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A Grammar of The Telugu Language PDF
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TELUGU
GRAMMAR.
SECOND EDITION.
A Grammar of the Telugu Language. First Edition, 1840. Second edition, 1857.
English-Telugu Dictionary.
Telugu-English Dictionary.
Dictionary of Mixed Telugu, and the language used in business.
Telugu Reader -. being a first book in the language : with English Translation,
Grammatical Analysis, and Little Lexicon.
English Irregular Verbs explained in Telugu.
Telugu and English Dialogues, with Grammatical Analysis. These have also
been printed in Tamil : and in Kannadi.
The Vakyavali, or Exercises in Idioms : English and Telugu. This has also
been translated into Hindustani.
Telugu Disputations on Tillage business.
NOTEThe above hooks are all that the learner requires. The volume of
Histories must be added, when complete.
The Verses of Vemana : with an English Version. Printed in 1829.
Essay on Telugu Literature.
Zillah Dictionary ; a Glossary in the English Character.
The Proverbs of Solomon and the Book of Psalms : in Sanscrit metre :
reprinted in the Telegu character from the Calcutta edition.
Three Treatises on Mirasi Bight, by Ellis, Blackburne and Munro.
The Tale of Nala : and the Adventures of Harischandra ; in Telugu metre.
The Tales of Nala and of Savitri in Sanscrit : from the Mahabharat.
Cyolic Tables of Hindu and Musulman Chronology.
An Ephemeris, shewing the corresponding dates according to the English,
Hindu (Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam) and Mahomedan Calendars from
A.D. 1751 until 1850, with Table of events : and explanatory Preface, 600
pages royal octavo.
Memoirs of Hyder Ali Bahadar, and his son Tippoo Sultan, translated from
Marata into English.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
TELUGU
LANGUAGE
BY
CHARLES
PHILIP
BROWN,
SECOND EDITION:
Much Enlarged and Improved.
MADRAS:
flHBI.!OTfflECA|
RKGIA
PREFACE.
ii
PREFACE.
PREFACE.
iii
that " those who explain the poets have in all ages fallen into one
common error : they have illustrated and magnified themselves
first, and have given less thought to the work in hand."* The
same want ofjudgment is evident in the course which native tutors
recommend. Instead ofordinary dialogues, tales, trials, letters, and
histories, Telugu assistants counsel us to read the venerated Srj
Bhagavat(as a pious act), and the prose Telugu Ramayan, one or two
books of the Mahabharat, the Sanscrit vocabulary by Amara, the
versified set of Telugu synonymes called Andhra-Bhasha-Bhushanam, or the treatises on grammar written by Nannaiia Bhatta
and Appa Cavi.f Happily for me I never read one of these books
until I had already (about the age of twenty-seven) acquired a
command of the spoken Telugu.
I will mention some of the poems which seem profitable to the
proficient. He may begin with a perusal of the verses of Vemana.
These are useful as teaching a variety of common expressions.
Such a series of verses is called a Satacam, or Anthology. A few
of these little volumes are the works of accurate poets: others are
merely juvenile essays. Next he should read the Lila, written in
(dwipada,) couplets, and the Chenna Basava Puranam, which is
written in " padya-cavyam," or stanzas. These two are disagreeable
to Bramhans, as being heretical. He may then proceed to the four
different poems on Harischandra's adventures, quoted in the
dictionary as HK, HN, UH, and HD. He may then read the
Abhimanya Dwipada and the adventures of Kalapurna, finishing
with the Dasavatara Charitra and the Pancha Tantram. These
poems have all been carefully edited, and fitted with elaborate
commentaries framed in Telugu under my directions. Silly prose
abridgements of the Pancha Tantram, and of the Vicramarca
Tales have long been read by students, but are unprofitable.
Some who have not studied Hindu books speak of them as
licentious ; but there is more vice in Ovid's Metamorphoses, in
Congreve's plays, and in Lesage's romances, than will easily be
found in all Hindu literature.
* Huet, Preface to his Delphin edition of Virgil.
t These unprofitable books are still, in 1856, taught to native pupils in the
Madias University.
iv
PREFACE.
PREFACE.
PREFACE.
irregularities. But innovations can only be made by poets ; and
even such as they make do not always become current. My
province was merely to observe, record, arrange, and explain facts,
and to produce quotations in proof of my statements. A few years
ago I was shown a manuscript Grammar, which was professedly
an improvement of that I first published; but in reading it I found
that the author had merely inserted all that I had rejected, and
excluded such rules as were new, restoring the arrangement which
I disapproved.
Failing health having obliged me to return to England while
this work was in the press, the latter pages contain some errors ;
but there are none which will impede the progress of the student.*
If, in the arrangement of the rules, I have taken a new course,
it is because my great object has been to facilitate self-instruction,
making the learner independent of oral aid. " Every man (says
Parkhurst, in the Preface to his Greek Dictionary), who has
thought much upon so curious and extensive a subject as grammar,
may justly claim some indulgence to his own notions, and be allowed
his own peculiar method of communicating them to others." This
discretion may be profitably exercised when we have to examine
principles which are well understood by the commonalty, but
are obscured by refinements invented by the learned.
Our earliest English Grammars were arranged on the Latin
system; and the oldest grammatical treatises on Telugu were con
structed on the Sanscrit plan, though the two languages are radi
cally different. The native grammarians of the present day are
fond of the expression that " Sanscrit is the mother ;" but this does
not allude to its origin; it merely denotes dependance, because we
cannot speak Telugu without using Sanscrit words.
Some learned or half-learned natives find fault with the arrange
ment I introduced. Hitherto every path was overgrown with gay
weeds of pedantry, w7hich I have cleared away. While preparing
a second edition, I have been exhorted to replace some of the
riddles which they venerate, and which, in their eyes, render the
science mysterious. But it is to be observed that the learned
* In London I prepared the preface and sent it printed to Madras ; but the
packet was not received, and I therefore re-printed it, with some improvements.
PREFACE.
vii
have passed over in silence many points which called for clear
elucidation.
Some have wished me to exclude all notices of errors and
blemishes in style ; but how is the sailor to shun shoals and sands
unless they are pointed out in the chart? The poet (in 2 Henry IV.,
act 4, scene 4) observes that
" The prince but studies his companions
Like a strange tongue ; wherein to gain the language,
'Tis needful that the most immodest word
Be look'd upon, and learn'd: which once attain'd,
Your highness knows, comes to no further use
But to be known and hated."
Unless we read their books, and have daily communications with
the Hindus, what insight can we obtain into the minds of the people ?
We have no intercourse with them in society : we live among
them, as oil upon water, without mingling.* Many an English
man has been acquainted with the natives for years, while remaining
entirely ignorant of the peculiarities of the Hindu character.
Missionaries seek and enjoy greater facilities ; and such as have
studied the poems acknowledge that books are the best guides to an
acquaintance with the mind of the people. Some have severely
judged the Hindus from the stories contained in Sanscrit poems ;
but these are obsolete, and widely different from modern traits of
character. In like manner the prejudices of Hindus regarding
ourselves, can only be removed by a course of English reading.
We are well aware that an Englishman residing in France,
Spain or Germany, must become acquainted with the favourite
volumes of Rousseau, Calderon, or Goethe, before he can converse
idiomatically, or enter into the feelings of those around him. And
experience proves that the true key to those modes of thought, and
peculiarities of expression which in India occur daily, can be
found only in the classics of India.
* This was written before the Sepoy mutiny broke out in 1857.
STAATSniDLIOTHKK
I MUCNCHENv
CONTENTS OF GRAMMAR.
BOOK FIRST.
On Orthography p. 1. Alphabet 6. Vowels 8. Forms of initial
vowels in Dictionary and in use 18. Consonants 19. On Sunna
and Half Sunna 28. Caution to native tutors 32. Dialects 33.
Accent 34. Mode of enunciation 35. Contractions used in writing
36. On Coromandel 36. Majors and Minors 39. Numerals 40.
On Softening Initials 41. On lengthening final vowels 43. Elision
44. Changes in the last syllable, *&>|<S 45. On Terminations
in NI and NU 46. On uncertainty in spelling 47. On 'Termi
nations in a) Sj, 47.
BOOK SECOND.
On the Noun 49. First Declension 51. $J&^, s&>o3sr'o)
Second Declension 53. Xi^sSn.
^o-g5S 54. &!S8&3 54. 8$sfa> 55.
Third Declension 56. First class
57. Other nouns
58.
sS-P^- 59.
Second class 'a* 5$^ &c. 60.
Third class
&c. 62.
Fourth class
&c. 62. Neuter Numerals 63.
Fifth class tctom &c. 64.
Sixth class 'Spk 64.
Seventh fT[& 65.
Eighth -5-e 65.
Same plural used for two nouns/ 66. Foreign words 66.
BOOK THIRD.
Pronouns 68. Of First person 68. Second 69. Third person
69. Adjective Pronouns 74. Defective nouns 76. Adjectives 79.
CONTENTS.
BOOK FOURTH.
On the Verb 81. Principal parts 83. Radical forms 84. Silent
Roots 84. Infinitive forms 85. Participles 86. Tenses 87. "Rules
of Formation." Formation of the Negative verb 93.
First Conjugation 94. *So^)t>.
s$)^)tj 97. f**J 100. rfrii 103. Middle Voice *So^)"jSofc>
105.
CONTENTS.
Initial Consonants 169. Conjunctions 169. On the Emphatic affixes
A' E 0' 172. Changes in the first syllable 177. Elision of M.
178. Druta words 179. Cala words 180.
BOOK SIXTH.
Adjectives 181. Feminine affixes 184. Comparative and Super
lative 184. On Plurals 187. On Pritchett's Telugu New Testa
ment 188. Syntax of the Cases of the Noun. Nominative 192.
Combination of Nouns and Pronouns 193. Genitive 198. Dative
199. Accusative 200. Vocative 202. Ablative 203. Instrumental
206. Locative 206. Compound Nouns 207. Bulesregarding Proper
names 209. On Pronouns 213.
BOOK SEVENTH.
Syntax of the verb 219. Table of principal parts of Verbs
220. Syntax of the Verb 224. On Yes and No 225. On Kadu
and Ledu 226. On the Infinitive 228. in TA, DAMU, DI.
Monosyllabic verbs 230. The Boot in A. 231. and GA. On Sunna
optionally inserted as Banga, Kaluganga 232. On the Infinitive
in U 234. On Irregular Verbal Nouns 235. On the Negative
Verbal in MI 239. On Verbs 239. in INCUTA, IMPUTA and
ILLUTA. Syntax of Causal Verbs 240. On the Middle Voice
242.
BOOK EIGHTH.
On Participles 247. On the Present Participle 250. Od the
Past Participle 250. On the Compound Negative Tenses 251.
On the Past Belative Participle 252. On the Belative Aorist
Participle 253. On the Negative Participle " AKA" 255. On the
Negative Belative Participle in NI 256. On the Conditional Aorist
257. On the Imperative 259.
BOOK NINTH.
Syntax of the Tenses. The Aorist*261. The present Tense 267.
Future Tense 268. The Past Tense 269. On the Poetical Dia
lect 271. On Orthography 272. On Impersonal Verbs 273. De.
fectives 275. On the form used in prayer 275.
CONTENTS.
BOOK TENTH.
On certain Verbs used as Auxiliaries 276. On the formation
of Verbs from Nouns 278. On Keiteration 278. On Participles
284. On (Anucaranamu) Adverbial Particles 286. On some words
used Idiomatically 289. On Kules for finding words in the Dic
tionary 291.
BOOK ELEVENTH.
On Prosody 293. On the drawling style of reading 295. On
Feet 295. Feet having two syllables in each 297. On the Uni
form Metres 297. The Canda Padyam 301. On the Telugu chang
ing Metres 305. On the Dwipada 310. On some unusual Metres
311. On Musical Metres 315. On the Kagada Metre 316. On
the Dandacam 319. On the Taruvaja, Utsaha, and Accara 320.
On Ehyme 323.
CHAPTEB TWELFTH.
On Etymology 325. On Druta words 326. On Cala words 328.
On Softening Initial Consonants in Poetry 330. On Contraction
in Poetry 332. On Elision and change of Vowels 333. On some
Contractions 338. On Sanscrit Elision and Permutation 339.
Permutation of Vowels 340. Exceptions and Anomalies 341. Coa
lition of -Consonants 342. Mutations of Sibilants 342. Mutation
of g Visargah 342. On Compound Words 343.
APPENDIX.
On Arithmetical Marks 346. On Divisions of Measures 350.
Measures of Length 353. Points of the Compass 354. On Ety
mology. Tatsamamu 355. Tadbhavamu 356. On Desyamu, Gramyamu 357. On some abbreviations 358. Examination Questions
359.
FIRST INDEX.
FIRST INDEX.
"5"*w43 233.
^a^Ksio 307.
ijB?S 319.
bSo5g> 296.
oltfsS 254.
Sj^jSo4js Sx> 277.
r*fai> 84, 103, 105, 277.
r^oa 285.
Upsfc^i&D 357.
ffo(X-r3 5S<uo 306, 321.
tfossrsfc-e 299.
OiSjL 290.
^coag 289.
riesojS^SciSi 240.
so#r :s 319
EJOeJ^!S 7.
di^BosSa 51, 335, 355.
SSS^sSsSw 51,356.
$f>sSx> 286.
j^Jfe 52.
tfe$ 312.
c&sS 320.
Wtzr>& 336.
-ySb^ew 83.
^flo 72.
SSSeu 213.
Tfttfci&a 357.
174, 175, 179,
234, 256, 325, 329.
310.
?5 See English Index, in N.
jSjSjdfic ^cSfisfca 266.
iSrfb^-otfrto 288.
iSoiXocfi, fJ^ewfc 289.
FIEST INDEX.
a final, dropped 332, 323.
j&cf&^J) 248.
<sfiO 297, 298, 315.
cs5Jk*7rjS sS 319.
as a conjunction 171,
S3jf_ 50, 198, 210.
8, 24.
tfiftf 305, 316.
Sr8 350.
TPS 259.
TT>\SoXoa 171.
cp 135.
-tpstor'ea 332.
e>gj 296.
d6lTr8r 315, 316.
226.
StfiSj&a 296, 320.
sStS^fc) 276.
Sgsi* 347, 348.
rfefafa) 6.
o
tfe>cs&>&i, e>j&i>, tfe*iS8 127,
135, 277.
t",
SECOND
INDEX,
SECOND INDEX.
SECOND INDEX.
M, MU, final, 45, 178, 322, 323,
334.
Mahat and Amahat,39, 190, 191 .
Man, how translated, 214, 217.
Manners, 5, 69.
Measures, 350, 351, 353.
Melodies, 305, 316, 321.
Metrical feet, 295, 296, 306.
MI. Negative Verbal noun, 239,
283.
Middle Voice, 154, 242246.
Mind, 216.
Monosyllabic Imperatives, 231.
Multiplication table 191.
Musical metres, 315, 318, 319.
Must, ought, should, 277.
N : shapes of this letter, 239.
N : final in nouns, 201.
N : final in verbs, 85, 95, 163,
268 269.
N, optional (adesa). 96, foot, 194.
N, inserted to prevent elision,
333.
N, inserted in the verb, 232, 267,
270.
N, inserted for the sake of metre,
272.
N, dropped, even in the middle
of verbs, 112.
Names, proper, 209, 213.
Neuter verbs, 224.
Nasals, 8, 30 ; (see circle.)
Negative, 93, 95, 162, 163, 239,
251, 283.
NI. or NU. conjunctions, 169,
170.
No. 225-228, 275. Never, &c,
216.
xi
xii
SECOND INDEX.
Prepositions, 51.
Present, habitual or occasional,
267, used for future, 268.
Pretence, 282.
Pronunciation 22, 212.
Pronouns, 68, 193, 213.
Proper names, 209, 213.
Prosody, 295320.
PureTelugu, 25, 182.
Quantity, 295.
Question, 43.
R, shapes of this letter, 3; dis
putes regarding it, 24 ; ob
solete, 24, 25, 258 ; inserted,
345.
Reading, 295, 306.
Reciprocal or reflective verb, 243
245.
Reiteration, 278.
Relations, 290.
Relative pronouns, 218.
Rhyme, 298, 314, 315, 323, 344.
Roots, 83, 84. Root in A, 230,
233.
Rules, antiquated 266.
Rupee, 346350.
Rustic forms of the verb, 159.
S. On this letter, 26, 27, 126.
Sanscrit, 5, 239, 339.
Scriptures, translated, 188, 189.
Self, 246.
Semicircle, 28,29,232, 272,320.
Senior and j unior, 21 1 , 215, 290.
Shall and will, 269.
Silent consonants, 296.
Soft sounds, 6.
Softening initials, 41, 169, 330,
344.
ERRATA.
192, 1.
203. 1.
207. 1.
215. 1.
216. 1,
247. 1.
marks (
ERRATA.
320. line 2 Instead of 8853b read ^ff^s&).
322. line 20 read * an additional short syllable.'
323. note. For ' Assonants' read ' Asonantes.'
324. 1. 24 read ' dictionary are.'
325. 1. 2 and 3 read ' formulas.'
326. 1. 14 ' Here, &c.' must be erased.
327. 1. 7 read (A, see page 343). 1. 23 read
+
cfc + ffc, sir-acgs+ffc, sJr^ + ffc Sr*^ + ;S. And in line 30,
a+g-, ss'assb+e-.
Note : The Table of Verbs (p. 220, 221, 222, 223) should, in
a future edition, be placed before the rule for the first Conju
gation : which at present is in page 94.
THE GRAMMAR
OF THE
TELUGU LANGUAGE.
TELUGTT GEAMMAB.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
TELUGU GKAMMAK.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The student should provide himself with the edition, latelyprinted in the Telugu character, of the Sanscrit Bhagavad GTtS.
This will furnish a good key to the character if he already knows
the Sanscrit alphabet.
When we have occasion to write Hindu or Mahometan names
in English letters, too great precision would he pedantic. It is
usual to write Bramin for Brahman, or Bramhan : and Rajahmundry for Rajamahendra-varam.
When a letter is written under the line it is usually larger than
if written on the line.
It is not the custom to separate the words. Thus a paragraph
looks as if it was all one word. But in printing it will be found
easy to separate words, as is done in English.
The mark | is used as a comma ; and || as a period. The com
ma is used at the end of each line in poetry except the last which
is marked with the period.
In some Telugu printing, the English comma, semicolon, pe
riod and other stops have been introduced with good effect.
A letter is called &<&*ti&a axaram. An aspirated letter is called
&J*&.tfsS or ffii&J5x> likewise means a syllable. Thus
strl ' a woman' is considered to be S"T1S-o'jS c axaram, a mo
nosyllable : lit. one letter.
Unless thoroughly acquainted with the principles of spelling
and the variations therein allowed, we shall not be able to find
words in the dictionary. The reader must therefore pardon what
he may consider a tedious degree of preciseness regarding ortho
graphy.
The vowels cannot be correctly pronounced without opening the
mouth wide, looking up, and using a loud tone. Natives complain that
the English mumble their words.*
The learner should write the letters on a slate, in a large flou
rishing style : this is the easiest method of attaining fluency in writ
ing.
The native tutors also complain that English pupils touch their mouths with
their hands : and then defile books with hands thus dirtied. Hindus hold spittle
in abomination. We should respect their prejudices, and treat them kindly.
TELUGF GRAMMAR.
THE ALPHABET.
a
(or
O" a
Vowels.
4 1
gI
u)
HS
(or e n)
"if or OO 10
SO ai
Class 1st.
2nd.
3rd.
4th.
5th.
06 ya
S*
?a
SCOT5 ru
^a
ra
SS. sha
^e
Q
^e
27 au.
O la
-j6 sa
la
Kr ha
;$
3t gna.
gf- Jna.
C3 na (hard.)
$ na (soft.)
ma.
va.
iSx xa.
o -o 3
Numerals.
# _ Z o~, 7 orr no, oo-dfo.
123456789
9 10
1850.
The numerals three and seven are perpetually confounded in ma
nuscript.
The first 25 consonants are arranged in sets (called 5SSj&> vargamu) having five letters in each : and on arranging these in five lines,
we shall observe that the first and third letter in each line, are sim
ple : but the second and fourth are aspirated. For the sake of dis
tinction the consonants that stand in the first column, being ?T,x<5,
eJ, ^5, &c, are called *t>sS. hard : and Kf 2S,
C5, Ks, &c., in
the third column are called $8$ soft. Thus G is the soft sound of
k ; and P is the hard sound of B.
ALPHABET.
TELUGU GRAMMAE.
over the letters g, eJ, , , ka, ta, ki, ti, we often see the vowel
written without touching the consonant.
The nasals are placed at the ends of those classes in the alphabet
to which they belong.
All the nasal letters may be changed into O sunna (the sign or
contraction for N or M) either when they are followed by a conso
nant or when they are final. Thus l^Colfo grandham * a book'
would according to Sanscrit rule be written \X |S ; and Wotfo
angam ' the body' would be written 3*5.
Regarding Telugu words also, instead of 8^ kinda, the spelling
in use is otf. The sound remains unaltered.
In the Devanagari alphabet, as exhibited in Wilson's Sanscrit
Dictionary, the appropriate nasal is retained ; but in Telugu, as in
common Devanagari or Bangali writing, the dot or circlet is substi
tuted. Thus fc?e>sptf<S> alancaram (ornament) is written "fOT'So
which form alone is intelligible. This occasionally alters the place
of a word in the dictionary.
ON SPELLING.THE VOWELS.
If a word borrowed from Sanscrit ends in a long vowel, this is
generally shortened.
cala. becomes 5"? cala ; and ~&i> Devi be
comes ~&S> Devi. Monosyllables, as (Sji, sri and
strl retain the long
vowel.*
The long (or broad) a t?" is sounded as in the English words half,
hard, laugh. "5*8 tata, 1 grandfather' is sounded as the English pro
nounce Tartar. sriJ mala ' a word' like the English ' Martyr.'
In $9-o[$o A'ndhra (the learned name for Telugu) the first vowel
is long, as though written arn. The second shape of a is as in
lata ' grandfather.' This is called &?oe"o (long) and is,
added to the letters thus.
The short vowel A is written in eight ways in English : with five vowels
and three dipthongs : thus (A) Ashore, Amelia, "Victoria, Woman, (E) writer,
flower, other, (I) stir, Cheshire, (0) London, son, mother, Hertford, (U) gun,
eup, until, (IE) soldier, (OU) neighbour, (IO) fiction, occasion. The Sanscrit
asti and santl, become in Latin est and sunt ; the a changing into e, and into
u. Many Sanscrit words are identical with Latin. "|6o santi sunt, (j6sS;S"*o9
pravahanti provehunt. But as these instances shew, the Sanscrit vowel A is
convertible into E, I, 0, and U.
ALPHABET.
TT
tJ*
dj13
W
ka
cha
ta
ta
^T-3 kha
chha
"0" tha
'cpTI tha
na
P
"^T0 pha
ba
2j5" bha Sjr> ma . _
dSr-o ya XT" ra
SfT0 ra
ey* la
IP t
o5" va
"ij-0 sa
^57 sha
or -fi-o sa ^T6 ha
tg^ xa.
The vowel 1 is short I as in ' India.' Thus S}\_Q irri ' a fawn'
SSl^u illu ' a house'
icci ' having given.' The word English ig
written S}oft sSs> Inglishu and England is ;oo> Inglandu. The
| is called
itwam as So twatn is the name given to the
vowels only; while caram as S3T*!Jo Acaram,
cacaram is
common to both vowels and consonants : the long sound is "&#o
itwam. The secondary shape O) is called
gudi (like goody)
and the long sound is ) Xo&&Ss-o gudi-dirgham. It is sounded
i or ee like i in machine, ravine, Louisa. . Thus
(a woman) is
li chi
4x) ti
d3 ti
^ dhi
^ dhi
& ti or Is ti
) ni
J) bhi
$ ni
ji
8 ji
d>5 ti or dS ti
c3 ni
e> ti
^) bhi
8 thi
|) tin
L% ni or es5 ni
thi
%o pi
8cp jhi
$ thi
Id pi
a di
phi
g mi
di
3&t> ni
ti
^ phi
a di
) bi
|) bi
chhi and ) bi
gxr mi or fc: mi
Ceo }i
10
Q3J* y
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
(This consonant having the vowel inherent) Q ri
) li I) II li > IT 23 vi lb VI # si
lx shi or %sn> shi
p si j or !fo-o si
ST6 hi
ST6 hi
a-6 hi
v>. xi
#sl
hi
6 rl
shi
%3"o or
JL x.
11
ALPHABET.
> ku
khu
X) gu
qJ ghu
2fc du
$0 thu
du
ib dhu
j^j nu
<6 bhu
mu
cSS3o yu
& ru
shu
su
ST"o hu
&> chu
dhu
^) pu
e>J lu
iSxO xu.
chhu
g ju
3o nu
So tu
^S) phu
X> bu
&j lu
vu $3 au
12
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
:Sf ex>, wSS , "&>ao, J3jfc,;6owCd ; they write the vowel U, but do not
pronounce it.
At the end of a verse in poetry, the syllables eX5, p, pjj. often
drop their vowels and are contracted into
i- Thus *rke" be
comes AiSjcF, tSu^Sp and ^oi 6i& become fc^f>?E", woSi
But vulgar copyists instead of dropping the vowel, lengthen it;
thus a&fkexr^ OS]0^ wO&Soi&n..
Many Telugu words use the vowels A and U in the second sylla
ble at pleasure; thus we if valaga, or rr>tx>X valuga, KoiSs&tu or
KoaSosicexJ, ^tfKi or "SjooKo, Stfsic or SSSsto, tests' ataca, or fc?SS"
atuca. The same happens in verbs, thus a&ffi&ej paracuta, rlCe4j,
S&ejSeoi>4-> may at pleasure be spelt &&&& parucuta, ^PKoeweo,
i6t)oS'dO'&i->1 or dropping both vowels
parcuta, i6e>_8o-Ekej
palkarincuta. Accordingly if we do not find one form in the dic
tionary we must look for the other.
The short vowel 3000 is ti or roo as in the words rig, rich, trick,
rook, brook. Thus zxotx. rishi ' a prophet'
rutuvu ' a season'
jjjoraska debt. The second form is ^ as in
tripti 'satisfaction'
8\<& cripa ' favor' "j^o^
Sanscrit.
In common writing, the letters ft" zu and &f"> zu are often shaped
exactly like the vowels 300.") ri and
rfi. And instead of the
capital uoo they use &. Thus zjxi"jS i8 written Oo"sS. But this is
wrong.
The vowel
is also written (but not pronounced) along with
Thus 6\ cri if\ gri &j pri
sri, &c. But ^ tripti is
generally, though not correctly spelt
trupti and
griham
(a house) is wrongly written ^g-!S; while
krushna or
krishna, (a certain name) is vulgarly written
and 2^) vaicriti is written 2^6.*
* The vowel 'J Lu as in will run, shall read, ie rarely used, and the learner may
safely neglect it. Indeed 00 (that is, the consonant L) is generally substituted.
Thus clripta 5" s6 (short) is written So S& and pronounced clupta. The word
&if pluta ' extension' is written
Plava -f6s5 the name of a year is pro
nounced like the English word Plover. In fact "2 is peculiar to a few Sanscrit
words, and ought to be pronounced lri as in bell-riuger.
ALPHABET.
13
; thus ^cssbej to
14
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
and various people use various spellings. They often know and ac
knowledge these deviations to be wrong, and entirely approve the
more correct mode of spelling. Among ourselves orthography has
only in late years become fixed: our ancestors cared little for the
spelling even of proper names.
The final short a is sometimes written e. Thus ^8^, "SotSS",
allica, pentica are written ^J*"?, ^*3~ allike, pentike.
The second forms are -= e and S e.
"q5 the,
"3 de,
1j3 bhe,
~3j me,
~~3> ve,
chhe, gp jne,
~~% se,
"3 dhe,
~j3 ne,
"c3i ye,
~3 re,
she,
se,
"oj pe,
ne, ~ te,
1p phe,
Ufa re,
"^aT" he,
U le,
"~S> be,
le,
xe. And if
the accent is added, thus " ke, IjB khe, ~f, ge,
ghe, &c. the
vowel becomes long.
Instead of the initial form of o) e (which is confined to poems and
dictionaries,) "c&j ye is in use. Thus for oJ^JSS evadu ' who'
eccada 'where'
enimidi 'eight' oioeSb^ enduku 'why' we
write and pronounce Sj^sSo yevadu,
yeccada, o&pxx>S, yenimidi, SaoSbSo yenduku. And the long vowels as k^o, eJe>( &-A-e3
are always changed into csSr'yo or ^^o, &c.
ALPHABET.
15
The letter Y though thus written (the learned say) ought not af
fect the pronunciation*
The vowels A and E are in vulgar writing used for one another:
chiefly in initial syllables. Thus o&pajS enimidi ' eight' is written
<s6pS yanimidi ; 6fc>jf_dS is spelt =*|L^; 63osS0o evvaru becomes
<s&Z\& yavvaru.
It will be observed that the six letters over which the vowel ) i
is written without touching them, likewise have e and e written in
the Bame manner.
S3 ai; BSjjMo ais-war-yam, (prosperity) BS^jo aik-yam ' unitedness.' This is sounded as the English sounds of sky. like, heights.
Words beginning with this vowel use the shape 3D in the dictionary, (See rules for finding words in the dictionary) but in common
use this is laid aside, and Wom ayi is substituted. Thus SOp^i* I
became is written bMJF'fi" ayinanu. Under the vowel o! it has
been shewn that CCD yi is used for i, and in fact does not retain the
sound y (which is reckoned as a consonant) thus a-yi-na-nu is pro
nounced ai-nanu. The second form is T" ; thus H Kai, j3 Khai,
'
Q_
O
gai, &c.
The forms therefore are as follows :
"1
"3 o~ qZ. O 15
~Q> q &c.
Q__ o o_ "V)
a_ 13
Q q_L
q ~8>
o_ qJ_
This vowel must always be expressed by AI in Englishnever
by Y. Thus
is nairruti, not nyruti ; 2>5"s&o is paicam, not
py-cum ; S^8**5 is sain-yam, not synyam. If it is written Y, thia
leads to uncertainty, as will be seen in the remarks on the conso
nant Y. For the letter Y is, in Sanscrit and in Telugu, always a
consonant ; and cannot be used without a vowel following it.
The vowel
is o as in Sophia, Police, produced, Moravia, poten
tial, Located. Or the French words folle, monnoie, montagne. The
longer sound hi is that which occurs in the Persian words shor, top,
mor, or in the French words lorgner, monde, fosse.
These initial forms are found in the dictionary, but are laid aside
in common use.
vo and
vo being substituted.*
* The alphabet is called L;6s<Ttyo 6namalu from the words 1,0 jS tfc % $ kt citfi
&C$0i&; which is to Hindus what the Bismillah is to Musulmaua.
16
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
S*-" <&r
pho
All these may be made long by adding the accent, thus ~~ co,
fT6 go, &c
Some are elongated by adding (dirgham) to the second form,
as ~3-T3 co, "ipO-0 kho, &c. "^J-3 po, !$T~ vnoThus e and 5 compounded (like eau in French) become 5. But
four letters omit the sign \) when the vowel is long. ~=?p3~o gho,
Hp-o jho, ~5by> mo, 53T0 yo. Thus one commu is omitted : but
uneducated persons often use two.
It is a very common error to write the long 5, instead of the short
o. Thus r*otS, roCo are written r^oS, r'oaSi. This does
not affect the pronunciation: which remains short.
The vowel 57 au or ow, as in cow, out, mount ; but it is compounded of A and U ; and accordingly in common writing the initial
ALPHABET.
17
shape
is never used; f^j avu or awu, being substituted; and
the V or W being silent as already shewn, this is pronounced aw or
au. Thus **$&4-> awta or avuta (to become) which in the dictionary
is
auta pronounced like the English word outer. Thus 'wtfo
audaryam 'generosity' ^f^?S aunnatyam 'loftiness' are commonly
written fc9>"CTBgo) o^jS^Sigo, but the pronunciation remains unal
tered. In these Sanscrit words this change is not approved.*
The sign
is (very needlessly) retained in combination with au
as regards" some letters. Thus 5S?-0 mau, gSj* 0 yau, "o^^T3 hau.
The following are the shapes used,
jpT" x $3
3^ zf
W
<F
fT*
3*
Tp
&
^
^ f
^
3"
& -&s>
Throughout the grammar I have used the common forms of the
initial vowels. For the sake of uniformity in the dictionary, how
ever, monosyllabic forms of ai and au are used. Thus for the words
t &oxiki payita (a woman's veil) and
cavuzu (a partridge) we
must, use the spelling ~^j&> and
Sanscrit words invariably use
the monosyllabic forms. Telugu words use these or the dissyllabic
forms at pleasure. Poets adopt whichever form suits the metre ;
thus IT"?. 8 cau-gi-li (an embrace) is a dactyl formed of a long sylla
ble and two shorts. But this may be written 5"^*8 cavugili (four
shorts) or by inserting O (that is N,) poets write tg)0%Q cavfingili
whereby the second syllable becomes long.
Thus, besides the forms exhibited in the alphabet the vowels take
the following forms; both in poems and in every day business.
* Few of the Telugus are able to pronounce the short vowel o in the English
words lost, hot, horse, top, God, law, lord, order, which they make w*y(x>>&s&x>
5S"(&), eV^!). TT'dSb, er, er^iSb, eS-iJTiS&j, thus born becomes barn, God,
guard, and former, farmer. In the Telugu newspapers Hong Kong is spelt
6*0 T*OXb Hangu-Kangu. In English neither sound is used unless in some
districts as Derbyshire where honey and more are pronounced in the ancient
manner ; the sounds are quite different from those of rod and rode.
