Implan Pro Manual v2 3rd Edition

User Guide
Analysis Guide
Data Guide
IMPLAN
Pro
IMPLAN Professional
Version 2.0
MIG, Inc.
IMPLAN Professional
Version 2.0
Social Accounting &
Impact Analysis Software
2nd Edition June, 2000

3rd Edition February, 2004
This volume contains 3 books:

User Guide
Analysis Guide
Data Guide
Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc.

1725 Tower Drive West
Suite 140
Stillwater, Minnesota 55082
www.implan.com
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part

of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express
written consent of Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc.
MIG, Inc.
1725 Tower Drive West
Suite 140
Stillwater, Minnesota 55082
www.implan.com
1999-2004 Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
MIG, Minnesota IMPLAN Group, IMPLAN, IMPLAN Pro, and IMPLAN Professional
are trademarks of the Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. in the USA.
Windows, Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT and XP, Access, and Excel are trademarks or
registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Table of Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................i
Manual Conventions ..........................................................................i
IMPLAN Description..........................................................................i
Software Features ........................................................................... iii
IMPLAN Licensing Policies............................................................. v
SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT ..................................................................v
DATABASE LICENSE AGREEMENT..................................................................vi
Book 1: User Guide ..................................................... i

INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1
How this Guide is Organized .......................................................... 1
Getting Started................................................................................... 1
System Requirements .............................................................................................1
Installing IMPLAN Pro Software..........................................................................1
Installing IMPLAN Structural Matrices ................................................................2
Installing IMPLAN Data Files ...............................................................................2
Creating Your First Model......................................................................................2
Whats New .......................................................................................... 4

General:...................................................................................................................4
Model Construction:................................................................................................5
Data Editing:...........................................................................................................5
Reports: ...................................................................................................................5
Impact Analysis: .....................................................................................................5
Technical Support ............................................................................. 6
Model Building ........................................................... 7

Starting the Software ....................................................................... 7
The Model ............................................................................................ 8
Study Area......................................................................................... 10
Construct Model............................................................................... 13
Construct Social Accounts (Descriptive Model) .................................................... 14
Construct Multipliers (Predictive Model) ............................................................. 15
Customizing ...................................................................................... 17
Editing Region Data.............................................................................................. 19
Viewing Study Area Data ..................................................................................... 21
Modifying Deflators .............................................................................................. 22
Modifying Margins................................................................................................ 23
Modifying Production Functions........................................................................... 24

Production Function Library ................................................................................ 25
Modifying Byproducts ........................................................................................... 29
Byproducts Library ............................................................................................... 29
Modifying Trade Flows ......................................................................................... 30
Regional Purchase Coefficients Library................................................................ 32
Aggregation........................................................................................................... 32
Advanced Model Building ...................................... 37

Entering Advanced Model Construction.................................... 37
Advanced Production Function ................................................... 39
Edit Existing Model Production Functions........................................................... 39
Edit Library Production Functions....................................................................... 39
Import Production Function from Library............................................................ 39
Advanced Byproducts..................................................................... 39
Advanced Trade Flows ................................................................... 40
Supply/Demand Pooling........................................................................................ 41
Regional Purchase Coefficients............................................................................. 41
Maximum RPC ................................................................................................... 41
First RPC ............................................................................................................ 41
Average RPC....................................................................................................... 41
Location Quotient ................................................................................................. 42
Advanced Institutional Transfers................................................ 42

Advanced Multipliers ..................................................................... 43
SAM Income.......................................................................................................... 44
Specific Disposable Income (%)............................................................................. 45
Type III ................................................................................................................. 45
IMPACT Analysis ..................................................... 47

Main Screen ...................................................................................... 47
Events................................................................................................. 48
Event Defaults ...................................................................................................... 54
Event Option Buttons ........................................................................................... 55
Groups................................................................................................ 55
Creating Groups.................................................................................................... 56
Deleting Groups .................................................................................................... 57
Importing Groups.................................................................................................. 57
Importing/Exporting Groups................................................................................. 59
Library Maintenance ............................................................................................ 61
Groups/Events Analysis ................................................................. 61

Results .................................................................................................................. 62
Projects .............................................................................................. 63
View Project Results ............................................................................................. 65
Reports....................................................................... 67
Creating ............................................................................................. 67
Print Options .................................................................................... 68
To Printer.............................................................................................................. 68
Print Preview ........................................................................................................ 69
Print to File........................................................................................................... 69
Print Setup............................................................................................................ 69
Zero Suppression................................................................................................... 69
Aggregate .............................................................................................................. 69
Study Area Reports ......................................................................... 70

1. Output, VA, Employment Report...................................................................... 70
2. Institution Commodity Demand ....................................................................... 70
3. Household Commodity Demand........................................................................ 71
4. Government Commodity Demand..................................................................... 71
5. Institution Commodity Sales ............................................................................ 71
6. General Model Information Report................................................................... 71
7. IMPLAN to SIC Bridge Report ......................................................................... 71
8. Type Codes Report ............................................................................................ 71
9. Aggregation Template....................................................................................... 71
Social Accounts Reports ................................................................ 72

1. Industry Balance Sheet Report......................................................................... 72
2. Commodity Balance Sheet Report .................................................................... 72
3. Commodity Summary ....................................................................................... 73
4. Commodity Trade Report.................................................................................. 73
5. Institution Local Commodity Demand.............................................................. 73
6. Household Local Commodity Demand .............................................................. 73
7. Government Local Commodity Demand ........................................................... 73
8. Industry Summary Report................................................................................ 73
9. Industries and Commodities in Model .............................................................. 73
10. Industry Import Matrix................................................................................... 73
11. Institution Import Matrix ............................................................................... 73
Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Reports .................................. 74

1. Aggregate SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated Rows) ............................ 74
2. Ind x Com SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail) ...................................... 74
3. Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows) ....................................... 75
4. Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail) ................................................. 75
5. 26 File CGE Format.......................................................................................... 75
Structural Matrix Reports............................................................. 75

Industry x Industry Reports ......................................................... 76
1. Institution Industry Demand............................................................................ 76
2. Household Industry Demand ............................................................................ 76

3. Government Industry Demand ......................................................................... 77
4. Industry Output/Outlay Summary ................................................................... 77
5. Aggregate IxI SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated Rows)....................... 77
6. Regional Ind x Ind Direct Coefficients Report .................................................. 77
7. Regional Ind x Ind Transactions Report ........................................................... 77
8. Ind x Ind SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail)........................................ 77
9. Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows)......................................... 77
10. Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail) ................................................. 77
Multiplier Reports........................................................................... 78
Multiplier Report Column..................................................................................... 78
Impact Reports................................................................................. 79
Deflator Button ..................................................................................................... 80
Aggregation........................................................................................................... 80
Impact Report Table Headers............................................................................... 80
Other Features ......................................................... 83

Help System ...................................................................................... 83
IMPLAN Pro Help Topics ..................................................................................... 84
Internet Connectivity ..................................................................... 84

Converting Models .......................................................................... 86
Compacting Models......................................................................... 87
Structural Matrices Version ......................................................... 87
Memo Field........................................................................................ 88
Calculator.......................................................................................... 88
Changing Default Directories....................................................... 89
Customizing the Tool Bar .............................................................. 90
Tips and Hints .................................................................................. 90
Multiple Models .................................................................................................... 90
Current Model....................................................................................................... 90
Choosing a Sector.................................................................................................. 90
Sorting Grids......................................................................................................... 90
Tool Bars ............................................................................................................... 90
Book 2: Analysis Guide............................................ 91

INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 93
How Book 2 is Organized............................................................... 93
An Overview of Input-Output and Impact

Analysis ...................................................................... 95
Defining Input-Output Analysis................................................... 95

Description Model ................................................................................................. 96
Predictive Model ................................................................................................... 96
T-Accounts......................................................................................... 97
Industry versus Commodity.......................................................... 98
Input-Output Accounting .............................................................. 98
Trade Flow Assumptions ............................................................. 100
1. Regional Purchase Coefficient (RPC).............................................................. 100
2. Supply/Demand Pooling.................................................................................. 100
3. Location Quotient - LQ ................................................................................... 101
Multipliers....................................................................................... 101
Key Assumptions ........................................................................... 103
Impact Analysis: A Definition..................................................... 104
Project Definition .................................................. 107

Defining a Project.......................................................................... 107
Margins ............................................................................................ 109
Deflators .......................................................................................... 111
Local Expenditures ....................................................................... 112
Project Definition Example......................................................... 112
Study Area Considerations .................................. 115

Functional Economic Area .......................................................... 115
Forward and Backward Linkages ............................................. 116
Small Study Areas ......................................................................... 118
Example: Small Study Area................................................................................ 118
Predefined Study Areas ............................................................... 120

Standard County Classification ................................................. 120
Database Elements ................................................ 123

National-level Matrices and Tables........................................... 123
County-level Database Components ......................................... 124
Industry Output ............................................................................. 125
Employment.................................................................................... 125
Value Added.................................................................................... 125
Final Demands ............................................................................... 126
Household Demand ....................................................................... 127
Federal Government..................................................................... 128
State and Local Government ...................................................... 128
Inventory ......................................................................................... 128

Capital.............................................................................................. 129
Exports............................................................................................. 129
Regional Accounts Construction ........................ 131

Study Area Data............................................................................. 131
National Matrices .......................................................................... 132
Net Commodity Supply and /Regional Make........................... 134
Regional Market Shares and Byproducts ................................ 135
Gross Regional Absorption and Use Matrices......................... 136
Gross Regional Commodity Demand ........................................ 139
Regional Supply/Demand Pooling and RPC............................ 141
Supply/Demand Pooling...................................................................................... 141
Regional Purchase Coefficient (RPC).................................................................. 142
Location Quotient ............................................................................................... 143
Regional Commodity Demand Less Imports....................................................... 143
Regional Commodity Imports..................................................... 146

Domestic Exports........................................................................... 148
Inter-institutional Transfers ............................... 149

SAM History.................................................................................... 149
SAM Framework ............................................................................ 150
Balancing......................................................................................... 153
Use of SAMs in I/O Research ....................................................... 154
1. Descriptive Analysis........................................................................................ 154
2. Tax Analysis.................................................................................................... 154
3. Computable General Equilibrium Modeling................................................... 154
Regional SAM Analysis Example ....................................................................... 155
Industry-by-Industry Accounts ........................... 159

1. Industry Technology Assumption.......................................... 159
2. Market Shares Assumption ..................................................... 160
Industry-by-Industry Creation................................................... 161
Predictive Model Derivation ............................... 163

MULTIPLIERS ............................................................................... 163
Type I Multipliers.......................................................................... 164
Type II Multiplier .......................................................................... 169
Type SAM Multipliers ................................................................... 171
Value-Added Multipliers .............................................................. 172
Employment Multipliers .............................................................. 173
Impact Analysis ...................................................... 175

Organizing Impacts....................................................................... 175
Example Analysis........................................................................... 177
Consumer Expenditure Activities ............................................. 181
Production Function Changes.................................................... 181
Aggregation Error ......................................................................... 182
Trade Flow Estimation Error Sources...................................... 185
Discussion of Induced Effects..................................................... 186
Type II Induced Effects....................................................................................... 186
Compensating for Induced Effect Estimation Errors ......................................... 186
Case Studies ............................................................ 189

Case Study 1: Creating a Model.................................................. 190
Case Study 2: Single Industry Impact....................................... 191
Case Study 3: Multiple Events and the Use of Margins ........ 194
Case Study 4: Using Groups and Household Final Demand
Change ............................................................................................. 197
Case Study 5: Analyzing A New Industry................................. 200
Case Study 6: Using Projects and Survey Data: The Impact of
a Local College ............................................................................... 202
Case Study 7: Effects of Changing Regional Purchase
Coefficients (RPCs) ....................................................................... 208
Case Study 8: Creating an Aggregated Model ......................... 210
Case Study 9: Advanced Features.............................................. 212
Literature ................................................................ 215

Book 3: Database Guide ........................................ 219
INTRODUCTION .................................................... 221
How Book 3 is Organized............................................................. 221
Organizing the Data .............................................. 223

Database Construction................................................................. 223
MID.ODF Components.................................................................. 226
National Matrices & Tables......................................................... 227
Sectoring Schemes ........................................................................ 227
North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) Codes .................... 228
Regional Economic Information System (REIS) Sectoring ................................. 228

Bureau of Labor Statistics Sectoring .................................................................. 228
Bureau of Economic Analysis Input-Output Sectoring....................................... 228
Special Sector Definitions ................................................................................... 229
Employment ............................................................ 231

Non-Disclosure ............................................................................... 231
County Business Patterns (CBP) ............................................... 232
BLS CEW.......................................................................................... 233
Non-Disclosure Adjusting the CEW Data........................................................... 234
Special Sectors ............................................................................... 235

