Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Indian Standard: Second Revision)
Indian Standard: Second Revision)
Indian Standard: Second Revision)
(RootfIrmed
Indian Standard
1990)
( Reaffirmed 1996 )
Second Revision )
Fourth Reprint MAY 1993
Q CopVrrghr1976
BUREAU
MANAK
Gr 9
OF
BHAVAN.
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARC3
September 1976
IS:707-1976
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS APPLICABLE TO
TIMBER TECHNOLOGY
AND UTILIZATION
( Second Revision )
Tirnbcr
Sectional
Committee,
BDC 9
Rcprrsentiq
Chairman
Ministry of Agriculture
SHRI S. K. SETH
Members
CopUrighf 1976
18:707-1976
( Confinuedfrom page 1 )
Re,brrsen;ing
Members
SHRI S. PASIIUPATI
Pradesh,
Timber
Terminology
and Classification
Subcommittee,
BDC 9 : 1
DR S. K. PURKACASTHA
( Wood
Members
Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board )
ADDITIONALDIRECTOR( TIMBER)
SHRI R. K. BHANSALI( Alternate )
Forest Department, Government of Uttar
SHRI H. C. DAY
Lucknow
Pradesh,
Bhopal
SHRI S. K. AWASTHY (
SHRI K. RAMESHRAO
SHRI K.C. SAHNI
SHRI A. c. SEKHAR
Al&mate)
iSr707.1976
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS APPLICABLE TO
TIMBER TECHNOLOGY AND UTILIZATION
( Second Revision1
0.
FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 21 February 1976, after the draft finalized by the
Timber Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
0.2 A series of Indian Standards covering timber and timber products has
been published by the Indian Standards Institution.
These standards
include a large number of technical terms relating to timber and timber
products. The extensive use of these terms and their likely misconstruction
have necessitated the preparation of this glossary.
0.3 This standard was first published in.1958 and subsequently revised in
1968. In the 1968 version of the standard all the terms used in various
Indian Standards on timber and timber products published by this
Institution up to the year 1967 were included.
0.4 The standard is now being revised again to include a large number of
additional terms commonly used in different aspects of timber technology
and utilization.
However, since it is likely to take some time to finalize
and include all such terms in this glossary at one time, it has been
felt desirable to do so in a phased manner.
Accordingly, it has been
decided to include additional terms in respect of each of the following
aspects of timber technology and utilization as and when the definitions of
the related terms are finalized:
a) Wood anatomy,
b) Preservation and seasoning,
c) Wood poles,
d) Timber conversion and grading, and
e) Timber engineering.
In keeping with the above approach, the existing title of the standard
has also been modified.
ts : 909 - 1996
0.4.1 The dclitritions of additional terms relating to wood anatomy, not
already covered in the 1968 version, have been finalized and are being
Besides, a few of the terms already covered in
included in this revision.
the earlier version have also been revised.
1. SCOPE
1.1 Tllis standard covers dehnitions of common terms applicable
to timber
technology and utilization.
KoTE - Botanical
features and other purely scientific terms are excluded
from the
scope of this standard.
2.
DEFINITIONS
A
Air-Dried
seasoning.
The
condition
of timber
which
has been
subjected
to air-
Timber
Air-Seasoning
and rain.
All-Heart
sapwood.
Seasoning
-Timber
Timber
in open
containing
layer
seasoned
heartwood
of wood
formed
protected
protected
air
one
years
from
from
sun
free from
growth
is : 707 - 1976
At
the &se - A term which means at the ground level while measuring
the diameter of standing trees as contrasted with the terms at the stump
and at breast height .
At the Stumh -
Back -
Ballies Bark -
Thin round
The covering
Bark Pockets
to the face.
po!es usually
without
bark.
Bark enclosed
or occluded
whose cross-sectional
dimensions
do not
Batten
8 cm
which
grain
outer
FIG. 2
BATTEN
Baulk -
BOARD
dimensions
exceed
Beam -
A structural
timber generally long in proportion
to its width and
thickness and used for supporting
load primarily by its internal resistance
to bending.
In commercial
practices
it is sometimes
used to mean
Ritches .
Bearer -A
purpose
beam
of carrying
supported
at two or more points and provided
other members.
5
for the
IS : 707 - 1976
Bent Wood -
M&t
-A
bknt
to shapl.
Binder -
Blank-
-Anything
that mars the appearance of wood but is not serious
enough to be classed as defect.
Blemish
of the constituent
FIG. 3
BLOCKBOARD
Blocking
Blocks
Board* -A
Bole -
Bolt -
Bond -An
Bonding -
IS : 707 - 1976
Borer Hole -A
other organisms.
hole caused
by the attack
FIG. 4
_
of wood
boring
insects
and
of
Bow
FIG.