C
18
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
a
t?*
3
becomes
cS>
*
i
d63~ y3
CCO
yi
C00~~ yi
j)
ya
ri
&
rti or 5 ri
"<3:>
o^i
oJ
S3
ai
CJcou a-yi
3j
"^j
a.
sr*
StT*
au
C5q^)
a-vu, awu.
ALPHABET.
19
On the Consonants.
The first 25 consonants, as shewn in the alphabet, stand in five
lines, each df which contains four letters besides a nasal.
The four letters which thus form one line are often looked upon
as equivalent. This particularly happens as regards initials changed
by grammatical rule; which will be explained elsewhere. The
" Primary" letters T cb S "& ka, cha, ta, ta, pa, are changed in
to " Secondaries" and respectively become X gS
5 Si ga. ja, da,
da, ba, or X $ & S3 ga, sa, da, da, va.
The sounds of many consonants require no explanation. Thus :
if ka X ga -CS cha & ja ^ na
pa. a) ba s> ma c55o ya
ra O la S5 va ^6 sa
ha are usually pronounced like the cor
responding English letters as sounded in Kate, Gate, chase, jackal,
no, put, be, me, you, row, low, vale, sale, hale. The letter G is
always hard, thus ft"^, ginneh 'a cup' and T?wiS> gelucu ' to con
quer ;' but it is never pronounced soft as in George.
The aspirates are the following.
2f) kha as in 'park-house;' 'buck-horn;' qj) gha as in ' loghouse,' ' stag-horn tJS chha as in ' coach-horse ;' Cop as in ' hedgebog ;' (if tha as in ' cart-horse ;' j JJh, as in 1 bid-him ;' (j) tha
as in ' but-him ;' ' not-here ;'" (fi tha as in ' ad-here ;' J{3 pha as in
' up-here ;' fff bha as in ' club house.'
The learned affirm that aspirates are peculiar to Sanscrit, and
never should be used in native Telugu words. Thus they wish us
to write those words without the aspirates : <S"tf dora ' a master'
marks found in Latin and Greek. Iu reading verse, the natives use particular
chanting tones which to our ear are far from agreeable . It is such as the Romans
used, according to Ovid, Arte 3,345 Yel tibi composite cantetur epistolavoce. This
passage should have been noticed in Monk's Life of Bentley, Vol. II., p. 324. See
Smollet's remarks (Humphrey Clinker, letter of 13th July,) " Every language has
it's peculiar recitative" &c. Natives are accustomed to read in a very loud voice :
whenever we find this disagreeable, we- merely need remark cSsOff&Sc) fcS8 t3Q ?
3oe> TT* i58S50 V The student will find it useful to read the first two sections
CO
of the chapter on Prosody.
20
TELUGU GKAMMAK.
kka
X gga
5 dgha
f\ chcha or cca
US chchha
23 iia or zza
25 jjha cb tta cb ttha
S dda
ddha
K
OJp
fcO '
"
G> "
9"
3 una
e> tta
e> ttha
CS dda
5 ddha
\ nua
'
o
cp
o
cp
=j
ppa ^ ppha
bba
dbha ^ mma dig yya
I??, or Itf rra (also e rra)
<g\ ssa
shBha
O 11a
11a
SSQ vva
^ ssa.
ALPHABET.
21
Theletters and & take the hard sound with (I, E, E' AI,)
<^ a) 3D. Thus
chippa ' a plate' &sS> chima ' an ant' x3afcsjAj
chepputa 'to say' "3(8 jerri ' a centipede'
jerri-potu 'a
cobra de capello' x3<S> chenu 'afield' "^<S jena ' a span' ^l^85^5
qhaitramu ' the name of a month' and JS^P Jaimini ' a certain name.'
All these take the hard sound. But iJo|_eSbjsS chandrudu ' the
moon' x^S'tJS^sSx) chacachakyamu ' brilliancy' iy*c6o chorudu ' a
thief being words of Sanscrit origin give the hard sound of ch.
And Ke>sto jalamu 'water' ar"e>tf jalamu 'a net' &&x> jivamu,
' life' give the hard sound of J.
The following words being Telugu, give the soft sounds ; i5e>jS
calamu 'anger'
c^uta 'to extend' TS^fco cotu'a place'
vafcula ' to come' ^^'cS3Trci.c6 ^ofcttcunnaru ' they enter'
which might be spelt in English letters tsalam, tsatsuta, tsotu, vatsuta, sossusunnaru.*
And the soft sound (dz) of is perceived in the Telugu words
eko^ zabbu ' i/oie' ~2k sio bezzamu ' a hole or bore' af*^ zodu ' a
pair' which might be written dzabbu, bedzamu, dzodu. In common
writing the letter 23 is wrongly shaped like f>X> bu.
Instances wherein the consonant is doubled. 5>^ pic^ci or pichcbi
(foolish) is pronounced like the English word pitchy ; and =5t3^ \a99eh
(he came) is pronounced like vat-cheh. jjX mazziga ' butter-milk'
is pronounced madjiga; and K^"3 gazzelu (anclets) would accord
ing to English ear be written gud-jelloo.
In some grammars and in some recent editions of poems, the nu
merals O and -3 (1 and 2) have been placed over these letters : one
denoting the soft, the other the hard sound. But the principle is so
easily understood that marks (which indeed few understand) are su
perfluous,t
* This is the German sound of C; for in the names of the letters in the Ger
man Alphabet the letter C is called Tsay, and Z is called Tsett.
t The mutation of ca, into sta is obvious in the verb : where the participle
^SoBou-Ck che-yu-tsu is at pleasure spelt
chestu : thus the sounds of S and
T change places.
22
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
ALPHABET.
s&4
u
limit
a bundle
ten millions
"3teex> ^3ix> evils
60
u
**S
a
j
1643
husk
short, not tall
mere, only
reviling
69
holding, a list
r
binding
i
The distinction between the hard and
ires
a speck
ra
powder
irsSb
waste
(adv.) fully
*
a boil
a
sa
a
door
a
b
X>So
an egg, the eye-ball a
o
sua
tu&
a bottle
length
a bough
wa>
he
t&i
to slip out
a)6
having fallen
*>&
*>*
fallen
23
intoxication, prid*
a cover
a monkey
bands
friendship
a rag
a wick
a bag
silk
a sword
soft D is important.
a bush
a pouch
bed of a tree
blame, reproach
vulture
correcting
a blow with the fist
sense
the udder
a flock
battle, quarrel
to blow
ten
a bit
Q
abos
a pig
having fruited
In the negative verbs some masculines end in the hard sound,
some feminines or neuters in the soft sound. Thus,
she becomes not
he becomes not
-?!&
she lives not
he lives not
she comes not
he comes not
she will not stay
he will not stay
24
i6e>5'{Sj
TELUGIT GRAMMAR.
he speaks not
S&aS'aS)
he hears not
S>$ei>
she hears not.
This aorist form is used in all verbs. The following call for par
ticular attention ;
s-JSa^jsr-cKS^JSo he cannot write [CTcs6l5i> he did not write
sr-SSoffsSsSlSiSb he cannot read fJeSsS"^^
he did not read
The difference between the following words is equally important,
^rasSw
crimson
fHfS
a waterfall.
And between soft and hard L.
^ew
lice
names
tTtu
to flow
stones
S~"exi
a leg
"5""^
legs.
The hard sound of 3 is exemplified in the words 5^8 kaniti ' an
elk' and S"cM3f> canuzu 'a partridge.'
The letters P Ph B Bh M call for no remarks in addition to what
is stated already regarding aspirates.
\
The letter Y is always a consonant, and requires the addition of a
. vowel. Thus t3c&j che-yu-ta ' to do' ^S00^ che-yyi ' the hand'
"*csfc co-yya 'wood' &<*&gx> bi-yya-mu 'rice'
a-yy-a 'sir.'
Likewise in Sanscrit words as 36^!&)D pad-ya-mu ' stanza' F^cssisSxi
nya-ya-mu 'justice'
can-ya 'a virgin' r&n>Boi> sur-yudu 'the
sun.'. When yy occurs in a name we may conveniently express it
by ii. Thus ~3o<s> Venk-ayya and r*rti<& Su-rayya (certain
names) may be written Venkiia and Suriia.
The letter ^ ' y' is denominated IcSSjj or cSSr=s5a.
The letter R is a fruitful source of idle disputation among the
learned: some of whom assert that in certain words, as t&dcsSo^
j&5&, S"L?, &c, we ought to use the obsolete form Sie^dBoo; sfceaS,
S"g. It is sufficient to point out that the shape e*9 is obsolete, and
we may safely neglect it. In ancient times the two letters varied so
far in sound that they were not allowed to rhyme together : and the
excellent poet who wrote the Telugu version of the Sri Bhagavat is
ALPHABET.
25
26
TELUGU GBAMMAB.
ALPHABET.
27
-!X"> he
hai ~^J~0 ho
a
28
TELTJGTJ GEAMMAE.
And it is the custom to repeat after this the vowel that precedes it ;
thus
swatah is voluntarily, pronounced tS^^* swataha, -tys&S
Ramah (a proper name) is pronounced Ramaha ; as if it was writ
ten "CPsS)^-. The word &>%4px> duhkhamu, pain is pronounced
Dukhamu.
The letter (Sx csha, more conveniently expressed by X, is a com
pound of Jf ka and sS. sha; and is sounded like ct in action, di
rection, section. Thus
axi 'the eye' ^6<S>- parixa 'examina
tion'
axaramu 'a letter of the alphabet.'*
The letter X is placed by the native authors at the end of the
alphabet. In Wilson's Sanscrit Lexicon it is placed with the letter k.
The Telugus are as negligent in spelling as the English vfere be
fore the days of Johnson. The words borrowed from Sanscrit are
often misspelt. Thus \^ stri ' a woman' is often written l_ Sri
' fortune' and vice versa. The word ts ;Sjo annam ' food' is constantly
written and pronounced 3F3;>. The word [^^exlo Bramhanudu
is frequently mispronounced sr^s&fSjSo Biamanudu.
On the Sunna and Half Sunna.
It has already been stated that the circle or cipher o called sunna
is used as a substitute for a nasal letter. But it is wrong, though
customary, to place it in conjunction with ^ N or jSb M. When N
or M occurs double, as ^i^i, 43 ^ the vulgar write "o^ o;Sj 0r
even ^o^Jl, and ^Qj^,
When sunna is followed by a consonant of the first four classes
(varga) it is N ; but the remaining letters (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya,
ra, la, va, sa, sha, sa, ha, xa,) sound it as M; and it likewise is M
whenever it stands at the end of a word. Thus the word Sanscrit
-fiar6 ^<So is pronounced sams-cru-tam. The Sanscrit words "jSow
So conversation, ^o^csfio doubt, are pronounced sam-vadam, samSayam. When followed by Y, the sunna is pronounced, nasally :
thus ^ocJfisJo say-ya-mi, 'a hermit,' $o"ao-oX's&o say-yogamu, 'junc
ture:' here the nasal sound of n is used, as in some French words,
* The letter X is in Spanish pronounced like sh. Thus Texiera and Xeres are
Bounded Teeshira and Sheres, or Sherry.
ALPHABET.
29
bien, sien, cliien. requin. Thus sunna is written full but only half
pronounced.
These words are Sanscrit; but in some Telugu words the letter C
called the half sunna or semi-circle is used by some grammarians*
but in common use the circle alone is used : though it sometimes is
pronounced full N, as in the English words song, long.
The spelling used in ordinary writing deviates from that approved
by the learned. Thus ftfosSb atandu is pronounced **3JSS atadu.
The learned assert that the semi-circle is peculiar to verse, and that to
use it in prose is absurd.f
The following observations regarding the circle and semi-circle
need not be read by beginners. They can only be understood by
those who have made some progress in the language.
In some particular words the sunna is inserted after a short sylla
ble. Thus 8 t> tamniudu may become tf^oaS tammundu ;
t3to becomes wsoo a son-in-law; S^tf^
&ioix>kxi%).
M. 17. 1. 55. ^JfcKb or >?5oO?<> an elephant, "SexMo or "SewoXj.
The sunna thus inserted is called 65j&jS^or optional N. Thus
{J43 becomes fc5tfot3.~S#S or "3o; T>io, &oooeJ or i6c>oej; *T
S3 or S"ct3 ; 5"5, g"Sor. -gejoxi Telugu or "3ewoj Telungu,
also spelt HfSoXo Tenugu or UfSioKb Tenungu, and even UpfkXo Trenugu or ^eJjfcojfc Trenungu. M. Virat. 1. 6.
It is inserted before "TC0 when that adverbial affix is added to a
Root in A- Thus tvtt* or -coic ; ^&K7r> 0r ol<3oX'oTr. '
And after words of colour. Thus 5fc>LS"K" or okltfoTT* redly.
jSoTr* or (5e>o"7r* blackly.
It is sometimes inserted in the verb, in the third person singular
masculine of the negative voice. Thus ^Jfi> or ^2ojSb; 6oasSa or
* It is analogous to the sign used in old Latin printing for m or n. Thus gcmitu, indignata sub umbras became ' geitu, idignata sub ubras.' In some ancient
Latin ifords the letter N was optional ; thus toties or totiens ; quoties or quotiens.
In his life of Numa, Plutarch mentions Pontifex as written Potifex.
t The printers of many recent publications seem to be unaware of this rule. In
a Telugu version of the Arabian Nights we even find (p. 582) such odd forms as
Jd O^l) C JF* ; and similar refinements may be seen in most pages of that book.
30
TELUGU GEAMMAB.
ALPHABET.
31
32
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
by experience, that both these are unknown to all bat pedants. Yet
as few students continue the study after acquiring a smattering of
Telugu, the emptiness of these instructions generally remains unde
tected.*
Some modern pedants among the Telugus have attempted (in imi
tation of some Devanagari printing to abolish the O ; thus instead of
Wossk), and
they affect to write
and e3-|j) sic.
This idle whim appears in 6ome recent publications both Sanscrit
and Telugu. It is an empty innovation and is not likely to become
popular.
From what has been stated the reader will observe that there are
(as in some other languages) two or even three modes of spelling :
one in daily use and indispensable ; this alone is used in the present
grammar ; the second mode is poetical, and uses particular forms of
certain initial and final letters, as .3^5SsSc for (in common spelling)
V)jS, and ^-"p?^ for sr-pip ; and a third, which is pedantic,
using the obsolete R and the obsolete semi-nasal.
* The ordinary teachers are apt to speak to students on some learned subjects
which are ill suited to beginners. The tutor should on such occasions be desired
to read the following caution. s^o?it);js>arI5o S3-o|Jj>sSx> t5sSSS "jTSO
Sfmvo- 53-2!^e>;Scao-
c&fiijD^JjSSS j6X"8[g^oD"^i5Sb, In reading any manuscript with a learned Brarain, we shall find him object to the spelling in almost every line : asserting
that the ignorance of the transcribers has vitiated the book. But our business
is to study the language as it is ; to take it as we find it : and errors that do not
injure the souse or the metre may safely be left unaltered. Much that is pressed
upon our notice as highly momentous, is in truth mere learned trifling.
DIALECTS.
83
In poetry a word may sometimes stand part in one line, and part
in the next: thus NalaDwip. 2. 831,
+
and in 2, 166, the
word fQM& + 2> ' thou becamest' is thus divided.
It will be seen in the chapter on Elision that the final M is often
dropped in Sanscrit words. Thus (X'oJfo + eS-o'Cip'o grandham
arambham becomes \jKo-qrtiotfo grandh'a-rambham : the Elision be
ing the same as occurs in Latin. But with Telugu words the rule is
different ; thus ^Kt&a an actress,
play, may form iS^Xtiyte
bogam-ata 'the actress's play' never jr*~7rt>. And S'Sntio
caranamu-anna ' the clerk's brother' may become ^ts^s&>^caranamanna but cannot become StSnQ^ caran'anna. In Sanscrit in such
places a long vowel would be used. But in Telugu this never is
allowed.
On Dialects.
Just as happens in English and French, certain forms of expres
sion and of spelling are in common use; others are found only inpoems. Most words belong to the common stock ; and those pecu
liar to the higher and lower dialect are altogether but few in num
ber. Such occur even in the verb ; thus " shalt not, wilt not," would
be the poetical form ; " shall not, will not," is the common form, and
shan't, won't is the colloquial. Native grammarians condemn and
neglect the colloquial forms, which they consider vulgar; though it
is easy to prove their occurrence, (as in English) even in the writings
of the best authors.
We are aware how totally the rules for Elision used in French,,
differ from those of Latin : and the difference between Sanscrit and
Telugu in this respect is yet wider. What is right in one language
is, sometimes, wrong in the other.
The rules for elision, permutation and softening initials are re
quired in poetry ; but not in the common Telugu we talk or write :
and these poetical refinements are not admissible in books written
to teach either a language or a creed. Our native teachers would
willingly reject common Telugu altogether, and teach us the poeti
cal dialect alone : which they themselves however cannot use in dailjr
talking and writing.
34
TELUGU GEAMMAE.
ACCENTS.
35
Tn all these we perceive that the vowels are short in both syllables
and the accent falls on the first. These words also shew that in
English we express the first vowel (short a) sometimes by u and else
where by other vowels. But a double consonant as o or
or ^
has a different accent; as is perceived in English when the two con
sonants are in separate words thus ; royal-lady, begin-now, unnamed,
unnumbered.
No student I ever saw, though well educated in grammar could
pronounce Telugu, Sanscrit, or Hindustani intelligibly on arrival in
India. But I acknowledge that the grammatical knowledge conveyed
by a tutor in England is of greater importance than pronunciation.
In reading aloud, it is the custom to open the mouth wide and to
raise the voice to a high pitch. In fact they inculcate the rules used
by music masters in England.*
* " Those who wish to make themselves understood by a foreigner in his own
" language should speak with much noise and vociferation, opening their mouths
" wide. The English are in general, the worst linguists in the world; they pur" sue a system diametrically opposite. For example, &c." See Borrow's Bible
in Spain, Chapter 1.
The spelling of some Sanscrit words is retained, as ^-6 Hari (for 5x^8 S Harih)
a name of Vishnu. if> Kavi (for Sfag Kavih) a poet, &c. wherein the termina
tion is but slightly altered : these are denominated gi\sSi>s4 Tatsamamu,aword
more fully explained in the appendix : as well as S$s?\a5sS Tadbhavamu or Per
mutations.
v
After making some progress in Telugu or Canarese, the student should read over
those chapters of Sanscrit Grammar which treat of (Sandhi, Vriddhi and Samasa)
Elision, augment, and compound words. Doubtless many read Telugu without
this : but if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will re
quire the aid of the Sanscrit Dictionary, and cannot even talk or write Telugu
with any ease or precision, unless he masters the first principles of Sanscrit or
thography.
Hindus and Musulmans usually mispronounce English names : and both the
English and French, particularly in names of places, have equally corrupted the
pronunciation used in India. The accent is misplaced in almost every proper
name.
We call Muh'ammad, Mahomet, and Goo-da-loor, Cuddalore. "We change
Tee-pu
into Tippoo, and Tiruvalikedi (a suburb in Madras) into Triplicane.
CanchTpuram gotf^DtiO or S"cS is changed into Conjeveram; and Tirupati be
comes Tripetty; Eranaoor Soff p^^ytSa becomes Ennore. Pudicheri becomes
Pondicherry. Bengi-lti-ru becomes Bangalore: and the name SfOo&ra^T" Carimanal, (a small insignificant village north of Pulicat near Madras) has been
TELUGTT GEAMMAE.
When reading verse the Telugus like all other Hindus use a sort
of vociferous chant; (the papists call it "intonation,") and at the
end of every stanza they are taught to drawl out the last syllable in
a kin'd of quaver which to our ears is absurd. It is needless for us to
imitate this method which a native tutor will lay aside when he finds
that it does not please the English ear.
Though the learner must enunciate loudly, he need not do so
after he has obtained some familiarity with the sounds.
Contractions.
The common contractions of words, (whether Sanscrit, Telugu,
Hindustani or English) used in letter writing and accounts are as
follows : The Hindustani words are marked (H.)
Sunday.
e-fu ok
Acting.
Anno Domini.
fell
II
n
(H.)
'. e.
XX ||
*l
*n
*|
*||
tfoff
all
(H.)
Koye&(H.)
Co.i(H.)
Answer.
Cusbah ' a town.'
Candy or Indian ton.
A Garise, or measure.
A pagoda or gold^'coin.
Thursday.
Respecting.
Gumashta, ' a writer'or agent.'
In charge of.
(Persian, on date) as fJo||__a^
on the 22d of June.
According to, at (the rate of.)
By.
Tuesday.
changed into Coromandel ; and is applied to the entire coast. It bas been furnish
ed (by English ingenuity) with a Sanscrit root " Cholamandal or Land of the
Chola grain !" a name unknown to natives ; who assert that the Curu race
(which name some Europeans imagine to be the root of Coromandel) was iu th
north of India, not in the Peninsula.
CONTRACTIONS.
37
^tu
^||
^||
Afterwards.
ywS (H.) Appertaining or belonging to.
^5~||
W\\ or
Pence.
5 ||
s^^~ (H )
fr||
J5||
S3
pSo^sSx
^SJCs (H.)
(j^||
\&$&
First.
j^ll
^T'O'sSo
According to.
||
gj-D||
wtw#
sywab (H.)
jx>$sro':S
Wednesday.
jJjqJI
j5oo?C'sj'o'sS Tuesday.
SS>o|| or !^|| sfc-o"^ (H.) A village.
S5cr||
gj-jQ j|
^^11
qd||
a^o (H.)
An Individual.
'Reverence to the
38
TELUGU GRAMMAR
o||
(H-)
SjSjsGsbaejO
~% || or
is! 55 2?*
sin
9
(fesso-ln- (H.)
9"
Year.
n
^or^||
Abovementioned.
A year.
Of a year.
is -^osS^TPexj Years.
^Sr- (H.)
P^w
"^^11
+
CONTEACTIONS.
39
40
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
Thus all masculines are major, all neuters are minor ; while femi
nine words are minor in the singular, but are reckoned as masculines
in the plural. In Ordinals as first, second, &c, there are no major
forms. Thus "Soijr6 second, sfofiS^ third are used with all gen
ders.
The sun and moon (Surya and Chandra) are always spoken of
as (mahat) majors ; being the gods Apollo and Adonis. Likewise
the names of Dhruva, Sucra and some other stars. Thus in English
we still say he for the planet Mars and she for Venus though the
word ' star' is neuter.*
This principle pervades every part of Telugu Grammar and will
be exemplified in the numerals : of which the original names are
neuter. These remarks are necessary to the following rules.
On Numerals.
1 is o called
The vowel & not being used except in poetry
this is spelt "^>5", ^5" or even
Hence come the nouns 1^*3
(neuter) one; ~)e> one man, "S>5"3 one woman. In Sanscrit
sS is the neuter word for one ; and is commonly used in Telugu.
2 is -3 for which the neuter name is ~3oS ; (vulgarly ~3oa be
comes 6os> just as Resin is pronounced Rosin.) It is a noun sub
stantive ; of which the genitive form is ~?Soe3. The major form
(that is the masculine or feminine form) is
always written
cxffi
OJ ; Infl. qm8
CO and accusative cxoK6
CO p. The word ~SeS (in
v
Sanscrit) (j$a&sto is first ; and second is 'SoS^6 which (in Sanscrit)
is &cBjsS. The affix 5 changes the sense ; thus k"e3 one,
ir* the first. "r3oa& two, "Bo^ second. sSxr>s&> three, sfer-^
third, &c. See chapter on the affixes A'E'O'. The sign 6 is usually,
with numerals, written thus; 3<S^ third. VK"6 fourth.
3 is i 55bxo (neut.) sSKo8o (m. f.) sSar-cS"6 is third: which (in
Sanscrit) is J^ScSSs&d. The ordinal names, (first, second, third, &c.)
are of the common gender.
* In German the moon i masculine, Dermond: and the sun feminine, Die Sonne.
In Arabic too the moon is masculine, and the sun feminine.
41
NUMEBALS.
5, yt
Minors.
tsoMi>
Majors.
eox)e5b?(oo or
Ordinals.
5th &ax>&*
6, -
63- &
e3-8o*>t> or
6th 63-5^
7, a
^jb
^oSbKoS&or
7th oSoS^8
Tsx> 8
^^o5SbbSo or
9th <5f
10, oo a&a
j6sSoo<3o or
10th i6<S^
c&Qs&oa
The remaining numerals will be stated in a future page.
On Softening Initials.
42
TELUGTJ GEAMMAE.
43
44
TELTJGU GKAMMAE.
45
46
TELITGU GEAMMAE.
On Terminations in NI, and NU.
48
TELUGIT GRAMMAR.
Examples ;
mannu ' earth'
ollu ' the body' make the inflec
tions sfco43 manti, 3-043 (or "?)o43) 0nti. Accordingly the dative is
5fc*3 mantiki, 1)045 ontiki; accusative sfco43p mantini, "DoiSp ontini.
In like manner
'the eye'
' a tooth' s^wj ' a house' make
the inflexions 5"o*3, a&oiS, go43 and the datives 3"o4S, afccS, a(ot3?.
Also the accusatives ro4Sf>, *o*3p, apiSp.
In these words the inflection adds the vowel I, and accordingly
the dative adds KI, and the accusative NI.
But if the inflexion is not in I, then these cases end in KU and
NU. Thus in the plural 5"oE> eyes' **f> teeth' auofifc ' houses'
make the dative
o-uo^Sj and the accusative 8&offc
5ocS>jS>, cxoo^?6.
So those nouns which, having no inflexion, retain the nominative
shape, if they end in 9, add KI, and NI ; but if they end in any
other vowel they add KU and NU.
Examples; 5" ' a knife or sword.' Genitive, the same. Dative
SS_. Accusative Z&V. Plural. S"<fceu kattulu : but e> ' a table'
makes the G. wo. D. wu 5b ; Acc.wi&. Thus&pS 'an abode;' D.
<&p. Acc. <&plp ; but plural N. <fe(S>SSe, D. &;S>Soe>S5. The
> words SDso kalimi ' wealth, possession' makes the dative 5"8Sto and
the Accusative S"9Sp. But the plural is 5"eMsSew ; the plural Da
tive is S"esSe>S and the plural Acc. 5"eoSe>ffc. Thus aiS&co the
front' D. cfc>>e, Acc. oSoSsap. Thus S>8 ' a cat.' D. b OS ; Acc.
S>8 P, Plural. S>eMeo. D. ixwaSS. Acc. *>ee>rfc. Thus 5 ' a poet.'
D. 5a. Acc. S"ap. Plu.N. 5">, D. S"$e)K3, Acc. S'S'MfSi.
Also Hindustani words, thus *>^S tupaki, ' a gun.' D. 8oi*
Plural. &-^oe 'guns.' D. SsirrSjoSS.
The same principle appears in the conjunction. Added to nouns
in I it is NI : but added to any others it is tf). Thus D. ato45
intiki ' to the house :' with the conjunction 3)0438^ intikinni ' and
to the house.' But in the plural ^ofiiSo indlaku 'to the houses'
which by adding the conjunction becomes owoafSc1?^ indlakunnu
' and to the houses.'
THE NOUN.
49
BOOK SECOND.
ON THE NOUN.
Ancient grammarians describe the nouns in three Declensions.
There are two numbers; singular and plural. The Latin cases
will be found to embrace all the shapes of the noun : and this ar
rangement is preferable to the native mode wherein Telugu gramma
rians have made fruitless efforts to mould the noun on the Sanscrit
model.
In one respect the Sanscrit model is preferable : as discriminating
the third case or Instrumental Ablative (By, with) from the Locative
case (or 7th case) " In."
a
NOUNS.
50
FIRST DECLENSION.
The Accusative plu. either simply uses the inflection plural; or,
adds ( to it; as G. Plu. KoLtSskcxu. Acc. fo[tSs&xv&, Horses.
The Vocative generally uses either the Nom. Singular itself, or
lengthens its final vowel, Thus, N. of. a sister. V. f. or
O sister.' N. tfo(a a father. V. Uoja or &o\h 0 father.' But
nouns ending in \) U change that vowel into
a, or
a. Thus,
N. tSsfc^&b a brother. V. Ks&^a or &k>m~cs* O brother ! The Nomi
native plu. adds es-tf or 69-tj. Thus, N. Plu. fc> S" m sisters. V.
3Sf_ertf orw5Lsrxr O sisters .' N. Plu. tfo|^fet fathers. V. So
loer*tf or SolorTr> Ofathers.' N. Plu. S^wo. V. S^rS or
Ss&^erTr,> 0 brothers.' Nouns derived from Sanscrit, as jSj^5^ a
king, may in poetry merely drop the affix
Thus ^i*)^ O king.
The instrumental case adds to the inflection the words
' by' or
'with;' and the Locative case adds foiSb or
' in.' In
the irregular nouns these cases are shaped in a peculiar mode with
out these affixes.
Na, the sign of the Locative case, is sometimes used for the In
strumental in the singular number; thus from
a spear,
iSsJr&^jS) he stabbed him with the spear. S"^> a stick, 3"~|j
he beat him with the stick.
Of, To, From, &c. are in English called prepositions because they
precede the noun: but in Telugu they are postpositions or affixes be
cause they follow the noun.
There are three >oXsSe Genders: called ^)8oKsS Mascu
line, ^Sotfsto Feminine and ^o^tS>oKsx> Neuter.
FIRST DECLENSION.
The First Declension includes all those nouns that are masculine
and end in Du; as 8:So a younger brother; s>o5tSS a good
man;
a hero; eS;*>2& a son-in-law. "5NoJfi> a husband.
t> a person. )CotfeSo a stout man.
Many Sanscrit nouns [such are called Tatsama] are placed under
this declension; Udu being added. Thus ~&<&s& 'a god.' (jpSr^KoSo
Bramhanudu, 'a Bramin.' *5jJsoo vartacudu 'a merchant.' fesSfco
t> a son.
62
Singular.
N. tfJ&^ao or S^oiSb
N. Ss&^ew,
oaC), Ss&^^T or
G. tfsS p or 8sfc0j&
or i jboSuS*u->, {JjS,&53s'
*
ird. #^p or e^ai
G. #sSx> o. iSs^olS.
i
'j- 3
D. Cf^ejSo, &ofo,o&3 or 8s&>
CO
A. 8^je))Ss&je)|&) or &sS*>oS[-f
V. tfjjjitf or efS"ro
V. tJsoero', or tfjSarTJ*.
or
I. tfsSjt>3tf or tf^jcS^
I. ^ are formed by affixes added
L. j to the Inflection,
L. SsS^jOer4 or 8;S,PcSjog&
good
man, plu. sfcoOwoafc good
r*t& He, a man, s&o-Osr,2So a
people.
Plural.
G. &OQ?r*pt sSboara
N. sSi>oa'sroo) >o&tt>05
G. sSboO-sroOSs, so);ra
D. s&>or<>ctf
CO So.' sS>ofi=r8S
A. 5&ofisr>o^(ai) i3boar>8j6
V. 5ooCsrT3
I. aoofisrjt>^# or SjOOwjOy8
V. &ofisroTj' or S>OfisTj
I. sfcoSfS-oS^tf,
CO
I jSboasr>8^StJ
or sSboOsnofi
SECOND DECLENSIONS.
S3
Many nouns
Plural.
N. Holtfsfeoa, *>[Trex>, o[tfo
we, or 7&\tizSx>eii
NOUNS.
Singular.
G. o\S^), or Xo[soix>?r_
(jroj^SS)oljr'jt)g or KoL?
A. o^sS+rS>, or Kolp'JJj.
V. 7&\tSsh, or i?fo[o
I. Xo\_tf5S^CJ or 7&[tix>&*
Plural.
v, or Xbjjp'e).
D. Kol^sSMfSS, xb^ojMejSo,
so oSS, or Xo^JpuSo
A. olCfsSe> + fS> or XolxPej+rSj
V. XoL?s>er-tr" or J^lTyer'Tr'
I. X>|S5k>e>^5tf, KiljJ'u^a or
L. !fjl5Se>ciS306 or Ko[jre>
o[TT'i6 or Ko[tfsfcoer*
csfio5$> or ^LP'e'W*.
tio-^sSx) a wife, (vulgarly "w^sSxi) is the only Feminine noun
in this Declension.
Singular.
G. ^jOis'sSco
or ^5jO"crs&Dc&!f
on
ro
^
D. ^5>o"E^"sSx)so or ^SjOTJ'jOS
A . "wO"us>Dp& or ^oTjr*^
T. ^SjOT^'Sbo
or ~"Z>o~zzXtsSx>&'
m
on
on
1
J
on
sfcoasb or '^iots-'sSbov^
I. "S)OTTa^55
or "S)0"cj'e^
On
CV>
L. ^SiOi^ejdSjojS)
or ^ioxpo
00
on
N. &*S)sfcoe or s^sSx^ex)
G. 6*S!S5Se>oJx>5' , or 6*55
trD. 6*85tftfS6 or s^tf-G^aSS
SECOND DECLENSION.
Singular.
A. A*sSsp& or iirss-ssj6^
I.
or sPsSSjSso^S
A. s**:58Se>;!S> or &esS-csv}S>
or s&^sSSsSxie) t^S
S^sSs&De>dKiOi>, or sir* 3
N.
N. 85>sS, tJ$fc ! or kos
G.
D.
D. 8$sS;6sS, or STjr!t>
A.
A. B^sfoDjai, or ^Tp-0?^
V.
"V. 8$s*r
I. 8$!&o^a or StfsSx.S*
8$s&ew, or tf-g5-e
8#sScoe>, or 8-zp-e>
SbJsSxiejso, or.8-zpre>55
tJ$rfxe' + i3b, or Tjre> + f6
S!fi3xrTr,J or S-^rer8'
r6.
L. KJp'&otf, 87p-jS,8c?iSKeJ>** or
ejcSSoSfe, or 8Tjj-e)dSoOd&
8 g>sS?S &>
In like manner are declined tr^sSa, tStf" sS, (jfoJfsSx), sSjc&s&j,
jSmS^sSm and many other words borrowed from Sanscrit.
