least bandwidth.
The second part of Experiment 1 is about PCM Encoding. PCM Encoding have different
coding systems such as Morse, CCITT-2, ASCII, and EBCDIC. We drew the waveforms
generated by the four coding systems. From the given waveforms, we have observed that the
CCITT-2, ASCII, and the EBCDIC have the same length for code representation on the given.
On Practical Number 2, we adjusted the knobs to provide the best received square wave,
and then observed the characters received on the screen. The letter received does not account to
the transmitted letter because the received data in the asynchronous transmission cannot be
decoded. As the total number of bits increases, the efficiency of transmitting the character
decreases.
Lastly on Practical Number 3, we set the transmitted letter to A. The received letter is
the same with the transmitted character. The display flashes between two letters because the sync
bit is off. Based on observation, the received data is the same with the transmitted letters.

Conclusion

Were able to understood and got introduced to the concepts of information and its
representation in digital communications.
The knobs on the right side of the workboard can be used to get what is desired for a
certain application
Were able to examine how fast the information is being transferred and its relation to the
frequency spectrum.
The Bit Duration can be related to the period while the bit rate can be related to the
frequency in analog communications.
The spectrum analyser was used to observe the signals in the frequency domain.
Were able to observe the bandwidth and spectrum of a pulse train. The pulse train is a
series of pulses having the same characteristics.
The pattern that occupies the greatest bandwidth was found out using the gains and the
display of the spectrum analyser.
Were able to define what is Pulse Code Modulation Encoding and its communication
codes namely : Morse code, CCITT-2, ASCII, and EBCDIC.
We have been familiarized with the transmission of data asynchronously, the need of
certain bits like the start and stop bits, and its coding efficiency.
We found out that the bit clock recovery for serial synchronous transmission is very
essential for practical applications.
Were able to understood the difference between the synchronous communication and the
asynchronous communication.