BOXED HEART
IS t 707 - 1976
Braces -
Diagonal
members
in framework.
Brash Wood -
with
little
or no
splintering.
involved in sawing a log longitudinally
Break-Down - Initial operation
from the round into cants and also converting
cants into large sizes of
timber preparatory
to manufacture.
Breast Height - Height above ground level at which the girth of a tree
It is taken as I.37 m. The term callipering
is generally measured.
height is also suggested for future USC.
Burl -See
Burr -
branch
Burr .
that
is formed
the trunk
on
or the
Butt -
of the trunk.
C
Callus -Tissue
growth
Cambium
between
to an injury
dividing
to a tree,
cells ( cambial
the
initials
Cant - Thick piece of timber with or without squared edges, sawn from
a flitch or a log and intended for further conversion into smaller sizes.
Case Hardening
-A
condition of timber during seasoning in which the
different layers of wood are under stress by b&g under compression across
the grain ( usually due to rapid surface drying in the kiln).
Cell -
structural
A compartment
bounded by a wall of its own constituting
unit of wood and other plant tissues.
Outermost
of a cell usually
comprising
the basic
several
middle lamella.
IS : 707 - 1976
Secondary Cell Wall Centre Heart Chain Groove
Chamfering
timber.
Bevelling
Grain -
Minor
A bolt
-
the pith.
See Napha .
or
machining
Check -A
separation of fibres along
face of a piece of wood.
Chipped
Lvall.
chipping
the
,sharp
the grain
edge
which
of a piece
is confined
of
to one
of surface of timber.
Timber
Closed Assembly
Time - The time elapsing between
joint components and the appfication of pressure.
assembly
of the
of timber
unit
primarily
roof battens
of a forest
Components
of Fence - Various items, such as posts,
rods and fixtures, which go to form a pre-designed fence.
for
rails,
by induand roof
purposes
strips,
of
guy
Composite Bolt - Sticks from the upper and lower portions of the same
log to be tested in a particular
condition ( green or dry)
and bundled
together.
Compression
Failure-Deformation
caused by the wood bring overstressed in compression due to normal forces during the growth of the tree
or felling trees on irregular
ground or rough handlmg
of logs.
lhe
deformations range from well-defined buckling of the fibrcs, visible to t!lc
eye as wrinkles across the fqce of the piece, to slight crinkling of fibrcs.
IS t 707
1976
The inner
Core Board -A
batten board.
Crook -A
That
term
for block
board,
laminated
board
and
curved
Cross Band -A
general term indicating
veneers in composite wood products.
Cross Break -
Break or fracture
Cross-Cutting -
Crotch -
wood product.
short length
Cross-Grained
from a direction
of
Sawing
timber
timber.
a transverse
layer
of veneer
or
deviates
CUP - A curvature
piece (see Fig. 6 ).
in a piece of timber
Curvature or Sweep -
Deviation
or width
of the
Cylindrical Log -A
log is cylindrical
when it has its least diameter at
every cross section more than 80 percent of the greatest diameter
at the
same section, including flutes or trimmed buttresses within these limit.q,
10
is : 707 f 1976
FIG. 6
CUP
D
Timber
To remove
Decay - Disintegration
or other micro-organisms.
produced
having
Degrade - Development
of any defect,
lowers the grade of a piece of timber.
Delamination -
trees.
Separation
attractive
blemish
of plies or laminae
appearance
due to
or imperfection
through
failure
that
of glue.
of
li
IS : 707 - 1976
Diffuse Porous Wood-Wood
in which the pores are of fairly uniform
size and evenly distributed throughout the growth ring ( see Fig. 7 ).
Gum
Duct-
-Pore
SAL
(Shorto
FIG.
Dimension
purpose.
Stock -Timber
robusta
DIFFUSE
sawn
>
POROUS WOOD
to
exact
dimensions
for
a special
Disc-Dowel
- A circular disc of very hard wood shaped in the form of a
double conical frustum used for joining two pieces of timber in construction
work.
Discolouration
does not impair
-A
change from the normal
the strength of the wood.
colour
of the
wood which
in the log
-A
12
a drag
IS : 907 - 1976
Dressed Timber
the exact required
-Timber
condition.
to
deficiency
Durability - Resistance
like insects and fungi.
Duramen
the surface
along
of timber
by means
See Heartwood
on
of
board
destruction
.
E
Early Wood - The portion of wood that is formed during the early
of the growth season, usually in the form of thin-walled cells.
Edge-Grained
Edging
Timber
Straightening
Round Edge -
See Quarter-Sawn
Timber
part
Splayed Edge -
A chamfer
extended
Surface Edge -
Edgiags
- Strips, sometimes
edges of converted timber.
including
of the timber.
the
Elastic Limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation rernaiuing upon the complete release
of the stress.