Agriculture.......................................................................................................... 235
Construction........................................................................................................ 237
State and Local Government .............................................................................. 237
Federal Government ........................................................................................... 239
Regional Economic Information System.................................. 240

Dividing Counties and Independent Cities......................................................... 241
Deriving REIS State Non-Disclosure Adjustments ............................................ 242
Deriving REIS County Non-disclosure Estimates .............................................. 243
Distributing Disclosed 3-digit Employment and Income REIS Data to IMPLAN
Sectoring ............................................................................................................. 245
Full-Time Equivalents .................................................................. 246
Value-Added ............................................................ 249

Overview.......................................................................................... 250
National Value-Added Estimates ............................................... 250
Proprietor Income and Employee Compensation................................................ 250
Indirect Business Taxes and Other Property Type Income................................ 251
Distributing National Value-Added Estimates to State and Counties............... 251
Output ...................................................................... 253

Total National Industry Output ................................................. 253
Agriculture.......................................................................................................... 253
Mining................................................................................................................. 253
Construction........................................................................................................ 254
Manufacturing .................................................................................................... 254
Transportation, Communication, Utilities ......................................................... 254
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate......................................................................... 254
Wholesale ............................................................................................................ 254
Retail................................................................................................................... 254
Services ............................................................................................................... 254
National TIO/TCO.......................................................................... 254
State and County Distribution of TIO ...................................... 255
Institution Demand ............................................... 257

Household Expenditures ............................................................. 258
Federal Government Military/ Non-military Expenditures
and Sales.......................................................................................... 259
State and Local Government Purchases for Education and
Non-education and Sales ............................................................. 260
Inventory Purchases and Sales .................................................. 261
Capital.............................................................................................. 261
Foreign Exports and Imports ..................................................... 262
Inter-Institutional Transfers ............................... 263

SAM Framework ............................................................................ 263
SAM Data Development ............................................................... 266
National SAM ..................................................................................................... 266
State and County SAM Data .............................................................................. 266
Household Transfer Income Data ....................................................................... 266
State and Local Government Transfers Data ..................................................... 267
Federal Transfers................................................................................................ 268
Capital................................................................................................................. 268
Trade................................................................................................................... 268
Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Distribution..... 268

Balancing......................................................................................... 269
National Matrices and Tables.............................. 271

National I/O Structural Model .................................................... 271
Make Matrix ....................................................................................................... 271
Use Matrix .......................................................................................................... 272
MARGINS ........................................................................................ 273

Deflators .......................................................................................... 274
Regional Purchase Coefficients ................................................. 274
Source of Data for Predictive Equations............................................................. 275
What causes errors in trade flow estimation?..................................................... 275
Database Validation .............................................. 277

Validation Process......................................................................... 277
Force Account Construction Adjustment ................................ 277
Database Literature Citations............................. 279

Glossary and Appendices ..................................... 283
Glossary ................................................................... 285

IMPLAN Sector Scheme........................................ 291
FIPS Codes .............................................................. 303
SAM Element Description .................................... 319
IMPLAN Data Types Codes .................................. 323
IAP Database Documentation ............................. 325
Library File Documentation ................................ 341
U.S. Structural Matrices File Documentation.. 344
Sample Reports ...................................................... 349
Study Area Reports No. ............................................................. 349
Social Accounts Reports .............................................................. 349
IxC SAM Reports............................................................................ 349
Structural Matrices....................................................................... 350
Industry by Industry Reports..................................................... 350
Multipliers Reports ....................................................................... 350
Impacts Reports............................................................................. 350
Study Area Reports ....................................................................... 352
Social Accounts Reports .............................................................. 361
IxC SAM Reports............................................................................ 372
Structural Matrices....................................................................... 373
Industry-by-Industry Reports .................................................... 375
Multiplier Reports......................................................................... 382
Impacts Reports............................................................................. 391
Exporting/Importing Text Files .......................... 403

Exporting Impact Groups of Events:......................................... 403
Importing Impact Groups of Events: ........................................ 403
Exporting Regional Purchase Coefficients ............................. 405
Importing Regional Purchase Coefficients ............................. 405
IMPLAN Construction to Census........................ 407

Index......................................................................... 411
Introduction
The IMPLAN Pro Software package includes three manuals:
1. IMPLAN Pro User Guide introduces the user to the features and
commands associated with the social accounting and impact
analysis software.
2. IMPLAN Pro Technical Analysis Guide is a guide to the applied
and theoretical aspects of impact analysis (I/O) and input-output
accounting using the IMPLAN Pro software.
3. IMPLAN Database Documentation describes the data developed
by MIG, Inc. for use with IMPLAN software.
Manual Conventions
These manuals are designed to provide the user with information on
the software as well as actual model construction. For simplification,
the following conventions have been adopted.
Bold type indicates a button name or keystroke action;
Italic type indicates a definition;
Quote enclosed indicates a name.
IMPLAN Description
IMPLAN (IMpact Analysis for PLANning) was originally developed
by the USDA Forest Service in cooperation with the Federal
Emergency Management Agency and the USDI Bureau of Land
Management to assist the Forest Service in land and resource
management planning.
MIG began work on IMPLAN databases in 1987 at the University of
Minnesota. In 1993, Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc was formed to
privatize the development of IMPLAN data and software. Version 1 of
the Windows software was developed by MIG and released in June of
1996. Since then, Version 2 was released in May of 1999.
The IMPLAN system has been in use since 1979 and has evolved
from a main-frame, non-interactive application that ran in "batch"
mode to a menu-driven microcomputer program that is completely
interactive.
IMPLAN Professional introduces flexibility in the methods and
assumptions used to generate social accounts and I/O multipliers and
ii
takes full advantage of the Windows environment not found in other
systems.
There are two components to the IMPLAN system, the software and
the database.
The software performs the necessary calculations, using the study
area data, to create the models. It also provides an interface for the
user to change the regions economic description, create impact
scenarios and introduce changes to the local model. The software is
described in detail in the User Guide.
The databases provide all the information needed to create regional
IMPLAN models. The model elements and procedures are described
in the Analysis Guide, while the methodologies used to derive the
data is in the Database Guide.
The IMPLAN system can be used to analyze a wide variety of issues
including, but not limited to:
Industry relocation
Stadium development
Military base closings
Natural resource issues
Economic base analysis
IMPLANs regional social accounting system easily allows a user to:
Develop a set of balanced economic/social accounts -i.e., a
descriptive model;
Develop multiplier tables -i.e., a predictive model;
Change any component of the system, production functions, trade
flows, or database;
Create custom impact analysis by entering final demand changes;
Obtain any report in the system to examine the models
assumptions and calculations.
IMPLAN software was designed to serve three functions:
1. Data retrieval
2. Data reduction and model development
3. Impact analysis
iii
The IMPLAN database, created by MIG, Inc., consists of two major

parts:
1. National-level technology matrices;
2. Estimates of regional data for institutional demand and transfers,
value-added, industry output and employment for each county in
the U.S. as well as state and national totals.
The IMPLAN data and accounts closely follow the accounting
conventions used in the "Input-Output Study of the U.S. Economy" by
the Bureau of Economic Analysis (1980) and the rectangular format
recommended by the United Nations.
Comprehensive and detailed data coverage of the entire U.S. by
county, and the ability to incorporate user-supplied data at each stage
of the model building process, provides a high degree of flexibility
both in terms of geographic coverage and model formulation.
Software Features
IMPLAN Pro features include:
1. Windows file and printer management;
2. Database editor;
3. Complete Social Accounting Matrix structure;
4. A choice of trade-flow assumptions:
a. Supply-Demand Pooling;
b. Regional Purchase Coefficients;
c.
Location Quotients.
5. Production function editor -i.e., the tools and opportunity

necessary to modify the absorption and byproducts matrices;
6. Libraries for storing frequently used production functions,
byproducts, Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs), and impact
analysis expenditures;
7. Flexible model aggregation tools;
8. Many preset reports for all stages of model building and analysis;
9. Export feature to many of the major PC file formats;
10. Flexible assumptions for induced effects;
iv
11. Type II-Based on Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) and
Social Accounting Matrices (SAM) based local income
relationship;
12. Type II-Based on user-specified disposable income rate;
13. True SAM-multipliers (Type SAM) based on social accounting
matrix;
14. Menu structure for easy impact analysis;
15. Event-based impact databases;
16. Built-in and editable transaction margins;
17. Built-in and editable deflators;
18. Data in MS Access 2000 Database format;
19. Technical support by MIG, Inc.
IMPLAN Licensing Policies

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT
This is a legal agreement between you and Minnesota IMPLAN
Group, Inc., d/b/a MIG. By installing and using the Software, you are
agreeing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you do not
agree to the terms of this Agreement, promptly return the Software
and accompanying items to Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc., 1725
Tower Drive West, Suite 140, Stillwater, MN 55082.
Grant of License MIG grants you the right to use one (1) copy of the
Software on a single computer. You may not rent, lease or resell the
Software. You may transfer the Software on a permanent basis
provided you retain no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of
this Agreement. This Agreement is effective from the day you install
the Software until terminated. You may terminate your license by
returning to MIG the original disks and any backup copies. If you
breach this Agreement, MIG can terminate this license upon written
notification to you.
Copyright The Software is owned by MIG and is protected by United
States copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Therefore,
you must treat the Software like any other copyrighted material
except that you may either (a) make one (1) copy of the Software
solely for backup or archival purposes, or (b) transfer the Software to
a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup or
archival purposes. All titles, trademarks, copyright and other notices
must be reproduced in any copy of the Software.
Controlling Law This Agreement shall be governed by and construed
in accordance with the laws of the State of Minnesota.
Technical Support Policy MIG will support only registered users of
the Software. Please return the registration card. A registered
customer may permanently assign the Software and customer
identification to another person if that person is responsible for
maintaining the Software. Please contact us if registration
information changes.
WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
MIG warrants the disks on which the Software is recorded to be free
from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a
period of ninety (90) days from the date of purchase. THIS
WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
vi
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Your exclusive remedy, and MIGs entire liability, for any breach of
warranty by MIG, is the replacement of defective media. IN NO
EVENT SHALL MIG BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES
FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION,
OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE
OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF MIG HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
DATABASE LICENSE AGREEMENT

This is a legal agreement between you and Minnesota IMPLAN
Group, Inc, d/b/a MIG. By installing and using the MIG Database,
you are agreeing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you
do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, promptly return the
database disks and accompanying items to Minnesota IMPLAN
Group, Inc., 1725 Tower Drive West, Suite 140, Stillwater, MN 55082.
Grant of License MIG grants you the right to use one (1) copy of the
Database on a single computer solely for your own internal
operations. You may not sublicense the Database or use the
Database for third-party commercial time-sharing, rental or service
bureau use, nor sell, lease, license electronically post, or otherwise
distribute or publish Database contents or the results of any model
developed using the Database, apart from written reports prepared
by you or in connection with other value added services offered by
you. This Agreement is effective from the day you install the
Database until terminated. You may terminate this agreement by
returning to MIG the original disks and any backup copies. If you
breach this Agreement, MIG can terminate this license upon written
notification to you.
Copyright The Database is owned by MIG and is protected by United
States copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Therefore,
you must treat the Database like any other copyrighted material
except that you may either (a) make one (1) copy of the Database
solely for backup or archival purposes, or (b) transfer the Database to
a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup or
archival purposes. All titles, trademarks, copyrights and other
notices must be reproduced in any copy of the Database.
vii
Controlling Law This Agreement shall be governed by and construed
in accordance with the laws of the State of Minnesota.
Technical Support Policy The Database is designed to be used with
the IMPLAN Pro economic modeling system software which may be
separately licensed from MIG. Support services are provided by MIG
only to registered users of the IMPLAN Pro software.
These policies are subject to change.
WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
MIG warrants the disks on which the Database is recorded to be free
from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a
period of ninety (90) days from the date of purchase. MIG makes no
warranty as to data accuracy or that the Database will meet your
requirements. The Database information is to be used with the
understanding that the user bears all responsibility for proper
decisions and use of the Database and subsequent analysis.
THIS WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Your exclusive remedy, and MIGs entire liability for any breach of
warranty by MIG, is the replacement of defective media. IN NO
EVENT SHALL MIG BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES
FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION,
OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE
OR INABILITY TO USE THE DATABASE, EVEN IF MIG HAS
BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Site Licenses If you have more than one person who needs access to
the Database files covered by this license at the same time, then you
must obtain a site license. The site license will allow the Database to
be installed on additional machines and have additional customers
registered to use the Database. Call for site license information.
BOOK 1:
USER GUIDE
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
C H A P T E R
INTRODUCTION
How this Guide is Organized
Chapter 1 Introduction describes the steps to get started using the
IMPLAN Pro
Chapter 2 Model Building describes the process of generating a set
of social accounting matrices and multipliers.
Chapter 3 Advanced Model Building describes some of the other
features available by stepping through the model building process.
Chapter 4 IMPACT Analysis describes how you introduce a set of
economic expenditures into the software in order to derive and view
the resulting economic activity.
Chapter 5 Reports describes the options for displaying social
accounting and impact data and results.
Chapter 6 Other Features describe some of the software utilities as
well as some tips for using the software.
Getting Started
System Requirements
Windows 95/98/2000 or NT 4.0 (Service Patch 3 or higher),
Millenium, XP or later
486 or higher (Pentium processor recommended)
16MB (32MB or more recommended)
40 MB Hard disk for software. Models will range from 2 MB to 20
MB
Software is designed to reside on a local hard drive and may not
work properly if installed on a network server.
Installing IMPLAN Pro Software