Nouns in emu ; as ~ao"3s&i a corpse ;
s&> a camp ; pf^iSx)
^fineness make the dative "SiO'3sS;63o or "S^o^pS ;
sSj6 So
or ^'epi and the plural ~3coo"3sS>aex> or ~&ocle ; ir"5;Seo) 0I
ir>~4vi1 &c*
The second form exhibited above inserts oX> as ?<o|JJo. This shape is
only used in poetry, where the metre requires a syllable, otherwise short, to be
made long : for gurramu being a dactyl, gurram-bu lengthens the second syllable.
Even the last syllable of the genitiTe l) can De changed into T&)o if the metre
requires the change. Thus in the Vasu Charitra 2. 64. KsS<JfSl^y o'5>f5iTr"5' the
fever of youth: elsewhere a6e35'0'!^)ojrEii a wall of crystal. In such instances
grammarians look upon the genitive as an epithet. This will be explained in re
marks on Druta words.
66
NOUNS.
THIRD DECLENSION.
57
Plural.
N.
G. r^L or fc^ooSwif.
D. WfS^SS
A. t*^"3*
V. Wr^erTT=
I. w^e"^ or w^e^S
L. es^eer6 0r WjS^esKSoaa
a tiger,
Singular.
Plural.
N.
N. ^ee
G.
or ^S55Mr_
G. i&oxu 0r ^bee>53r_
D.
D. ^oSo
A. 4)P
A. ^ee>i&
V. i&>
V. i^eerT7
I.
or
I.
^ are formed (as in the
L. ^Ser* or i^)8cSSob
L. r singular) by affixes add3 ed to the inflection.
The cases are formed by adding the usual affixes to the Nomina
tive or Inflection. In the plural the Locative case,
frequently
is contracted ; thus ^osSj sandu, 'interstice' -(tofiSbeep-* sandulalo
' in the spaces' is written itfoeSbej"6 sandullo.
Some nouns of inanimate things of this Declension, ending in
C) , \},) A, I, U, and E, use ^ N in the Locative singular : as
5r*tfiS "on the wall," PlS^ "in the shade,"
"on high ground;"
58
NOUNS.
THIKD DECLENSION.
59
g. 4;w or 4>e,53M-
d. 4;s
D. 4w5i
A. (JojP
A. 4)e,'ai
v. ^.4,
v. 4i*r*"a' r ^4|*M
i, 4^^ r 4,<^6
i. 4>e>^ r 4,wS^
L. 4)u>'* or 4*^^
l. 4/ser* or 4^e>dSiois;>
The word J* also is declined like this by adding the usual affixes.*
&pt>- a man, derived from
(which is seldom used.)
Singular.
N. *S>?>2>G. sSbpS*. or SbjoS.5i5f_
D. sSbj02-S
A. s5bjbSi-P
V. i.55bj&&.
I. sfcfbl^tf or *&pfl>.S^
L. s&^Ler*
Plural.
N. a&jj>se
G. jfcj&sSsio
D. jSbjS>s3sie>S5
A. 55bfS>&e)pS>
V. s5oj3j3iPer-a'
I. sS>jS>A>e>^tf or s&(5>5ie>S^
L. s&rfcsjsoer*
60
HOUNS.
a cow
<o
CO
CO
uoaft
CO
fO
*1%0SP or, ^o&o&
&p>?fcex>, or, &twj
"Sew
W-iJjew or S3-e
Second Class.
The Inflection singular of the following nouns is formed by chang
ing the last syllable of the nominative singular into d3 and the plural
* The rule given in the ancient grammars is that only such nouns as end in
S tf t ,
take 43 in the Infl.. . .See the Bhattiyam, Chap. 30.
+ A few of these words assume a Eegular plural form in poetry.
THIRD DECLENSION.
61
N. Sing.
a lodge
a cord
a yard
a city
waste land,
common
a country,
a day
food
a nest
fuller's
earth
the leg of a
bed-stead
the west
the mouth
I.
L.
tT3Aj
N. Plural.
^43
CO
^0-43
&*s
t*s
6*
Si)
CO
fata
CO
CO
r*43
CO
or "r>r"5
*3Tr- 0
the fore
head
>*3
a river
an embrace ^""ftS
the cheek
a handful
a plough
>c>eu." >#>
CO
CO
7jco
Vco
NOUNS.
02
N. Sing.
sSoaD the court
yard
a pestle
"3e
L.
Inn.
<r*ri3
er'AAj
w4j
13 Aj
N. Plural.
6^r^> or 5^rQ
(So
m
er*?v^ or ej^jvO^)
-sr-i^ or-srlo3
2uoejoi2^
Cfass.
Nouns noted below change the last syllable of the nominative sin
gular into o43 to form the singular inflection and osi, o&) or o*
to form the plural nominative. Some of these nouns also take gjj
in the regular manner to form the plural.
N. Sing.
CO
(too
G.
rots
S&043
the eye
sand
the sky
a female's
breast
S063
a bow
s5c43
a thorn
8\c43
a house
a6043
a tooth
I.
sot)
L.
Sot)
Plural N.
S'j&jew or So6
0A>
tfOt)
tfjj^eu or oa
aoij
s6o4j
aewew,
CO 7 aojsb
CI ' Sotfc
CI
s&>oJSb or So^
abob
Fourth Class.
The following use the nominative singular for the singular inflec
tion : or change the nominative singular into d3. Tbey make the
plural nominative either regularly by adding eX) to the Norn. Sing,
or by changing the final syllable of the Nom. Sing, into & or 026,
Thus,
N.
Infl.
I.
L.
N. Plural.
iS^te)
a place
-<y*43
iS^&aoo, or
THIRD DECLENSION.
N.
Infl.
I.
L.
N. Plural.
a pair, a
none
CV)
pair of
shoes
^Jo^> or ^oSi
a boil
a fruit
a&oJSo
CO or a&o&>
CO
&a
a village
CO
?C*i3
a nail
Jr*tfooo or ST6^)
blood
none
water
rose water
no plural
the sea
-373^
moonlight
63- 3"^ w-s'oao.es-rsu
hunger
05'
CO
6-<*s5o4j r$oi> -*s>o&
a sickle
CO
or "sSo43
or, r*&Xo&
oJoxIfc or io?>o&b
spittle
!)6oSAj
a shed
an axe
pudding
pick-axe
ca
s3o c3e a hare
CO
Sooc543
CO
XoK3e, Kotfoc>
Soo-^$u or 55 0^
Pit tXJ
11
fcAJ
G4
NOUNS.
Inflec.
^P
fo^p
L.
'Sper-*
N. Flu.
^jaieu or 3e
* In poetry there occur other spellings; the letter G being changed into VThus owOo^Oo two, tfjog^Co three, jSoOi*)& four.
THIED DECLENSION
N. Sing.
Inflec.
N. Flu.
sr"jS>e or strSSj
r"e>j3owo, or
Soto
L.
a tree
a tank
the body
a village
S5"8oJ5o a daughter
toa
-*5S
a name
-rex>
thread
a share
G5
^pbew or
Scrbt6oo or Scroo
no
^at> or ^>Ooew or
**
none
*0 or
Seventh Class.
Words ending in
form the inflec. singular in
The Norn. plu.
either adds t to the Nom. Sing, or changes the last syllable of the
Nom. Sing, into
thus N. r[Co t sowing machine; G. R^J* ;
N. Plu. JT^eu or tT&. N.
a plough share ; G. *
N. Plu.
r(Ooe or S". N.
the neck; G. _6 ; N. Plu. fcl>ew or <
&c.
~
Eighth Class.
Some nouns form the inflection singular in Q and the nominative
plu. in % og>, or o\&.
N. Sing.
"S~ex>
"Sew
63-e
sSb^;&)Xr
S^tftw
I.
G.
the leg
"B^O
the finger "30
a wife
none
a grand
J&jSao-u*
daughter 0
a daughter 6^S
in-law
fctftfttj a cousin
j&tJesS
L.
N. Plu.
on
none
63-oo oreS-o(ffio
sS>f5aSo"CTofi> or
r^Sogi or^tfo
I*
Kfofftfosfc or iSbtf
66
NOUNS
N. Sing.
^l^o a sister
G.
^jgS
N. Plu.
&Bog> or ^go
I.
a town
L^68
The word ~^e the hand makes the G. in ~^>, but it has no plu
ral.
Sometimes the same plural is used for two or more different
nouns : thus
Singular.
~cyi&
a day
"Sew
CO
8&e
a country
a nerve
a name
a splinter
a root
a finger
the eye
a stone
a fowl
a leg or post
a rivulet
a fruit
a tooth
Plural.
TT>#>
I IT)
names, splinters
roots, fingers
eyes, stones
S&00
fruits, teeth
Foreign Words.
Both in speaking and writing, the Telugus generally retain many
foreign words untranslated. The words Doctor, Captain, Gene
ral ; coat, ice, glass, wine, beer, brandy, cup, saucer, bottle, court,
book, receipt, pen, ink, bureau, &c, and perhaps a hundred Hindus
tani expressions in daily use as Kharch 5"cotS> expence, outlay, zuNoie.A grammar of this language written in Telugu and printed in 1835 is
arranged somewhat in the method preferred by the English. But besides much that
is omitted it gives some false statements. Regarding many of the words described
in this page, it exhibits regular as well as irregular plurals. But those regular
plurals are fictitious.
THIED DECLENSION.
67
rur, razi, sandook, chacu, petara, jild, jawan, roz, naucar, munshi,
nakd $Xt&>, &c. This dialect cannot as yet be set aside : because
there are no native expressions 'which precisely convey the same
ideas. Take an instance. The word gazu tt*^ does indeed mean
glass : but in Telugu conveys the idea of glass bracelets ; a"?^
ginne ' a cup' denotes a metal cup. There is no word to denote a
glass. In like manner the word book, if translated ^o$s&> or
would convey the idea of a book written on palm leaves. Thus to
bind a book is s5o "SoiSbT^dSSJ.o or 2?ex>S'AJiSo because there is no
intelligible and convenient word for binding. It is not easy to
speak or write Telugu without using foreign words : but good taste
requires us to use them in moderation.
These foreign nouns whether Hindustani, English or neuters of
Sanscrit origin, have no inflection, nor Locative or Instrumental
forms in the singular : in the plural a few have inflections. All these
use affixes.
Thus
naucar a servant
naukarl, service,
ff* a
table,
lainu (the English word line) ^> a couch. *F* a
pen. omo ink.
office. 2* wine. -<z& doctor. ercJco law
yer. "7r"S8gS~ a guardian.
Plural.
N. pSCSoew or "p^g
G. -prbe> or F^""
D. 'j3~s'coe>S&
A. 'j3~s'Coe>j&
I. -^rcou^a
L. fTs'coeer'*
Words ending in LU as Vakeel 55e, Amul WsSmU), &c. are in
cluded in the same rule thus,
Singular.
N. "pros
G. pS'Sboior
D. "ps'ooso
A. -fTs-CojS.
i. -preG^
L. jj's'coer*
N.
G.
D.
A.
So
Sing.
Plu.
slttw a minister
ministers
rfio3Sr. of a 8cc.
sSlaoSS to a minister
*slewf$
sSt^M*
Colonel, General, &c. S"?5 e-<S~, <5~ Sec.
68
NOUNS
Plural.
N. "3osS we
G.
sS^S^_, sra> our
D.
to us
A. sfcsfco
>i>&3| sSjsfe^o
or sfesSgjej^fc us.
* In poetry "j3jfl is sometimes changed into aj& cnu or S E'; and iSotib*
is changed into
j and jb into
PKONOUNS
Singular.
Plural.
by me, with I. sr^&,srer*
wjiVA us
me
L. T^oer*, 7TcSfioSb in me
L. &r>&*} s$r>d*osS> in us
The other form which may be called the dual, runs thus,
N. sfe(5sS Thou and I ; you and we.
G.
s&tSSJm^, s&(6 cS> Thine and mine ; Our and your.
D. *>iS 55 7b wee and /Aee ; to you and us.
A. sS>;SsSj6; sS)^ej> j&^sSko Cs
^e ; s and you.
The Instrumental and Locative are compounded as s&i4^J$
us, 3a;Sd6oe) in ms.
N.
G.
D.
A.
70
PBONOUNS
Masc. Singular.
N. ~sns> he, that man
he, this man
G. bt'P, -ar-Si his
>P,
D. sr-pi, *r>&$ to him
A. -sr-P,
Aiw
hP%,
&p,
Aim
#55
m
A. sr-dp, wtje)^, srotf;
i. z^s^s, r.8^
1 SSo
g>8p, litfejffc, >oS?j4>, So^p*.
se^tf, fees'*
Masc. Sing.
Masc. and Fein. Plural.
N. oDs>o, oi^JSb* wAo, which dsS&,
oiw^tSo which
man ?
men
G. ^?>,
whose, which
cisSofis
man's
D. cisSjoS, oi^ai to whom
c5s$6, ois$oS5S
A. ^?>, ois$E|^ whom
dsSep, oSsSoSspfc
I. JsSp^iJ, ois> p&* by whom, dsSd^tf, oteogS'*
with whom
L, oJsSjoer*, 5;$&ej" in whom
dsSQeP-*, o^oiSer*
When the long initial vowel is shortened the next consonant is doubled, as
here shewn. From sra4o he, is formed >a-fia what man, by contraction
o^s5iSo who? So in the feminine &9 edi becomes <^8 eddi.
PEONOUNS
71
*rSo He, that man, >t& this man, are used only of inferiors ; but
when we speak of any man with respect w&iSb and
Tvt& or s^S
or %{z$~ir&>* are the proper words to be used, and when much res
pect is shewn the word S5-cs>;S is used: when still more respect is
to be shewn, plurals are used, as *rJfc they for r4So he.
w&JSo, t5eJ-7T"(5So and 5S^<Ko, s^tt-So are also thus declined.
The words Sf-c*fi;S his honour, his reverence, that gentleman,
and
or t*<*SiS are declined thus,
Masc. Sing.
Interrogative.
G. e*-c^55r_
-giosjj6 53iiS'
&<s<,jSo3r
D. fcS-dS5j6So
-&ciS);6S5
SotSfSSS
A. es-osr^fii
-8*csfi^fji
>cjSf5^,
I. W-dtSbpS^g, or
-&<&fi^& or
&<si>$^& or 8*
L. es-dSjjSer*
-S*css5;Ser
Sxsfi^r
These words have no plural, but borrow from ^r23o and lt><3b fo,
/Aa* man and this man; and from d:Si>
N
G.
D.
A.
I.
L.
Observe, that
and &o45"* are disapproved as vulgar. They
are therefore included in brackets.
The feminine plural of W8 she, that woman and 3)9 this woman is
the same as the masculine plural of vrjo he, that man, and ItHSo this
man. Thus sr-'Cfc, srtfew
^Aostf women, >Cfs(S)tJeu Mese wo>wcm &c. But the neuter plural of MS it, thai thing and S[S this
thing runs thus,
Neuter Plural.
N. WB fAey, rfAose things
ss(2> <foy, ^e$e things
G. ts-43, ^43Sm^_ or, 'SJ'p &43, SeSoioS^
or &p
* In poetry O&lSo and (Stdttb are sometimes spelt with a long initial as
PKONOUNS
72
Neuter Plural.
D. sr**3, sr-^So, or ^F>
S*S8,
0r !>?>
A. -ST4Sp, sr-lofc, or
f>*3p, &kj3, or Sp
I. sr.e3*3t, -sfij^S, p>43^,
hiSS4, or
or srf)^6
L weSer* r*4JeJ"*. or sr-P SfieJ^, SiJer8, or S?d*0)
Inlerrogaiives.
Fern, and Neu. Sing.
N. >S,^S, oi a* which woman,
which ?
A. Sp, -&P.
I. Sp^ss, -GpS*
L. "^Per6, ("^5"*,) S-Byjae)^
Neuter Plural.
<ta which ?
S*P, ~$P
-pr*
-^(J"*, ("%"*,) "^PdSSoiSb
ir, ^*?>
^i5,
tf(53
Plu.
^fSSSb
tfjS^t*, B^^6
SjSer*, SJjScSSoafc
N.
G.
D.
A.
I.
L.
-^sfoo,
-^*oo
BsSb,#55c>5i>or , (&j&8)
JSbSS, (;&e)
tfsSw^s&yS, (5ffc6j6)
J3o^5?, tfsfc.y*
Ss&er*, 0sS>c*6oa>.
* Some words peculiar to poetry are needless in the Grammar, and will be found
in the Dictionary : such are c*C<jS for ft.
PRONOUNS.
73
74,
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
D. woBbSS, or, woBbe>& thereto.
Ins. woBo^a or Wo&sSo thereby.
L. tsoaSber* therein.
In the same manner )oBb here is declined.
D. sstoa&Sa hereto.
Ins. s;ob\3& or SjosSbsSo hereby.
L. goBber* herein.
And also ^o&i where: thus.
D. oioc&SS wherefore?
Ins. ^oBbt3e or ^osfcsso whereby.
Loc. oiosSber* wherein ?
See also in page 79.
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
Adjective pronouns have no singular ; and are thus declined.
Masculine and Feminine.
N.sjos&so };n^| ^os&allper-^ Josffi how
j
persons
sons
many per
sons ?
L- siosflep-*
^oe
oSoa9j&
"\ oioae^,
or^oae^j orcioae^
eoaSer*
loader*
roe8i
r"oa6j8
or r'oae^
roaOy^
Aerate".
N, s^, so many
tfiP^
oija^ how
many ?
trf&afcw
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
75
Neuter.
G. 81&.43 or q&tf *
^
!
D. BiP^i
A. s^p
i. m^a^tf
e1^433
fcspj^p
r^ap
i
>
or
or e^8
or
L. stl^8r
The word
connected.
being
Herein the sing, denotes quantity ; but the plural denotes num
ber. Thus otaSScSitjsfaj how muchrice ? S-'P^'&S'ew some goats.
Masc. Eem. "oSsS>o or ss& all those (people)
S[o$i&oa
so many, these
<^o&s&>o> or oioesSS how many?
r*0{5sfcoa
roj5C5o SOme
This sometimes takes a plural form, as Wo&eu, sjo&eu.
The initial letters
A' and
I' (which might be called ar
ticles) and their interrogative > E' are prefixed to many words,
meaning that, this and which. Thus fcS-^tas f^af tree> es-'S&o
those trees, -*t3*33 this tree.
which tree ? Bat when they
precede the nouns, they are sometimes changed into short vowels
doubling the following consonants. Thus es-T^esSxi or fcTre>!to
that time &c. Several other words originate from the same prin
ciple. Thus psr>s6 that man.
this man. dsSa which man ? &c.
Also
there.
here.
where"}
7G
DEFECTIVE NOUNS.
e&osSoa Sucli as that. afzoXotS such as this (talis) etesSo*3 tohat
sort ? (qualis.)
So
So many
Bo3,
So much
DEFECTIVE NOUNS.
Some nouns have no singular nominative ; and are placed in
the plural form in the Dictionary. Thus, ^ew, ' milk.' Many
names of particular kinds of grain are thus defective. Thus
The word t>& water is used in the plural : unless in poems,
which at pleasure use the singular r>t&, as is already explained.
Thus
DEFECTIVE NOUN'S.
77
Thus
is above ; but the infl. is o^a of above ; upper or
next : and the Dative Set to up, can only be translated up
wards. Hence we may form a nominative by adding various
words to the infl. as craa that which is next, or above.
foes, loifcTV adv. Beneath. G. Soft adj. last, underneath.!).
lofiS adv. downwards, down. Hence SoSS nom. what is beneath.
When these two adverbs are united into a phrase, a plural is
used thus Sos>aj-eex> up and down.
tSx>oc&t sfcooKtf, or Saj>-7r> adv. In front. G. sfeoojs&3, ifeoHfi
adj. fore, fronting. D. sSo8, sSojs6S adv. forwards. Hence
sinoss 43 a ,(7}a iu&icA is infront.
"SiSS-, "S^S^ or "3(55"*' aQV. Behind. G.
adj. Under,
back. D. "3|5^43S, "3(S5"S3 adv. backwards.
"When these are united (with the plural affix) ~3fsSx>o&tx> 0r
tfoeSb"3(5 "ex> meansfore and aft, backwards and forwards.
The two words before and after frequently change their mean
ings: thus Sp'3jS5'43roa6 Those after him may also denote
his predecessors.
S'TSt.jj&t) adT. ^ to. G. S"-G5<643 adj. last.
adv. ^i! first. G. d^j)*3, "o43, ST"S*3, ^"oo43, ^8 ,
adj.jr, earliest. Hence 8~ja&3S or ePS^S is the nominative.
tssSSei, es-sie, sSe> adv. Thither, beyond. G. wx>8, e*;SO,
ea^8 adj. JbrfAer. D. wsS^SS, M-ssSS, esS$ adv. o
sis>Se>,
st^oadv. .H*V7*er. G. ss\sS#S, -&s, sjs^O adj.
nearer. D. st=SSS, s^SS adv. 27's iwiy.
&*Xl adv. formerly. G. &*X& adj. former.
&ra&> adv. Afterwards. G. &r043 adj. ?ie^. Hence is derived
69-sarzs43S xhe next one.
esfctf or
or
adv. -ft/ear, 5y, G.
or sS adj. wfo'e/j s
wear, adjoining, neighbouring. D. K^SI or
adv. To, up to,
close to.
adv. Afar. G. (the same) SJ^ adj. distant. >$iS Loc. at
a distance.
78
DEFECTIVE NOUNS.
cr*, er^iy or
adv. In, inside, within. G. B^jD, er^^S,
er*s643 adj. inner. D. "*?>?, er*, e^a&Si, adv. inwards, in.
2^ adv. (Loc. case) outside. G.
adj. Exterior, outer. D.
2*3 adv. otf, outwards,
-zr>&*> adv. 0 <Ae 7e/2 AJ. Gr. tt><6) adj. tfto ty7iic7? is on the
left hand. D. Er<68i adv. towards the left hand.
3e>a&e> adv. On the right hand.
adj. D. sSaofcSi.
Saafcej adv. Outwards, Gr. "3e>3&>, 3e><Sf)43 adj.twfcr. D. "3e>s&S,
"Se^'iSi outwards.
Oo34j adv. Afterwards. G. wo&t3 adj. sweS. oS43 <> ffe
w>7;ofe.
^otJij adv. Hereafter, henceforwards. G. t^o&43 adj. such. D. ^oe
*3S hereafter, after all.
pi^L adv. Yesterday, Gr. p?$^3 as r>;^2i6p yesterday's tvorfc. D.
P^d.4^ WP ^ yesterday. L. f5^^* within yesterday.
adv.
Jay Je/cre yesterday. Gr. ~a;5^3 Of that day :
thus ~&y*$^82T,zx> the letter that came the day before yesterday.
D. "Sx^iSS until the day before yesterday.
ciewoS adv. The day after to-morrow. G. cieuoS Thus
&<6?> the work to be done the day after to-morrow. D. <^eoo&
adv. the day after to-morrow L. Sito4j ; as TSs&*j^>$o*j to
morrow or day after to-morrow.
adv. There. G. ^^.^ adj. of that place, or country D.
fcSf_& to that place, thither, thereto.
Si^_S adv. Sere. G.
adj. of this p>lace. D. S[Sf_&S
this
place, hither.
oi?r_adv. Where? G. =i_2> adj. of what place? D.
to
DEFECTIVE ADJECTIVES.
79
ON THE ADJECTIVE.
The Telugu adjective like that used in English, is devoid of
nnmber, gender, (unless what affixes supply) and case. Compara
tives and Superlatives are formed merely by adding the words
more, less, most or very. Some adjectives add WajS the rela
tive participle of >iSt> to become : thus ^o-^) or ^"oJ&omjS pret
ty. But this will be placed under the Relative participle.
* These three words fcSS&^ab appudu, Si^Sfc ippudu, ds6^So eppudu,
are sometimes (in poetry) contracted : being written fcS^i) SS^ oi?^ ap'du,
c
c
&
ip'du, cp'du. But litis is not used in common life.
80
Or THE VERB.
Some few Sanscrit adjectives are used in the Sanscrit compara
THE VEEB.
81
BOOK FOURTH.
ON THE VEEB.
All verbs appear in my Dictionary in the Infinitive form, end
ing in *j Ta. Thus *o^4j pamputa to send rJfifcS^ caduvuta to
read.
The ancient Telugu Grammarians have with good judgment dis
tinguished three conjugations of verbs. The Second contains such
Roots as end in T or S, likewise some few verbs in TT, or SS ;
such as t5cs&>*j chey-uta or
ches-uta to do: Lp-cS3o4j
vray-uta or \_st^iAj vras-uta to write : si^cskiij poy-utaor S^fol)
pos-uta topour:
<s&>&> toy-uta or
tos-uta to push : ljScjo
4j vrayy-uta or Ij^ta vrass-uta to break : #<sfc3g4j dayy-uta or
IS
dass-uta to weary.
The Third conjugation contains verbs that end in cu; as "S>otS
pen9-uta to rear, &fpiSit3 manninc-uta, toforgive. Or in ecu as
"aj^i) me99-uta, to approve .- *JtS>^*i ^afc-uta, to die.
Most of the verbs which are derived from other languages are
placed in this conjugation.
Thus tf&-o*S>4j raxin9-uta to protect, f>"a*oMO'iS>4j phirai^-uta,
from Hindustani, phirana, to turn.
All verbs that do not belong to the second and third conjuga
tions, appertain to the first conjugation. Accordingly i6o^i>
pamp-uta, to send, iS>i&k> 9aduv-uta to read,
pov-uta to go,
are verbs of the first conjugation. Each conjugation contains
several classes of verbs, and instead of the numerical signs First,
Second, or Third conjugation, the expression is, A verb ending
in du, in yu in cu, &c. But natives never use such expressions
among themselves.
L
82
THE VERB.
Many of these are likewise found in the Kannadi language which appears
to be more ancient than Telugu.
THE VERB.
83
tense, because all the rest of the persons merely change the termination according to one rule.
There are properly only two voices : the affirmative and nega
tive. The Passive voice is compounded with c6a&> to fall: the
Middle voice with ^fkk) to take : and the Causal voice inserts
SjoBa incu. But all the terminations continue unchanged. Thus
(as in English) the Passive uses the active endings.
The tenses of the verb are Present, Past, Future, Aorist and
the Imperative.
*
The numbers are the Singular and the Plural ; and the persons*
are the first, second, and the third. In the Singular, the third
person feminine has the neuter termination, but it takes mascu
line terminations in the plural.
When we converse with a native who knows Sanscrit but not English we
must remember that I, We, are called &J|s&>^yBc>&. : Thou, You, are called
sSb^sfc^^S- ; and He, she, it, they, are called
sfc^ccsS, the first
person.
84
EADICAL FOEMS.
he sent,
This is the
EADICAL FOEMS.
The following roots are included in the First conjugation which
contains more than half the verbs in the language.
&>ei> to rule, &*wo&> to drive, wb!64j to ask, d*t6_t> to tread,
fcssfo^fc) to sell, "S-S>Xo*3 to grow, efcskoSSk to leap, sS>oi&> to flame,
i6ofc> to fall, e3-s$b*J to play,,s&ew&i> to speak,
*> to mount,
-in&t> to sing, t5(fc*J to say, SooKoAj to walk, SfSok to hear, r-f&Aj
to buy.
The verb S"?S>4j Konuta when it means to buy is Eegular : but
when used as a sign of the Middle voice, it is irregular.
Silent Roots.
Mand. ' Flame.'' This is the root of s>oo4j mand-uta toJlame.
ir>r&io&(6) the wood flamed.
Und'. ' Be.' &oj4j To be, stay, dwell, stop, remain.
fr^eso he is in the village.
Ami. 'Sell' esto^ To sell. M-ii^a^a she sold it.
A'd. 'P%.' pronounced Ard.
To play, e3-Srob65-&
the women danced.
Pa'd. 'Sing.' (pronounced pard.) "rSak To sing. &ti&a-in&$&
she sang a stanza.
Pad. ' Fall' (pronounced pud)
To fall. !<Sm6&c& the
birdfell.
Po'v. 4 Go.' 5^iS*J To go. r&&*ox>$8> the time is past; or
INFINITIVE FOEMS.
85
the sun is set. The full form &*:S:Se>cs&> appears only in verse.
Pal. 220. the form s^s5e>cs&> is in use.
Av, or Ag. ' Become'
ts?64j or
To become. w&P
tscxMi$a it became his : it proved to be his. The ancient form
WKo is seldom used unless in poetry.
Palxtk, ' Speak,' 3&oo3o*j To speak. ^oSSosSo^DI^JSb the
doctor (or learned man) spoke.
JEalug. ' Accrue' 5"exiHo&> To chance, accrue, be, happen.
ejfi> There is a story. S'JJS'eJSb there is an owner.
Note. "^Ko6j v. n. To move and
to be angry are re
gular verbs.
An. ' Say'
INFINITIVE FOEMS.
These are the Infinitive in A as
pampa : the Infin. in
Damu as ^oa&SsSo pampadamu: Inf. in TA. as ^)o^)t> pamputa : Inf. in
86
PARTICIPLES.
ON PARTICIPLES.
The Participles in the affirmative Verb are the present, the
past, the relative and the aorist. I shall use the sign P|| or p||
for the word Participle. The present p|| is made by adding to
the Root i or #b ; thus s&o^y makes ^o^^ or s&o<)8S. To
these the affix
(out of the auxiliary verb
is also add
ed: thus ^So^iS)^ pampug-unnu and do-^sfopy^pamput-unnu
sending.
colloquial shapes ^> and Sbi*^. alone are exhibited in the following
pages.
Verbs that end in * T'T'U as S"**^ ' to strike'
< t0
place' S^3^ ' to revile or abuse' can in the present participle and
past tense change | TTU into &>Sb or i& ; thus s^toSo,
or r*so and the past tense S"*43S 0r
0r ^ S.
The past p|| is formed by changing the final U of the Root in
TENSES.
to " )" ' I :" thus out of &ci) pampu comes
ing sent.
87
pampi hav
ON TENSES.
The tenses are formed by adding the personal terminations
to the root or else to the present and past participles.
[The following rules on formation, marked with inverted commas
['] in the margin, were framed by a native tutor in the College.
They may perhaps be useful to those who study Telugu in
Europe : these principles may be occasionally referred to when a
doubt arises. Such as read the language in India will seldom
require these rules : which will be easily acquired without being
studied in this method.]
S8
" ON TENSES."
2d
1st
2d
*s
&
thou, as
we, as
&rwyou,a8
^ Thou sendest.
"* We send.
t> You send.
' But one shape of the past tense changes the \) (TJ) of these
terminations into ) (I) i. e. fi>, <&, s*, & mi, vu, mu, ru, are
changed into P,
Sx>, Q ni, vi, mi, ri. Thus i^o&Sp I sent, o
2j33 thou sentest, ol,%&> we sent, ^ctSa you sent.
' The Terminations of the 3d person Sing.
' Masc. z& from *r"&> and
he, this man. For the pres.
tense as ^o^Safs^ffio he sends ; also for one shape of the past
tense, as i6o>iiT#a he sent and for the negative aorist, as
he does not send.
' jSj For one shape of the past tense as s6o"S>ffi he sent, and for
the affirmative aorist as * 0^)34 he will send.
' p For the future tense, as a)o^&j&, a&o^f>.
'Fern, and Neut. Q from f> or Si9 She or it. For the pres.
tense, as AoiQ&fap she or it sends and for one shape of the past
tense as ioS>;Sa she or it sent.
'j^j For one shape of the past tense, as aSo'wfli she or it sent
and for the affirmative aorist, as i6o^f)ffc she or it will send.
') For the future tense, as &o^>&p) g^o^p, 0r s&oL?) she or it
will send.
' <5b For the neg. aorist,'as !6o<ijS> sjie or g
M0 sengm
'Plural.
' Masc. and Fern. & from ^03 and
They, these persons.
For all tenses, as ^OT^J&F^eS, 7ey send 8&o)rrSS they sent, &o
"S>tf>, ^o'wcfi, they will send, ^o^ysfctfc
" ON TENSES."
89
send not, but one shape of the past tense changes "Q (U) into Q
(I; Thus
They sent.
'Neuter Si from
and 9fi They, these things. For the pres.
tense as *S)o^i)3Z>t^a they send and for one shape of the past tense,
as a&o?>i6a they sent.
* j3j For one shape of the past tense as &o-z>& they sent, and
for the affirmative aorist as oi*L)?S> they will send.
' p For the future tense as S&o^Sf), abot,?), &o%p they mill send.
' s) For the neg. aorist as *6o*$j they will not send.
' These terminations take before them certain intermediate par
ticles to make the affirmative tenses ; and are added either to the
root or to the present and past participles. Thus,
'In the pres. tense 0 a is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons
in the sing, and plu. For the masc- in the 3d pers. sing, and for
the Masc. and fem. in 3d pers. plu. while jS^ is inserted for the
fern, and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d
pers. plu.
' In the 1st shape of the past tense & is inserted for the 1st and
2d pers. sing, and plu. while -=> E^ interposes for the masc. fem.
and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut, in the 3d pers.
plu. And in the 2d shape "P" is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons
sing, and plu. and for the masc. in the 3d pers. sing., and for the
masc. and fem. in the 3d pers. plu. while $ interposes for the
fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d
pers. plu.
In the 1st shape of the future tense -= E^DA is inserted for
the 1st and 2d persons sing, and plu. and for the masc. and fem.
in the 3d pers. plu. while -=>* EDI is interposed for the masc.
fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d
pers. plu. And in the 2d shape -5 E' is inserted for the 1st and
2d persons in the sing, and plu. and for the masc. and fem. in the
x
90
"ON TENSES."
Plu.
adu
3d f. n.
or oa nnadi,
ndi.