Element
A general
term occasionally
This term
by the load.
Cracks
to cell.
IS
change in
used to describe the permanent
Elongation is sometimes referred to as perma-
End CoatingCoating
applied
drying and subsequent splitting.
End Cracks
used as an alternative
appearing
to
13
layer
to retard
end-
of the timber.
of culm
often
strongly
PS : 707 - 1976
Equilibrium
Moisture
Content
- The
moisture
in a constant condition
material.
Extender
of gluing
curling
.
Long,
narrow,
Syn. Wood-Wool
wood
shavings
content
which
is
of temperature
and
used
as
Extension
- The term
caused by the load.
is used to describe
the total
linear
packing
the cost
deformation
F
Face -
The better side of the plywood panel in any grade calling for a face
,and a back; also, either side of a panel where the grading rules draw no
distinction
between faces.
Fence Posts -
Scgmcntal
section,
by sawing
only by splitting.
rectangular
in cross
Fence
posts which
are
approximately
circular
in
cross section.
Segmental Fence Posts -
comparatively
narrow
cell of wood
or bast with
closed
of the
wood.
ends.
14
IS : 707 - 1976
Fibre Saturation
Point -The
condition
of timber
with respect to
moisture content when all free water has dried out and the cell walls are
saturated with moisture.
Ab ove this moisture content there is no significant variation in strength, shrinkage or other physical properties.
Fibril-A
thread-like
or light microscope.
component
of ccl1 walls,
visible
is equivalent
under
an optical
to macrofibril
as
Figure - A general term applied to distinctive markings ( usually decorative ) on cut wood surfaces due to variations in colour, grain, lustrc, ctc,
and structural features like knots, large rays, conspicuous growl 11 rings and
prominent parenchyrna.
The principal types of figures gcnera!ly recognized
are as follows.
Bear Scratch - Figure produced
finished timber has tllc appearance
by dislortions
of tllc grain
of clongatcd eyes.
which
in
Feather
Figure
course
of the
Syn.
and Plume .
15
IS:707-1976
Mottle - Figure produced by irregular wavy grain, giving the appearance
of light and dark spots or blotches; several drfferent forms of mottle are
recognized.
See Curl above.
Plume @i/ted-
Figure
Stripe-Figure
produced
Syn. Ribbon Grain .
on quarter-sawn
on quarter-sawn
timber
timber
by conspicuous
by interlocking
grain.
stripe rrfers to a vrry rrgular stripe figure running more or less the
type of stripe
of the pieces; broken stripe or roe grain to a discontinuous
Ribbon
Figure
Swirl knot.
material.
of quilted
produced
by irregular
of a crotch
or
Wavy-Figure
produced by an arrangement
of fibres, etc, in the form
Syn. Wavy Grain . Cf. Cudy and Fiddle
of waves or undulations.
Back .
Fill -
towers.
Timber
employed
GiqTangential
longitudinal.
Formation -The
for particle board.
Forming
See Formation
depression
16
indicate
Sawn Timber
to
fire-retarding
-
by
whose cross-sectional
dimensions
to form
a mat
IS : 707 - 1976
Fortifier - A substance used primarily
durability of hot setting urea resins.
to increase
and
Frame Work - The frame work is the structure consisting of the edge
primarily
to the
members,
diagonal
braces and struts that contribute
strength and rigidity of crate.
G
Gap - A void in the core due to a split or due to edges of adjacent
not being close.
veneers
Gap Filling Adhesive - An adhesive suitable for use in those joints where
the surfacts to bc joined may or may not be in close or continuous contact
owing either to impossibility
of applying adequate pressure or to slight
inaccuracies in machining.
Girdling - To cut a ring through the bark and outer living layers of wood
in a continuous incision all round the bole of a tree.
Glue-Line - The resultant layer of adhesive
two adjacent wood layers in an assembly.
effecting
union
between
any
Grade
a)
Noun -Accepted
according
b)
Verb -
classification
to quality.
To sort timber
of
into different
timber
accepted
or
timber
products
classes.
different
characteris-
b)
The plane
slash.
Certain
types of figures,
swirl and wavy.
d)
Defects in
contributes,
woolly.
for example,
for example,
curly,
ribbon,
roe, silver,.
coarse,
even, fine,
It ia recommended
17
to (a) only.
IS : 707- 1976
Across the Grain -Any
direction in the plane at right angles to the general
direction of the fibres and other longitudinal
elements of the wood.
Syn.
Perpendicular
to the Grain .
Along the Grain -
Close Grain -
See Coarse
under
under
Texture
See Quarter-Sawn
Texture
Timber
growth
rings
Texture
( Figure
around
wood, slight
knots or resin pockets.