1. Close any applications you have running. You can check for this
by holding the <CTRL> <ALT> <DEL> keys at the same time.
Chapter 1: Introduction
The task manager will be displayed. Close all applications except
Explorer;
2. Insert the IMPLAN Pro CDROM in your drive;
3. The software should automatically start the installation routine
from the CD. If Autorun doesnt start, click Start then Settings,
then Control Panel and Add/Remove Programs. Click Add,
select your CD ROM drive and proceed with the installation from
there;
4. Follow the on-screen instructions.
Installing IMPLAN Structural Matrices

You will also need to install the IMPLAN structural matrices to build
models successfully. The most current National Structural Matrices
will be installed along with your software. If you ordered data, it will
come on the IMPLAN Data CD. The IMPLAN Data CD contains the
National Structural Matrices, margins, deflators, and other data
relevant to a specific year of IMPLAN data.
To Install IMPLAN Structural Matrices:
1. Open Windows Explorer and Select your CD ROM Drive;
2. Go to the IMPLAN Structural Matrices Directory;
3. Double click on the EXE file containing the structural matrices
(e.g. 97wstrct.exe) and follow the on-screen instructions.
Installing IMPLAN Data Files

Each IMPLAN data file contains the information necessary to
generate a regional model, either singly or combined with other data
files. If you ordered IMPLAN data, it will come on an IMPLAN Data
CD. You do not need to install the data files, you can simply read
them from the CD with IMPLAN Pro. If you want, you can copy the
data files to your \Program Files\IMPLAN Professional
2.0\Data subdirectory using Windows Explorer.
An example county, Larimer, CO, will be installed with your
software.
Creating Your First Model

Generating an IMPLAN model and conducting impact analysis with
the IMPLAN software follows a general sequence.
1. Build a new model;
2. Make any modifications in your region. Changes might include
modifying industry/commodity data, absorption coefficients,
and/or the byproduct coefficients;
3. Build the social accounts - create a balanced set of complete SAM
accounts (descriptive model);
4. Modify trade flow assumptions if desired;
5. Build the multipliers (predictive model) - choose an induced
option-Type II (income based); Type SAM (SAM based); or Type I
(no induced effects);
6. Define the events - enter the expenditures/final demands to be
applied to the predictive model;
7. Run the analysis;
8. Create reports for analysis and final reports.
The following instructions will guide you through the model building
and a simple analysis.
1. Start the IMPLAN software (if this is the first time running the
software, you will need to complete the registration information).
Click Start, Programs, IMPLAN Professional 2.0.
2. Select File/New Model or click the Save button to create a new
study area.
3. Name it Larimer. Click Save.
4. Select the 1994 Larimer, CO a file from the ..\Data\ directory.
Either double-click the file name, or single-click on the name and
click on the >> button.
5. Click Continue.
6. When the study area is done, Click OK.
7. Select Construct Model from the Model Control Center or
Model/Construct from the menu bar.
8. In the Multiplier Options box, click the Type SAM option. The
Social Accounts and Multipliers buttons will be filled in
automatically.
9. Click Continue and the model processing will start. When the
model is done click OK, then click Close.
10. From the Model Control Center, click on Impacts.
11. Click Add New. The cursor will go to the next empty Event
Name cell.
12. Give the event a name, call it "Computers." Press the Enter key.
13. Press the Enter key to move to the next cell.
14. Click on the down arrow and select sector code 339. Press the
Enter key.
15. Press the Enter key to move to the Employment cell.
16. Enter 200 in the Employment cell. Press the Enter key.
17. Make sure Industry is selected at the Basis field. Press the
Enter key. Leave the other items alone.
18. Click on the Analyze button. You will see Computers in the
Ungrouped Events window.
19. Make sure the Level cell is set to 1.0. Press the Enter key to
move to the Impact Name field. Enter a name. Call it "Computer
Run."
20. Click on Run Impact.
21. When the Impact Analysis is completed, click Yes to view the
results.
22. You could now go to reports and print these results.
There are additional case studies in Book 2: Analysis Guide that
contain step-by-step examples to lead you through analysis using
IMPLAN Pro.
Whats New
There are many new features in IMPLAN Pro Version 2.0. New
features include:
General:
Model processing speed almost 4 times faster than version 1.1;
Direct Internet connection from software for updates and
technical support;
Enhanced library function to include Byproducts and RPCs as
well as Production functions and group impacts;
Software ready for new version of RPCs, when available;
Select multiple data files (*.odf) with <Shift><Click> when
building a region;
Expanded Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) categories
from three to nine;
Expanded Government consumption & investment expenditure
categories;
Quick View model status without opening model;
Save folder locations;
Moveable toolbars.
Model Construction:
New Type SAM multiplier that corrects for the commuting
problem (see www.IMPLAN.com/kb article #20063);
More descriptive model building screens;
SAM Multipliers incorporate user-selected institutions (i.e.
households, federal government);
Ability to pause or cancel model processing;
More descriptive Model construction screen.
Data Editing:
Ability to import and export of RPC text (ASCII) files;
Ability to save byproduct, regional purchase coefficient, and
production function changes to the library;
Added features to edit Foreign Exports and Commodity Sales;
Sorting (ascend/descend) on-screen data;
Use of location quotients for RPCs;
Edit individual industry or institution commodity RPCs;
Add or delete margins.
Reports:
Expanded reports detailing more information contained in the
model including: Import matrices (competitive & noncompetitive), Industry SAM, Institutional Sales;
New enhanced report engine for better previewing and printing;
Aggregate study area reports.
Impact Analysis:
Impacts allows for value added or institutional income change
directly through the impact analysis section of the software;
Ability to import and export Groups and Events to text (ASCII)
files;
Rename existing groups;
Additional on-screen information about impacts, including sums
of event value and number of events in each group;
Ability to rename groups;
Ability to edit impact proportions spent locally (formally LPC);
Ability to change all values in a particular column.
Technical Support
If you require technical support, contact MIG, Inc. at:
Web:
www.implan.com the tech support page contains a

Knowledge Base for on-line support, a Research Papers
database. A Consultants list is also available. If you use
AOL, you will need AOL 4.0 or higher (it is included on
your IMPLAN Pro CD).
E-mail:
techsupport@implan.com
Fax:
(651) 439-4813
Phone:
(651) 439-4421
When you call you should be at your computer and be prepared to

give the following information:
Your name and product registration number;
The version number of IMPLAN Pro you are using (in
Help/About);
The type of hardware you are using;
The exact wording of any messages that appeared on your screen;
A description of what happened and what you were doing at the
time;
A description of how you tried to solve the problem.
Chapter 2: Model Building
C H A P T E R
Model Building
This chapter illustrates the software features and instructions for
building models:
Starting the Software
The Model
Study Area
Construct Model
Customizing
Starting the Software

IMPLAN Professional software conforms to the standard look and
feel of any Windows based program. Accessing menus and selecting
files are all point and click procedures. To start the IMPLAN Pro
software, click on the software icon from the IMPLAN program group
(Figure 2-1).
Figure 2-1 IMPLAN Pro Program Group
Once the software opens, you will be presented with the main menu.
This is the starting point for building IMPLAN models. There are
four menu choices, File, Tools, Window, and Help. Figure 2-2
shows the main menu screen.
Figure 2-2 IMPLAN Pro Software Opening Screen
The Files option allows you to work with your IMPLAN models. The
Tools option allows you to perform different maintenance operations
on your models as well as customize your IMPLAN Pro menus.
IMPLAN Pro help can be accessed at any time from any menu.
Either click on the drop-down Help menu item or press Alt-H.
The Model
Creating a model is the first step in any IMPLAN Pro project. The
drop-down File menu (Figure 2-3) shows that we can either create
New Model or Open Existing Model.
Figure 2-3 File Menu
All data, accounts, expenditure patterns, reports, etc., pertaining to a

specific model are kept in a single Microsoft Access 97TM database
container. Existing models are those previously created by a user.
The most recently used models are listed near the bottom of the File
menu or in the Recent Models drop down box on the main screen.
Selecting File then Open Existing Model will open the dialog box
shown in Figure 2-4. Selecting the New Model icon on the icon bar
will also access it.
This dialog box displays information about the existing models stored
on your hard drive. You can select different directories or drives by
selecting the Look in. If the Preview Model Information box is
checked, information about that model will be displayed when you
select your model. File selection may be slowed if this option is
checked.
Figure 2-4 Open an Existing Model
To open an existing model, select the correct drive and directory and
then select the desired model (files with an iap extension are
IMPLAN Pro models). The default model directory is c:\program
files\implan professional 2.0\models, but models can be stored
anywhere.
10 Chapter 2: Model Building

The first time IMPLAN Pro is opened, you will have to create a new
model since there will be no existing models. The screen shown in
Figure 2-5 can be displayed by selecting New Model from the File
menu or by selecting the New-Model icon on the icon bar.
Figure 2-5 Create New Model
Once the drive and directory have been selected, you will need to type
in a model name. When creating models, we suggest using a naming
system that allows you to easily find them later. If you use the name
of an existing model, all information in that existing model will be
overwritten with the new model. IMPLAN Pro will warn you if you
have selected a model name already in use.
Once youve selected your model name, click Save. The software will
create the MS Access 97 data container and prepare for reading the
study area data.
Study Area
When creating a new model it is necessary to define the study area by
selecting a state or county file(s). After clicking Save, Figure 2-6 will
be displayed screen.
Chapter 2: Model Building 11

Figure 2-6 Build Region
All data files in the selected directory will be displayed. The data files
are available at the county, state, or U.S. level. You can define a
model for a single county, several counties, a state, a group of states,
or the entire United States. The data files that you include in your
model are combined into a single database file that forms the basis
for all subsequent model-building steps.
The default data directory is:
c:\program files\implan professional 2.0\data. Data files can
reside in different directories so you must select the proper directory
and then the data files. If the data resides on a CD, then select that
drive and the corresponding directories.
Data files can be selected by double-clicking the desired file name or
highlighting the file and clicking the >> button to move the file from
the Available IMPLAN Data Files window to the Selected
Files(s) window.
You can jump to specific counties in the list box by typing the first
letter of the county or state name. The cursor will jump to the first
county or state in the list that begins with that letter. If it finds a
matching name and the letter is typed again, it will move to the next
name in the list beginning with that letter.
Files can be unselected by double-clicking the undesired file name in
the Selected File(s) portion of the menu. Files can also be

unselected by highlighting the file in the Selected Files window and
clicking the << button.
Once all desired data files have been selected, click the Continue
button. After the initial phase of the model has been constructed you
will see the main model screen (Figure 2-7). This is the Model
Control Center, displaying the current status of the model along
with information about the study area. The progress bar at this stage
displays Study Area Built.
Figure 2-7 Model Screen
The Model Control Center shows the main model screen and
displays the states/counties that comprise the region, key economic
data about the compiled region, as well as buttons for further model
building activities and impact analysis. These features are also
available on the main screen menu bar.
The Model Control Center gives you four button options that will
be covered in the next four sections:
1. Construct Model - generates the social accounts and the
predictive multipliers;
2. Impacts - performs impact analysis (not accessible until the
multipliers have been derived);
3. Edit allows you to customize the regional data and accounts to
conform to your local knowledge or to fit a new situation;
4. Reports - generates reports describing components of the
regions social accounts and multipliers, as well as impact
analysis reports.