The affixes 5$jQ or oS and jSja are added to the p|| ending in So
but not in
Tense.
Sing.
Plu.
2d
8a or ~F>&
3d m. ^fSi enu or 7** ^
3d /. n. i$e or o>
2d
8 or ffcS
3d m. f. 0 or TTes
3d n. -=fS> enu or rS3,
'Ettttjbe Tense.
Sing.
' 1st pers. -5>sSP& edanu or
enu
Plu.
1st pers.
emu
edamu
91
*' ON TENSES."
' F0TUBE TeSSE.
2d
Plu.
Sing.
or
2d
or -t5&
3d m. -=>&p or -p or >P
3d ot./ -=&or-&
3d
n.
-=apor-5por
i Aohist.
Sing.
' 1st pers.
2d
3d
3d
/. n.
Plu.
1st pers.
2d
3d
m. f.
3d
n.
i*
1 Impeeatiye.
Sing.
2d perB.
or Ecr
Plu.
1st pers.
or "sjtiba
2d
*> or &.
' The present and past tenses are derived from the present and
past participles ; and the future and the aorist from the root in
U. By adding therefore the affixes to these participles, the affir
mative tenses are regularly made. Thus, from the present parti
ciples i6o^ofl^_ and ^o^SS comes, by adding the affix #>
A'NU &c. to them, the present tense ^o^Sbfr^ and &'4>)
"a'ffc I send. So ^o^ga^a, 6o^)-y$ thou sendest. denote
pr^go, *o^)rsib he sends, afcoT^Jab^Q or ific^igioa she or it
Bends &c.
' The final \) U of the present p|] is dropped by elision, when the
affixes <& A'NU &c. are added to it. Thus ^o^JSb + ^F^.
?S> pamputu + unnanu=& oi)&>~(r<^&> pampuf tinnanu. There are
also two other shapes of the present tense as iSoi^Jifcfr^tfj or *o
fy o^ffc which are not used in the following pages, the one being
92
poetical and the other being vulgar. They are formed by merely
changing e$ ta into i& qa.
' From the past participle io& comes the past tense, by adding
the affixes dp or r^fk &c. to it, as a&o&SSS or s&o5>fr?$> I sent: *6o
or a&ofc-jjr^j thou sentest : Ao^fc or <&oS>tt!6 he sent &c.
In one shape of the 3d pers. sing. ot>fc the final G) of the
past p|| is dropped when the affix =>!& is added to it. Thus ^S>
makes o~^>$>.
* From the root ^
comes the future tense by adding the af
fixes =>&ffc edanu or
enu &c. to it, thus ^o^SKjfc or*6o";&
I will send. *o"wsJiS or Ao'fj^) thou wilt send &c. the final \) of
the root being as usual dropt.
' The reader must not confound this word a&o^jfc with E' long
pampenu with the word 6o"wSfc with E' short pampenu, which is
the 3d pers. sing, of the past tense of this verb.
' By adding the affix ekffc &c. to the root, the aorist is made : thus
from a&o^J comes a&o^&jSi I will send &c. s&o^ssbg) thou wilt
Bend &c.
4 Out of the two shapes of the future tense, the use of the shape
stSfb (edanu) ^o^csfr pampedanu is strictly confined to poetry;
and the shape Sfr (enu) a&o^^ pampenu is seldom used : but
the present tense and the aorist are used instead of the future
tense. Thus instead of &o'fi$>t they say &c')'&r&.
1 From the root ^o-^) comes also the affirmative imperative :
either by using simply the root itself or by adding to it the affixes
S or s*r for the 2d pers. sing, as &oi) or i6o^)jS 0r <o^y&r
send thou and K*S 0r
for the 1st pers. plu. as a&ct^CiSo
or *o-^-cri let us send and
or & or commonly oa added to
the Infinitive in A for the 2d pers. plu. as ^c^)& or &o-)h or
^o^oS send ye.
93
ON TENSES."
2d
3d
3d
2d
3d
3d
m.
f.m.
>
t& '
Kb
m. f.
n.
&
oj
94
FIKST CONJUGATION.
FIKST CONJUGATION.
For the purpose of exhibiting the terminations, the verb ^o'sg)
*> pamputa To send will now be conjugated throughout.
This
*o^t> To send.
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in Damu
0*6
)fco;6&sS
Infinitive in E^DI
*ot,B.
Pabticiples.
Pres. p||
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
&e>-4)& or do^g)^
Sending
*o)
Having sent
6o?)^
Which sent
afcO", i6ot>t3, aSo^sSo or <6oT,3, a&o^ "Which sends.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
95
NEGATIVE PAETICIPLES.
Negative P|| in
Kel. p||
Verbal noun
FIRST CONJUGATION,
96
Sing. 1
3
3
Plu. 1
2
3
3
/. .
m. f.
.
a&o"S>4-,ai) *os>-jyo
j&o^+fli, j6oj;sa, a&otcft
a6o?>8&>, a6o|Jp-sb3
a&o&sa, s&o&7r>cfi
*&oi>e, ifioti^ifi
a& o^s, f3b( <6oS)^a.
Future Tense.
Sing. I
io~S>K-f
3 m. y. .
Plu. 1
2
3
m. f.
3
n.
Affirmative. I send.
i6o^y +
9. I
2
3 . /. n. a&o^);S>
P. 1
2
8
3
afeo-^ft)
AORIST.
Negative. ' I send not.
a&oa&jfc
S. 1
2
3
08.
3 /. n.
P. 1
2
3
. /.
a&oa&Sa
* This has the liberty of inserting N (for the sake of metre) before a, Thus
<&oS&oifi he sends not. In Bhasc. Sat. XII. roetri gratia S"eS^*f58So is
pelt S"|r,(io'B.
TO SEND ; TO READ.
97
IilPEEATIVE.
Sing. 2 6o-), 3&o^s&, s>o-4)sSj*, 5&o^)S>c, Ao^sxy send thou
PflOHIBITIVE.
Sing. 2 S&cafcr, <s)osSg&, s&oa&sS &>, j&oa&SSsfcp.g, s&osisoto-g.
Plu. 2
Infinitive
Infinitive
Infinitive
Infinitive
in TA
in A
in Damu
in E*DI
4&S>ij
To read.
AriflEHATIVE Paetictples.
Present p]|
Past p||
&^>^> or tfb<S&>
tfSa having read
reading
llel p|j
Aoristp||
STAAT3-
FIRST CONJUGATION.
98
Negative Pabticiples.
Neg. P|| in " Ka Cases', or tffi&sSSSo-ra*
Neg. Rel. P||
esbsSp
Neg. Verbal Noun
fS&Xsa
"Without reading
Who reads not
The not reading.
3
3
Plu. 1
m.
/. .
3
3
tfJSb^SbTr^SS, ^5b)-3^Sci
5Jfi$8b^>LB, tfdft^Sioa [tf^-ff-a]
EJaSb^Sj-p^sSo, Ci&WJS
m. f.
n.
efc^iSaF^SJ, iS
tr<&>*Fy\ tfa&$3a.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1
2
3
3
Plu. i
2
3
3
m.
f. n.
m. f.
n.
m.f. n.
a-3es, tya"^^
tro"3&jo, tra^p, tfeap.
99
TO EEAD.
Futxjbe Tense. I will or shall read,
piu, i
Efa"3BJ&i, a"3tS
2
3
3
-tra-sasSf}, traces
tfa"3b, tfa^CSo
55a"2&|6, t58~5p, -CSSp.
m. f.
n.
AOEIST.
Negative. I read not.
I read.
S.
1
iJefc
2
3 ./. .
Plu. 1
2
3 ?. / i5S>b?SS>&
tJ >;) fS>
3
n.
S.
1
2
3
3
Plu. 1
2
3
3
m.
f. n.
m. f.
n.
tfi&sStfi
WefcsSSS
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
tfifcsSssfao, rasb-5rjSM
tfiuSoS, Cafc^ifc^ U&oife, t?&5&S, 0eSb$&.
100
FIRST CONJUGATION.
way by adding
; as 3|S>t> ; or by changing the'^fk into O
sunna as aotfb. Or when they take
they change fk&> into
c&a aa ao4. Likewise in the past tense apop becomes ao^Jp.
In the affirmative aorist 3fSiS>fS> becomes aojfc;S>. In the 2d and
3d person plural a,&i>Go becomes aoi&So or S>o\&> vulgarly ac).
Here the soft D changes into hard D. The form o[e& is used on
ly in poetry. Thus wo (So. M. XIV. 2. 94. and 2. 169.
Some grammarians direct us to write these verbs with ^ N, not
with O. Thus aottj becomes a<*y But this,is a refinement ap
proved only by grammarians ; not by the people at large.
The verbs affcfc> to hear,
to go, s&&t> to fall, ^afcio
to be spoiled,
to fit, ftxbio to descend &c. change at pleasure
the affix -= E1 into )c33 in forming the past and future tenses.
Thus 3"i3iS or aPSsrfc; and a"^fS) or apssjffi^. And they have
also the liberty of being contracted in the relative participle- Thus
aPiS or
or
and Q^fS or
Many verbs ending
in
NU and So DTJ (as mentioned above) contract tho second
shape of the past tense. Thus apF*fS> becomes ^F^fk, ^J&T3"i&
becomes ^"^fS>.
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive iu E*DI
ajfrtj To hear.
S>;5
a-StfsSw
a"ja.
Affirmative Participles.
Pres. p|| 3oi or aofcoffc^
Hearing
Past p|| ap
Having heard
Eel. p|] P?S or a^
Which heard
Aorist p|| a^, a"^, a^a, a 7=i*>, S Which hears.
TO HEAE.
101
Negative Pakticim.es.
Neg. P|| iu Ka
Eel. p||
Yerhal noun
325', 3&o-r>*
3j6f>
ajSKo
Pkesent Tense.
Sing. 1
2
3 m.
3 f, .
Plu. i
2
3 . /!
3 ??.
Without hearing
Who hears not
The not hearing-
I hear, I am hearing.
actoF^i
ao6r + fJ>
ac&opr^S, ac&r.^
Soiojpy^JSb, ac&r>b
sofcoj^e, actxioa [ac^a]
ao&pT^js, ac6Tss
aofcafj^Oo, ac&rSo
aotofT^cfi, ao&r.Co
acioa^a aoeja.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1
ao43 + p, 355^ + ,*
2
ac*ja, a-pr^
3 m. a^ + jS), apeaH-Ffc, af^fss
3 /. n. a"?rS>, apsag+iai, jsjs, ap;sa, apoa
Plu. l
ao*3so, aF"^^
2
30438, ajj^io
3 J. /. 3f>6, atT^Sj
3
n.
3Pi6a, 3^3.
The form 3p6fc>,
in tlie third person singular is peculiar
to poetry.
Note, tffkej to go and sfci&ij to live never use the form Oo43f>
FIRST CONJUGATION.
102
Futube Teitbe.
Sing. 1
2
3 m.f. .
Plu. 1
2
3 m.f.
3 .
S. 1
2
3
P. 1
2
3
3
AOEIST.
Negative. I hear
Affirmative. I hear.
a&ssb + i&Sj, aoafc+(S>
S. 1
2t$>t&>$, aocsb^)
2
./ . ajs..*
m.
3
ai&eSbsSK, aosfcsS
3 /. .
a;s>j>as, aoe&cfi
P. 1
./. aj&j&cfcg, aoj&cfi
2
3 t./.
.
a ffcffc.
n.
3
Sing. 2
Plu. i
2
not.
a;S&
ae&
3<s<>
3jSs
aj5t6
a?>.
TO TAKE.
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAM U
Infinitive in EVDI
103
tr ;*>>
To take, buy
To take
Taking
Taking n. s.
6" sS
r*7Q
ArFIKMATIYE PARTICIPLES.
Pres. p||
PastpH
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
r'oks or r'cfcjjji^
~P
r'pfi or S-jSj.
*r-f, ir^ia, r-^a, r* -^as,
Taking
Having taken
Who took
Taking.
Negative Participles.
Neg. p]| in 6" E!a r*;sr, S"j5!fco-GS
"Without taking
Bel. p||
Verbal noun
Not taking
The not taking.
"(S&>
Pbesent Tense.
Sing. 1
2
I take.
3 y. . r'otxi^a, "otooa
Plu. 1
"c&x>-j3^sS ~"o&72o
3 . J". S'-ofcofr^Co, r'oi^KS
3 . r*o&^p, r'oija.
Past Tense.
Sing, l
I took.
3 m.
^PF*^, "F^>
3 /. . s~i3j&, r*j^8, r*fo8,
WEST CONJUGATION.
104
Putuee Tense.
I shall take.
Sing. 1
Plu. 1
AORIST.
Affirmative. I take.
S. 1
3
2
3
3
Negative
1 take not.
S. 1
2
3 m.
./. M.
3 /. n.
p.
1
r";s>ieo, r'osfccfi 0r roiefc
2
m. f.
S"oJi>cS> or ^l^
3 m.f.
. r*j&iS>.
3 .
r^sSb +<<>, g^o^fc^-i<,
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
sr$&
r*jS#
r*j6^
-"i$ss,
i-jSsSM
r*iSas
r-fStf,
riS&.
TO SEND.
Sing. 2
Plu. 2
105
The verb
as the sign of the middle voice deviates some
what from the regular verb
to take or buy. The middle
voice is thus conjugated. The irregular portions are marked
But in the middle voice this verb is often written SSffcti kunuta
instead of "*i&*o Jconuta.
Gejtebal Note. In all verbs it is hard to express the Infini
tives and Participles in English, without misleading the learner.
The true import is explained in the Syntax.
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E'DI
a&o^rv&tj v. a. To send
%gT ^o^r5, ,6o^s~j4
a&o^jr'jjtfato, 4o4)r*flitte%
a&oi&r* -=e.
AjTIKMATIVE PaeTICIPLES.
Pres. p||
Pastp||
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
106
FIEST CONJUGATION.
Sing. 1
3 m.
3 /. n.
Plu. 1
2
!6o^)ro*XfT^LJSo) j&o^r*o&r!&
a&o^jr'o&oiS^e, a&o^r'ofcooa
*o^r"ofcn'iT^L!S, afcoi^)r*o&r'S5i
a&o^r*o4x(T^LBo( a&o^yro&r>SS
3 .
a&o^r-otoi^jS), *o^)r*ciJ3.
Sing. 1
<6o^;r*o43s5o, a&o^ji-fr^j&o
3 n.
Sing. 1
a&o^5~~j3 +
I shall send.
abo^)r,p63oa + j&, a&o^yr*
&o4)^?aS,*oa&r,p6fc>SJSio, a&o^r,-j3ss
2
3
afco^)r'^aj?>,
a&o*&r*p53oajD,
abo^s--^
abo^s-pp.
107
TO SEND.
AORIST.
Negative. I send not.
Affirmative. I send.
1
S. 1
3 m.f. n
1
3
3 f.n. a&o-^S-jSsSbf,
2
P. 1
3 m.f.
2
3
n.
3
Sing. 2
Impebative.
BgT ^o^F*, {J^-^o^g-Aog, ^ 6o^)r'So ,
03 a6o^r*aq, a6o^)g-*fJosSo, *o^)r-j>sfiix, a&o
Plu. 1
Peohibiiive.
Sing. 2
108
PIEST CONJUGATION.
*, li a&oi6'"So&.
Or else,
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in D AMU
Infinitive in E\DI
*o4j To fall.
a6S
&8ttix> The falling
*>3o
Falling.
TO FALL.
109
a&JSoSo or *&SbijSgL[*fc]
Falling
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
&
Having fallen
afciii or
Which fell
sb^, a&^a, a&'Sag, ae,3sSo, s6e& Which falls.
Negative Participles.
*4S5oot
Without falling
Un-falling
The not falling.
Present Tense.
I fall, I am falling.
Sing. 1
Plu. 1
. /.
&&Q + p,&8i7r
3 /. .
Plu. 1
2
3 >./.
110
FIKST CONJUGATION.
Futube Tense.
Sing. 1
3
Plu. 1
2
3 . /.
3
.
AOEIST.
Affirmative. I fall.
S. 1
2
3 m. f, n.
P. 1
&bS>0o
2
abaos&Qa
3
m. f.
3
.
N.
Sing. 2
Plu. 2
TO GO.
Ill
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E'DI
ds5g.
AEFIBMATIVE PARTICIPLES.
*o or
Going
si^txu
Having gone
a*ojS
"Which went
**5&>g, ir>^)43, *"6kg&, s6&>o, sfr3
Pres. p||
Past p||
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
Which goes.
Negative Paeticiples.
Neg. P|| in g" Ka
or ^*5Sots "Without going
Neg. Eel. p||
"Who goes not, Un-going
Neg. Verbal noun
The not going.
Present Tense. I go, I am going.
Sing. 1
a** 80 75^4. ft, &iF> + (Sif
2
3
m.
So
*^>%)
s^SbF^sfe,
112
FIEST CONJUGATION.
Plu. 1
s^SoF^sSm, is^w&a
3
3
m. f.
n.
&*#>V&, s^eT'Bo
^a [**^.]
Past Tense.
Sing. 1
Plu. 1
w.
sfr*oi>jS>, sfrax>iS3.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1
d-*3+(&, d*e*>gfJ
./.
n.
ir*63ojSSo, Sfr*e&O0
ir855ia?>) s^oS^P, r*corp.
113
TO GO.
Affirmative,
8.1
AOEIST.
Negative
I go.
d*jsSb + ?fc S. 1
2
2
3 t.y^ . d^Ak, sfr*sjS>.
3 m.
P. 1
3 m.f.
3 .
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
I go not.
S^iSbaaa, d-*$4&sSs3
d*gsarfc
&*?b,
sireSi, s^s55fe1 or
3 /. n.
P. 1
statin, ^6sS&r>
2
6*85, d-esSS
3 m.f. d^c&, sb^sSeSog
3 n.
ir*s$^).
Impebative. Go thou.
^*^, ^^, ^"GiS^, d-^5*^, d*^S5^
irG"CT"s, str<g}Ksko
114
FIRST CONJUGATION.
The irregular verb &oJfc*J To ' Be, dwell, stay' enters into
tlie composition of all other verbs (just as in English) and there
fore will be given here throughout.
Infinitive in TA
* ot&k
To be ; being
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E*DI
&osSu
&o"Sa.
The being
Affirmative Participles.
Pres. p||
Past p|j
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
&otx>fb^
Being
Having been
^oa^
Which was
(feo^, &o"343, &o <8b, &o"B&, 6oifc
Which is.
Negative Participles.
Neg. P|| in Z Ka
Neg. Rel. p||
Neg. Verbal noun
ekofir or 6o&o-t*=
&oSjb
&ojso
Present Tense.
Sing. 1
2
3 m.
3 f_ M,
Plu. 1
2
3 m.f.
3 71.
Without being
Who is not
The not being.
US
There are some other forms of this which are more or less vul
gar: such as ^*ok>&, &oAt&, &o6iTijj?) &ofr, &o~cs&! &o
&r3; A^j*, ^pT^J>. And, in every person, we sometimes
meet with the inelegant contraction Aots*^ ^oT^^j-and &o
;e"<> &c.
The following is used both in the present and past tenses.
Sing.
Plu.
2
3
?.
(kfT^So
2
3 ./.
6-^56
&F^>
3 m f.
3 .
^^p.
Some of these numerous forms bear idiomatic senses : the form
most contracted QV^^b, iSf^iS,
often has a past sense.
So in English " he is gone" has a past import. The form in *j*
as o&r>ffo often has afuture import : so in English " Tie comes
to-morrow," or it denotes continuance as f jJae^^o&jT'Cfi "they
dwell in the forest, but fiar* $&pJ^6 merely denotes they are
in the wood."
Fast Tense. I was.
Sing. 1
esoSS +
+p, ^o&Ty + pS).
3
m.
* Some forms of the Past Tense are peculiar to poetry. Thus i?)o&S*p 1 was,
5S)oS&qg) unditlm (not S>) thou wast, <3fS?v;Sa ' She wore' is written T
&*dScoiS>Lc>> in M. 11. 112.
f This form
if put as a question would be &0&3^t. But in
poems &o3"3 is substituted. Thus &*QTr becomes jS"6!? didst thou go ?
d"T>!)^8T*)
Suca. 3. 276. This contraction is used in no other
person or tense.
This is often used by poets : but condemned by criticks as vulgar. Thus
in English " beest thou" is considered a vulgar form of ' if thou be '' and yet the
best poets use it. In all languages some forms are in course of time laid aside
by the educated but retained by the vulgar.
116
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Plu. 1
6o&0c, 6c*3o, 6o5fr jSm
2
&o&08, <3c43d, <&oSirab
3 m. f. 6o&8, &o&rT'&1 &o{h q. t.*
Sing. 1
2
Plu. I
^o'SSJic^, l&o'iSsSo
3 m. f.
3 .
6o"aBS, ^o'SoS
(&o'aa)t)^l 6o^j6j 6o&f).
AORIST.
Affirmative.
I may be.
6oSSbb^, Aoj&^j
Negative.
^otf^ -^^
3 m.f. n. 6oo,S>
3 m.
P. 1
<&0oS>s&v:,&ojiS
3 / .
2
AoaoSaJfij, ^oiSbSS, P. 1
&o[e
2
3 m.f. &ci>i;, ^oabOo,
3
^oLb
eaoSab, "gS
6oaS>,
TO BECOME.
Sing. 2
Plu. 1 *
117
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in EVDI
Pres. p||
Past pi|
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
The becoming
That which becomes.
Affirmative Participles.
or w^jS^,
Becoming
Wa
Having become
w^g, ^43,
Which became
or wevgSg,
Which becomes.
Negative Participles.
Neg. P|| in Ka T"f or T'Sfco-GS* Without becoming
Neg. Rel. p||
Tf>
Who becomes not
Neg. Verbal noun "">
The not becoming. The forms &o&~5~, ^o^Sir) &ot&o~rz} ^oUSoh are in com
mon use as intensives; ' remain not thou, stay not ye.'
t The ancient form t9iiit> is seldom used unless in poetry, f^jej is at
pleasure written 37ej auta : hut either way it is pronounced a-u la resembling
the English word outer.
PIEST CONJUGATION.
118
Plu. 1
tS^SacJ^sio, W^j^tSn
3 m. / eeSoF^Si, &&w&
3 n.
3b^,
[6r.]
Past Tense.
Sing. 1
I became.
Plu. 1
fcJoM8, tSocofysSx)
2
Woa>98, fc9oM73-Co
3 OT-/ om8, eo7T{5c>rtJo5g8]
3 n.
65-555 + ;*), WMiSji, [W3ojfr3] 0r
* The final > is often dropt particularly in verse; as "3 88, SjS^S,
f eS-c&jSi is vulgarly written 6?- cSSffc -which is wrong. And in careless talk
ing the middle N is often omitted. Thus -&r>fi-prsr did you see it is pronoun
ced -EST* 5Tr) or even -&r^$. So al^So he wasfound, becomes
TO BECOME.
119
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
FIRST CONJUGATION.
120
Infinitive in TA
r<wxoJj Kalugu-ta,
TO BE, EXIST, HAPPEN, ACCEUE.
Infinitive in A
S"f
Infinitive in DAMTJ
taKStSaa Existence, happening
Infinitive in E^DI
ZSrfS).
The initial ?f K is often changed into X G.
Affirmative Partioipi.es.
Pres. p||
Past p||
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
Negative Participles.
ZvXf, ZvX&o-cp Without being
ZoXp or
"Which is not
"3&>
The not being. Poverty.
Sing. 1
3 m.
3 /. .
TO EXIST, &c.
121
AORIST.
Affirmative. I am, I was.
Negative, I am not, I was not.
S. 1
feuxbafc + jfc, e$>
1
"tfh
2
S"ex>!<)Sfc^), S"u^j
2
-3$
3 f.
~s&
3
. S"ewKiffc, 5"<uo
3 / . S'wHipfc, reisfo
3 yi .
S"e>x"ffib or "g>
F. 1
feuKbafcsio, feisSo
1
"gjfco
2
-gas
2 m. f. goo
3 . /. 5"x3bsSbOo, S"e>cS>
3 .
E'euifS)) re).
3 .
C'eiJC or -g.
The Imperative of 5"tw?fb4j is not in use in modern Telugu. An
example occurs in M. XII. 2. 271, where it is fuoxisio and ac
cordingly the plural would be 5"tu;coS.
122
FIRST CONJUGATION.
S. 1
123
'* CAN."
g. 1
say
fc&ijAjS'ej Thou canst not
7srab5&tf ^tufli He can stay
8<Sotf xT")iS) She can
fcsa^joSCToofS It can
vr*6$ott3"e>c& He cannot
3_m.f. n. vrmjSi
p i
2
I cannot say
6 Thou canst
stay
*s>$)o!tS*>& She, it, cannot
"&>*s":3^*J,,ew&S We can say
"aSi^i6yEre>iS We cannot say
a^oVa*yJ,'tS>* Te can
e9-Bo^a&ya*>& Ye cannot
3 m./. CoJ&cS They can wo&^j*,jrM&8& They can
woa6^i6ij^r3 They cannot
3 . ^refj They can ead^xreuft They can go
ed*xi*w^ They cannot go.
73c?>Sc>*,
"^o-
124
3 m.f. n.
wfiaj6yjS^i& It can
^j6x3i6j"^tfeSo He cannot say
vttAtfSe s>
P. 1
can say
"j sS^33^"^tf8S "VVe cannot say
^SoSoCSb) "^tfbe-oo You can. O^So^is&^C&So Tou can
say
Sji.Bo'aa&y^tyDli You cannot
3 m.f. l33o8o3o, ^c&bS They can. ^o*3^l3c&Bc> They
3 n.
"jS^*
can
woab^^^oJfi They cannot
They can. WO'B a^TS^S* They can
wa^^y^tf^j
say
They cannot say.
The reader may think the rules tediously minute regarding the
first verbs of the first conjugation : but the great difficulty of the
language will be removed if they are thoroughly understood. The
remaining verbs are treated with more brevity. The termination*
being entirely uniform, those of a single verb will suffice for the
whole language. Thus in English shall, did, should, &c. are. uni
form in all verbs, but they vary in the root.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
This contains verbs the root of which ends in <s& YU or c8u
YYU which is changeable into or
Thus ^<sSm*j cheyuta or
SECOND CONJUGATION.
125
126
SECOND CONJUGATION.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
127
128
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E'Dl
^aofc>, or
To do
t3c<6* or vS<36g
iScsSiiisSx),^ ^ScSS^SsSm Doing
^"fift
The doing.
Pres. p||
ArriEMATIVE Paeticiplis.
^dSwtiafj, 3& or ^Af^J.
Past p||
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
^* or
Having done
or
Which did
^"?), xS^iiS, 3-?i5,3 TJSo, or ^csfc "Which does.
Doing
TO DO.
129
Neg. P|| in Sf Ka
Neg. Rel. p||
Neg. Verbal noun
Negative Pabticiples.
tSdSjg", ^dS^S" or ^csssSSots", ^dSJgSSoS
^<s6p, ^3c*Sgp
t3<*6o
"Without doing
Who does not
The not doing.
Sing. 1
>
2
^dSoTS-pr^g,
or ^]iriS
3 m. ^dtswajfT^JSog, 'S^jf3-j1aSS) or
3 /. n. ^cs&jOajSje^ 'S^^, or ^Aofi, [^^60r^
The second and third of these forms are in common use : the
first is peculiar to poems. The forms appear very numerous:
but in fact are merely different modes of spelling.
Past Tense. I did.
3f + P, 3_ + P, 3?>p* + #,or:*f*7r- + jS>,
Sing. 1
m.
^fyafa,
[*^*ab]
n.
3>~$&,
or 3^3.
B
[^^cc]
SECOND CONJUGATION.
1,30
^ -?>,
/. . ^"?'&?,J
iS"7)StfK,
iScHijefcOo?), t3oOo
Negative.
I do not.
S. 1
^cBSffc, ^d*g,S
2
^dS^, S<Sfig)
3 m. "^dSaS, ^ad&^as
2 f. it. ^cS>>, ^=sfigs&
P. 1
^cSfiiSxa, 'BcBSgJfoa
2
*5dS83, ^dtfigOo
3 m. f. '-SoSSSa, ^SdB^Oo
3 . ^dtC*, ^cJfcgiSj.
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
TO DO, TO WRITE.
131
Prohibitive.
Sing. 2 ^dtfS", TSdfegS", HScsfisfc, ^BdtfgSo, ^c&soSto, ^dBoSs^g
Plu. 2
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E^DI
^ct<s&*j, or \j!*M>
To WRITE
l_src*6
To write
The writing
Writing.
Ajtibvatiye Pabticiples.
Pres. p||
Past p||
Rel. p||
Aorist p||
UP*1^ or l?r^,f%L
or
Writing
Having written
Which wrote
Which writes.
Negative Pabticipi.es.
Neg. P|| in g" Ka
|_=r<*S' 0r \ct<s6SSot3 Without writing
Neg. Rel. pl|
\_ar><s6p
Who writes not
Neg. Verbal noun \_srcSa>
The not writing.
Pbesent Tense. I write, I am writing.
Sing. 1
iF-jk^-f-*, L^S^+i*
3 / n.
Iw^oS.
zsi
'sT^arTl G^^Tl
'Sd+e^
^<J^i + sf [<s,j&*ttl]
nia:
/'tag 'o!g<^"l
O^-cH
isiaov
g y M
CSJCSP^TJ
TO WEITE : TO BE WET.
Sing. 2
2
133
Infinitive in TA
^ScKxii), or
To be moistened.
8&<*6, 3"e s5
8SbSjjS( SS:SsSx>.
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E*DI
Pres. p||
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
To get wet.
APFIBMATIVE PaBTICIPI.ES.
8ad&>Sb, OSo^j or &&&&&
Being wet
Being wet
5J5f>iS
Moistened
*i>, &i>*3, &"7>3, ^a-?)*) 0Scs&.
Negative Paeticiples.
Neg. P|| in r Ka
e&dsr, Stfasf
Neg. Eel. p||
8&<&f>, &p
Neg- Verbal noun
8&eKto, {SeS:s&5,
Peesent Tense. I am wetted.
Sing. 1
ti^^T^X+fr,
2
OSo&nr^g, go^$&
3 f. n. sa&^u^a, &s> 4uoft
tfefc^a.
134
I was wet.
tfa?>s, a_^,
[oa?*]
aa-^+ffc, aa?>or<>jsa[aavsi]
tfa-^+so, aa^jsa, aa^oo
a?>aj)o, aaj>;, aajj^jj^ [b&vab]
ca?>88, tfa_^a, ts&^p*t&, [av<&]
aa?>a, ea?>T^(S>, [aa^cfi]
S. 1
2
#ad8a>fc, {foe*,
P. 1
2
3
3 m. f. n. aacsfc>j&, aab^ffc
ad*^, asa
m.
3 /. . #adS3SSb, tftfsSfia
e$adSSfa), 8Ss5jS
2
aacs&sfcaog.aasosoSo,
[aaT&)8o]
&'5=sj*,
aa<s6cs3, assso
3 m. f. 8&c&&, aaass
3
3 n.
aaoSiiSog, ti&sStSo
#acS5kefcsS, aafco
P. 1
I am not wet.
n.
ScS5'j$, Btfss.
TO BE WET.
Impeeative.
135
Sing. 1
Be thou wet.
&03oosSx, S4*>$Sjtf, S&cjKxjsfcrg,
Plu. 1
2
Pbohibitive.
Sing. 2
Plu. 2
rfudafok or
Sing. .
Past tense
^8fS> or sSf^iia
3 Plu.
n.
sSo^a
Affir.
aor. 3 . sSocssi^
Neg.
aor.
3 ft.
It must
They must
Must
13G
THIKD CONJUGATION.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
The Third Conjugation contains such verba as end in > <;u or
ecu, as woi&t) to rear. sSopj^O'dbAj to excuse. *6&.otS5*j to
examine. "SjtSj^*j to approve.
Some of these are verbs forming the causal in gotfc incu or <ju
as ^^>^ to bind, to build : S"*3o<>ij to have it bound, get it built,
^Jcs&jia to make, ^omoOjAj to have it made, get it done, cause
it to be done. ljraSo4j to write : (p^oajotfoi) to get it written,
have it written.
Nearly all such verbs as are borrowed from Sanscrit or Hin
dustani, as afaS&ockii to try, S"^otS4j to contrive, SSoiX>i> to
compose, SjO-jvaoSfcej to adorn, 5Tocoo-tfb4j (from Hind, ba
nana) to fabricate, -^oafoMotkAj (from Samjhana) to pacify,
belong to this conjugation.
These form the affirmative aorist and imperative either accord
ing to the rules of the First Conjugation as "^oiftjSb J shan rear
and ^o&tsi&z let us rear : or by changing
and
into So
and S. Thus ^ifS>, "^osS.
Verbs ending in double
likewise change the a and 3 into
& and Jj. Thus 's-SS^afcfs> or ~&>&>$> I shall or will approve;
and 'Sj^i^JJsSvj or "&> J|sm let us approve.
As many verbs in this conjugation make the Infin. in A and
the imperative in a peculiar manner they may conveniently be
arranged in five classes.
I. Tjofct> To rear. S&otfck to divide.
to owe, oSot&fc to
think, to reckon, "tnxkfcj to rub.^"*^^ to attend, e -Sikto ima
gine,^ think. KtXiiJ to scrape, to scratch-ek""**)^ to weigh.
*-> to increase. "ajt&^ej to approve. wl**S^*J to say. ?6*fi^> to
string (pearls &c.) li5^** to break in pieces. S^ta to settle. th*
tw^ij to burn. T3-Sie"Aj to join. So&4j to think. sK5o^*j to change.
ro^*J to join, to sew &c.
THIED CONJUGATION.