Edge Grain -
undulations
See Quarter-Sawn
in the
Timber
fibres,
such
as occur
End Grain -
direction
Even Grain -
Fine Grain -
Flat Grain -
See Plain
Fuzzy Grain -
under
under
Sawn Timber
See Woolly
Grain
Texture
Texture
.
.
below.
Interlockkd Grain -A
type of grain in which the alignment
or verticai elements changes direction or reverses periodically
layers.
Syn. Interwoven
Grain .
NQTE -
18
of the fibres
in successive
IS : 707 - 1976
Loosened Grain - A defect on a flat sawn surface caused by the separation
01 raising of wood fibres along the growth rings. Cf. Raised Grain .
See c Coarse Texture under c Texture .
Open Grain -
Quarter Grain -
See Quarter-Sawn
Timber .
Raised Grain - A defect primarily due to the use of blunt cutters, consisting
of a roughened condition of the dressed surface of timber, in which some
portions of the growth layers are higher than others; it is accentuated by
differential shrinkage.
Cf. ( Loosened Grain .
Ribbon Grain Rift Grain Roe Grain -
See c Quarter-Sawn
Figure .
Timber .
See Brashness .
Side Grain - Any surface cut parallel to the general direction of the fibres.
Cf. End Grain .
SilverGrain -
Slash Graiq -
axis of
NOTE- It is measured as a gradient expressing the ratio of two sides of a rightangled triangle, one parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member and the other perpendicular to it.
Spiral Grain - Grain in which the vertical elements are aligned spirally
in the bole of a standing tree or a log.
Straight Grain - Grain in which the fibres or longitudinal elements are
aligned parallel to the axis of the tree or the longitudinal surfaces of
a piece of timber.
See
Torn Grain-A
machine defect of surfaced timber where the fibres of the
wood have been torn out around knots and curly places by the action of
planer knives, tools or other matters.
19
IS : 707 - 1976
Twisted Grairz -
UnevenGrain -
Vertical Grain -
See Quarter-Sawn
Wavy Grain -
Timber .
often within
NOTE - It is often the cause of distortion and rough patches on the surface of dressed
timber or veneer. See also Swirl Grain above.
Woolly Grain - A defect caused by the tendency of the fibres to fray out
in machining, so producing a rough surface. Syn. Fuzzy Grain .
Green TimberFreshly felled timber which has not lost much of its moisMoisture
ture or timber which still contains free water in its cell cavities.
content of such timber is above fibre saturation point.
Ground Line - The girth line up to which a wood pole may be fixed
in ground in actual use.
RateIn timber, confined to the radial increase and commonly
expressed as the number of growth rings per linear unit measured radially
on the cross section of a log or piece of converted timber.
Growth
Growth
season.
Ring -A
layer of wood apparently produced in one growing
The duration of a growing season may not always be one year.
ring.
Growth,
Secondary
Gum Ducts -
A term
20
IS : 707 - 1976
etrtn Vein b A local accumulation
of gum in the form of a streak 01
shield-like
tangential
plate of varying size, as seen on the longitudinal
surface.
A supporting
inclined piece of timber
Guy Rodvertical post particularly at the corners of the fence.
used along
with the
H
Hair Split grain.
superficial
separation
of fibres along
the
Cemtre -
See Centre
hole
with
no
living
borers
and not
Heart .
Heartwood -The
inner portion of wood in a tree or a log, which is
generally of a darker colour.
It is usually devoid of living cells and reserve
materials like starch and, therefore, is less liable to insect and fungal attack
than sapwood.
False Hcartwood - Wood discoloured by natural causes, such as fungus,
frost and abnormal
conditions of growth, so that it simulates heartwood,
often markedly
irregular
in shape as seen on a cross section
of the
log.
Examples of false heartwood
are blackheart
and frost heart.
Syn.
c Pathological Heartwood .
Ripewood -Heartwood
which does not show appreciable
colour from sapwood, as in fir, mango, semul, gamari, etc.
Hewn Timber - Timber
are sometimes sawn.
Holes -
Cavities
Large Hole -
converted
Hole above
12 mm in diameter.
21
difference
The
means.
in
ends
IS : 707 - 1976
Pinhole - Hole not over 2 mm in diameter, usually darkly stained and
not containing bore dust or frass.
around holes or slots causing a ring of about 2.5 mm
Hole Zone -Area
width.
Hollow Heart - A cavity in the heart of the bole resulting from decay.
Honeycombing - Internal cracks (separation of fibres ) in timber due
to drying stresses.
Horizontal - The main horizontal members interconnecting columns.
I
lncipent Decay -
See Dote .
Insect Damage -
Joint etc.
FIG. 8
BUTT JOINT
Combed Joint - A joint formed by series of tenons engaged in corresponding slots ( seeFig. 9 ).