Double clicking on a component county of the region shown in the
States/Counties Included window will display key economic data
for that individual county. Figure 2-8 shows the resulting display.
Figure 2-8 Individual County Information
Since Larimer County is the only county in our example model, its
data is the same as the data for the model.
Construct Model
There are two different models constructed for each region.
1. The descriptive model describes the transfers of money between
industries and institutions. It contains the social accounts and
the input-output accounts.
2. The predictive model is the set of input-output multipliers
which predict total regional activity based on a change in
consumption - i.e., a vector of expenditures.
The descriptive model must be generated before IMPLAN Pro
generates the predictive model.
To build your IMPLAN model, click the Construct Model button
from the Model Control Center or Model/Construct from the
menu bar. Once Construct Model has been selected, the Construct
Model screen is displayed (Figure 2-9).
The construction options correspond to the two kinds of models
discussed above. Checking the Social Accounts option will create a

descriptive model. Checking the Multipliers option will generate a
predictive model.
The Model Construction screen also displays information about the
model status, displaying the model you are working on, as well as its
directory path. It also shows you what stage of the model construction
process you are on.
Figure 2-9 Model Option
Construct Social Accounts (Descriptive Model)

Selecting the Social Accounts option will tell the software to
construct the model through the social accounts only. The balanced
industry by commodity input-output accounts will be created as well
as the complete social accounting matrices.
The default trade flow assumptions are Regional Purchase
Coefficients (RPCs). RPCs are derived with an econometric equation
that predicts local purchases based on the regions characteristics.
Additional choices are available by using the advanced model
construction process, discussed later in Chapter 2.
The ratio of locally purchased to imported goods is perhaps the most
significant factor affecting subsequent multipliers. The greater
quantity of goods purchased locally, the more local economic activity
will be stimulated and, hence, the larger the resulting multiplier.
Unless you have specific reasons to choose a different option, we
suggest using the default RPC estimates.
Construct Multipliers (Predictive Model)

Selecting the Multipliers option will tell the software to construct
the predictive model. If you have not created the social accounts first,
they will be automatically constructed.
If you want to include the induced effects, you will need to select the
type of induced multiplier to construct. The induced effects
traditionally capture household expenditures. There are several
methods for determining induced effects. The default method is the
Type SAM multiplier described below. It is only possible to choose one
method. The Type I multipliers are generated and available for
impact analysis and reports regardless of the induced multiplier
method.
Unless you have specific reasons not to, we suggest using the
softwares Type SAM multipliers. The software will remember which
option you last chose and that will be the new default.
Type I
Type I multipliers give the direct and indirect effects only - that is,
the original expenditures resulting from the impacts plus the indirect
effects of industries buying from industries. Household expenditure
effects -i.e., induced effects are not estimated.
Type II
Type II multipliers are the direct, indirect, and induced effects where
the induced effect is based on income. The relationship between PCE
and income is based on resident-only income from the SAM accounts.
The assumption is that there is a linear relationship between local
income and local expenditures. It is possible to modify this
relationship (see Chapter 2 Advanced Model Building for details).
Type SAM
Type SAM multipliers are the direct, indirect, and induced effects
where the induced effect is based on information in the social account
matrix. This relationship accounts for social security and income tax
leakage, institution savings, and commuting. It also accounts for
inter-institutional transfers. This multiplier is flexible in that you can
include any institutions you want. In other words, if you want to
create a model closed to households and state and local government,
you can. If you select this option, an additional dialog box with be
displayed allowing you to select the institutions you want to include
(Figure 2-10).

Figure 2-10 Type SAM Institution Selection
Figure 2-11 shows the model control panel after constructing a model.
Notice the current status of the model at the top center.
Figure 2-11 Model Control Panel after Model Construction
Customizing
Customizing refers to your ability to edit the data sets provided by
MIG, Inc. Since access is provided to all IMPLAN Pro data sets and
parameters, you can configure the descriptive and predictive models
to any desired situation.
The editing routines in this software have built-in checks and lead
you through the editing steps. You can also directly modify IMPLAN
models through MS Access. However, a thorough understanding of
the model and the tables in the database is necessary before
attempting this.
Warning: any changes made are immediately saved, there is no undo
feature. To prevent editing errors, be sure you create a backup of your
model file prior to editing. From the main screen, select File and
choose Save As. Choose a new model name to save your copy. The
copy will become the current model, so close the backup copy and
reopen your original for editing.
Modification of a model is possible by pressing the Edit button on the
main model menu.
Figure 2-12 Edit Menu
As seen from Figure 2-12, we have seven main choices with three
additional choices in the Region Data option:
1. Region Data - This contains the original data from the original
data files combined into your region. This includes the study area
data, value added, output, employment and final demands. You
can also edit the foreign exports and commodity sales data. These
are all data elements from the Original Data Files (ODF) you
used to build your study area.

2. Deflators - Deflators are used to convert impact expenditures
from current year to the base year of the predictive multipliers.
Conversely, the deflators can be used to inflate the study area
and impact reports to the current year.
3. Margins - Margins are used to convert purchaser prices to
producer prices. Margins are different depending on the
consumer. Households pay transportation, wholesale, and the full
retail margins. Industries or the Federal government pay
different margins. For example, government may pay little or no
retail margins as it has more buying power. It is possible for you
to edit margins for a specific kind of consumer or region.
4. Regional Purchase Coefficients - You can alter the trade flows
by specifying how much of each commodity purchasing industries
and institutions buy from regional sources.
5. Production Functions - Technical coefficients start on a
national average basis. If adjusted national averages dont make
sense for your region (i.e. Hawaii) or a uniquely different industry
moves in, you may want to modify the production functions.
6. Byproducts - The split of commodities produced by a given
industry is also national average. These too can be modified.
7. Multipliers - Although multipliers are listed as an editing
choice, you cannot modify a multiplier directly. You need to edit
the underlying data to change the multipliers. This screen is
simply a means to view the multipliers.
Current multipliers (if estimated) become obsolete once a change is
made to the Study Area, RPCs, Production Function, or Byproducts
matrix. Figure 2-13 shows how the model control panel indicates that
a change has been made in accounts; therefore, the model needs to be
rerun so that multipliers will reflect that change.
Figure 2-13 Model Screen Message
Editing Region Data

Region area data is divided into two basic categories:
1. Data elements on an industry basis - i.e., value added, output,
and employment (Figure 2-14);
2. Data elements on a commodity basis - i.e., final demands, foreign
exports, and institutional sales (Figure 2-15).
Figure 2-14. Edit Industry Study Area Data
Figure 2-15. Edit Commodity Study Area Data

Modifying either the commodity or industry basis data requires
highlighting the desired sector number and single-clicking or pressing
Enter. The dollar values can then be highlighted on the left and the
new dollar value (in $millions) typed in.
Figure 2-16 shows the Foreign Export edit screen. This allows you
to modify foreign exports.
Figure 2-16 Edit Foreign Exports
Figure 2-17 shows the Edit Commodity Sales screen. With this
screen, you can change any of the institutional sales values.
Figure 2-17 Edit Commodity Sales
Note: changes to the data only modifies the model, there is no

possible way using IMPLAN Pro to modify the original IMPLAN
data files (*.ODF files) purchased from MIG.
Viewing Study Area Data

The ability to view the study area data across many sectors is helpful
both for validation of the regions data, or to quickly compare sectors.
This is possible for both the industry-based (Figure 2-18) and the
commodity-based (Figure 2-19) data elements.
It is not possible to edit the study area data from these screens.
Figure 2-18. View Industry-Based Study Area Data

Figure 2-19. View Commodity-Based Study Area Data
Modifying Deflators
Figure 2-20 displays the Deflators edit screen. To edit deflators,
from the Edit button, select Deflators and then the year (in this case
1998).
Figure 2-20. Modify Deflators
The deflators in the IMPLAN Pro model are indexed to the base year
of the data. For example, for a 1996 IMPLAN data file, 1996 deflators
for all commodities will be 1.0. To convert 1996 data to 1998 prices for
the Fluid Milk commodity, the software uses the highlighted value
shown in Figure 2-18 (1.001872) and divides it into the 1998 value.
Conversely, to convert a 1996 value to 1998, the software multiplies
by the appropriate deflator. It is possible to modify the deflators by
highlighting the desired value and typing in a new value.
Note: the new value will be permanent for that model but will not
change the value in the original data sets or future models.
Modifying Margins
Margins allow you to correctly allocate retail type purchases to the
appropriate IMPLAN sector. The margins in the IMPLAN database
are based on national averages. If you have better information, you
can modify the margins.
To modify, select the commodity you want to change and replace
existing margin value with desired margins (Figure 2-21). The fixed
field will change to Yes. Click the Balance button so the margins
again sum to 1. You can also rebalance the remaining margins by
hand.
Figure 2-21. Modify Margins

There are five different margin types depending on the consumer.
These are Household, Industry, Investment, Federal Government,
State and Local Government. Each different consumer, on average,
pays a different margin because of differences in buying power.
Usually, the default in most analyses is Household margins.
Some sectors do not have margins. For example, Hotels and Lodging
do not have margins as there are no wholesalers or retailers involved
when a consumer rents a room. In this case, the purchaser price is
equal to the producer price. Also, consumers do not traditionally buy
raw cotton or tobacco directly from the farm. This is an example of a
sector that does not produce finished consumer goods. A consumer
buys from a processor through retail stores rather than directly from
a resource sector such as tobacco or cotton. See the Analysis Guide for
a thorough discussion of margins.
Modifying Production Functions

The production function corresponds to a given industrys column of
the gross absorption matrix. It is called gross because it represents
total commodity needs regardless of whether the good is locally
purchased or imported.
Figure 2-22 displays the production function for industry 65: fluid
milk. All changes made to the absorption coefficients will be forced to
sum to the current column total (in this example 0.848066). Editing
involves highlighting the current value and typing in a new value. To
delete a commodity, select and press the Delete button. To add a
commodity that the industry does not currently buy, press the Add
New button.
Note: that value-added plus the absorption coefficient sums to 1.0.
Changing the value added to output ratio must occur in the Edit
Region Data window.
Any modifications made to the production function will automatically
be Fixed, indicated by the Yes in the fixed column. This means that
the specified value will not be affected during the balancing process.
You can fix any value.
You will need to balance the remaining absorption cells. Either
clicking the Balance button or closing the Edit screen will balance
the remaining absorption coefficients so the sum of the absorption
and value added coefficients is 1.

Figure 2-22 Edit Absorption Coefficients
Production Function Library

When the production function edit screen is active, the Library
menu is available on the main menu bar (Figure 2-23). The library is
a place where you can store frequently used production function
changes.
Figure 2-23 Library Pull-down Menu
Save/Retrieve Functions
This is used to get production functions from the library or add a
production function to the library.

Save Production Function: Select the Save tab under the
Save/Retrieve Functions menu item and the window shown in
Figure 2-24 is displayed.
Figure 2-24 Production Functions Library
Specify the sector that contains your production function (absorption

coefficients) and give it a name. The software will place it into the
library for later retrieval. The column of absorption coefficients
representing the production function will be saved as gross inputs i.e., commodity needs from all sources whether purchased locally or
imported.

Retrieving a Production Function: is simply a matter of selecting
the Retrieve tab, highlighting the desired production function and
pressing the Retrieve button (Figure 2-25).
Figure 2-25 Retrieve Absorption Coefficients
However, we now have a choice on balancing the production function

(forcing the absorption plus value-added coefficients to sum to 1.0).
1. Balance Value-Added assumes the chosen production function
is correct and that the value-added components of the industry
must be modified to fit. Each value-added coefficient is
proportionately increased/decreased so that the absorption plus
value-added coefficients sum to one.
2. Balance Production Function assumes that the regions valueadded data is correct and that the absorption coefficients must be
modified to fit. This is accomplished through a constant
proportional reduction/increase. This is the softwares default
assumption.
Editing a Production Function - To edit a library production
function (Figure 2-26), choose one of the previously saved production
functions by double clicking on the desired industry in the left
window. The current absorption coefficients are then displayed in the
right window. To modify an absorption coefficient, highlight the field
to be modified and type in a new value. To delete a record (i.e., a

commodity purchased by the production function), put the cursor
somewhere in that record and click on the Delete button.
Figure 2-26 Edit Library Functions
To add a record select Add New, which displays the dialog box in
Figure 2-27. You provide the commodity number and the absorption
value and click Add.
Figure 2-27 Add New Absorption Coefficient
The absorption coefficients, saved as part of the library, will reflect

the new and deleted coefficients.
Note: Library functions do not work with aggregated models
Modifying Byproducts
The byproduct matrix presents a description of commodities each
industry produces, in coefficient form. All industry production is
accounted for, therefore the sum of the coefficients must equal one.
The example shown in Figure 2-28 is for industry 65, Fluid milk.
Figure 2-28 Edit Byproducts Coefficients
Creamery butter is a byproduct and represents ~0.6 percent of the

Fluid milks total production.
To edit a coefficient, highlight the old value and type in the new
value. To delete a commodity, select the commodity and click the
Delete button. To add a commodity that the industry does not
currently make, click the Add New button.
As with the production functions, any changes made to the byproduct
coefficients will require re-balancing so the by-products sums to 1.0.
Any modifications made to production will automatically be Fixed,
indicated by the Yes in the fixed column. This means that the
specified value will not be affected during the balancing process. You
can also fix any other values. You can also re-balance by hand.
Byproducts Library
The library is also available for saving byproducts changes. It has
similar functionality as the Production Function library.
Modifying Trade Flows

Changing the Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs), is simply a
matter of typing in a new value for that commodity.
There are three different RPC edit screens:
1. The Commodity Detail;
2. The Commodity Table View;
3. The Commodity by Industry.
The Commodity Detail screen (Figure 2-29) shows all the
commodity supply and demand statistics. Editing an RPC for a
specific commodity shows you the new values for imports, commodity
purchases and domestic exports. To modify a commodity RPC, select
the sector from the list box and change the RPC value.
Figure 2-29. Edit RPC Commodity Detail
Figure 2-30 shows the Commodity-Table View. This screen simply

shows the current RPC value and the Supply/Demand pool ratio for
commodities in a table format.