137
Serve, mea
sure
conquer
grow
stand
cry
call
bite
walk
suck
pass
weep
none
P*Z,
PS
SSSbsS, SSs>, So
none
&Sat&4o or
,
-&otf,
In/In. in A.
-A
-&MSsS,
<S*aS-J5ai>
*j, feaoff, (S4^,
;5ev&i>, or |So^*J, ;SeMtf, i$e>^,
3
<*s*b:S,
jSex>o5, jSe>^
s
To draw
sweep
crush
THIRD CONJUGATION;
13S
Infin. in A.
churn
grieve
thresh
Loo
bear
ervyp, s"W, s'V, ^55,
bore
east
fesS
blow
These make the imperative either in
or
at pleasure.
Thus -&j-iSj&), or -^a^>s2>sfco, but more usually in 3> alone as
*, plural -&$o&.
art?
They form the JRootf i' Damn in the usual manner, adding it to
the Root in A. Thus -&6sSasS, -&i%Ssfc>.
IV. Some make the Eoot in A in either
Thus,
sfcjB^otf or kf>jod&
"8 I otf, fS$ os6
to
In the Present Participle these use either
or
at pleasure.
To forgive
count
bless
deliver
double
yawn.
or
Thui
139
give
die
enter
none
"p?!SjS
pain
Bee
ao-tfc, ao^i), sous ss, soi6;
tear
count
place
*ot5oti>
divide
string
scratch.
As examples of this conjugation, the regular verbs "^otSi*j to
rear and s&>p^oi>k> to forgive, a:8&.oiS>t> to examine may be
conjugated throughout as follows.
Infinitive in TA
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E'DI
Hoi&fc
~%otf
"Sotf&!S
"So^a
To EEAE, INCREASE.
Rearing
The rearing
That which rear*.
Affirmative Pabticiples.
Pres. p|| ^otfcgb or "^o'&'BafxV^
Past pll "^a
Eel. pll "^0 6(5
Aorist pll
Xo^*3,rS>oi3a,^>o:3aoJ",&o<S>
Bearing
Having reared
Who reared
Which rears-
Negative Pakticiples.
Neg. pll in ?f Ka
wotTS" or "o155So-ra Without rearing
Neg. Rel. pll
"^oiJj&
Which rears not
Neg. Yerbal noun "wOtf
The not rearing.
140
THIKD CONJUGATION.
Pbesent Tense. I rear, increase.
Sing. 1
Ijo
3 m.
"^>ocS5^r,4- j&
"^otfcgi-jr^as, "SoOs's^JSo
^.oiSiSoTT^diD, "aoifc-^sfoj
3 m. f. ~oo&-prLoS) "^o-Efc-^ffi
I reared.
"^o^ffc, tioajSS).
Futitee Tense.
Sing- 1
I shall increase.
"SolSjSj&g, "wo^ia*
'TO PARDON.1
141
AORIST.
Affirmative. I Increase.
Negative. I increase not.
S, 1
!io-&>i> + jS*, T10S0 S. 1
2
3 At.
3 m.f. n. "ao-J&jSi.
3/ . wOiJiSb.
P, 1
Tjo-Jkfifcsfco, "Sos&jSm P. 1
2
"wO-SSiJSotfi, ^SoSbOo
2
3 . yi "5>o-S>s>c>, wOgbCo
3 fft. /. "wOiJSS
3 . ^oi&ja*.
3 . 'wOtygj.
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
Infinitive in TA
^p^oiSHa
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DAMU
Infinitive in E*DI
rfb^iS or s&|9jo<6
Efc^oijtfsSw
s^r^o^a
To FORGIVE,
PARDON.
To forgive
The forgiving
Forgiving.
Affirmative Participles.
Pres. pll
Past pil
Rel. pll
Aorist pll
Pd^1^ Porgiving
sfc^oO
Having forgiven
s&^ofiiS
"Who forgave
*&PjL0^> JSbfep^, s&^Xo:B&, ^^o^aafcg^jB^o^
Forgiving.
142
THIED CONJUGATION.
Negative Paeticiples.
^^otf5', 5&r)a.oi6s'i or ^P^P^o^, &
^oa& Soots'
"Without forgiving
Unforgiving
The not forgiving.
Sing. 1
&P?%P,
;&Pjptfao, sfcj&^os&sto
m.
Plu. 1
j&JB^^; f3^s<bDj
Sing. 1
3 .
sft^oBffc, iSoj&^o^.
143
Affirmative.
I forgive.
AORIST.
Negative. I forgive not.
S. 1
ss>PjloiJiai)sSb]D^oa6*
2
jfcp^otfsS, sfcpjjLo*^
3 ot. Jkp^otfss^Kfcp^o^s&g
3f. n. sfti^pTjJSb^^oKffj&g.
P. 1
sJojS^OtfJto, sfo^o6
3 ./.. jfcp^otfcjfc.
1
jfcp^OtfCX&sfosg, sSojb^o
^4) i sfai ,8ft
oSS
2
s&PjOijSS, rfol^0*jf)
3 fft./. sSjp^Off*), KoP^oSfctfg
3 n. sa&ptf^, *S>feoa6).
e>0o( sSbp^ojfcSj
3 .
Sing. 2
Jfc&oibfk
Imperative. Pardon thofl.
s*'?*}?'*, s&PjiOiSi)*o, s&p^ctt^sfesg, sSoP^oCb^g, sSi
Plu. 1
144
THIED CONJUGATION.
Sing. 2
Prohibitive.
sSo^oa&r, ifcjBjoiJSS, sap^ij&SS, s&^ptfSo
SS, s3b^oi6So6, s&>[B>LotSSSs*>) rfbf^Oj&&jSj|)
Plu. 2
Infinitive in T A
Infinitive in A
Infinitive in DA MU
Infinitive in EDI
Pres. p||
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aorist pi|
a&S&otf>ij
To TRY
afeS^-otf or i6Si$m3<6
a&6&offiSn
The examining
a66 lo^e
Trial.
Affirmative Participles.
afeSoLotjoso, <66&t6j, a&S&oifcSo^, afcSJL^ifSi^
s6S&-oO
i66^oS;S
Trying
Having tried
"Who examined
afcSoLo^tf, a6&.o3a, a&S&orJ&g,
i66&.o-Efo, Examining.
Negative Participles.
Neg. p|| in S' Ka ^S&otfr^S&oiSSoo-ci.* "Without trying
Neg. Eel. p||
*6i>-o-f5p
Untried
Neg. Verbal noun i66S>-ot5sx>, ;S>.orfiS
The leaving without
,
Sing. 1
trial.
145
Plu. 1
Sing. I
3/. . afcS&.oS-f
i 6il> o^a, at6<^oSoe.
Plu. 1
^6<l^oa^,*6>S*oa]T"fS) it6i>. J)sxi, [s66>Sxox3'jio]
3 .
a^JLo^ffc, afc6JLoffl;S3.
Sing. 1
n.
a)6ifcOT3a|6, iJko)fc
T
THIED CONJUGATION.
146
S. 1
AORIST.
Negative.
Affirmative. I try.
6&OiS>S&.f (S>, HtSjS. 1
I try not.
3m
P. l
2
3 n
Sing. 2
stSoLoSsSn, <6oLoi6
ss=
St6<^o?5C5o)s66iKOi68c>
>.
Imperative. Try thou.
S;65KO-E5b, 8&6cS>-Oi36si>3) ^SoL-OT^sfe^ rf)6<I>-0-ESosScrgi
s66<Si-o^)s5j, i6&.otf>s*r, s6&.o^S)j-.
Fiu. 1
^y-wf&o, *6>i<-o5oS, 8&6JL.o-^*sst sb6&--^o5S
j&goLotfoa, e6&-oioa, afcS^ocfcJSsg, a&SoLo^yaS^
Sing 2
Flu. 2
147
to come;
Irregular Verbs.
Infinitive in TA
3^t>
Infinitive in A
"c^
Infinitive in DAMU
-u*$ti<ix>
Infinitive in E'DI
To COMK
s^.
Affirmative Participles.
Pres. p||
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aoriat p||
jSifc^Sjl, 55j^,
Coming
Having come
"Who came
i^,a^4S, 5J3^a,tf ^efc, ss*^ Coming.
Negative Participles.
Neg. p|| in Ka
Neg. Eel. p||
Neg. Verbal noun
t^S", "t^Kio"^
tJp
~^^>
Without coming
Which comes not
The not coming.
3/ . i^^S, ssAioft.
Plu. 1
iS^7jr^jS, ^^Su
2
^r^L&, rf^C&
3
sSt6TTJjO&, :S^c>
3 . s5 ^<%ls,
The longer forms already noticed are seldom used : such as 3tf>^
^W^fr, Z^&T^tb. &c. The forms X4$> thou comest
are erroneous, We must shun the gross vulgarism
of ^tt^ij voccuta.
THIED CONJUGATION.
148
Sing. 1
Plu. 1
S. 1
2
tt
3 i. tpJ^
3 / . ttS>.
2
sS&Oo
P. 1
TTsS
2
t^es
3 W./ 5^So
3 ./ -CCS
3 n. S>^iS>.
3 . tr>$.
The form s^fk,
&c, is wrong.
As already noticed the final NU is dropped at pleasure. Thus
&*ixx>$&Tr shall I go home (lit. shall I go and return, a phrase
for ' Farewell') is generally contracted into ^ax^efe-* the last
TO COME, TO GIVE.
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
Sing. 2
Plu. 2
Infinitive in
Infinitive in
Infinitive in
Infinitive in
149
TA
Bl*^ or <xo^t>
A
St^, S)g, -^o&,
DAMU 3jsStfto, ss^S sw, -^cBiJ55&>
ENDI B\^a
AFFIRMATIVE PARTICIPLES.
Pres. p|| si^^g,
3^1%
Past pj| 9,Z
Rel. p|| 3)0^
Aorist pj|
t^*3, si^SS, q^^f, S*>;>
To GIVE
To give
Giving
Giving.
Giving
Having given
Who gave
Giving.
Negative Participles.
^Soots", s^SSo-gs*, &
cssr,
Without giving
Neg. Eel. p||
s^p, sicsfigp, -#p Not giving
Neg. Verbal noun s^^. zi,<&Sx,
The not giving.
Neg. p|| in " Ka
TH1KD CONJUGATION.
150
Phi.
3 m.f. Sl^T^L*.
sing, l
3^a,
^tt'SD, [qtr^ifi]
Flu. 1
SS(^QS,
Sfi^s&j, [^CT^&a]
Sing. 1
+ i&, Ei^i*
2
s^ag^, si^53>
3./ . e^&P, s^P.
Plu. 1
8(^K8SJ3, sj^s
n.
aiap, S^P.
AOEIST.
Affirmative. I give.
S. 1
e^ + iS*
3 ./..
+
P. 1
2{{&3b3
2
s)*5S
3 m. f. s*&
3 .*' ai^i*.
There is a form ^f$,
: but this is wrong.
S. 1
Negative.
I give not.
s\d*^iS>,
P. 1
s^S8*", si<*2t,
ast^es, 3<*,
3 ./ q^*'
IEKEGULAE VEEBS.
Sing. 2
Plu. 1
2
151
Imperative.
3{o^, s^, ^*^!S, sicaM^fao, si-J&igsS^, or
3
82>,4.
aj*Soa, ^cSgoa, 3otf>, -&cV>Sb,
3}csfcgifi) q
ct&a.
Pkohibitite.
atsS5^, ^S*- ^S***!.
Sing. 2
e^r>
Plu. 2
152
GENERAL RULE.
GENERAL RULE
The affirmative and negative relative participles form the basis
of the tenses and will be best understood from examples. In
these we shall perceive that the Affirmatives end in INA and the
negatives in AN I.
First Conjugation.
sold
To sell
p unsold
who played
play
unplaying
sing
sung
unsung
become
done
undone.
Second Conjugation.
Do
done
cat
cut
pour
poured
"must" sScj-SjS
be wet #4*?S wetted
undone
uncut
unpoured
unwetted.
153
PASSIVE VEEB.
vtfcij To
fcew-iki}
SewtSoij
-g tfc^ii
&8fcci&4>
^ooootiiiiJ
do&&j
iotfcn
^oti3t>
Third Conjugation.
T"*>iS boiled
boil
call
love
bring
die
have called
have done
place
bend
count
s5o*j5
Uo^iS
ija^iS
Ttff> unboiled
Zititip uncalled
called
s$e)S5j& or
loved
lip
who brought
xT5p undying
dead
e^ofi^
sSotf?
^otJp uncounted.
reckoned
PASSIVE VERB.
The Passive Verb is formed by adding a&efcij 'to suffer' to the
Infin. in A of any verb ; the initial P being softened becomes B.
Thus from rio^fc the passive forms are as follows,
a&oioi> TO BE SENT.
Present tense
1 a&oa&MJfcSoF^X+i3* I am sent
2 *&oaSSb So73^5$
3 m. dJoa&waagoF*,^
if. n. HboS&BabBajSjft &c. &c>
Past tense
Future tense
1
1
Aorist
1
Negative Aorist 1
The Imperative
154
CHANGE OF CONJUGATION.
As *
' to fall' baa already been conjugated, we need not
here give more than the first person.
Some intransitive verbs can at pleasure adopt a passive form.
Thus from &o4So4j < Be' &oSw"Erb (a rustic phrase) he was, &c.
So in English, we say he is gone, he was gone (which are Passive
forms) instead of has gone, Sac? gone.
Some parts of the verb
to be heard are commonly
used in the active sense, as 8 ;5w&oSo
I am heard, a;S*>&Op
I was heard for Sofcop^i/k and 3o*3f> I hear and I have heard.
Further details will be given in the syntax.
ON CHANGE OE CONJUGATION.
It has been seen that the verb
to fall is the sign of the
passive voice in all verbs. It belongs to the first Conjugation and
accordingly in the passive voice all verbs fall under this conju
gation.
And the causal voice ends in cu. Accordingly whenever a verb,
whatever its conjugation uses the causal voice ending in cu, it
appertains to the third Conjugation.
The verb Ijst'csSm vrayu to write is originally of the 2d conjuga
tion ending in Tu : but its passive is |_r,cibAj which belongs
to the first Conjugation and its causal is l_p-<xotfc which belongs
to the third. Accordingly verbs are merely distinguished as end
ing in cu, yu, tu &c. without any note of Conjugation.
MIDDLE VOICE.
The Middle voice is formed by adding r*frb to take either to
the Eoot in U, as has already been conjugated or to the past
participle. Thus rio^r*^ or afeo^r0 j&k.
MIDDLE VOICE.
~&>ti as meaning 'To take, or buy' is a regular verb.
155
But
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
Aorist
Examples.
1 &ci&) or a&oSj^c&o-pr^ + fr, s&o&r-ofa* + j&
1 *o>6 or <6otr*o43j!>J a&ofbr" fS^jS*
1 *<^ or a&ofcr^ssfco, a!)oir"^i&
1
or a&o?>r,;S)s>;&) &o&S~o&fr.
156
CAUSAL YEEB.
In English we often use the same verb for both voices : thus
thfoto is to turn, v. n. as s>j? <4B it turned: and 5fc&otfbi> v. a.
to turn, as ^j^P I turned it, <S-<S=*j to play, v. n. 3-&oikt.>
T. a. to play.
Some verbs in GU make the causal in *k cu. Thus "T'XoA)
v. n. to boil, t,t&*j, to boil, v. a. ts*XsI> v. n. to hide, t&tS>Ij
v. a. to hide, jrHbt v. n. to weigh, &r>-&tj or &rfcoik&> v. a. to
weigh, -prosit} v. n. to extend, stretch,Tji-'-&>4o)-(5-&otf!4j)to stretch,
extend, S4*^ v. n. to swing, S*iS>*J v. a. to swing, S>t>Xo4j v. n.
to break, Oootfcij v. a. to break, sS ssik v. n. to bend, ssotfcij y. a.
to bend.
Some verbs are contracted as follows :
Ci5>Xii> v. n. To tear, -OoEfck 0r ^4j v. a. to tear, sks/fctfi**
v. n. to sink, so->4> y. a. to sink, to drown, ~
v. n. to
grow, "'>oi5a*j v. a- to increase, Si?fc?6i> v. n. to break, &>c-s>Aj
v. a. to break, sot> v. n. to descend, 8o*4j or So^)*j y, a. to
take down, ~%&b v. n. to break, "3 0
or "3o^ 4j v. a. to break.
Some verbs change Xo GU into ^) PU. Thus,
tsBE>*o4o v. n. To pass, ssSo^f)*J or e8ftoxk*j y. a. to carry on,
"B!&Nii> y. n. to be tamed, "S>Sb^!)i> y. a. to tame, 8&Xok> y. n.
to turn,
v. a. to turn.
Some verbs in
DU, & EU and <*> LU add
Thus,
t$riSot) y. n. To fade, be scorched, tSri>TS>Aj or t&nt^^k3 v. a. to
dry up. ct'iScAj v. n. to fade, wifci> or *r^k to make fade,
jgps&ii y. n. to be buried, sgpabifciJ or jgr^4o y. a. to bury. &*
oo*j v. n. to change, tSr*SSi5ai>, fert>^ij or srBo^i)4j v. a. to change.
^Co*j y. n. to arrive,
^Sb^i> y. a. to join. &J-**j v. n. to
be extinguished, e*-8o-&fc, es-cJV^, or 9-coi4)&> y. a. to extinguish.
greot> y. n.to sink, &rex)t&4j or Sbn-ejo^fa to ruin. Truo4J v. n. to
burn, T'ewtfoAj or T*t^ v. a. to burn. S'saifo v. n. to move, 8"
etxt&ti, 5"t^*J or 5fSojfc> v. a. to move. Trwto y. n. to flow,
CAUSAL VERB.
157
gular. Thus,
aS4j v. n. To be loosed, aaoafc>,
atfc^io v. a. to loose,
v. a. to see, S"p*>o-Sb4j v. a. to
158
CAUSAL VEEBS.
Ok Monosyllabic Boots and their Causal Forms.
j That is
Those verbs that form the causal in, INCU or & CU are of
course included in the Third Conjugation,but those that form it in
other terminations, are placed in the first : and various verbs take
various forms ; which indeed are generally placed in the Dictionary
as separate verbs. Thus ~dfo&> v. n. to break, "3oiS>k> or "So^aj
v. a. to break, &c.
The Causal tenses are formed exactly according to the simple
verb "^>oiS>*J to rear. Yet it may be useful to conjugate one re
gular verb throughout.
Infinitive in TA
afcofco-ffcij
Infinitive in A
a6oSotJ
Infinitive in DAMU &oS>
Infinitive in E'DI
< o & o 3 a .
There is a form <o?>oi6 DUt it is used only in verse.
Pres. p||
Past p||
Eel. p||
Aorist p||
Affirmative Participles.
a&oSjo-Ebrfcg, ^oko-Sago^, s)ot)^)^_
a&ofcoO
*o*oOjS
abofco-a, a&o&o^f 3, S&o&o^Sfj, sj6o5.o:546) &c5>o
CAUSAL.
159
Negative Participles.
Negative p|| in Ka
riofcotf 5" 0r a&otoOSio-w
Negative Rel. p||
^ o S o p
Negative verbal noun
<6o2>orJ.
Present Tense 1
^ototSbgbT^+fji, a&ol^Tr^+ffc, *o
3 m. *ol)Oi3b8o-i3^aSb)a6o4) A'fr'jlSb,s6o?)^oSo
3/. . i^o&oi&gifj^ a&ot^Jj^S, [s&o&i&ioa.]
1
a&o&oSS-)- jS,
+ p,i6o,ofi-yr +
Past Tense
Future Tense
Affir. aorist
Neg. Aorist.
Imperative sing.
a&o&otfcsSc/s^ a6o5)08bj&.
a6oS)OUiS>.
TSo&oifo, j6o&oiS5sSa3, a6o^oss5j, 960
Plu.
Prohibitive sing.
2
2
Plu.
i6of!>oSo&.
The various forms here omitted are the same as those used in
the verb ^ocfcij < to rear' which is already conjugated.
The Middle and Passive voices are as usual formed from the
Boot in TJ and in A. Thus a&ofco-Skr'jfck, a>os>oijwj6fc> and
these are conjugated like S^f'Aj and
On IjT"sag j&aew Rustic Phkases.
Some forms used in common talking are considered vulgar.
Thus fcSSi^ for fces^F^ifc I will call him. This contraction
160
COMPOUND TENSES.
is equivalent to the English ' J7J give it ;' 'you're going:' 'he'a
coming :' which rarely occur in writing. Learned natives (though
they often talk thus) wish such phrases to be excluded from a
Grammar : but a foreigner requires information regarding them.
They are in daily use, even among men of education, and also
occur in some poems.
ON COMPOUND TENSES.
Having now gone through all the various conjugations and the
irregular verbs, it is requisite to notice Borne forms which are ap
plicable to all verbs :some other forms will be noticed in the
Syntax. Indeed they all appertain to the construction of senten
ces.
Compound tenses being formed from a pronoun joined to a re
lative participle (thus, he who was, ^oi^ar-jfe) these forms are
some times used.
>o&iSw&i!S> 'Iwas.' Lit. 'I am he who was' ^>oh$m&%i
' Thou art he who was' which by contraction as already shewn
become ^o&7T^)) o&jr$) I was, thou wast.
The following are the compound forms of the past tense and
are similar to those already given under the simple verbs. The
negative affixes are applied as already shewn.
ArriHMATIVE.
Masc.
Pern, and Neut.
S. 1 ~fifii&o&$-zrS+ ffc I am he who was 1 rj5$>&o&$Tr>$ + &
I am she who was
2
>#)oajS'sr'$
3 m. srafcsoajSCTs.
P. 1 m. f. ~0aiSx>'&o2i$zr>tS tSsa
2 m,f. cr>tf^oS^u-c)
3 m.f. sr&$O&jS sr. Bo.
2 $$&o&$s>&
3 wa^oa^s.
COMPOUND TENSES.
161
1
2
3
P&$)C&$in*ti-pd3>
^iS^oSp p>13 t^iS
. Sf^oaf5r.eS^>g + ia
oTsi5gioftiS-srSoc)j (T4S3
m.f. "&S^joa^P'8'^82o
SS 55)0 3T8"<^ 13^ aS
m.f. Ot^OoiSoai6c!r'2sa
OtCSS o & jS sr* "8 p7 oj
./ sr8oiSoai6sr"88
^feoa;5T3'^203
|b^oSiiT3'}5'3iar4S
3/. . e>)OajSKSV>g +f&
t*^jo&(5"C5,So -f- f3.
3 . Waoa;SsS^ + fl
tsa^oa ;i -5rSb + (&.
* Examples.Aniruddha Charitra, Canto 2, stanza 112, the
heroine Usha says ^>$>oZi~$p&x>g'&fi,rSjyy>$ Ever since that
day have I remained thus. Again ^p^jSyQ^^dSop^o^-i^z^
Pjl I always laugh when I (fern.) see her. This is similar to the
use of the feminine participle in Greek; A4>APriASASA x"P<*v
AvanptovTOf avTov.
COMPOUND TENSES.
1G2
Negatiye.
The two forms ^oS-fr" ji> or &tPS> ' I stopped, stayed or dwelt'
and "S^ffc ' I am not' are often combined thus,
S. I
$&tfoafTjavjS> I did not stay.
P.
S.
3
3
1
2
3
3
m.
/.
m.
.
OT.
.
.
f.
y.
/
Or by adding
to the Eel. p||.
Masc. I did not stay.
Pern, and Neut. I did not stay.
1
"7jS>Oo&F>Er &-<r>&>
1 ^ffc^oa;6-c5'fSiai-r^>
3 to. sr-fo^joaj6CToSS3T*.
3 . fcS63)4?>>^<&.
-$&>0&p-sr-&~TrfSa
"^fS>6oSjBtT"^SjO
p$$op~r>iiS&
p&%)olipT3$l3fr'$,
COMPOUND TENSES.
163
"31588
164
COMPOUND TENSES.
3 n. a$oS5Saa.f;S> (d)
-tXabg+fr
SYNTAX.
165
BOOK FIFTH.
ON SYNTAX.
Optimi ad vulgus hi sunt concionatores, qui pueriliter, trivialiter, populariter et simplicissime docent.
IiUTHEB.
Nobis prima sit virtus perspicuitas. Qtjihctiliajt. Till. 2.
166
SYNTAX.
ON BRIEF EXPRESSIONS.
Telugu like Tamil and Cannadi is as laconic as English and we
collect the meaning from circumstances : thus s;^?* " Give
say" means tell (him) to give (it to the man.) Or it may mean
desire (them) to give (you the things.) trpf^p^&^d ' come let
said they,' that is, they said ' permit him to come.' fSQ adj. cold i. e.
* See Langhornes observations in his preface to Plutarch : on
that author's lengthened periods,
BRIEF EXPRESSIONS.
167
' It is very cold.' ss S fever i. e. he has got a fever. ^L? sic horse !
may mean, I want my horse; or the horse is come. 5fsr leave ?
that is will you permit me ? or may I go ? to which the reply may
be
yes. wa&xpjf sS Error ! i. e- pardon me. >Tfi&(jicss*s your
favour ! meaning thank you, OT^wgtfo I entreat you : thus a sin
gle noun or a short phrase is often used in speaking to convey a
sentence, In the ordinary language used in letters, the style is
not difficult ; but the spoken language is often obscure, because the
natives often use a single word or a short phrase, perhaps aided
by " suiting the action to the word" a motion of the hand, head
or eye ; which are not easily understood by a foreigner. Indeed
silent motions or (fc^iScSisk:) gestures often convey the phrases
" I will come ;" " quite impossible ;" " I do not know" " he is
gone" " admirable" " shocking" " tall and thin" " large and fat"
" he is gone to eat his dinner." These and many other phrases
are conveyed in a manner perfectly intelligible to natives.
"With peculiar gestures the single word a&oifcx' ' a feast'
denotes To-day is a feast day and I request permission to go
home.*
But in writing Telugu letters and statements such brevity is
not used : indeed the style is often verbose and lengthy. A pri
soner or witness often gives his statements very briefly : which
the clerk will write down in a diffuse style supplying dates, hours,
ages and numbers according to his own knowledge.
Even in written Telugu the brevity of the dialect often makes
it obscure : thus es& T5^r<*^^^-(ff*<>Lr'ti6"& 'Let come if say
anger : go if say anger:' that is, ' If we call (you, you) are angry ;
if told to go you are equally displeased.' ^*^foi6otx3po-Dr>T7'(Q
5" o^asfco ' now day full, night little :' i. e. At present the day is
longer than the night : This brevity often renders it hard to
translate with precision.
In the comedies the following phrase is common fcs^a&-cr;&
Co^&o'^5S>fS>*"f5nc<^i (Sugriva Vija) Then Ramachandra spoke
* See the remarks made by Montaigne in his apology for Ray
mond de Sebonde ; where he quotes Plin. N. H. VI. 30.
168
SYNTAX.
* In ancient English of Henry Seventh both articles and possessives were omitted. Thus (Paston Letters by Fenn Vol. 1 p.
445) eaSh of them embraced [the] other in [his] arms. This is
printed Ech of them enbracyd odr in armys.
In the English Bible we find the words he, him, I, me, we, our,
she, her, they, them, printed in Italicks because wanting in the
Hebrew. And these may also be omitted in translating into Telugu.
The accusative case of nouns also is perpetually omitted : and
this also is a Hebraism, See Exod. XVIII. 22, the burden. Judges
V. 1 1 , inhabitants. And in like manner the auxiliary am, art, ia
are left out. See 1 Samuel XIX 22.
t_Thus in St. Luke XVI. 15. that which (is) highly esteemed.
SOFTENING INITIALS.
169
Conjunctions.
The conjunction n&j, nnu stands (like que in Latin) at the end
of words ending in U. Thus ^r*o^)fS^L"iotffi^Lvandlu-nnu-memunnu, both they and we.
"Words ending in 1 as sr>p$ vaniki * to him' use
x
nni : thus1
170
SYNTAX.
* Some foreign words which end in i also use ?x but the long
vowel is shortened. Thus
, pallakT, ~K*a gadf have long termi
nations. But when there is a conjunction, these are made short :
thus a^&T^&PjL pallaklnnt gadinnl.
The following rule is devoid of proper authority.
* Another form is
which is added to words ending in a, a ,
and 6 ; but the short vowels are generally lengthened: thus
atta mother-in-law and
mama father-in-law may become
fS>;&>LsSr^r^s> iSb^ both his mother-in-law and father-in-law. ""'"'X*
a jacket, in-iv a turban, become tS"*^
"if*
A jacket
and a turban. t*&'6 gadide an ass, Lp barre, a she buffalo,
become ^^^'&^~&$ir&>*l\^Sfc^SQ..,
The form i&f&i is occasionally used to the postpositions termi
nating in a short : without lengthening the final short : thus >6
".Boffc the beginning of all was in Thee, And the end is in Thee ;
both end and midst, and origin art Thou of creation: like as
earth is to the vessel."
CONJUNCTIONS.
171
=> (both) you (and) we.f c* A reddi (a reeve or head farmer,) %ts
rssSo a clerk, H%tSn&>-.fcLreddi carnamunnu, both the reeve and
the clerk. &f acca elder sister, wS" ^3e)o<s& acca, chellendlu, both
elder and younger sisters. fcr^L young, "2>g old, 5>f^"g pinna
peddalu, both young and old. This was an old word for the com
mons or common council in a village.
Sometimes the conjunction is emphatic, and used at pleasure :
thus ^*^Jfr?k^~&>s>oos&4J sjm Tr" "F^to At present " too"
we are all happy, oi^a6f&j_oi3&r>-^ this is always the case.
There is another conjunction
In poetry we sometimes find that the first word alone using the
sign. Thus a<> a bow, tsss^ew arrows would in common life be
tu?S> <a>;&}e;S, 'both bow and arrows;' or a^"^5^Wr*>, or sim
ply SewwitotM. But in poetry it takes the form sejStoe villu-nammulu, -re;Si4^* rice and milk.
" Night and day""o-" (So
ia contracted for ^lOpj^Xboo^ .
And *aoir*S' ten and a quarter, jSj**>woojsS>o-aS' 105^ These
are similar in construction.
D. Abhimanya p. 76.
"3^? 6*3 Tr*$ Luck (and) want
(are) light (and) dark like, That is ' wealth and poverty follow
each other as do night and day.'
f Thus in P. 2. 47. *|| S"d*giSiSSo ^c^jIvjjS So 3d*g&3;SJ6
#sS3'3Se>cS5x> "3t3T]bi5c- fcsfigsio "7?ew:$s& j&wsSsfc "^c5gs ao*^o
tw &*-&k
"Sxe>r-||
The Pancha Tantram is written in verse with much learning
and eloquence but it is an elevated rhetorical style and the amor
ous descriptions are highly coloured. There is a prose abridge
ment in Telugu which our native teachers often advise a learner
to read. But the style is pedantic and the book is dry and use
less. The childish volume called Vicramarka Tales cr\Joif^
vtfogtvi
is more paltry and should be avoided. The
original poem is greatly admired for its style. These prose
abridgments are like the ordo printed in some editions of Horace.
172
SYNTAX.
173
now
or v^t* just now, even now.* In common speaking
these would be
* "S|| ziX'sSceiSo ~^Se uo^"Sj-=lSx.S>Dtu )ss (niva)
t&ejcao B.
VIII. 444. Thou alone art the great cause of all, thou verily art
the universe ! #11
Xj-8^ 6&>jS^>{) TV3
xoreoao etf
"Sjs^PS ZfcioiftSF- Xo& sr-lS (vada) &f)i&o sr (yada) a&o&goo
sr-el (a&5"*j|&dsi TfSxraosfcs- \_w?)^>^~|| Panch Tantram II.
124. "If a man has accumulated wealth all his good qualities
obtain credit. If any one is opulent lie (vada) is a man of high
174
SYNTAX.
175
he stabbed her she fell down.' Thus in the Sumati Satacam, verso
10 : 1| f>~$ l^-cr-qr-Ssfco | ->n>"3 8i6$retfs&>oMjS j&jfc^erg or \
t^~6 jS<3oe)So SiS^to | t~6 :f^O~KT'tis&o\l> J)sS ffcsS)&||
Vemana says, es-|| tfoa&
c***3 X\jf>oi> iS$
[ ftf^p
a-p ^3tfTrSa| r>-x "&eo ^ ^rs^;^ tfo^-f>. a. 'If a foe
worthy of death fall into thy hand, do him no injury, do him
every benefit and dismiss him : this is killing (him.)'
Here iJo^)~i> this is killing merely uses the accent.
A similar affix prevails in the language of the South Seas. See
Cook's Voyages Part 3. Bk. 1. Cap. 4. 19 (in Kerr's Voyages
Vol. 13. page 46.) " Here the suffixes era and ira save many
words."
* In poetry (The Druta) syllable NI added to the emphatic affix
E' forming E'NI signifies if: Thus ^^a^jj^oMS^jo aitiveni,
If thou be a native of that place. <3ox>oi6S'&S_"jj!> (i. c. 81 ~&)
M. X. 2. 34. If thou fail of effecting this.
^
176
The verb "* f*> with regard to the second person uses another
contraction: for S~p&~r becomes
ELISION OF MU.
Konto.
177
A little
Likewise
r*o^3s:>
-$rTr>.
A very little
178
ON TERMINATIONS IN MU
On Eusioh of ML
a horse may drop the vowel TJ if the next word begins with a
vowel as rT ?j^Sa& -f fi&jS^Q na gurramu unnadi' becomes "pr'Xoltf
sS7S^> na gurram'unnadi ' my horse is here.'
Telugu words of two syllables, that end in MU never change
MU into M. Thus ~&>s* (we) never is written ~&>o. -rss pamu
' a sake' '33-:S momu ' a face' never are written "Ao or "S)to.
Vulgarly these words are written with O. Thus s^t^o, *j*t5o,
1 *J
179
ON DRUTA WORDS,
The following remarks on Druta and Kala are needless to be
ginners.