FIG. 9
COMBEDJOINT
22
IS:707-1976
Dovetnil Joint - A joint at the corner of two pieces in such a way that the
notches made on one are fitted exactly into projections
of corresponding
size and shape made in the other.
There are various kinds of dovetail
joints, for instance, lapped dovetail joint and wedge shaped dovetail joint,
joined in a way which will resist withdrawal except in the direction
in
which it was assembled ( see Fig. 10 ).
FIG.
10 DOVETAIL JOINT
FIG.
11
DOWEL
23
JOINT
IS : 707- 1976
Edge Joint - A joint made between two pieces of timber
general direction of the grain ( see Fig. 12 ).
FIG. 12
End Joint -
A joint
made between
or veneers in the
EDGE JOINT
remain
one
FIG. 13
LAP JOINT
FIG. 14
HALVED JOINT
&drf
joint - A lap joint in which the ends or edges are bevelled
the entire surface remains continuous
( see Fig. 15 ) .
Fro. 15
SCARFJOINT
24
and
18:707-1976
Mitred Joint -, A joint between two members at an angle in which the
jointing surfaces are cut to corresponding edges at the intersection.
Mortise and Tenon Joint -A
of one member fits into the
member ( see Fig. 16 ).
FIG. 16
MORTISEAND
TENON JOINT
FIG. 17
TONCWEAND GROOVEJOINT
25
IS : 707 - 1976
Joist -
A beam directly
Jungle Wood*
supporting
unclassified
timbers.
K
trade term to denote
Kadi -A
roof timbers.
Kerf -
scantlings
A saw cut.
used a3
humidity
A hard rounded
protuberance
18
26
in a kiln.
on the surface
FIG.
timber
and circulation
Syn. Kiln-
of the log.
KNOT
of air
by natural
IS I 707- 1976
ClassiJication
of Knots
A knot
knot -
in diameter.
Pin knot -
Small knot -A
not more
than
20 mm
in diameter.
Knots cIas$ied
Blind
according
knot -
to quality
A large occluded
knot
that
leaves
a pronounce
local
from common,axis.
A knot that
on the surface
of the
timber.
Hollow knot -
Live knot - A knot free from decay and other defects, in which the
fibres arc firmly intcrgrown
with those of the surrounding
wood.
Syn.
Intcrgrown
Knot . Cf. Dead Knot . See also Sound Knot below.
tissue.
An unsound
knot containing
Syn. Decayed Knot . See also Unsound
much
fungus-infected
Knot below.
Sound knot -A
tight knot free from decay, which
fact, and at least as hard as the surrounding
wood.
Tight
firm in position
knot -
A knot
in the piece.
American
as to remain
Unsound knot - A knot which is not solid across its face or which,
as a result of decay, is not as hard as the surrounding
wood.
If the
decay is advanced, there may be a hole in the centre with decay on the sides
of the hole.
Cf. Sound Knot . See also Punk Knot above.
37
IS:707-1976
Knots classified according to form OYshape
Oual knot - A knot with one axis longer than the other due to cutting
Cf. Round Knot
obliquely to the lengthwise direction of the branch.
and Splay Knot .
Round knot -- A knot revealed in a section cut approximately
at right
Cf. Splay Knot
and Oval
angles to its axis and so appearing
round.
Knot .
L
Laminated
and adhesive
Wood-An
of wood
having
a core of strips, each not exceeding
Board - A board
7 mm in thickness, glued together face to face to form a slab which in turn
is glued between two or more outer veneers, with the direction ofthe grain
of the core strips running
at right angles to that of the adjacent outer
veneers ( see Fig. 19 ).
Lamin
Fro.
19
LAMIN BOARD
Latewood
growth
28
in the later
part
of
IS:707-1976
Live Timber - Timber
the time of cutting.
Location -Location
is generally
timber is used in building.
referred
to as the exact
in which
timber
Lumber
place
where
remains
continu-
Log -
and living at
Converted
for conversion.
timber.
M
Medulla
See Pith .
of active
cell division,
thereby
adding
new
-A
A gradation
in the moisture
49
a tenon
wood
content
or
of
other
in successive
or dowel of corresponding
IS t 707 - 1976
Mould - A soft vegetative growth that forms on wood in damp, stagnant
atmosphere.
It is the least harmful type of fungus, usually confined to the
surface of the wood.
Moulding
Shaping
timber
to a required
outline
or contour.
Multi-layer
Particle
Board - A board made of several layers of like
material in which particles of different shapes and sizes may be used in
di.Kerent layers.
Multiply
Plywood
N
Napha -A
groove cut along the periphery
and near
for the purpose of dragging by use of rope or chain.
Narrow-Ringed
-Applied
to timber with relatively narrow growth rings.
Syn. Slow Grown , Close Grown and Fine Grown . Cf. Wide-Ringed
.