Figure 2-30. Modify RPCs using the Tabular Format Screen
The last RPC edit possibility is the Commodity by Industry

(Figure 2-31). This edit screen allows you to edit an individual RPC
for either industry or institution purchases of commodities. This edit
change only affects that specific industry/institution purchase. Select
the commodity and all purchasers of the commodity will be displayed.
You can then change an individual RPC for that commodity purchase.
Figure 2-31 Edit RPC Commodity by Industry

Note: the possible range for the RPC is constrained by the
Supply/Demand Pooling ratio -that is, you can not purchase more
local commodity than is locally produced.
Regional Purchase Coefficients Library

In additional to the production functions and the library, you can also
save changes to regional purchase coefficients in the library. From
the RPC edit screen, click Library on the main menu, then click
Save/Retrive Commodity RPCs. You then have a choice to either
save the RPCs from your current model, or retrieve previously saved
RPCs. The software will check the incoming RPCs against the models
supply/demand pooling ratio.
Aggregation
Aggregation is the process of combining IMPLAN sectors by adding
together the values represented by those sectors. Aggregation is
useful for summarizing data for presentations and can greatly speed
the model building process. However, impact analysis using
aggregated multipliers is susceptible to aggregation bias and is not
recommended.
Note: as an alternative to aggregating your model and introducing
aggregation bias, you can aggregate the Study Area and the Impact
Reports to summarize your model.
The process of aggregation affects all levels of data. The study area
data, structural matrices, deflators, RPCs, margins, and subsequent
multipliers are all aggregated. Once a model has been aggregated, it
is not possible to recover the original full-sectored model.
It is also not possible to aggregate an aggregated model. If a different
aggregation is required, you have to start with a new model.
From the main menu with an unaggregated model active, select
Model from the main menu and then select Aggregate (Figure 2-32).
Figure 2-32. Aggregate a Model

A blank unnamed aggregation template window opens (Figure 2-33).
Figure 2-33. Blank Aggregation Template
It is possible to either use/modify a pre-existing template or create a

new one. To retrieve existing templates click Library and select an
existing template.
To create a new aggregation scheme, the first step is to create a new
aggregated sector by clicking the New button and typing a sector
name. In Figure 2-34, Construction has been entered. An
aggregated sector can be created, modified or deleted.

Figure 2-34 Using the Aggregation Window
The sectors available (i.e., not aggregated with another one of the
aggregated sectors) are shown in the left-hand portion of the Sectors
portion of the window. Items in the right-hand portion represent
industries in the aggregation.
To select a sector, double-click or highlight it and click on the Select
button.
The Remove button functions the same as the Select button but in
reverse. Highlighting an existing aggregated sector and clicking on
the Remove button causes it to be released. The aggregated sector
will be deleted from the right side and aggregated sectors reappear on
the left.
A set of aggregated sectors can be released by deleting the existing
aggregated sector name (highlight aggregate name and click on
Delete). The freed sectors are available to be incorporated in other
aggregated sectors. An individual IMPLAN sector cannot be
incorporated in more than one aggregate.
Note: aggregated sectors cannot be further aggregated.

To apply the aggregation to the model, press the Aggregate button.
The Close button closes the aggregation window but does not apply
the defined aggregations. You might do this if you only want to create
aggregated reports.
Once an aggregation scheme is completed you will normally want to
save it for use with other models. To save, press the Library button
and select the Export to Library option button (see Figure 2-35).
Figure 2-35. The Aggregation Library
IMPLAN Pro asks for a scheme name and places that scheme into
the library when you press the Save button.
Chapter 3: Advanced Model Building 37
C H A P T E R
Advanced Model Building

Stepping through the model construction process allows you to modify
the model at each stage. At each step, it is possible to edit elements of
the social accounts, as well as modify the assumptions associated
with commodity trade flows and multipliers. This chapter discusses:
Entering Advanced Model Construction
Advanced Production Function
Advanced Byproducts
Advanced Trade Flows
Advanced Institutional Transfers
Advanced Multipliers
Entering Advanced Model Construction

To begin, select Construct Model from the Model Control Center
(Figure 3-1).
Figure 3-1 Model Control Panel
As seen in the previous chapter, the model construction dialog box

appears. However, this time we will click on the Advanced button.
This opens the Production Function tab.
38 Chapter 3: Advanced Model Building

Figure 3-2 Advanced Model Options
We can now step through the five tabs that represent successive
stages of the input-output model building:
1. Production Function-derives industry demands for
commodities.
2. Byproducts-describes the make of commodities by industry.
3. Trade Flows-determines what portion of demand is satisfied by
local production.
4. Institutional Transfers - describes the flows between
institutions.
5. Multipliers - derives the predictive model for direct, indirect and
induced effects of a change in expenditures or production.
At each tab, clicking on the Next>> button moves you to the next tab
and moves the model to the next phase. Clicking on the <<Back
button moves you back; however, unless you make a modification, the
model will remain at the most current phase. Modification means
that the model must restart construction from that point. Tabs that
you can select are not grayed out and indicate the progress of the
model.
Clicking the Continue button at any point will run the model
through social accounting matrices up to the Multipliers tab.
Advanced Production Function

In the advanced section there is nothing unique that is not available
in the previous production function editor. However, this is a
necessary step required to get to a point where some new advanced
assumptions can be defined and applied.
Edit Existing Model Production Functions

The production function corresponds to a given industrys column of
the gross absorption matrix. Figure 2-22, in Chapter 2, displays the
edit production function window. See that section for a detailed
description of editing.
Edit Library Production Functions

The library stores user-generated absorption coefficients by industry
which can be edited and saved to the library for use in any model.
Figure 2-26, in Chapter 2, displays the edit library screen. A
description of the procedures can be found there as well.
Import Production Function from Library

Any production function saved to the library can be retrieved for use
in the current model. Clicking on the Import button (Figure 3-2)
generates the window similar to the window shown in Figure 2-25 in
Chapter 2. Procedures are the same as described there.
Advanced Byproducts
Clicking the Next>> button on the Advanced Production
Function tab advances us to the Byproducts tab (Figure 3-3). As in
the previous tab, there is nothing unique that cant be done using the
menu items for model construction.
Figure 3-3 Advanced Model Options
Discussion of editing byproducts and the byproducts editing window

(Figure 2-28) are shown in the preceding chapter.
Clicking on the Edit Byproducts button accesses the editing screen.
Advanced Trade Flows

Clicking the Next>> button on the advanced Byproducts tab moves
the model processing to the Trade Flows tab (Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-4 Advanced Trade Flows

We now have three different options for trade flow assumptions:
1.
Supply/Demand Pool
2. Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs)

3. Location Quotients
Supply/Demand Pooling
Supply/demand pooling assumes that local demand is completely
satisfied by local production when possible. There is no crosshauling (see the Analysis Guide for a complete discussion).
Regional Purchase Coefficients

Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs) are derived by an econometric
equation. RPCs predict how much local production is actually used
locally. We also now have three possible kinds of RPCs.
1. Maximum
2. First
3. Average
For any sub-state region, service sector RPCs are the observed value
for the state as constrained by the supply/demand pool ratio. When
multiple states are combined, we need to specify which observed
RPCs we use. For further information, see the RPC discussion in the
analysis guide.
Note: the different type of observed RPCs only affects multi-state
models.
Maximum RPC
The Maximum RPC assumption says that the combined states
default RPCs will be at least equal to the maximum of the individual
state RPCs.
First RPC
The U.S. Post Office uses two-letter abbreviations that are unique for
each state in the United States. The First RPC simply uses the first
state from the multi-state list. This arbitrary system was a hold-over
from the DOS version of IMPLAN.
Average RPC
The Average RPC assumption results in RPCs based on an output
weighted average for all combined states (the default).
Location Quotient
We also have one other method, the Location Quotient. This method
calculates the trade flows based on the regional location quotient for
each industry. The trade flow coefficient is still limited to the
supply/demand pooling ratio; that is you still cannot have more
supply than actually available in the region.
If you choose location quotient, a screen will be displayed that allows
you to select between output, employment or income based location
quotients (Figure 3-5).
Figure 3-5 Location Quotient Options
Once the type of location quotient is selected, you will be allowed to

select the base area. Typically, the base area is the United States as a
whole. In the case of county models, the base area might be the state
as a whole.
Advanced Institutional Transfers

Clicking the Next>> button on the advanced Trade Flows tab
advances us to the Institutional Transfers tab (Figure 3-6).
Figure 3-6 Advanced Institutional Transfers
Institutional transfers show dollar flows from one institution to

another. For example, transfers from households to the federal
government (income taxes). To modify the data click on the Edit
button. Figure 3-7 shows the institutional transfers data editing
window. You should have a thorough knowledge of SAM construction
prior to modifying any institutional transfers data elements, as
modifications can have an affect the models multipliers.
Figure 3-7 Editing Institutional Transfers
Each element of the SAM is described by who receives the payment,

who pays, what the transfer represents, and the value of the
payment. (The complete set of SAM data elements can be found in
Appendix C.) To edit highlight the value and type in the desired
number. When finished click on the Next>> button to generate the
balanced SAMs.
Advanced Multipliers
Clicking the Next>> button on the advanced Institutional
Transfers tab advances us to the Multipliers tab (Figure 3-7).
The Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type SAM are discussed in
Chapter 2 of this book. There are two different methods for the Type
II available in this screen.

1. SAM Income
2. Specific Disposable Income (%)
Type I (inter-industry effects), Type II (income based induced effects),
Type III (employment based induced effects), and Type SAM are four
types of multipliers which are available in the Model Construction
window. However, we now have options for the Type II multipliers as
well as making the Type III available. The Type III is a holdover from
the DOS version MI91-F and we dont recommend its use.
Figure 3-7 Advanced Multipliers
SAM Income
The Type II induced effect works by incorporating labor income and
the household consumption (PCE) into the multiplier -i.e., treating
households as an endogenous industry (just like any other industry).
Deriving a production function for the household industry requires
dividing the PCE column (representing resident household
consumption), traditionally, by the regions labor income. The
problem with this formulation is that labor income is workplacebased and does not necessarily represent the income that is spent
through the PCE column. However, the data provided by the SAM
can be used to directly link labor income to the PCE column.
Specific Disposable Income (%)

All disposable labor income is cycled through the household
consumption function. However, if we wish to model a region where
commuting is significant, we can reduce the amount of labor income
re-spent through the PCE vector by changing the specific disposable
income value. By default, the disposable income factor is derived from
the models SAM.
The model methodology is to:
1. Normalize the PCE vector -i.e., divide by the column total so that
the sum of the coefficients equals one;
2. Adjust the new labor income to disposable income -i.e., remove
benefits, taxes, any commuters, etc., so that what remains is
available for spending through the PCE vector;
3. Apply your specified Disposable Income/Labor Income ratio to the
PCE coefficients;
4. Adjust PCE coefficients for imports (imported manufacturing,
mail order, etc. do not have a local effect).
The result is a household production function, representing the
new/lost spending as a direct result of the change in income. The
model allows us to specify what the disposable income to labor income
needs to be for our particular situation.
Type III
The Type III multipliers are the direct, indirect, and induced effects
where the induced effect is based on population. The relationship is
between PCE expenditures per job and the number of jobs. The
assumption is that the number of jobs linearly drives PCE
expenditures.
Chapter 4: Impact Analysis
C H A P T E R
47
IMPACT Analysis
An impact analysis involves specifying a series of expenditures and
applying them to the regions multipliers. The process is to:
1. Identify the new expenditures you want to introduce;
2. Identify the IMPLAN sector affected;
3. Enter the transaction value dollars based on the year of the
model;
4. Apply those dollars spent within the region to the model.
Clicking the Impact button will bring up the main impact screen (see
the Analysis Guide for a complete discussion of impact analysis).
This chapter discusses
Main Screen
Events
Groups
Groups/Events Analysis
Projects
Main Screen
Clicking the Impact button on the Model Control Center will bring
up the main impact screen (Figure 4-1).
48 Chapter 4: Impact Analysis

Figure 4-1. Main Impact Analysis Window
The impact analysis window is designed to help you define each

transaction (or event in IMPLAN terms).
Events
Impacts are described as a series of expenditure events, each with a
specific name, sector value (or employment value), year for deflators,
and margins. Clicking Add New will place the cursor in the Event
Name field (Figure 4-1) and allow you to start entering your event
information. An Event Name can be any text that has meaning to
you.
Pressing Enter or Tab will bring you to the next field, the Sector. A
drop box displaying the IMPLAN Pro sectoring is available to help
with the sector selection (Figure 4-2).
Figure 4-2. Choosing a Sector
49
By clicking the drop down arrow next to the field, a list box will be
displayed with the sector names. You can either scroll down to the
desired sector or type the sector number. Typing needs to be done
smoothly for the software to be able to understand what you want.
You can also select Factors or Institutions here as well. If you want
to see the impact of a change in Employee Compensation, select 5001.
For a change in household income, select 10001.
Clicking the Tab key or pressing Enter moves you to the next field.
You can specify either the expenditure value or the direct
employment involved (Figure 4-3). These two fields are linked so that
specifying one will automatically derive the other based on the output
per worker ratio for that industry in the model.
Figure 4-3 Value
If you have a series of events and you want to change the value or the
employment on all of the transactions, you can click on the word
Value or Employment at the top of the column and a Change All
option will be displayed (Figure 4-4).
Figure 4-4 Change All
Clicking the Tab key or pressing Enter moves you to the Basis field
(Figure 4-5). This allows you to select the type of impact. You can do
either an Industry impact or a Commodity impact.