Grammarians have given the name \^^Hs> Drutamu to the let
ter N when it is used to prevent elision.
In Greek Grammar we frequently see N added to the dative
plural or to some persons in the verb : and a similar interposition
of N is common in Telugu poetry.
Drutamu denotes the N which has no meaning. The letter N
has a meaning when it is the sign of the accusative, as
bidda
' a child' accusative ^tf> ; or the locative case as Sjoti^fc 'in
the house,' or the verb ; as o&SS?> ' I spoke.' s^otoffc 'he went.'
But when it has no meaning, and is merely used to prevent elision
(like an for a in English) it is called Drutam, (or the Extra N,)
and the words to which it may be grammatically attached are called L?^^ l_3) 5^0!Trfo30o druta pracriticamulu, or, word3 of the N
class.
Examples. ~3$% adv. behind, "S^S'+^cSS may become "S^S"
?S>o&8 they were behind. ^^F* atlanar is it so ? Here atla end
ing in A' is followed by A', denoting interrogation, ' atla + a ;' and
between these letters N is inserted, atli-na. tsap^&jS&ao&e atani
chetan-adiginchiri, they asked it through his hands. Here cheta,
ends in a vowel ; and adiginchiri begins with a vowel : to prevent
elision, N is inserted. Again; Tr"^"$e>5 ran-5-ledu he really did not
come. Here V ra ' come' is followed by the intensive e, 'ra-e'
ISO
ON CALA WORDS.
There are particular words which are not allowed to add N in
this manner, and these are called
rasSto Calasabdamulu or
Cala words.
All nominative cases are included in this rule. Thus sri&o
"SfS> vadu-undenu, ' he was' may by elision become rJ6o'3;S> vadundenu ; but not ^J^i&o'S^ vadunundenu.
Should however the N be inserted as here shewn, srsfc?&ocl#
vadu-n-undenu, the letter N would signify ' AND :' thus ' and
he was,' or ' he also was :' because r& or fSy^ (nu or nnu) may be
the conjunction. Thus N may be inserted if it has a meaning :
but cannot be inserted (as in the Greek words already noticed) for
the purpose of preventing elision.
Further rules regarding Druta and Cala will be placed in ano
ther Chapter : because they may be required by the advanced
student ; though unintelligible to the beginner.
The principles of Druta and Cala have been supposed peculiar
ly obscure : but we may observe that the Telugus, even the most
illiterate, who never heard of the Grammatical terms ' Druta' and
' Cala' find the distinction easy. Hence we may fairly conclude
that the difficulty has arisen from the mode in which the subject
has been treated in Grammars. There evidently are two parts of
the subject, one is quite easy and has now been explained : the
other being more refined can only be understood after we become
acquainted with the Syntax and Prosody.
In some grammars it is asserted that all nominatives are Kala
except
ncnu, ' I' and
tanu ' self.' In poetry these words
may become ~f> ne and B-" ta. But long final vowels, (e and a in
ne and ta) never can suffer elision : it would therefore be needless
to add N to prevent elision. "We therefore do not require any
ADJECTIVE.
181
ON ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives are of two descriptions : some being Telugu : others
Sanscrit. Each will be considered separately.
Telugu adjectives are all regular : in general they are devoid of
number, gender and case : and (like those of the English language)
form the comparative and superlative degrees by adding the words
more or most : or by other modes qf construction. Thus "^gou
a large house. ^'^'x^c^' large houses. "SfScxoogsr-* jn large
houses.
old. ^^Ssyc> an old man.
an old woman,
jfcoa good. K&oOsr-So a good man. ;&oS a good woman (or
thing) sSboa=ro& good people and JSofis good things.
small,
a young man. fif^ a young girl. Si$>Lrcs> little ones.
^i^L015 m a small house.
Many words which in English are adjectives are in Telugu
participles : thus 8ft iS fit, "?>&i proper,
or
bad, ruined
&c. These will be considered under the participles.
Some nouns are used as adjectives. Thus fW<& prettiness,
p>jfcxb tallness, ^P^> civility,
a cat. These may become ad
jectives, thus ^"^o^a^S a pretty girl,
XbJT6 & a high wall.
skfS^ifcpL. a man of civility, ^^c^ cat's eyes: denoting what
we call blue eyes or sapphire eyes. Some of these add WtxufS
" which is" (past rel. p|| of
' to become,'^ as $rfo-6ox>$
pretty. &X<x>s$ high.
Some Telugu adjectives or adverbs ending in MU may add
ox>$, tJaco^fe^o*3 or
as SP^sS (or) wgs&o^jS opposite. Or
182
TELUGU ADJECTIVES,
black;
sweetness.
* The Hindus look upon spittle with disgust and are much
gratified if we so far respect their feelings as to avoid touching
our mouths in their presence with either the hand, a pen or pen
cil.
TELUGU ADJECTIVES.
183
BStoS.T'S'ff,
184
TELUGU ADJECTIVES.
FEMININE AFFIXES.
The word e is added to a few (Tatsama) words of Sanscrit
origin ; the letter R being inserted. Thus & zy^ofotSo a learned
man. airso^-cpuo a learned woman. S'&^^t&sfc a merciful man.
ecsS-cysfecfiTT'oo a merciful woman. (Anirud 3, 55.)
he who
is brave. Sj'SiTPew she who is courageous. ^JJeSefcSb he who is
right minded. $?*gt)jfr"ax tx> Bhe who is virtuous. tfoLpfc^fe'S
js^jSSo when his father was living.
^xr^^i^^asb
a rustic girl.
SUPERLATIVES.
185
fcr than that. W- "5> 5" fr^ oxr "3j |_u tt ,&
Th an her, this one is
fair, i. e. this one is fairer than her. Or typS o_&can>^So^J^"A"
f*
eaca frm equally meaning. She is fairer than her. Sjotf
S'f'.j. SjofiS "^56. There is nothing better than this,
S'F^L
^Sba Tgc6 there can be nothing worse than this. Here the force
is superlative, while the form is comparative. 8(3SS'o~>"3eofc'
(SCsS"^iS> There can be no tyranny greater than this.
Elsewhere thus Jotf o-jri6)*4 Wo5JTr,Tr*jSj8 It is as finei
as it is i. e. it is comparable. There is no saying how fine it is*
[All adjectives are Cala ; because they are looked Upon as Nomi
natives.]
186
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
SYNTAX OF PLURALS.
187
On Pltjeals.
The Singular is called
^iJiSsSo, and the plural wsrw^tf ;5sSo.
The usual plural form is " as cg_ex> dogs &>^r5oeu guns. KoljJ*ui
torses.
The plural form is sometimes used when the conjunction is un
derstood. Thus w^ssj&^ew elder and younger brothers : *s _H
sisters ; elder and younger.
In such compounds it may be uncertain whether either word
is intended to be plural. Thus either **fSj, or SskaSo (or neither)
may be plural. And the same of tjf_ and "a^ew. In such
compounds the word is generic not specific. There may be three
elder brothers and only one who is younger : and still the com
pound is w^K^ew.
[The Second Declension has two forms in the plural, "^sSx>e
and tST'w. The form ^^exj, i&-4-rto, Sj'Sxew, is by native
tutors condemned as inelegant. But it is in general use ; and the
oldest Grammarian (Nann. XII) merely observes that ' it is to
be used in verse only with words that poetical authority justi
fies'].
Other instances ; efc"Kjj *jfctfeu east and west, Si&s&H
w towns and villages, 88t$o(_#beu parents. Herein *8 is
spelt 38. Again &o\& rb55ex> father and son. es-rSaa^tu
(Nala D. 3. 604.) hunger and thirst. "Ser^wsio^- winning
and losing. ^P^j^tw loss and gain, 'So&kotvs <Sx>tx> silver
and gold. (Vaizayanti. 3. S3) ofc>xs>eu topsy turvy, upside
down, q'c&q'&vS*' with fear and devotion, f><3&qr<3f>sSx>as&ois
3oS using persuasions and threats. Also see M. 9. 2. 141.
188
SYNTAX OF PLURALS.
Even Sanscrit proper names and other nouns are thus combined
IjS^"!^*" Drona and Bhishma. BeJ*-{5'r6oeeP-*s'-fr'>xer*S'sk:aoV
PRTJ. 588. 9. in earth, heaven and hell. l&*2S2)Tri)"trd!&o
M. 7.3.302. fc)abg-9-* ?fc<u> Achyuta and Arjuna. Ts^rtfresfao
t>ox>$ &8s8~3:>'tJTy*) Ho8a&8#sg>dtfc^04j |3r^8rso a letter
addressed to T. Vencata Rao the farmer and C. Tammaya the
clerk.' Lit: To farmer and clerk so and so. 2>#>S~'o5"3e))o
g^oSew. The towns of Vinuconda and Bellamconda ; srogo-sar.
SjSfsfj'itf ra E-SgsScoeuffc^ infancy, youth, manhood and old-age,
[Only a few well known words use this sort of compound.
Thos we could not form &o\& into a compound with e^dfe or
Such a compound would be simply eJo^itSfS^ or {Jo^Tr*
Our native tutors are usually bramhana, and instruct us to speak proudly, as
bramhans do : saying We instead of / and Our instead of my. In Pritchett's
translation of the New Testament lie always uses this mode regarding our
Lord. Thus " They seeing the multitudes, -went up into a mountain and their
disciples having come, they opened their mouth and said"and in Matt. XVI
16. Ye are the Christ. This is the French fashion. ' Eoi du Ciel ! je m' aneantis devant vous.' This version by Mr. Pritchett was printed in 1819 and 1829.
The Rev. Mr. Hough having spoken well of it in (vol. 4. p. 270) his History
of Christianity in India, 1845, (citing History of British and Foreign Bible Sopiety vol. 3. p. 462, 463) I will mention that in 1826 I met Gurmnurti Sasfri the Head Telugu Master in the College : whose favourable opinion is there
PLURALS.
189
\Tn poetry and in religious books ' thou' is the respectful form,
even regarding a father or the deity. Thus ^Sjbyjo^&a (Sar.
Dwi) Thou art the father that bore me Again; (Parvati,or Juno,
thus addresses her spouse) |>|| "ASw*? Sej6-^JLa (thou) s'JSss
(thou) ZvoZ$j&\*rs-&>-p*a.^&!$ (thou) car (thou) '3eS0X'p!>$
t) \j!)OT?;6x>-f>~& Thou art the omniscient, thou art the Lord,
thou art the one Supreme and merciful God, nor is there a single
occurrence unknown to thee." Here fervent adoration uses the
singular number.]
The common word
doctor, is thus written tfnvjvo.
Other words use Tr*Ob or sr!6 thus t?o(_S7r,c6) Father, 8B
Mother,
Co, Sister, <S^6sr-S> Master, which in
English become singulars. But were the words intended to bear a
plural sense, the form would be &o\j&oj} fathers,
mothers,
fc?f_ew, (S^tjeu. Thus fcSo&g3r>3 (Their honours) merely means Ms
reverence, a common phrase for a bramin and particularly for a
schoolmaster : not intended to express much respect. t<ssjgrj5j
Sfi^7r{fc The bramhan (or the tutor) is come.
Some proper names derived from Sanscrit ending in LU, as
pr'Kotx}, ?fooeu,TP^^ew (like the foreign words
rumal, a
190
SYNTAX OF PLURALS.
Just the converse of the Hebrew phrase in the first Terse of Genesis barm
Elokim.
t The word paddy is borrowed from the Malay language.
PLURALS.
191
mny be added to numerals with (mahatt) major nouns. This Lowever is sometimes dropped, as dbsjSrjjOo^-i^oNtM three hundred;
sepoys.
"Words denoting days of the Hindu lunar month are generally
plural in form as r>$Z>rtx>. See chapter on reckoning time.
The singular is sometimes used for the plural. Thus wflSfkLJ*a> B. 8. 445. deluding their eye. BK85i&j_!*w* (Padma
Puran 3. 7.) Closing the eye of all the world (in sleep) -sr-Q
-^r=AjS>-p^* I heard it at their mouth, ^S^&^tS^ r*pr^b
he received it at their hand,
f^au^S" much brick,
^^S*XowrtS(T& they stripped all the leafoff the trees. T"jr"{jaca
BfbsSM^-jT^eS) Much people* 2^
192
NOMINATIVE. COMBINATION.
193
with favour.
The first declension, which ends in DU, as SsfeJSo can in
poetry insert N. viz : tfsS oi, SsSoa&. But in common prose
also, the N is inserted when a pronoun of the first person is
added. Thus &t$p$'&alosifr I am his brother.
194
son singular uses ANU ; the second AVU, and the first person
plural AMU, Thus, from s&$z&>& a grandson.
~fip> &9-djS s&iSo&iS> or, sfeiSsSwoapJi or, sS)^^^ I am his
grandson. (Inserting the sunna before D.)
jbQ
sfoiisSwJSiS
Thou art his grandson.
"?5os$ 69-dSijS jfcjSsSxejsfco
We are his grandsons.
Of which the negative form adds "s^r** I am not, Thus
f&
"5^^, or 3>-e3jT"fS> I am not his brother. *? r~3"*i& I am not
his sister : *s> &myvt&T*i& I am not his granddaughter.
The following are compounded with a noun of the first declen
sion.
1. fisSsotto
A servant.
"isSsSS f&
73i& -$sS&o,>SrS>
fjrfsStf
T^-^sSsSe^
2.
"fj^S^
3. Sao "f)SSSa6
I am a servant.
The same.
The same.
The same.
Thou art a servant.
He i3 a servant.
-fisSgjasto
a^cfi "fisSSSew
srt-cfi& "fissSSew
We are servants,
Ye are.
They are.
COMBINATION.
1&5
I am a tenant there.
2.
er_a
Thou art a tenant there.
But the second person generally has no affix. ^"S"*^!).
1_ *3ao&>
-e^oiSm
We are tenants there.
Thus "^> <S"tfi& I am a master, ^?>tjSjffi I am his brother,
"^i&tsg'
I am his sister.
The pronoun wsfc he, and 3a she, belong to the third per
son : but in compounds denote man, person, woman ; as 5>oa3-Sa
a good man, o&oaS a good woman. As this form is much used,
it will now be given complete. From 3kofflCT*jfe a good man,
s&ofia a good woman.
1. m. "^r& s&oS'CT'Ssrk
"^Sf5i E>oisj-<>iJi<sTr,p>
l.f.
&o4t3jS?
~f$r& sS>oT5'(Sf6T,iS>
3 m. sr2So^>oO-sj-iSb
I am a good man.
I am not a good man.
I am a good woman.
I am not a good &c.
He is a &c.
wej&osa
She is &c.
3 neut. fa ssbofi xi[tf!&>
That is a good horse.
In the plural the masculine and feminine are alike.
1 in. f. "&>s^^oa^T"855
"We are good.
m. f. "&3s&> s&oa wofissSw
We are &c.
The remaining persons have no plural affixes.
2 m. f. >t asj&oa^oo
Te are good.
3 m. f. <r>8osaosj'8o
They are &c.
3 neut. 693sS>oco(^t
Those are good horses.
The pronoun <^& ' who' is contracted for <Aw*$*6 what man :
the compounds are found in these phrases ; rj$t&&3&&2Lop&&*d
they asked who I was : "&sio63o^oS^re?)t9a^-fP'oj they asked
who we (were). "^p&asser, who am I ? (an angry expression)
196
I am his father,
I am not.
I am his mother.
I am not.
Thou art his father.
Thou art not his &c.
>6
f>3
Thou art his mother.
wtfjt> #8 a
Thou art not.
sniS> &<SP OoJS
That man is his father.
r>S
e$o(& -B~*o Is not.
e3-"&> e&p &|)
3jt) 6^ -H->>fiS>
Saa&i w8 eJo(*e)oSxi
If.
We are not.
We are their mothers.
We are not &c.
2 m.
2 /.
have no affixes.
Te are their fathers.
Ye are not &c.
Ye are their mothers.
Ye are not &c.
COMBINATION.
3M,
Z f.
3 n.
197
2
3
1
I am not.
-r"^sS
fc> "S^^S
wSS -B"^
st"So
-rJ5o.
Thou.
Thou art not.
He is.
He is not.
iaifcnp^)iiifc
"A>o&o T^e)sS "r5&)
2 &r>c& Tr*^s
sxro3S
-s^So
3 sroo -r^Je
sr5o
T03
We are farmers.
We are not.
Ye are.
Ye are not.
They are.
They are not.
198
I am not.
Thou art.
THE GENITIVE,
The sign 55 *_ does not affect the sense.
c3|f_"c> equally mean ' his name.'*
THE DATIVE.
199
EXAMPLES.
To.
a house, SjoiSS^6 go to the house : go home.
~$$>, I, tsfS^SoUScSiao I do not know it : it is not known to
me. *r>&, He, srp8o_ftp I gave it to him.
For.
a word, sSrfc>Sosrk> word for word. Sfo4> belly
S'jb^So"a>;fcSo_g> he has no food for his belly. ^ death,
S5^Ks&a^^8S> when he was ready for death.
From.
a village &d%&&->r$o a league from the vil
lage. sr"0^>they, Kro^9S-5r,a,iT3fi) he hid it from them.
In. sr'SsSxi a week, wif s(S5j;5 &y?rt& he came in a week,
time, 6"*o ^sJxPfjis&SS in a short time. 7r&> a day,
& in ten days.
a wall, ST^SoS^fSxi"^?*) he dug a hole in
the wall. ;62S>sS the middle, (SSsx^aSTSifc he broke it in the mid
dle. &8 end
in the end.
At. *>3 the end 3585 at the end. HI time 9-"S#$o at that
time. tp^S night tpISS at night.
By. "^w a month
month by month. sSbCdaSb Cupid
200
ACCUSATIVE.
201
202
ON THE VOCATIVE.
All nouns ending in =i mate the singular vocative by lengthen
ing the final vowel: thus &o\h O father ! 8& O mother !
!
good woman ! wife! r^sar* Sir! your honour! my Lord!
0 sage !
In the plural, the L is often doubled. Thus "*oSSeM sons,
Voc. r*fi&&er-!T o sons.
All other nouns make the vocative in W- as & tf ts O brother,
Bf^L Brother or Friend !
Madam ! eJf_--cr O sisters. In
the colloquial dialect the first decl. merely lengthens the final U
of the Nominative, as 84r O brother! w*jjr my dear
child !
[In poetry the final long A or I ! is sometimes shortened : thus
ts?f_ert5 O sisters !
O brother ! ^e;g,tf my friend !
^|>.
[The syllable RO is sometimes superadded. Thus from faisQ
(madam) is formed ^oesSS^ O madam ! 'tfjfjr6 O sister, madam !
[In poetry, Sanscrit nouns masculine ending in UDU, often
retain the Sanscrit vocative: thus ^StJsS-yCSS (Tara IV. 199.)
Hear me O God ! Here the prose Telugu vocative would be
Thus, one of the songs in the Radha madhava Samvadam
says.
% || Tr-CT'^oSo5SrSS' ! [for SSsSnffSS-w,] xr-ojSrf
! [for
iT'OaTS',] Tr-tr-r^ ! [for 5^^>"ts* &c]
[The words son, father, brother, mother, &c. denoting affection,
are used in a very wide sense. Thus (M. 1. 2. 35. Vish. 2. 17.)
Cadruva addresses her serpent brood as <*fSj_ep>-o* 0 brothers ! So
ABLATIVE.
203
ON THE ABLATIVE.
There are two Ablatives : the instrumental and the Locative :
but many nouns unite these : and thus " Ablative" becomes a
convenient name.
The affixes
or 3e> ' by' and ^* ' with' denote the instru
mental : and
or fojfc ' in' denote the Locative : being in
general use they will be first explained. Thus pT^tSS by me.
^8^tf by them sstSsS^i'3 by fever. Si8>sr"?>^&sfco&Sp I sent
this by him. Sfesr8^^ iJoaSajTs^cfc he was killed by them.
e-dtSiS^S^e^^^F^eo they took leave of him. sfotf^sS
^aoa]T{S) he had it written by them. j&sSg by you. ^5e>
by him ^Sja^ra WoMjSa this is effected by him. sa-8sSe> aus-r^
this cannot be done by them.
TyS^ with me. JJ'SS^ with them- S"_3S" >^i a knife.
B^Sjt) I told him ; lit. with him. g^r^gF"^ he beat (it)
with a stick.
Y^S^aSb he shot (it) with his gun.
Examples of the Locative. "Ska a tree ^^aer* or i3ijSoiS>
' In a tree' s^er* or sfc^tsfcosfc * amongst us.'
204
SYNTAX OP CASES.
ABLATIVE.
205
T. 4. 108.
206
LOCAL ABLATIVE.
207
208
tali.
thus
' head' has but a single L : yet in the compound
<&eu upside down the L is doubled.
In many compounds the word which is first in English is
last in Telugu. Thus "3o"3iSo a cupful. f>$> water "3o"3i6^ft
a cup of water. Lit. Water of a cup. ^"p^o^e land of two
miles. That is,'BO
a mile of land. w4je>fo:r4j or ^5"^xn>*jwAjM
CO a
bundle of clothes. S'j&X's; "eye-pair" i. e. a pair of eyes. S^* jS
tip and ^S> ear
the tip of the ear, or ear-tip : which if
not compounded would be H&o&i^&^fi : thus B^jS
the tip
of the finger. B"*"tf (cosa) tip "3o^r hair r^-So^? the tip
of the hair.
Sanscrit feminine nouns of more than one syllable, ending in
broad A or I, must in Telugu shorten that letter : thus SuTg
becomes ss and
becomes tfs&eSa woman.
But in compounded words the original Sanscrit spelling is
retained. Thus 5" w becomes in Telugu S"? 'a story' but S"tjt
^oiLa&s ' the summary of the story ' retains the long vowel.
In some compounds the first word drops the last syllable : or
retains only the first: thus 5&rs6 -f jdjrCfcew becomes tfsaj&r^ifi
three hundred. skn>sfc three
a sixteenth s
' three sixteenths.' 7r> eHo + j&* &oew becomes r^cJ* four hundred
209
210
SYNTAX OF
PROPER NAMES.
211
212
ON PEONOUNS.
213
ON PEONOUNS.
Pronouns, as ' he, she, they' and possessives as ' My, his, their1
are not so often used as in English. Thus es^^T6
(he)
told (it) to (his) brother. & o{&$
1 father came' may mean my,
your, or his father.
The singular pronouns >3>'thou' r>'thy,' Pf^'thee,' are
in colloquial English rendered as plurals, ' You, your, you,' as
3
as^jftf -where (is) your brother.
But the plural pronouns ^r-Bo ' those men,'
' these men'
when used to denote honour, become singular in English. Thus
5t"<>sS;&j 73^80 liis honour is coming : literally, ' They are coming."
The pronouns of the 3d person are these. sri 'he,'
or
214
SYNTAX OF
Thus wS^S^S"
PEONOUNS.
215
216
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
So in the Gospels ; Mark. XI. 24. ' Believe that ye shall receive
them, and^e shall receive them, incorrectly rendered sS>jSsSx> sJPo
efiasbj&j'IS^^oa,
PEONOUNS.
217
The pronoun
' he,' in composition is translated ' A man.'
Thus sfcoSsT'iSb a good man, ^srisb my man, my relation. >o
>jto^o good men sSr>sros>b my people. *?>K'5J"'>oj old men.
So in the feminine 8 ' She' is translated a woman : being
contracted into S. Thus sftc&> a good woman,
she or it;
She belongs to us.
The neuter pronoun W8 " it" it, forming 3) < those' in the
plural, are contracted in to and 3 thus, ws^r-pa ' that is his,'
tsasr-j&a ' they are his.'
These affixes may be added even to the words in, from, &c. as
es-$"i*fxs5&s4erep8 that story is from the Bhagavatam.
[In poetry the spelling of pronouns is sometimes altered to
suit the metre. N>, Pflyu i6^,
may become P, Pfr,
sS>:S. Thus
(for ^6^i6(S^ss.sS) the ill thou hast
done. H. D. I. 1987. The word s&s&^u ' us' may change into
s>iSe>. Eadha 1. 49. Tor sn&P, imp (those things, these
things) the poets use ^? and
In Vasu 3. 189 are three
instances. In Gr. 1. 284. S^tSwXej^p, K*&r&Xo?r>p, r*s&>oj
?fe)srp^^sfe)j& y01l should not trust those [creatures] which
have tusks, or claws or horns.' The possessives, T^s^ mine and
r>s> thine, are peculiar to poetry and have no plural form : thus
?rdS>rtro*oe <my hands' Adhyatma EK. 399.]
wS'That' added to a p|| forms a noun- Thus Lp*j6e>that
which is written ; or, that which writes w*6 *^a SSatb^t&
when is he coming. As here shewn, it is translated by a verb. It
may be conveniently considered as an Infinitive : and it has no
plural. It is also used in the Negative. \j&i>d>p8) that which is
not written.
Such nouna are in English governed by a genitive. Thus
efisS^jSa his coming' but the Telugu uses a Nominative ' he
arrival' not ' his.'
This subject will be more fully explained under the Infinitive
in DI.
0. P. Brown's Telugu Grammar.
j> d
218
PEONOTJNS.
BOOK SEVENTH
SYNTAX OF THE TELUGU VERB.
220
Infinitive
In TA.
In A.
In Damu. In E'DI.
Fibst Conjugation.
a&o^&>
C>6i
affct)
^F&iJ
lTfrl>
a&ssoib
6caoi)
e>$4j or
g"oMo4j
To send
Read
Hear
Buy '
(The Middle Voice)
Fall
os -a
?S
r
AH
Go
Be, Stay.
or tsKoio Become
Be, Happen.
&o"3a
Second Conjugation.
^3<s6>fc> or x3*j
Lsp><sSj*j or ljp%&>
iJ&cJ53o4j or 8i&fa>&
iedt&>iJ or ^^o*J
3^>a
Do
"Write
Be wet
Must
aa-^a
Thihd Conjugation.
"woiitj
SojO^otSiAj
*61.oC&i>
"so^a
Rear
Forgive
66oLo*5
Try
si
sst^i>
a^a
Give
SS(d5jgJJsSxi
itf^tj
Come
sS^a
PARTS OF VERBS.
Aefibmative.
221
Negative.
p||
Past p| | Rel.p|| Aoriat p|| Neg.
in Ka.
Neg.
Neg.
Verbal
Rel. pi| Noun.
6oa6f
S^p r-fts,*-^!
none
none
a&ajS,
*a
none
none
s&ar
c
Soa?,^
&oar
&oaao
none
3H>
Da
#a?>
aa^
none
none
none
tiOXSp
&f>^oilp
55 So
222
Present Tense.
I send
Past Tense.
Future Tense.
I sent
I shall send
i5a"3Sj4>, i:a~5j5i
0043(6, 3(3^S>
none
none
none
<feo"3aia>, &0CfS>
none
none
noDe
s&>
( s& jt>^^
s5t>^9
must
(In French, II faut
In Latin, Debut.)
nono
PAETS OF VEEBS.
AORIST.
Affirmative.
.Negative.
I send
I send not
5JSS>f>
223
Imperative.
Prohibitive.
Send thou
3j4S5
~osSb,S>
none
none
r^ss
sfr6 or Jb"i&2
feojjf3oor"^fi)
TTS5
"ewXoS
geafc, S"e> it is,
there is
none
it is not
l_rdSo5o
j5"3 + pS>, must
must not
none
none
\ -Si, OUT
TP/So
TP S3
224
SYNTAX.
OF THE VERB.
All verbs are Transitive (Active) governing an accusative ; as
i$r)trr& I saw, *>E>in>> he called: or Intransitive (likewise
called Neuter) governing no accusative; as fc9)<ii6&jSS it appeared.
Verbs ofgoing or arriving generally understand to or at. Thus
2>r>&*cxafy> So to what village has he gone ? s^^^Qw^ he
arrived at home.
Verbs of descending &c. generally understand from : thus X>(tf
sS9* alighting from his horse. fi*SS"3J"3 he went forth from
the town. 53-6"* it>"3iSS descending from on the impaling spike.
In English ' To Have' is an active verb, but in Telugu there is
no such verb. It's place is supplied by the verb ' To Be' (^ossbfci
Uunduta or S"euXo*j Kaluguta) Thus sSg >> Si^?
' have you a gun ?' SS lew ^p' ? ' have you dogs : Lit.' By
thee is there a gun: are there dogs ?
}SoojS~i'XQ ~te&>
(Vema) he who hath nothing shall receive nothing.' "31)3 Tfeisr*
(gala) one who has sense. "38fi
srt& ' one who has no
sense.'
The Passive voice merely adds
(to fall) to the root in A.
Thus tfo^j 'to kill' TjosSts5&4> ' to be killed' 2>ebk 'to
call' S>e>;Sbib or
'to be called.'
The passive voice with an active sense is used even with some
verbs as ' Be,' ' Bend,' and ' Hear' : and sometimes is applied to
active verbs without giving them a passive sense. Thus &oc
wtra> for & o&fy>i> ' he was': iSofcjS and o>ffc>J equally mean,
bended, stooping. afJ^i* and a^ws'fS) equally mean I heard.
(TSc>cfcS8&> SoiMj^S, or, atfwSo&^a, 'music hears tome' that
is ' is heard by me'That is, I hear some music. (See Telugu
Dialogues.)
(act p||) and t^*85* (passive p||) equally mean
' Arrived, come.' ^t^^d^-^^pos and ^rkS^Cwtf^ tp e equally
mean. The witnesses whom I called. t3o&jr<>i& and "s^w^as
225
22G
tracted into
to become, turn
22S
SYNTAX
THE INFINITIVE.
229
230
SYNTAX OF INFINITIVES.
EDI. Mo&p o3a:^o afco sLa *38oSjaSb It ia not known when the
carriage is to be sent.
DI. sr-sfc sSxS^S fiK^he will really come: lit. His coming is sure.
r*iScSoPi> afco^-typS ^)8>y(TiSo he agreed to send (lit. for the
sending) (his) son.
woap a&ot^'wpS ^sfcp-^jfc -what did he say about sending
the carriage ?
ato&fSa 7TSS H8c*5osS> I did not know'of your sending it.
ljT^a (j^f?^ what I have written I have written.
is&o&jSQ'Sosivi it was we that sent it.
o-"S's5r*ooo(6&
it was he that came not : i. e. he failed to
come.
aboijjS t^'Pji ESyj!ysr do you observe their sending this ?
p,A^3l)oi,p-cyp ^)5$3r^5j5S) what did he say to (my) sending
you ?
pfS^ c & -sr" p eJ""8 <xo8
sS^^fe all the uproar wss
caused by (our) sending you. Lit. Thee in sending, this confusion
happened.
Sis&^sSx) afeo^pS Pa S it is true that (they) did not send the
rice.
ko[jS,t> s&o^pfii iSt;3o?S> they know that (you) did not send
the horse. Lit, ' horse not-sending is known.
i6-S"e)f5j a)o |D-crf>! by reason of (your) not sending the
money.
DI. jtjtrj!>a-s"sS> thou not coming, (it) cannot (be done,) that
is, how (can it be done) unless you come ?
It has been shewn that the ' Root in Adamu' has a dative case.
Thus
forms in the dative &o&ti&$$> ' for staying.'
And this may be changed int the ' root in A.' Thus &cjjrf
;6S6"3tfe 1 being afraid to stay,' becomes
"35 S. Examples:
"sr-Koij v. n. 'To hide.'
sxSoMfyiSb may become
xy>K &soxt-pvi& 'he went to hide. 03-<&6j to play, to dance.
^stojSSo -jSfl^a, or, es-le^a < she learned to dance.' &$t> to
come. Root in A xrsi- uxH&s&xiji&
or, xr'&pSiSi there
THE INFINITIVE.
231
is no occasion to come.
to rise. Root in A
; hence
-cr>j6SK)^f), or "t^s^S I Was going to rise.
to go. Root in
A sS"6^ or
; hence "CPfS> ^i*> coming and going, ~c^r&> J^ffc >B
ftfSj&ieu &h3$> It will take ten days to go and return.
Verbs which have monosyllabic imperatives, insert V and Y ;
thus.
Imperative. Inf in UTA. Inf in ADAMU.
^T8
s^&ij
^'sSobsfco pd-v-adamu to go.
&
&jm4o
&dZ<&&n ti-y-adamu to take,
none
tftS^Aj
WsSeSsSw ca-vadamu to die.
"tl
"Ssfc^t)
"<i?;S;5S
te-v adamu to get.
&
ma^t,
S^^j i-yy-adamu) ^ g{ye
or Si^SjSxi 5 i-vv-adamu (
These infinitives, as already shewn, are translated by tenses : as
-ft& Xtt ^er -p^vstodb this day my hopes are fulfilled : Lit.
' to-day, indeed, my wish successful being.'
"Sxcsiu
~rr ever since hearing it.
o.x>_&S :&y&ifcn what means your
coming here ? Lit, ' thy coming here, how ?'
Substantive nouns are governed by genitives, as 7rox><M my
house, f>^>&> your name, srp?> his business : but verbal nouns
take a nominative : thus Sto^&o
oaoafr^ssb when are you
coming? Lit. You coming when? *r-ct>
tt-jS&sSm they
are coming to-morrow : Lit. they arrival to morrow.
ON THE INFINITIVE IN A, OR "ROOT IN A."
If the Infinitive sign TJTA is dropped, and A is substituted,
this is called the Boot in A. It is the adverbial form. Thus &o
eSoej unduta becomes
unda. d-6^)^) povuta becomes s^sS
pova; or, by contraction,
po.
And this is translated as an infinitive, thus &cti sSv&fr!i he
thought to stay. sfr*pOjiar2 he let (them) go: he suffered them
to go.
232
*e;_7f,
&c.
EOOT IN A.
233
^>s"^>i>
to throw away.
5$oX"3
to bow down.