Natural Grown Trees - Trees grown in a forest either out of coppice
out of seeds under natural forest conditions.
Non-porous
Wood -
See Non-pored
or
0
Open Assembly
Time - The time
the adhesive and assembly of the joint
elapsing between
components.
the application
of
30
on the surface
in
an oven at
due to over-
IS : 707 - 1976
P
Parenchyma
of thin-walled
cells that are typically
- Tissues composed
brick shaped or isodiameteric
and have simple pits formed in wood from
(a) fusiform cambial initials by later transverse
division of the daughter
cells ( axial parenchyma
), or (b) ray initials ( ray or radial parenchyma
).
Syn. Soft Tissue and Storage Tissue .
NOTE- It primarily
concerns
with the storage and distribution
of food materials.
if occurring in the xylem,
It is termed as Wood Parenchgma
or Xylem Parcnchyma
and Phloem Parenchyma
if in the phloem.
Aliform
Parenchyma -
Paratracheal
as seen in cross section.
extensions
parenchyma
with
wing-like
lateral
Apotracheal Parenchyma
or vessels.
Terminal
typically independent
of pores
- Axial parenchyma
See also Banded Parenchyma
, Diffuse Parenchyma
and
Parcnchyma
below.
Axial Parenchyma -
initials.
Banded
Parenchyma
cells derived
Cf. Ray Parenchyma
.
Parenchyma -
Axial parcnchyma
forming
concentric
cambial
linen or bands
Conjluent Parenchyma
tangential
Parenchyma -
to be grouped in short
Syn. Diffuse-Zonate
.
NOTE-This
tangential
of the vessels
forming
irregular
Apotracheal
parenchyma
cells that tend
lines from ray as seen in cross section.
together
with reticulate
parenchyma.
Diguse Parenchyma -
buted irregularly
independent
or diagonal
LXJTuse-in-Aggregates
Banded if typically
with the vessels.
Single apotracheal
parenchyma
among fibres as seen in cross section.
vascular
Parenchyma
NOTE-This
parenchymas.
includes
Ray Parenchyma -
Radial
Axial parenchyma
associated
tracheids.
Parenchyma
scanty
Parenchyma
.
paratracheal,
composing
31
vasicentric,
aliform
and
confluent
Syn.
1s : 707 - 1976
Reticulate Parenchyma - A descriptive term for the net-like pattern formed
on the cross section by rays and regularly spaced bands or lines of axial
parenchyma,
when the bands or lines and the rays are of about the same
Cf. Scalariform
Parenchyma .
width and are same distance apart.
pattern
Scalariform
Parenchyma - A descriptive term for the ladder-like
formed on the cross section by rays and regularly spaced bands or lines of
axial parenchyma
when the latter are distinctly narrower than the rays.
Cf. Reticulate
Parenchyma
.
Scanty Paratracheal
chyma cells around
Incomplete
sheaths
of occasional
pareneither
at the
32
iS : 707- 1976
piece of sound veneer placed in and glued
Patch -A
which the defective portion has been removed.
to a veneer
from
It
tissue of the vascular plants.
Phloem - The principal food-conducting
occurs both as primary
and secondary
tissue and is usually,
but not
In the stems of most gymnosperms
and
invariably, associated with xylem.
dicotyledons
the secondary phloem is separated from the secondary xylem
The basic types of cells
from the cambium
from which it is derived,
of which it is composed are sieve elements, parenchyma
cells, fibres and
sclereids.
Pile - A structural member inserted into the ground, which transmits a
vertical load or lateral load to the subsoil through friction or end bearing
or a combination
of both.
Pit - A recess in the secondary wall of a cell,
closing membrane;
open internally to the lumen.
NOTE- Essential
components
of resin between
Pitch Pocket - Accumulation
wood as seen on the crosss section.
Pitch Seam - An opening
containing resin.
Pitch Streak -
together
and
the growth
rings and
Pith -The
soft tissues found near about
central core of the tree ( see Fig. 1 ) .
Pith Flecks - Irregular
result of injury by insects.
patches
the centrc
whose thickness
in the wood as a
face
5 cm but
Trees -Trees
raised in a plantation
from cuttings
taken out from a nursery or from direct sowing of
horizontal
member supported throughout
its length
Plate -A
vided for the purpose of distributing the load on a member.
Pleat - A defect due to a veneer being folded parallel
three thicknesses locally.
Plies - Individual
is exposed
veneers in plywood.
and pro-
IS : 707 - 1976
Plywood - A board formed of three or more iayers of veneer cemented or
glued together, usually with the grain of adjacent veneers running
at right
angles to each other.
Pocket Rot -
A decay
sound wood.
apparently
limited
to pockets
or small
areas surrounded
by
vascular
term
tracheid.