Figure 4-5 Basis
An industry impact gives the entire event amount to the industry

youve selected. A commodity impact splits the event value to all
industries producing that commodity.
If you have a series of events and you want to change the basis on all
of the transactions, you can click on the word Basis at the top of the
column and a Change All option will be displayed (Figure 4-6).
Figure 4-6 Change All
Clicking the Tab key or pressing Enter moves you to the Year field.
If the expenditures are in historical dollars for a year other than the
regional model data, then the year of that expenditure must be
specified in order to apply the correct deflator. Again, a drop down
box is available to you (Figure 4-7)
51
Figure 4-7. Choosing a Deflator Year
If you have a series of events and you want to change the year on all
of the transactions, you can click on the word Year at the top of the
column and a Change All option will be displayed (Figure 4-8).
Figure 4-8 Change All Deflator Years
If the expenditure is for a retail purchase then the purchaser price

must be broken out to its component producer prices. You can do this
by selecting a margin type from the drop down box list of margins
(Figure 4-9). The IMPLAN Pro software will apply the margins to
the expenditure value for you.

Figure 4-9. Choosing a Margin
The choice of margins is important. Different kinds of consumers pay

different margins. Government and industry buyers will tend to pay
little or no retail margin since they buy direct from the manufacturer.
Household consumers buy mostly from retail establishments so they
do pay margins.
You can modify the default margins by selecting the box with the two
dots to the right of the margin field (Figure 4-10).
Figure 4-10 Edit Margin Button
There is a Change All feature with margins as well.
53
The window shown in Figure 4-11 shows the layout of the margined
event:
Figure 4-11. Editing Event Margins
In this example, IMPLAN sector 421s (Sporting Goods) producer

value is 41.7% of the purchaser price. The wholesale sector receives
12.9% of the purchaser value.
It is possible to modify the margins by changing the numbers in the
Value column. The New Value column represents the result of the
margin value adjusted by the deflator.
Note: If you modify deflators from the impact window it will only
modify them for this impact - not the whole model or the original data
sets.
If you press the Default button, any modified values will be replaced
by the default margins shown in the far-left column.
Pressing Enter or Tab moves you to the last column, %Local. This
was called Local Purchase Coefficients (LPC) in Version 1. This
indicates the portion of the direct expenditure that should be applied
to the model. If the event is an entirely local activity the %Local
field equals 100%. When you open this screen and select Model
RPCs, the %Local field will be populated with the model trade
flows. You can then edit the %Local to change the value if you wish.
Modifying the local expenditure proportion is particularly important

for margined items, where a purchase may be made through a local
retailer, but the manufactured item itself might be imported.
The default is 100%. If you click the field, a drop down box is
displayed (Figure 4-12). You can then enter a value, select the 100%
or Get Model RPC.
Figure 4-12 Local Percent Options
There is a Change All feature with the Local Percent Options as

well.
Event Defaults
For the first event entered into the event fields, the software will
preset many of the fields with defaults. The defaults stored in the
software are shown in Figure 4-13 below.
Figure 4-13 Event Defaults
55
Any changes made by you to the defaults will be carried down to the
next event record. As long as the impact analysis window remains
open the latest user entries are the defaults. Once the window is
closed the software reverts to the defaults
Event Option Buttons

Figure 4-14 shows the Event Options from the impact main screen.
There are three event option buttons.
Figure 4-14 Event Options
1. The Add New button places the cursor at the end of the events in
the Event Name field, ready to type in the new event record.
2. The Current button will delete the event in which the cursor is
or residing.
3. The All Visible button will remove all events from the event
window.
4. There is no undo feature here. This is a database and any change
happens immediately and is permanent.
Groups
Once events are specified you may run the analysis and view the
results or Group the events to save them or to generate a more
complicated scenario.
Figure 4-15 shows the three grouping options within the Impacts
main screen window, Create, Delete, Import (Figure 4-1).
Figure 4-15 Group Activities in the Event Window
Creating Groups
Once events are specified they can be bundled together into a Group
by using the Create option under group options. This group may be
saved to the library and used later for any model. Groups are a way to
bundle similar events so they may be run together. You can
accomplish the same thing with Ungrouped events, but its more
difficult to keep track of the events if they are frequently changing.
The easiest approach is to create a series of events in the ungrouped
events set and then create a group with those events. You can then
delete the Ungrouped events and start over on a new group.
For example, the expenditures for a day of golfing may be bundled
into a Golf Resort Visitors group. When performing an analysis, it is
a simple matter to run this group and apply a value representing the
number of golfing days to derive an impact.
Figure 4-16 shows the collection of four events into a group called
Golf Resort Visitors. These have been entered on a per-visitor basis.
Figure 4-16. Groups
The Golf Resort Visitors group now appears along with the rest of
the groups in the group window. Groups created this way are stored
in the current model. A group can have one or many events.
To view or modify a group, click the desired group name and the
events associated with that group appear in the event window.
57
Modifying events (deleting, adding, etc.) in a group is permanent for

that model but does not affect groups in the library.
Deleting Groups
The Delete button will delete from the model the highlighted group
name. It will not delete groups from the library of groups.
Importing Groups
It is also possible to import a group from another model or the
Library of groups using the Import button. Figure 4-17 shows an
import group screen.
Figure 4-17. Import Group Screen
The Model button (Figure 4-17) will bring up the standard Windows
common dialog box. Selecting a region model will display any groups
saved in that model. The Group Library button will show the
groups contained in the IMPLAN Pro group library. The advantage
of the library is that it will not go away when models are deleted.
Note: Library functions do not work with aggregated models.
The Institution (i.e., final demands) and Industry tabs will display
the models institution demand and industry sectors as they exist in

the current model. The import function will retrieve the institutions
expenditure pattern as a group. Each institutional expenditure
pattern forms an event within that group. The sum of these events is
1.0. The new group -e.g., State and Local Gov Non-ed shows up in
the group list found in the main impact analysis screen (Figure 4-18).
Figure 4-18. Import an Institution
The import function will also retrieve the models expenditure pattern
for any IMPLAN industry (which exists in the model). Importing an
expenditure pattern will form a group with the expenditures as
events within that group. The new group -e.g., Miscellaneous
livestock shows up in the group list found in the main impact
analysis screen. Figure 4-19 shows the Industries.
59
Figure 4-19. Import an Industry
Importing/Exporting Groups
It is also possible export groups to either the library or a text file. The
library allows you to keep a catalog of frequently used groups. The
text file option allows you to create a file of the group transactions
that can be imported into a spreadsheet, modified and then imported
back into IMPLAN Pro (Figure 4-20).
Figure 4-20. Save Group Menu Selection

The first option is saving to the library. Selecting the Group to
Library menu item will open a window (Figure 4-21) which displays
all groups created in the current model.
Figure 4-21. Export Group to Library Window
To save a group to the library, highlight the group and click on Save.
The saved group will now be available for use in any model even if
you delete the current model.
The second option is saving a group to a text file. By highlighting the
desired group, as in figure 4-21, when the Export button is clicked, a
file dialog box is displayed (Figure 4-22). Additional information on
this is in Appendix I.
Figure 4-22 Save Text File
61
You can take the default name or give the file a new name, change
the directory if desired, and click Export. The file is a commadelimited file with a very specific structure. In order to be able to
import this file back into IMPLAN Pro, you must not change the file
layout. You can, however, add and subtract rows and change values.
(See Appendix G for specific group importing and exporting
instructions.)
Library Maintenance
Library maintenance involves deleting unwanted groups from the
library. This feature is accessible through the Library/Maintenance
menu selection off of the main menu bar. The dialog box displayed is
very similar to the Save to Library menu except that the
highlighted group is deleted from the library instead of saved.
Warning: there is no undo, anything deleted, stays deleted.
Groups/Events Analysis
Analysis in IMPLAN Pro is the process of applying a set of
expenditures. Selecting Analysis from the Impacts window displays
the window shown in Figure 4-23 below.
Figure 4-23. Analyzing Events
This screen displays the groups and events you can evaluate. The
Ungrouped events are those that have not been formally grouped

together. The list box also displays all groups that have been created
in this model.
First, select the desired set of events. The Level then needs to be set.
The Level will be multiplied against the event expenditure values
within the group. This actually is the direct effect that will be
multiplied by the model multipliers. IMPLAN Pro assigns a default
level of 1.0.
The Impact Name must be specified before the impact can be run the example shows Golf Course Run 1 representing visitors to a golf
course. The name given will be the name associated with the impact
reports for later viewing or printing.
The Impacts List shows previous impact analyses associated with
this model. Previous impacts can be deleted by clicking on an item in
the list and clicking on the Delete button.
Clicking the Run Impact button will start the analysis. A progress
bar will track the analysis. When the analysis is complete, IMPLAN
will ask if you want to display the results now. You can either select
Yes or No.
Results
After running the analysis you can either select Yes and view the
results from the analysis screen or close the analysis window and
select the Results button from the impact screen. Either way will
allow you to view the direct, indirect and induced (Type SAM induced
in this example) effects of the impact.
The Results button appears as shown in Figure 4-24 and is found as
part of the main impact analysis menu (Figure 4-1).
Figure 4-24. View Results
63
The Results button displays a blank version of Figure 4-25.

Figure 4-25. View Impacts Results
Selecting one of the impact analyses names from the list in the top
left corner will display the results for the selected analysis. The tree
view in the bottom left corner shows the different kind of analysis
results available. Figure 4-25 shows Output, Value-Added, and
Employment in bold face.
When there is a plus or minus sign in front of the topic, there are
additional results available that can be displayed or hidden. Within
Value-Added are additional options for Labor Income, Indirect
Business Tax, and Other Property Income. By clicking the plus sign
in front of Labor Income, Employee Compensation, and Proprietor
Income can be displayed.
Projects
It is possible to run several groups at the same time and display
results for the groups added together. You can do this by creating a
project. The Projects tab on the Impact Analysis screen displays
the Projects window (Figure 4-26). The Projects tab is enabled
when two or more groups are in the model.
To create a project:

1. Press the Add button enter in a project name or use the default
project name in the dialog box;
2. Select the desired groups by highlighting the group and clicking
the << button or double click on group name;
3. Click Analyze.
Figure 4-26. Projects
Clicking the Analyze button brings up the same analysis screen we

saw earlier for events and groups (Figure 4-20); however, since we
have created one or more projects, the Projects tab is no longer
grayed out. Selecting the Projects tab displays the screen shown in
Figure 4-27.
65
Figure 4-27. Projects Impacts
Note: it is necessary to have at least two groups in order to access the

Projects tab.
Choose the desired projects from the list of projects created in this
model. The chosen project will then display the associated groups
belonging to that project. It is possible to set both the project level as
well as group level. You can change the group level by selecting the
group from the list; the group level will be displayed. Click on the
Run Impact button to start the analysis.
Note: the group events will be multiplied by the group level which, in
turn, will again be multiplied by the project level before being applied
to the multipliers.
View Project Results