-frox^oi^ij to send on.
to knock owtf.
to leave.
to fall down.
to knock down.
he read to the end.
r f
234
IRREGULAE VERBALS.
235
[ The verb wxiu ' to become' retains this form **xi in poetry,
bearing the same sense as **oj6 Thus 85'i&J6'33-tf for tf&'doosjiS
s&>4>5>3 her lovely face ]
ON IRREGULAR VERBAL NOUNS.
It has been seen that the Infinitive is a noun. Thus from Q3-t>
t> to dance or play is derived &-&ti&x> 'dancing,' 'playing'
(saltatio, ludus.) This is a regular form. But there is an irregu
lar form
which equally means ' a play, a game.'
The phrase ' Irregular is objectionable :' but it is the only word
in use for " the minor portion ; the smaller number." According
to their principles all these are quite regular.
The Regular forms, already exhibited, as &-&SZ&x>, 63- fi, mso
*J are common to all verbs : but some have peculiar verbals.
To exemplify this in English : To arrive ' To receive' ' to conr
trive' make ' arriving' ' receiving,' ' contriving' which are regular :
and 1 arrival' ' reception,' ''contrivance' which are irregular. And
in words of Saxon origin, ' To Live, to Grow, to Die,' make
' Living, growing, dying,' which are regular, and ' life, growth,
death,' which are irregular. [Thus in Greek Kpivw, Xtyw, irpaow,
have the derivatives npiaig, Xt&j, n-paZis.']
These Irregular nouns form a convenient vocabulary of words
which are in daily use.
Class Ending in A.
to fruit
-b-*<3$>,
a green fruit.
to bind
S"*J,
a bundle.
Ending in AKA.
to come
"oS"
arrival.
to go
K^6*
going.
to be angry
anger.
to be hot
T r
heat or fever.
to plunge
S jSS"
a plunge.
CopcitCok)
to break
So^S"
a bit.
to know
oJootf
knowledge.
236
SYNTAX OF
>S_
s>F>
being, remaining,
, absence.
absence.
ploughing,
hearsay.
237
ttot)
ssc&>
d'io
to play
a crop,
cookery,
a song,
play, sport.
to fall
to rebel
to return
-ir-Aoj, ir>4
Btsxzrbz
t&>&xybx>
to ruin
to cast
fall, trouble,
rebellionreturn.
ruin plu :
a blow, a shot, a hit,
plural
Ending in DIplural 4e or
conduct.
to walk
to eat
to rob
or
>
CO
diet.
plunder.
rubbing.
to rub
reign.
to rule
tillage.
to extend
income.
to come
Ending in TA plurals Jjr8e Sfc (jsr,cx>i> to tcrite \jenlS
writing.
E*aok> to reap
reaping.
Sj-cifiiij to cry
a cry.
&c.
&c.
&a.
And some of the third conjugation change IN9U. *nto 1NTA
thus.
w^?tot&fc>
to deliver
wa^otf
delivery.
238
^3 S5i&tj
Tr-
debt.
to produce
productiveness,
to see
-Sr^ sight.
to ruin
^(S^) ruin.
&c.
&c.
&C.
Ending in W.
to serve
tr'aj^)
employ.
to stand
P^iS
a man's height.
to die
death.
Ending In VA.
te descend
S?o55
the lower part,
to mount
djfcsS
upper part,
to subside
fcSrei55:S humiliation.
Ending in VI.
to give
-Sia
gift.
knowledge.
The Middle verb in KONTJ sometimes makes the verbal in
-3ooSbr^4j
to wail
""^S8^^
lamentations.
to know
"3Sa
S(iSxr*fS>tJ
to give
S)xS^r^&
givings..
^iiiS^r'jfctj
oie&c&^f5oij
to receive
to meet
^^^K1
oiifecor6^
receivings.
meetings.
The regular verb "i**J ' To Take' never has this form.
It will be observed that some verbs take two or three different
forms in the noun : some of which have various senses. Thus ;
~ax>l3 To cast
~$ha
hunting, a shot.
f>ei>fc> to stand
P*$} po
height, steadfastness.
}SJfctf>*> to walk
iSSS",
^Scg^ar conduct.
53cS>4j to arrive
tS*3S
nearness.
jSrfo^i) to trust
rSs^5", P^skp trust.
NEGATIVE VEEBAL.
VEEBS IN IN^U.
239
x3dSJ5aa
*****
coming
being
doing
knowing
seeing
agreeing
AO
settling
unsettledness.
arriving
the non arrival.
It i3 governed by a nominative, not by a genitive ; as 7rex>
my house. Yayati 3. 126 wtfaoTPStoStf"^ grieving at his non
arrival.
On verbs in IN<?UTA, IMPUTA, and ILLUTA.
Some of these which end in IN$TJTA are derivatives : others
are causals. The form illuta is used only with a few verbs and
never gives the causal sense.
The affix incuta sometimes changes a noun into a verb. Thus
"3j&Xo the name of this language ; Ui&^oi&Aj to Telugu : that is,
to turn (or translate) into Telugu. Some Sanscrit words are thus
formed into Telugu verbs:
creation,
to create ;
8tf_S reasoning, ?^8_ot3i4j to reason or argue; ^o'"6sS>sSx>
pleasure ^OfSfe2>.OT&> (or in poetry, ^io$J>w3*j) to rejoice, ^i^sfca
a curse if 8>oi>i> to curse. The noun
^ the root of
to bloom. From tfr^r- fainting, s&r^E-eoi} t0 faint.
240
SYNTAX.
IN<?U.
Pu at pleasure.
to pound.
to crush.
to tear.
CAUSAL VERB.
241
242
SYNTAX OP CAUSALS.
"5~Xoi> v. n. To boil
^Xoti v. n. To break
MIDDLE.
Tfc*j v. a. To boil
Hoi&>b y. a. To break
rr>i(iL> y. n. To hide
T5t&tJ v. a. To hide
s-tv&> v. 11. To burn
T^ewEfcij v. a. To burn
T3Sbfc> v. n. To spoil
^eot&k) v. a. To spoil
9-j4j v. n. To play
e3-aoTfc> v. a. To play
ej&jfci) v. n. To tear
Qo-Ebk v. a. To tear
Some verbs adopt the past Eel. Participle or causal form at
pleasure : thus :3jD?Sjn>$'eo or :38offi(6r5'tu the money paid.
&o%>$irzx> or oho&$t?*n the letter sent. -558 (SSi^, or tfJJoajS
the seed sown.
Some verba are changed into the Causal, by using the Boot with
the addition of ^csSwAj or some other auxiliary : as in English I
made him write it. Thus ;
to give, 3)S)^o-Efak> or S3^fc>|^
f&>t> to make him give; have it delivered ; cause it to be given.
sS-Efc^fc) to come, e^ocfot) or "traofoi> to sendfor; s$T3^sr"?<o*5cs&>t>
get him to come. l_srcs&*j to write ljrQuotb&>) get it written
csfi^dSjjt) get him to write, have it written. "^eriSb4j v. n. To
hang, "^er4J
(act) to hang. ~ir>&b> to flow, or run, v. n.
ir-ti steaks to make it flow or run. S"uoX>ii to happen SeJf
to cause, effect, bring about. &0&fc> v. n. to end
2
cJSSjAj v. a. to end. ^*j to go, rir*S"fo3i> To drive away, to lose.
To burst v. n. i>8tr*kai> v. a. To burst or shatter.
*j to come Tr>ahai> v. a. To receive, ssi^cs&aj 0r Si&^&*i>fc> v. n.
To break or split. s^csfifPtok). v. a. To break or split. $o'fi&&&i
to make good, to turn to profit. e>i6tf
to strengthen.
Thus Srtf^oa*j To sit forms ^tfo>&~3teok3 To seat, XoXib
to stoop down, sSoK^^vii) to make him stoop. j>b*j v. n. To
extend forms ^^oiSsiJ, jb-x"3<s&>4j or
o^j)&> to send away.
ON THE MIDDLE VOICE.
The following rules for the Middle voice may at first be passed
over with a simple perusal : as we acquire more familiarity with
the language the principles will become clear.
243
244
SYNTAX.
MIDDLE VOICE.
245
246
SYNTAX.
PAETICIPLES.
247
BOOK EIGHTH.
ON PAETICIPLES.
The Participles are (as in English) indeclinable, being applied
without change to all cases (,) numbers, genders, and persons.
They are present, past, past Relative (,) aorist, and negative as
already shewn : the aorist and the past Relative participles have
relative forms : Examples.
Present P|| &oi^)tS>, sending.
Past P|| *ol> having sent.
PastEelativerel P[| *o&i6, INA, who sent, as s6o!j$sr>Sb
he who sent.
Aorist P|| *o^S> who sends, as *o"wtj>.
Neg. p|[ in Ka a&oabS" without sending.
Negative P|| *o*p, ANI, who sends not, as op?r'i,
he who sends not.
The passive verb and participles are formed by adding the verb
a&sbk> 'to fall' to the root in A of another verb ; as 8&o^4j
' to send,' s&oS&wjSoAj < to be sent.' aboa&w&jS 'who was sent.'
When two nouns are connected, one being the agent and one
the subject, the English phrase varies thus; from S&KoAj v. n.
* to break,' T"ew38AiS ra> ' a man whose leg is broken ;' lit. ' a
leg broken man.' From sr&fc> v, n. ' To swell,' ^3agarC^a ' a
woman whose hand is swollen ;' Lit : ' a hand swollen one.' And
the same words may mean ; ' The hand is swollen ;' From ^ct>
'to do,' foS^"!*p 'the work thou dost;' From &oJfc4-> ' to be,'
>^)jo'S;pj) 'the town in which thou livest ;' From tf&$*J ' to
read,' ^f^CSajj (xPo$s&)oeS> ' in the book which I was reading.'
$$)Tr>e>%>$-:$ ' the time at which you must come ;' From
' to go,'
j^sfcooj^SS (P. 3. 199) ' the day after his going
248
SYNTAX.
there;' Prom
'to go,'
7** 8^* S3 d*aM^vtJg$
(Anirud. 3. 66.) ' the matter regarding which he went on my
account;' From &ojfc4j 'to be' >$)$i&8''r* 'as if you were
there ;' From iS0oSofc> < to cut' '3|?>8;Sir,SS the axe with which
he felled the tree :' here both nouns are in the Nominative form
though one has the Instrumental sense; From ^'EJ^*J 'to die'
tfoiatfa^fce) 'a child whose father is dead,' or #o\aiJ^;6a
' she whose father is dead,'here though the verb is masculine
(tfC^far'SS) the form is neuter ; From &&Ko&t3 ' to deliver'
Sr.3oLa-7roo F55 ea&^fcofijsa 'These are the things which
your father committed to me.'
"When two similar nouns are thus connected, one of them may
be translated by the Instrumental or locative case ; Thus
^pcxoeu ' a house wherein there is nobody.' Lit. ' Any one nothouse.' left's Sf^sSwlS a seal whereupon no name is engraven'
(a blank seal) lit : 'a name unengraven seal ;' For tS^L? is the
neg., rel., p|| of ^356 ' to engrave.'
In the English Telugu Dictionary it will be seen that many
participles (both active and passive) are translated by words dif
ferent from the English verb to which they belong.
The word &x>fi>^) 'before' may govern an affirmative or a nega
tive participle at pleasure. Thus w&jfc-u^s&si&'S ' before he
came,' (lit. before his not coming.) And (in the affirmative form)
sS^iJosSj&SsSxjfl*^ has the same meaning.
The P|| is often translated by a tense, particularly when fol
lowed by fcJs6jjJfc < then' or any word of reference. Thus S"r&k>
i to see ;' but S"p^ ^afc ' when he perceived,' S>9&iS i^SS ' when he
called,' fcBftjS^ei 'on his calling.' -jSpk^jSl^iJ 'after I came'
&8i&lS#y)&o 3A>a&jiSo ' when he sent me.'
The Past Rel: p|| is sometimes used as a gerund and translated
'of,' or 'for ;'aa &&[*r$$&*oisti ' the trouble of writing it.'
siSS|3(S$oK9 < the circumstance of (his) building the house.'
PAETICIPLES.
249
h h
&
251
252
SYNTAX OF PAETICIPLE.
ON THE PAST B.ELATIYE PAETICIPLE.
st^mo \2>^;$
sfKo ^arS^ *p
yao lrfi;S'?'4S3-&
Xo4jiS
afws tjrf>jS >&>jsS
was written.
the reason for writing it.
And from U9csS>ij to be known, the past rel. p|| being "38f>jS :
"3Sfjji-53-JSb
he who knows.
5Tj0l "3S^;isSj4j
what he knows.
In such phrases the passive form may be used without altering
the sense : thus rljp*r&e'<ij^fc i jje wj10 wrote the letter.'
sn&^frf^KtZtrm 1 the letter which he wrote.'
253
Certain affixes can be used with the past Rel. p|| ; one is
s5o43 or w&osots such (in Latin ' Talis') Thus 3^, ssa^sS&n
3otS or 3<>^(i*>sSo43 equally mean ' That came,' or 'which came'
tt"P, trjStosSoiS or "a,'i6s*5^o4S 'that did not come.'
The affixes woa>(5, wosSb^y or wocfc^'iS ' thereby' or ie>
'therein' (See page 65) are also added thus: :S 0^6 o
by
coming,' Tr>jSosk;4 'by his not coming,' sSfi^iSoafcsSe) 'by coming,'
"^jSossbjS 'by his not being there.'*
fc^&Ss^owjSajSe) ' 0n
my going there.'
This or the aorist p|| may be changed into a verb without
altering the import ; as sS4JstoKrB<Sw2> < the man whose face is
swollen,' ^paao^jSaoa-"^, his face is swollen, 8|eu~s-,iSjSsr4>)
'the man whose house was burnt.' ^rPox>ta "S^DjSa, hia house
was burnt, sScxn-dSb^exiE- &%~i&S>*>, 'a kettle in which three seers
may be boiled.' 3*#2>e>s5otf'>~;oo6- ^^^Soi^S ' this pot boils
three seers of rice.' That is ' three seers may be boiled in it.'
ON THE EELATIVE AOBIST PABTICIPLE.
This usually terminates in E' Thus from
coru-ta ' to
desire' S"*"6r-Jfc core-vadu he who desires, ~fir&>S~i~&X!i\JStix> ' the
horse which I desire,' (or) 'which I ask for'; So from ^oSst>)
' to be, to dwell,' fc3o)o"doMto ' the house in which he lives.'
Erom ^cSwiJ ' to do' Ssroo^"fi*p ' the business in which you are
engaged.' Erom cS"c>t> to be got, ss\8<5^a"iwa'^sS> ' there is no
means of getting it.' Erom C^^jio ' to read,' TS8~r*i> he who
reads. Erom sS-sk\i> to come t9 5f_S:S^aso;S(6 or fc?|f_&S;$^
=r>eoaiS5c who is he that comes there ? from fi&fc> to say tt;s
a^wiSb, a man called Kama, tSj^"^"5~:?gS, a poem called
the Magha, JfOTCsSsoW^pSS a village called Gangavaram.
NEGATIVE PAETICIPLE.
255
257
(j$^^a3tf^co~s^f>s5?Sjsib;S3 aJ)i&-crSj-&
' hia statement that the signature on the bond is not his, cannot
avail him.' ^oJSbt) < to be, to dwell ;' Eoot in A ^otf . Neg. P||
&op or ~&P-sroifcwS^tf "3;soj!jS < as he was not there.'
p=r>& ' he who is devoid of sense.' S>&g~$Per>i& 'he who is fault
less.' tr"gf)CT'56 ' he who is unable to come.' rioi^^sWjjBgjifo^
* it is very true that there is no crop.' Tzr,&>t>>o&l>oi&>$ 'as he
would not stay there.' 8&Xoi> to return. Root, in A, OB*. Neg. P||
QGXP unreturning.' (Childe Harold. III. 27.) tfKp^a&Jfcj
a curse that will not fail, ^o'&h to love. Boot in A,
Neg. P||
$op or Xvgp 'unloving.' (Padma Puran III. 62.) ^t&rrp&p
' the thing that ought not to be done.'
Verbs in & can form the root in or ^ as 73T,|;^*J, "5**^^.
To wear' ; hence the Negative P|| is in like manner, formed, in
or
Thus the Neg. P|| trv^p or Tjy^P ' unwearing,
unworn.' (Tara 2.)
The Neg. P|| is translated ' un' or 'in' as Sf&b 'to hear' 3(5
^ ' audible' a$*>tp, S^w^-o'P, 'inaudible, unheard.' ^3*^*^ 'to
say,' B^TPpsSSfijexi < unutterable words.' "3)dSi> ' to be under
stood' "39<ssip ' unknown, incomprehensible, unintelligible.' LF"
&>t> 'to write' [rdsip~5' jj^ew 'unwritten papers.' i6^fc> 'to
suffer' i6STrp^& 'intolerable trouble.' E. 3. 64.
' into
lerable, unsufferable.' Thus Horace uses amabilem for amandum :
and Virgil uses non imitabilefulmen for non imitandum, and venardbile for venerandum.
ON THE CONDITIONAL AORIST.
This is translated If or when. It is formed by adding '' ~3"
to the past p|| whatever be the Nominative case. Prom S^tfi
S6*j to bite, ~6Sll if (it) bites, from l^fcti to drink
if (he)
drinks, from fr&ot> to pierce
if (vou) ns it in the earth.
C. P. Brown's Tclugu Grammar.
i i
258
cs&fo, or
the affix
THE IMPEEATIVE.
259
ON THE IMPEEATIVE.
The common forms of the imperative have been exemplified in
the various conjugations, ^csfio&s Do thou' singular ends
in UMU. But if ' Wffc to say' is added, UMU. changes into AM.
Thus from "3^*J ' to say' the imperative is ^^sSm cheppumu,
'say thou' but t3^*P cheppamani "saying tell thou," from
^r&>*J 'to do' ^cs&jjSm chey-umu, 'Do thou' ^ScBSsfc?) cheyamani
' saying Do thou.' frtafc to become ^)6so agumu, ' become thou'
D. E. P. 436. wofi^si&DiS^osS^sSb^^8 "In wrath he said
become a pariah ! and I became one""cr2? amicable settlement
tj*2Sf&ip^h^Tr&, They desired me to come to terms with them :
but in common life either in speaking or writing, only these
forms are used.
(which is the Inf. in U) or t3^sS for the
singular; and ^3^oS for the plural. So ^',,
and
Some forms are colloquial (though used in poems) and cannot
be reduced to rule. Some of these regard the 1st person. Thus
fc5fa-=3^iS let ua do so, ^st&o ITTAMU Let us give. Pal. 53.
line 8. tSt>'S^6x: let us see. SJ&)'5r,,sS let us read. Observe
(page 229 line 3.) S"oessS iefs see.
for "3^Sx> let us cast.
The 1st person plural has an irregular form. Erom sfr*5)fc> to
go, it makes s^'CT'sSo, and colloquially *6es or &*"crskoi6 iet's g0_
Some forms even of the 2nd person are irregular. From
to put, forms "3o, veyi, 'put it.' SSte^^dtfijs&n' 0 do thus ! "S^,
s^, rise and come to me.
on. Stop. K. P. 5. 52. &e>> for
^?oa stop. M. 4. 3. 194.
There are poetical forms of the 3d person: as -&>tD8g~ May he
bestow ! w*mtt,,|$&- so be it ! These are irregular and therefore
are placed in the Dictionary. These are in the colloquial form
s>$G> as
s>r>3>.
If two or more imperative verbs come together, and form a
sentence, the last alone bears that form, the others being parti
260
fc536^6S
&>sSr>.
ON THE AORIST.
261
BOOK NINTH
2G2
ON THE AORIST.
263
[JFT?'S$T^ sr*^tr5}:>|]
" He spoke not to his spouse, he arrayed not himself with the
conch and discus : he called not his train ; he saddled not (his
steed) the feathered king, he tarried not even to bind up his clus
tering tresses, and even forgot that in his grasp he held the veil
of his queen ; as he descended in haste to rescue his suppliant in
the hour of need."
The Aorist denotes usage, or custom: thus &eail 3 83 S3 they
would come on being called, \^x&onij-$)i&& they used to
pass their time thus.
" "Women will lay down their very cloaks before the feet of a
money making husband ; they view him with all respect. But if
a husband be able to earn nothing, they will laugh at him and say
There comes, the walking corpse."
264
" She never turns her glance towards me : or if she looks, she
will not smile : if she smiles, she will not fall into conversation :
if she begins talking, she is not frank. No it is of no avail to set
my heart upon her : why did I give myself up to these thoughts ?
Love incited me to try every method to gain her : ah I had better
be dead!"
The following verse P. 2. 123 well exemplifies the Negative
Aor.
i5|| S>$l pS^csii Q eo> pSf Oo (,) gocftew ott>Hnv>
(,) SS"<6iJoi&> $&?C*cS&& (,)
SoS^eS Q &
tf_t$>&pirc& Q ea^sp sWcfc (,)
e^xi&sio
JSjSSS (,) S5i0|woSi) 13[T88o zT6 (.) 5S>i*(!>55s-ao86f)r ||
' When the noble behold a man of wealth they do not scorn him
because he listens not. They will not despise him though a blind
man : they will not gibe him on account of his paunch : if he has
lost his ears, they mill not avoid him. Though he be a dwarf they
will not depart, they will not quit him though he is sour minded
orignorant, nor shun him nor will they call him a wretched diseased
creature, and even though he be (a man of no morals) immoral,
they will not revile him, provided he be opulent.'
Or it has a future sense. Thus s(4>"cr,>-ci will not he come
again ? ^S68S they will come to-morrow. Ji^JifcJjS^'oe&sSwTj^
*j-S^s&x-o5& (for, r*ofi>i&and Sfr&fr) Ah ! when shall I em
brace him, when again shall I hear him speak ? In the Tale of
Tara (3. 87.) She says ;
"S|| oV4j)o ^r^oi&, >6x>tf^ki g^jasb xosb,
ON THE AORIST.
2G5
" Ah when shall I obtain him, when shall I enjoy sweet converse
with him, when shall I gain an interview, when shall I quench the
flame of desire ?"
Again : 3,3>io& I
state. "Bs^r* he will say (Luke XIII.
27. here the older English says, he shall say) i6o^S> fT shall I
send it ? Sie>3g'sS^T'X'<y it will be seen or made clear.
[The following occur in poems]
0&>jS>P)jS>L;rt5e> -r"5srSS
N. IX. They were indeed in hope of beholding him OrS6"?)='^fe?'^n>
$si"^4S> Nothing shall be impossible to you sS&iS Pray come
ssa^-cSi'&s&Tr'S' I hope you will come and see it &""'5j6Tr,^!)SOMi
8S'Scn'oX'<S^5tftj^ I Will you ruin the family which is in a
flourishing state ? '0(J shall I come 'O'S wilt not thou come
S^sSe* W. I. VII. 174. I should like to hear that story.
In some of these, it will be observed that though a question ia
intended, the sign of interrogation is omitted.
It may have either a past or future sense. Thus oJsf_&fJiofi!S
oi3T_&?d-'>5&':ky (Tales of a Parrot p. 40.) Where have you
come from ? where are you going ? whence are you and where are
you going -^v^sr-pasS^, ^So^t^ottog-oefcjS) < if he knew the
language, I would get him teach it me.'
Verbs that end in N as
k k
266
* Sir William Jones has spoken of the mystic obscurity in which the sutras
or metrical Aphorisms of Sanscrit Grammar are involved. The treatises writ
ten in Sanscrit verse by Nannaya, and his commentators, on Telugu Gram
mar, are equally abstruse, and the rules on EDI. (Chap, LXXVII,) are peculi
arly intricate. Every Telugu rule is laboriously deduced from a Sanscrit
canon; the connection of which with the Telugu language, is not easily dis
cernible. That arrangement is, to an English enquirer, illogical, and were
Nannaya and his laborious commentators translated into plain English, the
rules would still remain nearly unavailable. Happily for the English reader,
Mr. Campbell's Telugu Grammar contains all the more useful rules ; he has
excluded much that was unprofitable, and I have yet further abridged the old
rules while I have added many that are new.
The Grammar written by Nannaia Bhatta (who is also called Annaparyulu
W^ir0f>gtnJ) has the title ' Andhra Sabda Chintamani,' Or, The Etymolo
gical Standard. It passes over, with very brief notice, those niceties regarding
ardha bindu, and tacata Repl.a in which modern pedants waste all their strength.
267
In
268
like manner
6,J> &c. often convey &past sense ; but 60
i>8, 60*00, for dtofcsji^ft, i&otoi^a often bear a future meaning.
Thus in English, he goes, Tie eats, is often used with reference to
a past act : but he is going, often conveys a future import.
Thus
may be considered Preterit: Thus ^jiTrxeS
fc>^_fi5Si^La 'when I was coming it remained there:' and the
lengthened form is ^o^P,
3~v& it remains, it goes. [Thus in
the Parujat. 1. 114.
Ss&iiS^P.] The forms
(J'SC^^^iJoS^i&^^-p'^S, i. e.
he is coming, Ue
it is Known,
269
270
271
272
ON ORTHOGRAPHY.
I.
IX ORTHOGRAPHY.
ON IMPERSONAL VERBS.
[Another alteration in the verb occurs in the 3d pers. sing,
m. f. aorist. 5"j3 becomes S"p6k 'he saw' S"""^ cone ' he bought'
becomes r*pa> coniye. This form is only used in poetry.]
In Tenses :occasionally the present is used for the past : thus
Parvati Kalyan. 2. 43.
*&&>-p^&r> 'To which,
what replies he ?'
In pronouns : thus
(Hunc me) KP. 3. 31. " This me."
Some poetical forms as o*8r,igpf are now vulgar : Thus in English
' To Ketch' is very vulgar and is used in Spenser 3. VI. 37. Thus
in every language some vulgarisms are merely the antique forms.
Peculiar contractions are used in the verb : thus
for
a8"0BS4-^So KP. 3. 18.
Several words drop the final vowel : particularly U. Thus a**3
becomes S~, S"i5>,
?fo^/sStu; xj^tfsSM^, wossCopi, tJooOos-,
ON IMPERSONAL VERBS.
In Telugu as in other languages there are impersonal verbs :
that is verbs which use only the third person singular : as it seems,
it rains, it ought, it must, it should.
Examples : from "383>*j to appear "3eWJfSjiS. it seems US^Q
it appeared, it is evident, I know. Aorist.
or "3tu&; the
274
ON IMPERSONAL VERBS.
The negative is (Aorist) sSw : thus S o sfc (it ne faut pas Tenir)
must not come, or, Tr>jse)S^S-r,,cf>. Or by contraction
as
7r:Sfi> Dont come -&r>j&sSTs* Do not you want this water ?
Another word of the same import is borrowed from
to
come. Aor. ^^i*. Neg. Aor. ~tr&. thus TT,3-i5i>yS> may come
s^ttf ta^?> may go wwsh must not come, cannot come ^"CJS)
must not go, cannot go. Thus SiP'Si'D'S-S^ffc Tou may come
:Tc^btr"-cr,s& they are not to Come.
The neuter verb S^So^j to fit, to meet, is thus used.
is it meet (Aor.) to go ?
it is not proper to go
fc?;SScr,') it is wrong or impossible, to say so ttsj-5" as he
could not come : as coming was out of his power.
The verb a.<6^t> opputa to suit. The initial being a vowel, the
drita N is inserted. Thus &gi$d&rfx>&-jy js it fit to do so?
2-i6^f&yeS
no.
The verb "3e> wooia to dawn, appears to be impersonal: thus
"3 ^roj&f^a it is dawning
r-a;Sa it has dawned, it is day
"So rsE'tfp>"w before it dawned. In fact it is (albescere) from
"5^> white, and
paruta to flow.
In English we say day dawned or morning dawned, but in Telugu
it is strictly impersonal. Thus also in Sanscrit Ramayan. 1.
XVII. 21.
cB3-^
iSb^iSxo &>|j^y^ (6Tifi!S>. This day has
my night given way to a most auspicious ' dawn." Here Carey's
note points out that instead of morning dawns, the Hindu phrase
is that night dawns.
The verb (of Sanscrit origin) e-^soifc4j 0r e^sS>^5&>$fc>
it grows to evening (vesperascit) Lit : to set. Thus fcJj6aoosrS's
before sunset.
DEFECTIVES, ETC.
275
BOOK
TENTH.
ON REITERATION.
279
2$0
ON REITERATION.
ON REITERATION.
281
SSo$jb$"S'ja ?6Co2fcxoSc
A nominative case used adverbially is reiterated to denote con
tinued action. Thus as^tosr'toTV drop by drop.
IX. Elsewhere a Nominative is repeated to denote distinction.
Thus fcsaug'rs; cxa^)g'g'$ That is one story and this is one
story i. e. That^story (or account) is quite different from this one
282
^aSl&Soo
ON REITERATION.
They are certain persons and we are cer
ON REITERATION.
283
284
ON PAETICLES.
ON PAETICLES.
A few words are used which may be considered adverbs or
auxiliaries. These will be arranged alphabetically.
1. Wo*jis a contraction for $so&r>i>} or any other portion of
the verb P>4o to say : and is equivalent to They say : it is said.
It may also drop N becoming w *->. It sometimes has a taunting
sense : as ^6ax>fylo&r' I tell you he is gone.
2. fc?o"i) This is merely the conditional of the same verb.
sfco-ij ' That is'1 id est.' s50yE&fieo-f, If you will only come
and see.
3 fcSoS This is a plural vocative " Sirs" or Sir : as ~io& No sir
& rr^tfoa They are here, Sir. [4.
See on WoAj.]
4.
(the past p|| of fcs?&k> to say) Having said. This is often
used in combination with 'Bi6^t)) j6ewSo4>, &c. meaning the same.
Thus tf^sp:3k)^r=& he desired [me] to come. Lit. Come thou
saying he said. Other remarks on this verb are placed under the
syntax of the past and aor. participles. The past rel. p|| ffS^ is
rendered " called" : as ~i&$rglttn>% Veman'anna yogi, " Vema
the philosopher."
5. w6j*Sl^L E^en when. This is the dative of w^Sb then.
Added to a Eel P|| it implies Although. Thus 6o&jSs&}43^ Even
ON PAETICLES.
28^
28G
287
-when connected
288
289
lifted up their heads, That is, all persons around her. Iu similar
manner *Q ten may be used instead of <A)?<oOo or f"*eo four.
C. P. BrowtCs Teluju Grammar.
n n
290
The wrong uses of ' body" and " belly" have been alreadynoticed in page 121-122, The learner will also meet with a few
expressions, wherein Hindu simplicity sees no harm whatever,
while to our notions they are, however harmless, very disgusting.
But we, on the other hand, unintentionally offend the Hindus
(who warily conceal their annoyance) by many trivial acts or ex
pressions wherein we perceive no impropriety.
"Words of relationship are often applied in a manner at variance
with the notions of Europeans.
The words chiefly used are eSo^S father #Jj mother
elder
brother
younger brother j_ elder sister ^s^tu younger
Bister J* mother in-law sro father-in-law.
But some idioms exist regarding these,
great is used for
Senior : thus '^t,i5jL the eldest among my elder brothers : It is
also contracted. Thus "SKao^ urfS become "wJ|o(_a father's
elder brother ">J father's elder brother's wife.
OitJ. little, is used for Junior. Thus 8^^ the junior among
my elder brothers.
My father's brothers and their wives are styled my fathers
and mothers.
The respectful affix i^tSo " They" somewhat like " his honour"
is used regarding all my seniors. Thus
Ob my honoured :
my reverend mother,
Uncles and their wives with fathers are perpetually through
affection styled fathers and mothers : nephews and nieces are
styled sons and daughters : while cousins are called brothers and
sisters : the marriage prohibitions among Hindus being very
extensive. In the Palnati Charitra page 322, the Lady says to
her son " Your seven fathers are gone to this war." Thi3 pecu
liarity of idiom sometimes misleads us in reading the evidence
given by witnesses who when desired to specify which, they mean
call one S^^o^i the father by blood as opposed to sS:l6o(Jk
the father by affinity. The feeling of oneness in a family goes
so far that a man will depose that he was alone, whereas, it soon
after appears that his wife, children and perhaps other relations
BOOK
XI.
ON PEOSODT.
oSsSis, or ^ofi^,)
294
ON PROSODY.
<i7id feelings of the people. "We live among them, to use their
own metaphor, like oil on water: we have little confidential
intercourse with them and after a residence of many years in
India, few of our countrymen can answer easy questions regarding
the Hindus. Missionaries enjoy, because they seek greater faci
lities : and those Christian teachers who have resided among the
Hindus (chiefly Roman Catholic priests though a few Pro
testants have done the same) confess that they have derived
much benefit from such studies. I for my part can avow that
when I commenced tlie study of Telugu authors, I was already
acquainted with what was already printed on Hinduism, both
in English and French : and yet I was progressively taught
notions entertained by the Hindus or customs observed among
them which were entirely novel to me. This experience has
shewn me that we cannot understand the peculiarities of any
nation unless we not only live among them (and as a magistrate,
I had much intercourse with all classes) but also study a few
volumes of the literature they cultivate. Such study however has
its inconveiiiencie3 : natives who make much progress in English
are looked upon as almost Heretics : and equally mild is the
epithet bestowed on those who have devoted some attention to
Hindu literature.
In other languages, we may safely neglect prosody : but in Telu
gu almost "every thing is taught in verse : indeed grammars, vo
cabularies, school books, rules of arithmetic and mensuration,
all are in rhyme.
But the prosody may fairly be discriminated as Common,
Rare, and Fantastic : the first class is short and easy : the second
is still more concise : and the third (which I exclude) forms the
bulk of the vernacular treatises on the art.
Even in the first class, I have omitted about three quarters
of the rules : retaining only what a learner requires : thus much
may easily be learnt in a few days : the remainder embraced a
variety of precepts intended to guide (in reality to shackle) ver
sifiers: for were we to believe these pedants, it is almost impos
sible to compose a truly correct line : or a stanza free from ill
omened letters.