NOTEThe
round holes.
Pore-Chain
pores
Pore-Cluster
of convenience
are
often
visible
on
the
Pore-hlultifde
flattened
along
single pore.
end
surface
solitary
Pore-Multiple
A group of two
the lines of contact
section
of a vessel
of hardwoods
or
of
as small,
pores.
.
and
of a
fencing
A pore completely
-
See Pored
surrounded
Wood under
by other elements.
Wood .
used in an upright
position
Pot Life -
adhesive
Preservation
Treatment
of timber
with chemicals
in building,
parts
of an
so as to enhance
its
durability.
Primer
A n undercoat
required.
Principal Rafter -
A roof member
which supports
34
purlins.
painting
where
IS : 707 - 1976
Q
Quarter-Sawn Timber on the surface of plank.
Woodso sawn
R
Rabbet -
See Rebate .
See( Quarter-Sawn
members
of shutters
Timber .
of doors, windows,
panels or
are
now
restricted
to the
steaming
treatment
designed
Reaia
Strealrr
35
ISr707.1976
Wood in which the pores of early wood are
Ring Porous Wooddistinctly larger than those of the latewood and form a well-defined zone or
ring ( see Fig. 20 ).
Growth
Ring
Early
Wood
TEAK
(Tcctona
FIG. 20
Ripping -
Sawing
timber
grandis)
RING POROUSWOOD
lengthwise
supporting
tiles,
corrugated
See( Decay .
Timber
in the original
See Torn
Grain
round
form.
.
S
Sap Stain -
Discolouration
of the sapwood
mainly
due to fungi.
Sapwood - The outer layers of the log, which in the growing tree contain
living cells and food material.
The sapwood is usually lighter in colour
and is readily attacked by insects and fungi ( see Fig. ! ).
36
IS : 707 - 1976
included
in the heartwood,
having
the
Included
Sapwood - Wood
Living cells are no longer present
appearance
and properties of sapwood.
Syn. Internal
as in normal sapwood but reserve materials may remain.
Sapwood .
Scantling
dimensions
exceed
Mechanical
injury
scratches
or shallow
channels.
Scribe -
Seasoned
Timber
end of a member
to
Seasoning
-A
process involving
the reduction
of moisture
content
in
timber under more or less controlled
conditions
toward? or to an amount
suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used.
Shake -A
FIG. 21
Heart Shake -
Shakes occurring
Radial Shake -
A shake following
the appearance
between
adjoining
layers
of
SHAKE
An opening
rays.
ring.
37
IS : 707 - 1976
Shelf Life -The
period for which the adhesive or adhesive components
may be stored without affecting their suitability for use in accordance
with
the standard.
Shingle - A short, thin, rectangular
piece of timber, usually tapering in
thickness along the grain, used in the same way as tiles for covering the
roofs and sides of buildings.
Shooksdimensions
A set of components
of sawn timber ( or plywood ) of definite
intended to form a box, chest or crate.
The
reduction
in dimensions
of timber
which
takes place
during drying.
made
essentially
by the saw
Slat - A long narrow thin strip of wood as used for crates, Venetian
cooling towers, pencils, etc.
Pencil .Slat - In
185 x 65 x 6 mm.
pencil
manufacture,
sawn
Sleeper-A
piece of timber used as transverse
railway lines, usually square sawn.
piece
of
support
blinds,
wood
about
under
rails in
to the longitudinal
axis of
inclination
of the fibres
the member.
Slot-A
slot made around one end of a log to prevent
rope from slipping when the log is dragged.
the
method
of screwing
which leaves
Slot
Screwiog -A
to move in a slot to allow for expansion and contraction,
38
drag
the
chain
shank
or
free
IS : 107 ; 1976
snout
Pointed
Sokt Tissue
-See
Parenchyma
Undipped
hole,
of chemical
dote and
head.
edges
Open Split-A
with each other.
of
of the broken
or plywood.
from a straight
Fro. 22
SPRINTS
line drawn
fs : 707 - 1976
Spring Wood -
The early
of temperate climate.
timbers
Square -
Timber
wood in a growth
formed by slabbing
or variation
Staio --: Discolouration
cal reaction, fungi or other cause.
ring,
applicable
only to
process.
Stile -
A vertical
Bending
member
timber
of a definite
to the required
dimension
intended
of
of shutter frame.
used
or intended
Timber
for
use
consideration.
Strut -
A strut is an intermediate
frame member parallel to pair of edge
used to relieve those edge members of some of their load.
members
Stump -
Suitability Coefficient -A
numerical value attached to a timber giving
an idea about its suitability for particular
purpose.
Suitability
coefficients
are calculated from the physical and mechanical properties of the timber.