After running the analysis, IMPLAN will ask you if you want to view
the results. If Yes it will bring you right to the results screen. If No,
you will return to the Impact Main Screen. You can click on
Results from there to view the impact results at a later time.
Chapter 5: Reports
C H A P T E R
67
Reports
To be useful, the results of any model construction and analysis need
to be printed or transferred to other software to be documented,
further formatted, graphed, etc. This process is explored in this
chapter:
Report Creation
Print Options
Study Area Reports
Social Accounts Reports
SAM Reports
Transactions Reports
Ind x Ind Reports
Multiplier Reports
Impact Reports
Creating
To generate reports, select Model and then Print/Export Reports
off the main menu bar (Figure 5-1) or click on the Reports button on
the model control panel.
Figure 5-1. Reports Menu Selection
The IMPLAN Pro reports section allows you to print or preview

reports, or export data to other file formats. Figure 5.1a shows which
68 Chapter 5: Reports
formats IMPLAN Pro supports. Remember that you have access to
your actual model file through MS Access 2000 or higher.
Figure 5-1a Export Options
The reports are organized under seven tabs:

1. Study Area (Figure 5-2)
2. Social Accounts (Figure 5-3)
3. SAM (Figure 5-4)
4. Structural Matrix (Figure 5-5)
5. Industry x Industry (Figure 5-6)
6. Multipliers (Figure 5-7)
7. Impacts (Figure 5-8)
A sample of all the printed reports can be found in Appendix F Sample Reports.
Note: the sample reports in Appendix F are based on an aggregated
model. This is for display purposes only. We recommend that you do
impact analysis on unaggregated models as much as possible.
Print Options
To Printer
The selected report is generated and sent to the default Windows
printer. You may also choose to print more than one copy of each
report by typing in a number or clicking on the up/down arrows on
Chapter 5: Reports
69
the scroll box. You may select more than one report at a time with
this option.
Print Preview
The selected report is generated and displayed on your the computer
screen. It is possible to print the report from the preview screen. Print
preview allows selection of one report at a time.
Print to File
IMPLAN Professional allows you to export data and reports to

several different file formats. The available formats are text, Lotus 12-3, tab delimited, and Word for Windows. Print to File allows
selection of only one report at a time.
Print Setup
Print Setup displays the standard Windows printer setup dialog
box. You are allowed to select which printer to use as well as modify
printer options. See the Windows manual or use Windows Help if
you have any questions or problems with this routine.
Zero Suppression
Under most of the report tabs is an option that allows suppression of
those sectors or commodities for which no data exists. For small
regions this can substantially reduce the size of the report. However,
there are times you may wish to allow display of non-existent
industries in order to maintain the proper spacing, especially when
comparing results for one region to those for another. When Zero
Suppression is grayed out then it is not applicable for the chosen
report option.
Aggregate
Sector aggregation is available for both Study Area reports and
Impact reports. Aggregation allows you to display the reports in
fewer than 509 sectors.
Study Area Reports

These reports show the various aspects of the model data as found in
the original IMPLAN data files, or as already modified by you.
Figure 5.2 Study Area Reports
You may choose any one of nine report options.
1. Output, VA, Employment Report

This report displays the regional industry data for output valueadded (employee compensation, proprietors income, other property
income, and indirect business tax). The data elements are the
combined values from the original data files and are in millions of
dollars.
2. Institution Commodity Demand

Institution demand (final demand) of commodities from the original
combined data files is shown in this report. The demand values are
based on commodity purchases, are gross values (includes imports),
and are reported in millions of dollars. Only one value for households
is displayed. Also, only one value for federal and state and local
government is displayed as well. Domestic exports are determined
during the model creation process and are not included in this table.
Chapter 5: Reports
71
3. Household Commodity Demand

This report displays household purchases of commodities for all
household categories. The sum of the households in this report will
equal total household commodity purchases displayed in the
Summary Institution Demand Report.
4. Government Commodity Demand

This report displays government purchases of commodities for all
government categories. The sum of the governments in this report
will equal total government commodity purchases displayed in the
Summary Institution Demand Report.
5. Institution Commodity Sales

Institution commodity sales are displayed in this report. This data is
from the original study area data.
6. General Model Information Report

This report gives pertinent statistics on the region. It includes the
individual counties/states FIPs codes, population and area. It also
shows the average household income and number of households in
each of nine household income categories.
Note: the average household income is higher than the range for the
category because of significant underreporting of income in the
consumer expenditure survey. When controlled to US NIPA accounts
for household income, there is an upward correction of approximately
30%.
7. IMPLAN to SIC Bridge Report

This report shows the conversion of IMPLAN sectoring to the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. Appendix F (sample
reports) only shows the first page of this report. The complete
IMPLAN sector scheme can be found in Appendix A.
8. Type Codes Report

The type codes report shows the database classification codes used by
the software. This is useful for those who use the models data base
file directly with Microsoft AccessTM. The complete report is shown in
Appendix D.
9. Aggregation Template
This report displays the aggregation scheme that you have either
created for this model or imported from the library. The aggregation
scheme must be physically in the model to be able to generate this
report.

The process of creating a set of economic accounts applies study area
data to the national absorption and byproducts matrices. The result is
a set of balanced input-output accounts complete with imports and
exports.
Figure 5.3 Social Accounts Reports
We have 11 possible report options to select in Social Accounts.
1. Industry Balance Sheet Report

The industry balance sheet describes all information available in the
social accounts related to a specific industry. You must check this box
as well as choose an industry on which to create the report.
2. Commodity Balance Sheet Report

The commodity balance sheet describes all information available in
the social accounts related to a specific commodity. You must check
this box as well as choose a commodity on which to create the report.
Chapter 5: Reports
73
3. Commodity Summary
The commodity summary report displays commodity-based data
derived during the process of the models social accounts. Definitions
of the column headers may be found in the glossary and their
derivation is described in the Analysis Guide section of the software
manual.
4. Commodity Trade Report

Domestic and foreign imports and exports, in millions of dollars, plus
related ratios by commodity are shown in this report.
5. Institution Local Commodity Demand

This report shows institution demand for commodities from the local
study area. Only totals for households and government are displayed.
6. Household Local Commodity Demand

This report shows local household demand for commodities for all
income categories.
7. Government Local Commodity Demand

This report shows local government commodity demand for all levels
of government.
8. Industry Summary Report

Industry-based data on output, outlay, value-added and imports in
millions of dollars, as well as technical ratios derived during social
accounts, are shown in this report. Definitions of the column headers
may be found in the glossary; their derivation is described in the
Analysis Guide.
9. Industries and Commodities in Model

This report shows which industries and commodities exist in this
model. A sector with no data is considered to not exist.
10. Industry Import Matrix

This is a text file report that provides a matrix of total imports,
competitive and non-competitive imports to industries.
11. Institution Import Matrix

This is a text file report that provides a matrix of total imports,
competitive and non-competitive imports to institutions.
Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Reports

Social accounting matrix, or SAM reports, includes all commodity
flows, not only purchases and production of sales of commodities, but
transfer payments to and from institutions. Like all SAMs, the sum of
the rows are equal to the sum of the columns. There are five reports,
four of which can only be printed out as text files (SAM and SAM
Detail).
Figure 5.4 SAM Reports
1. Aggregate SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated Rows)

This report displays the regional social accounting matrix in a highly
aggregated form. It fits on a single sheet of legal sized paper. Your
printer must be set up to print to legal sized paper to generate this
report.
2. Ind x Com SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail)

This is a text file report. This industry-by-commodity SAM includes
aggregated industries and commodities and full row detail for the
inter-institutional transfers. This report can easily be imported into
Microsoft Excel, where pivot table will create a full matrix. Check the
Excel manual or use Excel Help to learn about pivot table.
Chapter 5: Reports
75
3. Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows)

full detail for industries and commodities and aggregated rows for the
inter-institutional transfers.
4. Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail)

full detail for industries and commodities and full row detail for the
inter-institutional transfers.
5. 26 File CGE Format

This SAM contains full detail, including imports and exports. This
report generates 26 text files (of the form *1x1.dat) which are inputs
into the GAMSTM software for computable general equilibrium models
(CGEs). The reports index does not contain a sample of these report
files.
Structural Matrix Reports

These reports export all information from the models structural
matrices to text files.
Figure 5.5 Transactions Reports
Definitions of each of these matrices can be found in the glossary, and
derivation is described in the Analysis Guide section of the software
manual.
Industry x Industry Reports

From the commodity-by-industry formulation of the social accounts
we generate industry-by-industry accounts in preparation for creating
multipliers. This tab allows you to generate industry-based reports
similar to the commodity-based reports discussed in the previous
section (Figure 5-6).
Figure 5.6 Industry by Industry Reports
There are ten reports available in this category:
1. Institution Industry Demand

This report is the result of converting the institution demand for
commodities to an industry basis.
2. Household Industry Demand

This report shows household demand on industries for all household
income categories.
Chapter 5: Reports
77
3. Government Industry Demand

This report shows household demand on industries for all government
categories.
4. Industry Output/Outlay Summary

For each industry, total value of production (output) must equal total
expenditures (outlay). This report summarizes the industry output
and industry outlay reconciliation.
5. Aggregate IxI SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated

Rows)
This report displays the regional social accounting matrix on an
industry-by-industry basis in a highly aggregated form. It fits on a
single sheet of legal sized paper. In order to generate this report, your
printer must be set up to print to legal sized paper.
6. Regional Ind x Ind Direct Coefficients Report

This is a text file report and is the industry-by-industry analog of the
absorption matrix. For every dollar of industry outlay, the amount
purchased from each local industry is shown.
7. Regional Ind x Ind Transactions Report

This is a text file report and is the industry-by-industry analog of the
use matrix. It shows, in millions of dollars, the amount purchased
from local industries.
8. Ind x Ind SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail)

This is a text file report. This industry-by-industry SAM includes
aggregated industries and full row detail for the inter-institutional
transfers. This report can easily be imported into Microsoft Excel
where pivot table will create a full matrix. Check the Excel manual or
use Excel Help to learn about pivot table.
9. Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows)

This is a text file report. This industry-by-industry SAM includes full
detail for industries and aggregated rows for the inter-institutional
transfers.
10. Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail)

This is a text file report. This industry-by-industry SAM includes full
detail for industries and full row detail for the inter-institutional
transfers.
Multiplier Reports
A multiplier report can be generated for each of the industry
variables: Output, Employment, Employee compensation, Proprietor
Income, Indirect Business Taxes, and Other Property Type Income.
The Value-Added report represents the sum of employee
compensation, proprietor income, indirect business taxes and other
property type income. The Labor Income report represents the sum of
employee compensation and proprietor income.
Figure 5.7 Multiplier Reports
The two text file reports can only be saved to a text file. They are both
matrices of multipliers. Each row of the text file contains the industry
row number, industry column number and the multiplier value. A
Type I multiplier is direct-plus-indirect (inter-industry) output
effects. The Induced Multiplier is induced (household) output effects
only. When added to the Type I effects, the complete Type II or Type
III multiplier matrix can be derived.
Multiplier Report Column

Each of the multiplier report options (top portion) has the following
column headers in common:
Chapter 5: Reports
79
Direct Effects
Represents the response (e.g. change in employment) for a given
industry per million dollars of final demand for that same industry.
Indirect Effects
Represents the response by all local industries caused by the iteration
of industries purchasing from industries per million dollars of final
demand for a given industry.
Induced Effects
Represents the response by all local industries caused by the
expenditures of new household income generated by the direct and
indirect effects per million dollars of final demand for a given
industry.
Induced effects may also reflect government or investment if these
are selected by with the Type SAM multiplier.
Total
Total multiplier effect is the sum of the direct, indirect and induced
effects. It represents the entire response per million dollars of final
demand.
Type I Multiplier
The Type I multiplier is calculated by dividing the direct plus indirect
effects by the direct effect.
Type SAM (or II or III) Multiplier
Dividing the direct-plus-indirect plus induced effects by the direct
effect, calculate the Type SAM (or II or III) multiplier.
Impact Reports
An impact report can be generated for each of the industry indicators:
Output, Employment, Employee compensation, Proprietor Income,
Indirect Business Taxes, and Other Property Type Income. The
Value-Added report option represents the sum of employee
compensation, proprietor income, indirect business taxes and other
property type income impacts. The Labor Income report represents
the sum of employee compensation and proprietor income impacts.
Figure 5-8 Impacts Reports
Before selecting any of the report options, it is necessary to select an

impact results. Simply highlight the desired results (Golf Visitors in
Figure 5-8 has been selected).
Deflator Button
The input-output model values are all in the year of the original data
used to generate the model. Likewise, all reports would be in the
same year, unless inflated to a more current year. The sample reports
have all been inflated to 1996 values by clicking on the deflator
button and selecting a year from the drop box that appears.
Aggregation
It is possible to apply an aggregation template to the impact reports
as well. The aggregation template simply combines impacts for the
sectors as described by the template. A template can be created from
this selection or can be retrieved from the library. (See Aggregation
in Chapter 2 if you have questions.) If the model has been aggregated
the impact reports will not allow you to aggregate again.
Impact Report Table Headers