295
ON FEET.
>
20G
ON FEET.
ON FEET.
29&
A line is called
padamu or O 6"sS charan'amu, meaning
a foot : of which each i6gsSco padyamu or stanza has four. A foot
(as it is called in Latin) is tfresSw ganamu, and consists of two,
three or four syllables. A syllable is called fcl>.efao axaramu, i. e.
letter. Thus l# ft-titf mjSk try-axara-sabdamu means a word of three
syllables, like '^D'^-^lS:o Sam-scru-tamu, the Sanscrit language.
Prose, called sSO^sio vachanamu, is in most of the poems, in
terspersed among the stanzas : it is harmoniously modulated
(somewhat like that in Lalla Rookh) or Terentian iambics but
is not under any law of scansion. The letter *|| (meaning vacha
namu) is placed at the beginning of each passage of prose:
which is entirely different from the prose of every day life.
The Feet are denoted by letters, Ma, Ta, Ea, Sa, Ta, Ja, Bha,
Na : which were selected by the ancient grammarians and are
invariably retained in every Hindu language that uses the Sans
crit alphabet.
To facilitate recollection, I have in the following table placed
opposite each ganam a Sanscrit and a Latin word containing the
requisite syllables and beginning with the letter that denotes the
foot. The ancient prosodians have so arranged this table that
the first column contains alternately a long and a short : the
second has two : and the third has four of each.
This table is called x'rs^-s-=tJj&o or Basis of numbers: Ganam
and Rhythmus have the same meaning, Number (Zeunius in
Anabas. Index : and Cleveland de Rhythmo. p. 95. 96.)
Sanscrit Name
Memorial Words.
and Maris.
M uww
s&>o\is^rs,o Maecenas
df>&rJ
' Tmetto
x | uu
CJ &<sr
Reddidi
R v I vj
S | | w
Similes
T wuI
Tentare
ess-* 16
J I u I
Juvabit
if r*
B u| I
Bucula
Nivea
N 1 1 1
C. P. Brown's Telugu Grammar.
Latin marks
and Name.
Molossus.
w
Bacchic.
w Cretic.
Anapoest.
w Antibacchic.
u w
Amphibrach.
WW Dactyl.
w v u Tribrach.
0 0
297
X, or K u w
LL
|1
GLorHul
LGorVlw
Xo-^
e>^>
Kok
otfo
Xerxes
Liber
\j u
Hoesit
w
Vagans w
Spondee.
Pyrrhic.
Trochee.
Iambus.
SfOff-sr-OfiesftAM
6} * 8koTT>8!5e>
J
V".
T
This metre, called Hamsa-yana is the same as the Greek Te
trameter Catalectic or the common ballad metre.
"What though silent is my anguish
Or breath' d only to the air
298
LG
That is
-UU I -U- |UUU|*-UU|-UU|-U-|UA id the Champaca-mala or Tulip-wreath is the same, excepting
209
that the first syllable of one metre is long and in the other is di
vided into two shorts. Thus yati falls on the eleventh syllable.
NL
R
N
B
B
E
LG
*5S?fe> | sgr>sso |
\ *t3^Z | *Snr | ^S-j"?^ | t"*^
That is
UUUU|-U-[UUU|*-UU|-UUj-U-|U
Herein the first foot, consisting of four short syllables is
marked NL denoting N the tribrach to which is added L, being
one short syllable. Such a foot of four shorts, (in Greek called
proceleusmatic) is in Sanscrit and Telugu called j6e>i Nalamu,
If the Champacamala is according to native custom, scanned
by feet of three syllables, the names of the feet will of course be
different :thus,
N
J
B
J
J
J
E
Sx" | eKgre> | SOS3 | "Bff jSj | rtSr-S | C^3l | Tr^cKrbut the metre never varies and we may divide it in either manner
at pleasure.
The following verses are written in these metres.
IJTPALAMALA.
300
SOI
T"Xol\aJ -r!)o"S>o
(V)
5"oafcoso S^fcr'Si 63-
This verse is cited by Appa Cavi 3,377 to show that in the 4th
line, the prasa sometimes is slightly changed. Though quoted from
the Kala Purno dayam, it does not appear in that poem.
Here every line, or couplet, contains the feet m,
s, t, t,g.
The Mattebha is exemplified in the following verse, in the
(Bhagavat) Gajendra Moxam.
ssb|| *ase-
tfo.vtfljrcs&x'j&or-
, 3&Do*-ts r<?3E-"S-o
T 4
V 0
(J^Otf (IsoiS*-*
The four fixed metres now described are in constant use : others
which more rarely occur will be placed in a future page. It is
evident that the Fixed or Uniform Metres are (like the first ode
of Horace) alike in every line. The variable metres proceed on a
different principle. The first of these is the Canda padyam.
SECTION III. THE CANDA PADYAM.
The S'osa&H^tfo Canda Padyamu (for which the sign is
admits those feet which are equal to four short syllables. These
are (K, B, J, S, and NL)the Spondee, Dactyl, amphibrach, ana
302
6
7
8
oifca * sS)"3 S>lSj-dr.
SBNL
N L, S J S K
NL,NL,NL
S S J S S
Thus each stanza has sixteen feet : three in the uneven lines
and five in those which are (second and fourth) even. Eight feet
form the half verse. The feet are shewn in the margin.
The prasa as usual connects the four lines : and in this in
stance, the prasa is the consonant V. In the first and third (the
odd) lines, there is no yati. In the even lines the yati, as shewn
by the star falls on the fourth foot : which is the seventh foot
of the couplet.
The sixth foot of each couplet must be either J or NL. In the
following verses, these feet are specified.
The foot J is inadmissible in the uneven seats: being the 1st,
3d, 5th and 7th.
The last syllable ofeach half must be long : accordingly S and
K are the only feet admissible in the eighth place.
The following popular stanzas written in this metre are taken
from the Sumati Satacam, a common school book. Each stanza
ends with the word Sumati, or Oh wise man ! (Sixth foot.)
303
no
OS_
no-
NL
nl
J
304
16. Truth is the soul of speech. The soul of a fort is the host
of stout soldiers. The soul of a woman is modesty : and the
signature
is the soul of a letter.
o
18. Listen 0 holy one ! To him who is vested with office, will
accrue wealth and glory, but likewise death. And he who is out
of employment gains neither wealth nor fame ;yet death is
equally certain !
31. Never quarrel with your honorable wife, nor lay empty
faults on her ; if tears gush from the eyes of a sweet-voiced
woman, Fortune shall never remain in that house.
42. If a Carnam (or attorney) were to trust a carnam, he might
look upon his days as ended ; he never could survive it : a car
nam can only live by excluding from his confidence his brother
carnam.
If you will not bear delay nor put up with expense, but burst
out hastily in impatience, can the work prosper ? If you will
allow time and afford the cost, any undertaking, though ruined,
may be accomplished.
The Canda verse is a variety of the Sanscrit Arya a very
melodious metre constantly used in poems and plays : it is the
metre employed by Nannaya Bhatta in his Chintamani, or
treatise on Telugu grammar : for instance, in the Introduction
that author says
1
2
3
*S|"
KJK
4
5
6
7
8
^jso-y -^oS"
eu$ dfcg
SK JB&
1
4
2^"
2
5
3
6
7
8
P^f e^55* <s6
BKJSL
305
The wise love the abode, the dress, and the polished language
which appertain to their own nation : such take pleasure in the
poetry of their own land, rather than in that which is foreign.
It will be perceived that the Arya in one of its varieties is the
harmonious rhythm used by Horace.
Miserarum est neque amori
Dare luium neque dulci mala-vino
lavere autexanimari
Metuentes patruseverberalinguae
SBK
SBGBK
SBK
SBGBK
The first
306
Indian Notation.
Latin Notation.
Marks.
Same.
Marks.
Some.
B
Cretic
\j
\J | \J
j$KS
NG
uuu
Poeon 4tus
III*
T
Anti bacchic
o
e>sS
SL
Poeon 3tius
>j v \j
1 M
B
Dactyl
II
NL
Proceleusmaticus w ^ w u
1 1 1 1
Here a short syllable being prefixed to each foot that had a
short initial, makes that foot equal to the one above it.
At first sight, this ancient mode of arrangement may appear
fanciful : but is convenient as fixing the feet in the recollection.
The six feet thus formed are denominated S(o[KX'>:SNe Indra
feet; Indra being a name of Jupiter: which we may conveniently
call the greater feet. The Greek would call them Dactylic.
If we take the first couple of these,
Bu|u and NG | | | vj, and drop the last syllable, we have two
"lesser" feet which are called &n>t$)frSx>iD or Apollonian.
Accordingly the Surya feet (or Trochaicks) are
GL or H u | or the Trochee \j
N
III the Tribrach u \j <j
The Indra and surya feet, (or, greater and lesser feet) are used
in all the Telugu Changing Metres. The Chandra feet are found
only in a few metres which will be afterwards noticed.
The Uniform metres, as already shewn, require particular feet
in particular places ; but the changing metres admit any Indra foot
in the Indra seats and any Surya foot in the Surya places.
[Every line in the Changing metres ends with a Surya foot :
and as the Surya feet end in shorts, every changing metre has the
final syllable short : whereas the fixed metres have it long.f
* Poot note.And if we add a syllable to any Indra foot, this is
called, a t5o[MX're8S or Adonian. That is Choriambic. The
syllable thus added is, as far as I have observed, always short :
but this is not stated in the treatises on prosody.
f But in all manuscripts of poems, the final short syllables are
wrongly written long : because in reading, it is usual to draw out
the final vowel in a sort of whire or drawling tone.
307
308
nbt, P, nh
nslng * nn
hslb * hh
nbr P nh
nbb * hh
nnlr * nh
ntb * nn
309
nib * nh
rng * Dgb
rb * hh
nlr * slfc
rng P hh
tb * rsl
tngP hh
ON THE DWIPADA.
310
311
3 It&3 TS~
BJ
^
v TrPrasa yati is used in some Dwipada poems of ancient date, but
is considered inelegant.
By adding these, the poet has employed eight rhymes in each
couplet.
If Prasa is not used, the metre is denominated sok6 Manjari. In this metre is written that entertaining historical romance
the Av^&hS^SQ[p or Legends of Palnaud.
SECTION V. ON SOME UNUSUAL METEES.
There are a few uniform metres which call for explanation
because they occasionally occur : and the reader may revert to
them after acquiring a little familiarity with the prosody. These
are chiefly borrowed from Sanscrit.
The Sragdhara : which divides the line of twenty-one syllables
into three parts : and the yati comes thrice. Prasa as usual. The
following, in the Sura Bhand Eswaram, is evidently translated
from a verse in the Amrugam which is in the metre. But the
Sanscrit metre commences with a long syllable which the Telugu
divides into two shorts.
aS)ex>sr>c~" -ESr-ajj^g"
1 8tgg
* (jfTifca&ScB5sfc;o~
ring
312
* $r'i!>!&oe&>&^<soi3)g-
rrg
Be^cj3Sog-^fl'3ydbnse~
a$s>-&figas>
j0&,aoi3s3 Igacja^a3E-l3;Sg-aoJSbr*
2 stgg
nng
rrg
3 Bt &c. &c.
e>csSuS--Er,o &otfcS~
4 Bt &c.
-li^^resSr^SBof-^O * oeoo'Oo-7r*e>!&>osSS^;6g-.
Herein each line may be scanned, either in the ancient mode,
ESJJBE or, more harmoniously thus, Kb, lib, hbr, with trochees
and dactyls alternately.
The name ^>f this metre may be recollected by the following
line.
sS^3:r>5^fi&&otf tfsfc jjr^eaoiSsr' and if the first syllable
is divided into two shorts, the metre is called #0? Tarala, of which
tho memorial line is
iJSe eHff,S S^to r*8&e>
NBHB
* e^otf aofi;S 6ft7T
HBR
M. I. VIII. 106. E. 6. 80.
The following instance occurs in the Vira Bhadra Vijayam
written by Potu Eaju I. 41.
q q
813
4>tx3BaB<ps&->&iJ(St*>j> * ifsfcE-ocitpoB(&>2,
See Yayati 3. 73.
But in Vasu 5. 148 it is a little different. It is called in the
margin Tarala but appears in no treatise on prosody either Sans
crit or Telugu.
There are a few other uniform metres which occasionally occur
in poems, but do not require explanation, the ear always furnishing
a sufficient guide : in fact these are in general mere choruses full
of pedantic phrases.
Maha Sragd. Swa. 4. 134.
X$
pSgtf
r^p*^
Prithwi. Swa. IV. 139.
$X$X?>^&&Si?>Xpxpt&ce$i&)
BKixTSTCSSs- fSXoSb 8?fc"^Xo-S
w^tfsfce^KBtfiajS^x-ria l^fco
js-^x- 1) r*t>soSs3-=>Lx'jfc r^^^The Manini sSx*$p a dactylic metre runs thus
'Er,8SaDe>E~a*j-tS-eftf-(Jn>ejS' * Cosj6'^43ejtre:e>i6
314,
315
ON MUSICAL METRES.
31G
317
X-Btyor-lSaQ-r Si-*jtSe>Sr'*jSSi-.e)
Oe"S iSrfcro * rre>!Se)r>t>!S <&c &C.
Bhanumati Parinayam 11. 92.
The ear will easily perceive the prosody of these verses : in the
first instance the lines may be measured by dactyls : or by four
feet of four short syllables (proceleusma) which are equivalent to
dactyls : in the second each line has four feet and each foot is
equal to five short syllables, That is, a dactyl with a short added :
or, five breves.
Different sorts of Ragadas are marked with various fanciful
names: of which nine are given in books of prosody, such as the
*" Ditty" see Paradise Lost XI. 584. and 1.449 Caroll" ib
XII. 367. A Melody. See Midsummer Nights Dream.
318
ON THE DANDACAM.
319
?erj
sfc]5 jSsfcj^Ssfcs.
* $Qg^&sSol(ZT$>lS^ * dfioX'OM>;So&
Tr-
321
&
CEO"
322
two Indras and one Surya. Yati falls on the fourth foot, as
shewn by the asterisk. The prasa is as usual.
Or else ; as occurs in these instances, the poet has capriciously
made the yati fall on the fifth foot.
INSTANCES OF
323
ON EHTME.
SECTION VIII. ON EIIYME.
ON EHTME.
324
325
ON ETYMOLOGY.
CHAPTEK XII. ON ETYMOLOGY.
ON DETJTA WOEDS.
326
327
ON DETTTA WORDS.
ON CALA WOEDS.
828
bed
there is, becomes &l&ciiQS> there is a bed; never
rfiJ.S' + ffcfS^Gi padaca-n-unnadi.
If the N were thus inserted, it would be the sign of conjunc
tion (See page 180.)
Should it be requisite to prevent elision in some places, the
letter Y may be used: or else Vulgarly V. Thus sfcSodi&o'3i3o
my uncle was or srsk$o'3&.
The Second person singular or plural of any verb or the verbs
of any person ending in S or & are Cala. Thus &*f*ofiQa or sHL.o
SSSS Thou or you protected him. The verbs ending in tf, s^t-o
t&ifctr^jfc or sl^oftd They protect or protected him, in
sfr*
L-otS-EfcTy^sSM or s^2>.o&0&> "We protect or protected him.
The Genitive sign ^>J. is Cala (This is stated in page 198.)
Thus CT|Bo3Mjf_fcsj&?<oex> his footsteps, may by inserting Y become
wpo3jT_<sCa&Kit vani-yocca-Y-adugulu : but never (by insert
ing n) isrp5io^_^Sioiuo.
The Infinitive forms in UTA, EDI, and ADAM (page 136,
138) and all the verbals (139) are considered to be nouns : and
therefore when they are in the Nominative case, they are cala.
Accordingly "3i^oiSJ4jc*fiioa> (not "t$fc^oiS;4>jSce>) {n fringing.
C. P. Brown's Telugu Grammar.
S s
ON CALA WORDS.
3^~S&jM& (not sS"5^&"^^*>) when will you com Tf^JjiSoe?
(not TyjSSJfos^o) why do you come.
The words fi6>jb then t^j6 now <^^sfc when, are always
specified to he cala.
The Past Participle is Cala. Thus ^?>, r6ox>, a&a &c. may add
N when connected into the Relative participle, hut never can use
N to prevent elision. Thus ^c'SiF',^ can never become
The same rule applies to the affixes f^oS, or ?*>& from,
or Ko9o concerning
or 8&|o& through,
from, all of which
are in truth the past participles of certain verbs meaning &oAj
to leave Xzdo&to to concern ^^a*3 to hold ^d&&> to make. Thus
t^t^e|^)(o8oOci35Sft(T,' f&> can never become toOoOfSSftrJ'rfc.
It has already been pointed out (page 216.) that some portions
of the verb have borrowed the terminations of the nominative case
of pronouns. Now these terminations being borrowed from No
minatives, are included under the first rule of Cala, whereby all
nominatives are Cala. Thus ^'jar^asb+tsp maj become &jrt*T>
never ^T^i^>^P.
All indeclinable words are Cala : such as the particles fc4->, wo*j,
X-cy, j&8, ^othS", woS &c. with all interjections and vocative
eases. Such as ? 9 !
well, well done ! ttotto, egjb ! Alas I
w^jtf, W-si* Ah, Aha ! ^uoess O my friend ! For, all these are
considered equivalent to Nominatives- Thus y,owp*aib-f-**> may
become s^wfj'^ij never (b^owp'efcjSij.
The Negative participle in KA (see page 175) is also a Cala
word: but in particular passages is Druta: that is, the N is
inserted when requisite : thus tf*S'+&043p may become "C&o3p
or uS'i&o4Sp I did not come. ^SS"?ij>o43p I did not fall.
But other words ending in KA, which are nouns derived from
verbs are often in the nominative case and therefore, being
Cala cannot add N. Thus tp* coming &r"cp 5"awgQ not sxj*"cf*
Jfpge.
going &Ts^S'oa>*wo'3 not rd*5'jt>4eMo'3.
I said. P.
Dentals
*
M V
Labials
6.
Sibilants
*>
The remaining letters are not classed and may belong to either
species.
The letters S" iS 4j e s6 which in the alphabet form the first
column, are designated (by Grammarians alone) as ^>tsS. parusha
hard ; and when any of these happens to be the initial of a Telugu
word in poetry ; and is not the initial of a Sanscrit word but fol
lows another Telugu word, these letters are liable to change.
That is they are dropped, and the letters in the third column
f b fi s a (which are called "fltftf soft) are substituted. If a
druta word is followed by a hard letter, this must be softened : but
this is peculiar to poetry ; thus j6i*>lT$r,fi seeing me becomes
or tf&Qpti*),
or ji^fa". ^^S'jJT'oji becomes
KS<^>fjS-s-oa( sSi3^oX'ji"S-o*, jj^f-jCjST'oji, or sS^i&x'?s-r>'o*
the damsel came.
The sunna 63- gS^&<l thus inserted is contracted for Nu, thus
<S"tf e>p> acc. plu. of <S"tf a master and (S^tf e?Si+ ^8^3 he served
the rulers, may by softening become 3'1>tfe>jS>fr'3^3 dorala-nu-golicheh or, by dropping the vowel. iS-ffer-JTSB or <STtSeoir8:S
doralan-golicheh or by dropping N <5"tfe>r*):3 dorala-golicheh :
ON CONTRACTION IN POETRY.
332
833
334
335
eepting the word ^ot inca more ; which may drop the A in 3
~&> inc'emi, or retain it, inserting N, thus sjoS"^o.
Vocative cases that end in short A, particularly certain Telugu
poetical words for woman, and a Sf^sfc word i. e. a Sanscrit word
with a termination altered, may lose that letter by elision. As
these are Cala words, they can insert T. Thus
+ Si^*6 The
damsel bestowed it, may become "pa&aM^iSj nelata-y-icchenu,
but cannot, by elision become ?&8^r&. The vocative ^fj^
O Krishna! and gS^atfs&o come here, make (by inserting T)
^j^Sojj S^Stfs&ij but do not by elision take the form ^f^^Krishnud'iccadici-rammu. :3-ol3 + &a where is the swan,
may become s$-o^cSofi> but not K5^o"fifi'. rsi5^-f&> where is the
grass, may become estf^^> not
sW5-t-&l?r& Vishnu went,
may become s3-85o~5??i not
"Slink.
"Words ending in 3| do not in general admit of elision. Thus
S'J* a knife, combined with ^^Ls where, may become i OSatjS
catti-y-eccada, where is the knife ? but cannot, by elision become
S'JJJs'S katt'eccada. Because the word
being in the Nomina
tive case is a Cala word.
But some parts of the Past tense which end in s$ as &*& or
825 thou wentest. sfr*8 you went, always elide the final 3 : thus
EST" j3 -t-tSfT^L may become '^r
custiv'anna, do you see,
brother ?
But in this tense the first and last words, viz. s&"8f> I went,
and r^ox>5 they went, retain or drop the final vowel at pleasure.
Thus C&"ao + wjf. i& I saw his sister, may become asr&&|T_iS> 0r
else iSr&dfi_t& cbuchiti-n-accanu. So in the 3d person plural
US^e + WjS^sS they brought the dinner, may become
j^sto
or Sa^ecsOjSjs&j in the former instance N is inserted because the
first person ending in N belongs to the Druta class. In the second
instance Y is inserted (tecchiri-y annamunu) because the 3d
person is a Cala word.
336
337
ON SOME CONTRACTIONS.
338
participle change f& into sunna. That is the two last vowelg
being alike the first of them maybe dropped. Accordingly t^ta
anucu, saying, becomes *sot& an'cu, SJr&tSs vinu9u hearing,
becomes ao-&> vin'cu. And as shewn above, this is sometimes
(in poetry) written Bf^,
This is a mere nicety apper
taining to a rhyme : wherein some prosodians attempt to draw
339
PEKMUTATION OF VOWELS.
340
341
become
dSr'_^, or colloquially remains unaltered ; being written
i;Se3- jb. It can never become &
Any simple vowel excepting f and 63- opening upon any dissi
milar vowel, simple or compound is (in Sanscrit) changed to a
semivowel congenial to itself. Thus 31, & are changed into T. ^>
S* into V. Thus ^"8 +
becomes ^tfgljS ; *s>/S>-f woStSsto
becomes s(SoSSsfo.->.
The simple vowels a and a coming in a state to unite with any
dissimilar vowel, simple or compound, undergo the following
changes.
7CoTV + ^M5'o=foir*a5'o Gange's water.
33-1- 17a^o=3-yaaigo Thy rectitude.
The Kur 1. 175 actually spells tpet-r thus tt>8o2>. with oo
and writes s5-6os.o for 5-sS-e~o.
[But supposing the first word is Telugu, no such change takes
place. Thus (SsSer* -t-fc?"^srAJ " The word navala" may become
(in poetry) ;Ss!ercsS'^sSy*j but no other change is allowable.
Colloquially even this Y is excluded and the words are written, as
above. ^^ero"^sSr4j.] But the phrase ^^sstfo which all use
clearly breaks this rule. Ex-obverse #e^)ex> q. v. and s&eu-yso.
EXCEPTIONS AND ANOMALIES.
, an ox, requires the introduction of a 3 before
2 an
eye, &c. thus forming the compound terms
+ **S>.o = )foTlSxS a
bull's eye (a small window) JT*+ ssio^s=)f"So[B a lord of kine.
i. e. a bull K"* + &fio=X-sn?5#o an oxhide."
" & and
being in a state to form a compound with k&S lip,
may be dropped.Thus forming Oor*|>. Cherry-lipped: for So"
4But if the word be of a nature not to admit of their form
ing a compound, the union is different. Thus
s5-|-ig-o=8"3^
f o thy lip."
[The Telugu poets sometimes deviate from rule even in pure
Sanscrit words thus. Custom sanctions that we should say
tre3 a host, not &6Xrei. They however prefer the latter
spelling.]
342
COALITION OP CONSONANTS.
[The following few rules borrowed from the same Grammar
have their use in Telugu where Sanscrit compounds occur.]
Each of the consonants called $ *J & * has a soft sound, viz.
Jf es & is and the first letter changes into the soft before any
Bonant letter whether vowel or consonant as in these examples
sr>*$-sss eloquence; for ^Fa^S ; wkocSs "ending in ach"
for ach-antah, W6&<$sthe passions, for eS.&T + ssog. es-afcs^o
>S he who aids in distress, for &-S~ -f-Woi>8.
" 5" 4j 8 may not only change to their respective sonants before
a nasal, by the preceding rule, but also to their proper nasals ;
that is, K, to g or ng ; k to & or re ; {$ to s or : as ^s^so
deposition, for *rKr^e>o ; sSkSs^^u Magha, the merchant for ^rf
i-4-sSr-&. *.3 8 for &&TS>8 Se&T?e, or 8fS>xre for
x>
tt6 That Murari." The preceding rule ; as, S^csfio intelligent,
rational, for <5~sSixsfio.
The fourth or dental class of consonants 8 5> S? besides
being subject to the above general rules are changeable to palatals
before palatals and to cerebrals before cerebrals. The palatals are
% a &p sf- and the cerebrals t> 5T & t$ re ; (the letter 6. being
excepted.) Examples ; SQ^jjSo that wonder, for 8<~ &\po} StJ^
^Jofor ZS'^^Jo that art. Again, 8ga8o that liveth, for 8<5~ +
MUTATIONS OP SIBILANTS.
The letter 3" preceded by 5" 'C *j 8 (6 may be changed into tf\
or not. Thus, for ^T*F"+tfr>ffS they also write ^FiSr^itfg, -sr^w^SS and for S<5" -j-rtsg that hero, they write e5-tfr^ss.
MUTATION OP g VISAEGAH.
The of the word *S, day, being the final of that word is
changed into E before the initial of any word excepting Tr>\Q
(and a few others beginning with U) when the change is as
follows.
U3
ON COMPOUND "WORDS.
ON COMPOUND WOEDS.
344
ON COMPOUND WOEDS.
poets, coeval with the first Telugu authors. The proofs will be
found in the account of English versification given in the Intro
duction to Chaucer.
On both Tati and prasa in Saxon, the reader is referred to the
Gentleman's Magazine for 1822, page 396. And on Dryden's use
of both, see Quarterly Eeview 1826, vol. 34, p. 14.
The principle of softening initials is used in Cannadi likewise.
Also in Italy where Wolf and Waiblingen were changed into
Guelf and Ghibelline. See Campbell's Petrarch, p. 19.
Not only does primitive English occasionally soften initials,
(as also German does) but it even inserts E, and thus resembles
Telugu in a most remarkable peculiarity. Thus Toil and Droil
are in Johnson shewn from Spenser and Milton to be the same
word. In our dictionaries and in the ancient English Bible
(as Crudens Concordance and an ancient Ainsworth will shew)
a gin or snare was spelt grin. Eor curl, thorpe (i. e. village) thirBfc
birds, third, Chaucer writes crull, thrope, briddes, thrist, thriddle.
The words Couch and crouch are the same word ; Cave and grave,
Cove and grove each mean a hollow : Johnson and Ainsworth
Bhew thrill and thirl, crud and curd to be the same word.
APPENDIX.
ON ARITHMETICAL MARKS.
The Hindus use the number sixteen as a general divider : a
sixteenth of a pagoda (eight shillings, nearly) and of various mea
sures, is called >#:S a viss : a sixteenth of the Rupee (which
coin the Maliomedans introduced) is called by the Hindustani
name
ana, or 59-T31 anna. Thus "S>" denotes one anrta (or
viss, one sixteenth, or 6-J-,per cent.) and ""8" denotes One
and a sixteenth. "tSn-oS" is one rupee and one anna.
One-eighth, or two arinas " =" is written
called ^CS".
Three annas (or three viss) are S>_ called 5SkS#sS: four of these
make the quarter (four annas) named ~5"ex> which is noted by an
upright line (I). This being doubled, forms M called
half.
Three such lines ^ are SoTe three quarters (twelve annas).
Thus the table of annas runs as follows:
One anna is called
: for which the mark is &-8 "" a
single line.
2 annas are called tftfff.
Sx 8 23
8L
4 "5^ew fr.irt5 or -^sSer* a quarter. 8 1
5
6
^
^SF^^
-^s^a&er.
ir*Q~!^ito>&^tSx>.
8*1
8 128 IS-
8
9
10
ll
12
..
W, Half.
wu-S-^skD.
eTT=a&ssWTr-sSnS^sto.
STre, Three quarters.
8
8
8
8
8
M
M
M^M_
u\
347
ON ARITHMETICAL MARKS.
&* 8 u\
8 ims 8 i^iand the one
one quarter
now in use.
* Honnu is the ancient Cannadi word for gold : the old Telugn word is ponnu.
Varaha is said to be the name of a district near Surat. See Kelly's Cambist and
Major Jcivis's Ancient Records, page 42. Haughtou Bengali Diet. p. 2752
supposes honu to be coriupted from Hiranya.
ON ARITHMETICAL MARKS.
348
ON ARITHMETICAL MARKS.
349
tfo8Xo |
Xo q
Ko
iSx&Kv&a.
"^S).
tSr..
S-A^Q.
0
0
1
2
10
14
12
10
6
0
0
0
And the mada or half pagoda denotes fifty per cent. Thus
srGe>oT3iDo-?}'(3"*r6 denotes, I paid fifty per cent. The word
S'ts" dokada is used for a cent or hundredth part &*&~GSvig)
T*tSo per cent iSrojfcer65'T5ex> is eleven-hundredth or, eleven
centesimal parts.
Interest is calculated per mensem. Thus one per cent in India
denotes twelve per cent per annum.
The word ~^*Ot or "^f signifies a quarter: and often de
notes 25 as a quarter of a hundred. Elsewhere it is a colloquial
phrase, like half a dozen. " He is one patica" denotes, he is
twenty-five years old. The fraction named patica is thus denoted,
when it is regarding a pagoda JC8o|. The subdivisions are
marked and named thus.
The
is written
Twice which is the Wtflj-^sfca,
jfo8o 8o |
Xo8o 8o M
ON DIVISIONS OF MEASUEES.
350
The
or three-fourth of a fanam is marked
One quarter of a fanam being marked. <5~ I
The annas or sixteenths of a Eupee are thus marked.
One
Two
Three
Eour
Eight
Twelve
anna is ^t?
marked
ir'^ty.
wsSt^ocu.
S-ir,s5jer.
J
& 8
&o 8SK>o |
coo M
ON DIVISIONS OF MEASUEES.
351
4>c|o
CS-oosSsa
4)0|_3
Vol i
^cqo
10
11
12
4>cq_
13
*oq3
14
15
16
a
a
18
19
20
io$-';&> 02SssS
ON DIVISIONS OF MEASURES.
352
do.
353
ON MEASUEES OF LENGTH.
354
West
ii
TrN. West
n
The name * Sao tf West,forms in the Genitive
Western, and
Locative
in the west. Plural &>-*e^*csS>Co East and West.
The name Nairruti is wrongly written ^U^oS or
The
error is of no consequence.
What we call the Northern Division, the people themselves
call
s the East. In fact, the shore runs in a N. E.
direction.
ON
ETYMOLOGY.
ON TADBHAVAMU.
356
357
ON DESYAMU, GRAMYAMU.
OjNT desyamu.
woman, fineness.
Aqca Telugu GtS^TJU!6 ia " Pure Telugu" the name given to
a dialect used more or less in all poems, wherein the author shuns
Sanscrit words : or, if obliged to use them, softens the sound,
changing
are held
ON SOME ABBREVIATIONS.
358
359
ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
360
BOOK II.
Describe the declensions.
To which declension do these belong ? ts e j> a son-in-law
a cord (Jfotf&a a book t>o"cp&) a wife 5"t5rajS a clerk s>;Sj&>
the mind <* f|l an elder brother ^r*&. the eye
(6sS"a^ew a grand
daughter frK&>& a belle; state the Genitive and the Plural
of each?
Specify the various classes of the third Declension.
What is the rule regarding Hindustani and other foreign words?
BOOK in.
State the usual pronouns mentioning the Genitive and Plural
forms. Specify the peculiarities of
State any remarks on Adjectives ?
Describe the Adverts and the words thence derived.
Give a few remarks on the semicircle.
BOOK IV.
State the conjugations of verbs with an instance of each : both
regular and irregular.
Can verbs change out of one conjugation into another? give
instances.
State the leading tenses (only 3d person singular) of &*&i>
to go and &ctot> to take out, and
to come.
State the infinitive forms of ^o^)*}) i&t&ij, and Sv&vi>. viz. :
the forms in A, in Adamu, in UTA, in EDI.
Define the causal voice. How do you translate J6l_tStfnf ^
How are Compound tenses formed ?
Define the Aorist, both affirmative, and negative?
Explain
and
Translate these phrases into Telugu.
This is my horse.
This is not his horse.
C. P. Brown's Telugu Grammar.
xx
S61
ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
My horse is here.
His carriage is not here.
He is here.
He is not here.
She is my elder sister.
She is not my younger sister.
He is my elder brother.
He is not my younger brother.
They are our relations.
They are not merchants.
How do you reconcile the phrases W Uzb^^ 'S~i&j ^ro JSb ~5~
BOOK V.
SYNTAX.
Give short explanation of softening initial consonants.
Explain Conjunctions.
Explain the affixes A' E' 0'
Explain the prefixes A' I' E'
BOOK VI.
Describe Telugu and Sanscrit Adjectives?
Explain the Comparative and Superlatives.
State briefly any observations on plurals ?
State the plural form of water?
Is the Nominative ever used for other cases ? For which :
with all nouns ?
Can pronouns do this?
Is the Genitive ever like the Nominative ?
How are nouns and pronouns compounded? as, I am his
brother, &c.
State the various senses of the Dative ?
Can the nominative be used for the accusative?
How would you say bring the horses ?
Can the nominative be used for the Vocative?
ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
362
3G3
ON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
THE END.