Summerwood timbers
of temperate
Swirl -
The latewood
climate.
in
a growth
Shallow longitudinal
a depth of9.5 mm.
ring,
separation
applicable
only
to
does
Seeunder Figure .
T
diminution
in girth
40
along
used to hold
the length
together
tS : 707 - 1976
Tenon - A tongue iike projection
into a corresponding mortise.
of timber
to fit
Term
to
indicate
relative
large
size
Indicates
size
or
and
distribution
wide distribution
wood
or both
of
or both
of
of wood
of wood
of wood
Three-Layer
Particle Board - A particle board made of three layers of
particles and resin mix, usually with finer and thinner particles for the top
and bottom layers and coarser and bigger particles for the core layer.
A
three-layer
board rnay consist of core of one species and the outer layers of
another spccics.
Resin content in a three-layer board is usually higher .in
the face layers than in the core layer leading to a sandwich construction
with stronger and denser skin.
Three-Ply
Ties -
Plywood
An American
board
A commercial
Timber
Timber
Ton -
A volumetric
rupture
Torn Grain -A
resulting in rough surface.
measure
and
Tracheid
elements.
-An
Trunk -
imperforate
lifting
wood
equivalent
41
to I.42 ma of timber.
of the surface
cell with
form.
bordered
grain
of the wood
pits to congeneric
IS : 707- 1976
Twist -
Fro. 23
TWIST
Tylosis -An
outgrowth from an adjacent ray or axial parenchyma cell
through a pit cavity in a vessel wall partially or completely blocking the
vessel lumen.
NOTE- Tyloses may be a few or manycrowdedtogether, thin or thick walled,
ur unpitted, with or without starch, crystals, resins, gums, etc.
pitted
V
Veneer - A thin sheet of wood of uniform thickness obtained
rotary cutting or sawing.
Vertical Grain Timber - See Quarter-Sawn
by slicing,
Timber .
IS : 707 - 1976
W
Wall Plate - A plate which rests directly upon a wall or offset to a wall
to receive and provide fixing for the ends of rafters or joists.
Wane - The original
of converted timber.
rounded
surface
of a tree remaining
Effect
caused by exposure
Used in general
sense, whether
or distor-
to weather.
Wide-Ringed
- Applied to timber with
Syn. Coarse-Grown
. Cf. Narrow-Ringed
Wood -
surface,
on a piece
relatively
.
commercial
wide
growth
rings.
or not.
of
.Non-pored Wood -Wood
devoid of pores or vessels, characteristic
Syn. Non-porous Wood *.
Cf. Pored Wood .
conifers ( see Fig. 24 ).
Growth
Ring
Lorly
Wood
Resin
COnolS
DEODAR
(Qdrur
FIG. 24
The
deodaraj
NON-PORED WOOD
43
IS : 707 0 1976
with vessels typical
Wood
Pored Wood -
of broad-leaved
trees.
Syn.
( Porous Wood *.
Reaction Wood - Wood with more or less distinctive anatomical
character,
formed typically in parts
leaning or crooked stems and in branches and
tending to restorethe original position if this has been disturbed.
of
NOTE
wood.
Wood
Preservation
Wood-Wool
See Preservation
See Excelsior
.
upon
the
growing
.tree
which
has subse-
X
Xylem - The principal strengthening
and water-conducting
tissue of stem
and roots, characterized
by the presence of tracheary elements.
xylem
differentiated
Primary Xylem - First-formed
meristem ( ordinarily at the edge of the pith ).
Secondary Xylem -
Wood produced
from
an
apical
by a cambium.
Y
an extension
BUREAU
OF
Headquerters
INDIAN
STANDARDS
Telegrams
331 I3 75
Offices :
: Manaksansttha
Central
l
: 331 01 31
331 01 31
I 331 13 75
37 86 62
21843
41 2916
6 32 92 95
380001
208005
Estate, PATNA
Offices
(With
Sale Point)
5 38 27
2 67 05
8-71 I9 90
3 31 77
23 10 83
6 34 71
21 68 76
5 56 07
Maiden,
8 21 01
T. C. No. 14/1421,
University P. 0.. Palayam.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
695034
Inspection
55 40 21
6 23 06
800013
Bagh-e-Ah
2 63 48
39 49 55
62 61 71
27 68 00
Approach.
Narasimharaja
Square.
5 24 35
89 66 28
22 39 71
,.
AMENDMENT
TO
( Second Revision )
( Page 6, Block Board ) -
definition:
Blockboa@ - Blockboard is a board having a core made up of strips of wood,
each not exceding 30 mm in width which may or may not be glued together and
thecore is glued between two or more outer veneers, with the direction of grains
of the core blocks running at right angles to the direction of grains of the adjacent
veneers.
(CED9).
Printedu Doe KayPrinters,New DeIhi, India