Each of the impact report options have the following column headers
in common:
Chapter 5: Reports
81
Direct Effects
Represents the impacts (e.g. change in employment) for the
expenditures and/or production values specified as direct final
demand changes.
Indirect Effects
Represents the impacts (e.g. change in employment) caused by the
iteration of industries purchasing from industries resulting from
direct final demand changes.
Induced Effects
Represents the impacts (e.g. change in employment) on all local
industries caused by the expenditures of new household income
generated by the direct and indirect effects of direct final demand
changes.
Induced effects may also reflect government or investment if these
are selected when the Type SAM multiplier was specified.
Total
The total impact is the sum of the direct, indirect and induced effects.
Chapter 6: Other Features
C H A P T E R
83
Other Features
Other features included in IMPLAN Pro Version 2 include:
Help System
Internet Connectivity
Converting Models
Compacting Models
Structural Matrices Version
Memo Field
Calculator
Tips and Hints
Help System
IMPLAN Pro Version 2 has complete Internet updating features as
well as direct Internet access to the knowledge base and other webbased help.
To access these features, select Help from the main menu (Figure 61).
Figure 6-1 Help Features
84 Chapter 6: Other Features
IMPLAN Pro Help Topics

This provides access to the integrated help system. You can search for
key words to get definitions or assistance in performing software
functions.
The Search on Help takes you right to the search index. Using help
provides you with assistance using Windows help systems.
Default Toolbar resets the IMPLAN Pro tool bar to its original
appearance.
About IMPLAN Professional provides information about your
software version (Figure 6-2). You can also access Microsofts System
Analysis. This provides information about your computers set-up.
Figure 6-2 Help About
Internet Connectivity
IMPLAN Pro Version 2 incorporates the latest in Internet access
functionality. You can easily update your software with the latest
service patch, check for structural matrix updates, or link to our webbased user assistance.
Figure 6-3 shows the different Internet options. You must provide the
Internet connection. Once you are connected, these features will be
enabled.
85
Figure 6-3 Internet Options
The first item is Start e-Update. This initiates the software update
process and displays Figure 6-4. You may also start e-Update from
the main tool bar.
Figure 6-4 e-Update
Clicking Next initiates the connection and checks your installation

with the latest files on our web site. Update files will be displayed
and tell you if you have the latest files installed on your computer
(Figure 6-5).

Figure 6-5 e-Update Display
The other items in the menu from Figure 6-3 are IMPLAN Tech
Support Page, On-Line Support (KB), SIC Code Search, Send
Feedback to MIG. IMPLAN Tech Support Page takes you directly
to the IMPLAN Pro tech support page where you can check the latest
information and downloads. On-Line Support (KB) takes you
directly to the IMPLAN Pro Knowledge Base where you can search
for support topics. SIC Code Search takes you to a searchable
database of SIC codes. Lastly, you can e-mail MIG directly from the
Help menu.
Converting Models
Models built with IMPLAN Pro Version 1 will need to be converted
before you can use them in IMPLAN Pro Version 2. This process
updates your Version 1 model with additional tables and information
so that it will be compatible with Version 2.
Select Tools from the main menu (Figure 6-6) and select Convert
Model.
Figure 6-6 Converting a Model
87
This feature will also be enabled if you try to open a Version 1 model
with Version 2.
Compacting Models
Each regional model is stored in a Microsoft Access database. While
this makes it convenient to manipulate, deleting a record or a
temporary table in a database does not really remove the record or
table; rather it is marked as being deleted. To recover the space, the
database must be compacted.
To compact your model, select Tools from the main menu bar (Figure
6-7) and select Compact Model.
Figure 6-7. Compact Model
A dialog box will be displayed notifying you that compacting may take
several minutes, but it will save hard disk space and make the model
more efficient. Click Yes to start the compacting process.
Structural Matrices Version

The data used in each IMPLAN Pro regional model has a unique set
of national structural matrices. The national structural matrices
provide the model the initial national absorption and byproducts
matrices, sector names, SAM structure, as well as the default
deflators, margins and regional purchase coefficients. To check which
Structural Matrices Versions are installed on your computer,
select Files from the main menu and then Structural Matrices
Installed (Figure 6-8).

Figure 6-8 Structural Matrices Installed
Memo Field
Each IMPLAN Pro model has an associated memo field that allows
you to make specific notes about that model. To access the memo
field, select Memo from the Model menu item from the main menu
bar (Figure 6-9). There is a limit of 255 characters for memo field
notes.
Figure 6-9 Memo Field
If you have more than one model open, then the memo field will refer
to the current model; -i.e, the active model that will be the window
on top.
Calculator
If you have chosen to install the calculator when you installed your
Windows software, then IMPLAN Pro will place a calculator button
onto the main menus icon bar (Figure 6-10). Clicking the Calculator
icon will display the Windows calculator.
89
It is easy to copy (Ctrl-Insert) calculator results and paste (ShftInsert) results into an IMPLAN Pro data field.
Figure 6-10 Calculator Icon
Changing Default Directories

You can change the default directories for storing models, saving
output, or reading data. Select Options from the Tools menu (Figure
6-11).
Figure 6-11 Options
Highlight the option you want and click the Modify button (Figure 612). You need to then Browse to the directory you want.
Figure 6-12 Change Directories
Customizing the Tool Bar

You can customize your menu and tool bars. Click Tools, Customize
will display the customization screen.
Tips and Hints

This section contains miscellaneous information and tips.
Multiple Models
IMPLAN Prosoftware is like any Windows program in that you can

have it running concurrently with other Windows software. Several
different models (as many as memory will allow) can be opened
simultaneously for comparison purposes. They will remain open until
each model is closed or you exit IMPLAN Pro.
Current Model
If you have multiple models open, the current or active model is the
one most recently used. As such, it will model with focus. The current
model name bar will also be colored, while the other windows will be
grayed out. Pull-down menu items apply only to the current model.
Choosing a Sector
IMPLAN Pro frequently requires sector selection (industry or

commodity number). You can do this by scrolling to the item using
the mouse. It is also possible to type the value to jump to the sector.
The typing of the sector number is timed. Pausing while typing will
reset the sector number. For example, if you pause after the first
number while typing in 123 the software will jump to sector 23.
Sorting Grids
Any grid can be sorted by clicking the header of the column. This
allows you to do things such as examine the sector that has the
largest number of employees etc.
Tool Bars
There is a tool bar at the bottom of the IMPLAN screen. This allows
you to control the entire model without using the model control
center.
BOOK 2:
ANALYSIS
GUIDE
C H A P T E R
INTRODUCTION
This book is a guide for studying economic issues, defining inputoutput and impact analysis terms and introducing the IMPLAN
modeling process. While many of the manuals elements are
universal, it is geared to MIGs IMPLAN modeling system.
How Book 2 is Organized

Chapters 8-11 includes information for on the modeling process.
Chapters 12-15 detail the calculations used in creating the predictive
model, and Chapter 16 brings us back to analysis.
Chapter 8: An Overview of Input -Output & Impact Analysis briefly
explains input-output accounting, multipliers and some impact
analysis terms.
Chapter 9: Project Definition provides an economic analysis
framework.
Chapter 10: Study Area Considerations discusses study areas and
regional linkages.
Chapter 11: Database Elements defines the regional database
components.
Chapter 12: Regional Accounts Construction discusses the
construction of regional economic accounts using a 3x3 example.
Chapter 13: Inter-institutional Transfers introduces the social
accounting framework and looks at a regional SAM example.
Chapter 14: Industry by Industry Accounts creates the industry-byindustry matrix and the assumptions inherent in the calculations.
Chapter 15: Predictive Model Derivation derives and discusses the
different types of multipliers.
Chapter 16: Impact Analysis provides an impact analysis example
you can follow using IMPLAN software and discusses potential
sources of impact estimation errors.
Chapter 17: Case Studies consists of several case studies
illustrating different analysis techniques.
Chapter 8: Overview 95
C H A P T E R
An Overview of Input-Output and

Impact Analysis
This section should be considered an introduction to input-output
(I/O) analysis only and not an exhaustive discussion. There are a
number of good introductory texts available. This chapter discusses:
Defining Input-Output Analysis
T-Accounts
Industry Versus Commodity
Input-Output Accounting
Trade Flow Assumptions
Multipliers
Key Assumptions
Defining Impact Analysis
Defining Input-Output Analysis

Francois Quesnay first described inter-industry relationships in 1758.
Wassily Leontief developed the concept of multipliers from inputoutput tables, receiving a Nobel Prize in 1973 for his work.
Input-output analysis is a means of examining relationships within
an economy, both between businesses and between businesses and
final consumers. It captures all monetary market transactions for
consumption in a given time period. The resulting mathematical
formulae allow examination of the effects of a change in one or
several economic activities on an entire economy (impact analysis).
A primary input-output study is based on data collected directly
from industries. An example is the United States Benchmark Study
of Input-Output accounts (the data is actually based on economic
censes collected directly from firms). Other countries have done
primary national level input-output studies as well. Primary state or
96
Chapter 8: Overview
local level input-output studies are not common due to the high cost
of data collection.
Secondary input-output studies rely on data collected from other
sources to construct the accounts. The inter-industry transaction
information usually comes from some other primary study. IMPLAN
is an example of a secondary input-output modeling system.
There are two phases in input/output analysis:
1. Descriptive modeling
2. Predictive modeling
Description Model
A Descriptive Model includes information about local economic
interactions known as regional economic accounts. These tables
describe a local economy in terms of the flow of dollars from
purchasers to producers within the region.
Trade Flows are also part of the descriptive model. They describe
the movement of goods and services within a region and the outside
world (regional imports and exports).
The initial IMPLAN data details all purchases, including imported
goods and services. When regional economic accounts are created,
imports to the region are removed from the initial data, allowing
examination of local inter-industry transactions and final purchases.
By adding Social Accounting data, an analyst can examine nonindustrial transactions, such as payment of taxes by businesses and
households. Social accounting data includes tax collection by
governments and payments to households and businesses.
Input-output accounting describes the flow of commodities from
producers to intermediate and final consumers. Social Accounting
Matrices (SAMs) show the flow of money between institutions. Both
are part of the descriptive model.
Predictive Model
The regional economic accounts are used to construct local level
multipliers. Multipliers describe the response of the economy to a
stimulus (a change in demand or production). The multipliers
represent the Predictive Model.
Purchases for final use (final demand) drive an input-output model.
Industries producing goods and services for consumption purchase
goods and services from other producers. These other producers, in
turn, purchase goods and services. These indirect purchases (or
indirect effects) continue until leakages from the region (imports,
wages, profits, etc) stop the cycle.
The indirect effects and the effects of increased household spending
(induced effects) can be mathematically derived as sets of
multipliers. The derivation is called the Leontief inverse. The
resulting sets of multipliers describe the change of output for each
industry caused by a one dollar change in final demand for any given
industry.
T-Accounts
The input-output analysis framework is similar to a financial
accounting framework that tracks purchases of and expenditures on
goods and services in dollars. Input-output accounting traces the flow
of dollars between businesses and between businesses and final
consumers.
An input-output accounting framework can be illustrated using
classic financial accounting T-Accounts which include receipts
(income) and expenditures (expenses) on each side of a T (Figure 81).
Figure 8-1. Input-Output T accounts
Receipts
Sales to Industries
Sales to Institutions
Exports
Expenditures
Purchases of goods and services
Local
Imported
Investment
Payroll
Taxes
Profits
Distributed
Retained
On the left hand side are receipts. This includes income from sales of
goods and services to industries and consumers. Institutions are
consumers. An institution might be a household, a school, a
government agency, investment or export.
98
Chapter 8: Overview
On the right hand side of the T account are expenditures. Industries
make expenditures on goods and services to produce other goods and
services. Profits balance expenditures with receipts.
Like any double entry bookkeeping system, the receipts must balance
the expenditures. This is a fundamental foundation of input/output
accounting. Across the entire economy, businesses and consumers
receive income and make expenditures. In a balanced set of
accounts, all receipts equal all expenditures.
Industry versus Commodity

The terms industry and commodity are often confusing to a
beginning analyst. The collection of businesses purchasing goods and
services are called industries. The goods and services themselves are
called commodities.
Industries consist of businesses producing
goods and services.
Commodities are the goods and services.
Confusion arises because industries and commodities share the same
names. Industries derive their names from the primary commodity
they produce. The primary commodity is determined by value.
Industries can produce more than one commodity. Commodities other
than primary commodities are called secondary commodities or
byproducts.
Most input-output data is collected on a commodity-by-industry basis.
The commodity basis makes it easier to collect transactions data by
asking what a company buys, instead of where the commodity was
bought.
IMPLAN uses a commodity/industry economic account framework.
The IMPLAN accounts closely follow the accounting conventions used
in the "Input-Output Study of the U.S. Economy" by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis and the rectangular format recommended by the
United Nations.
Input-Output Accounting
Input-output accounting replaces the T-Accounts with several tables
showing income and expenditures as the flow of goods and services in
dollars:
The Use Table details the dollar value of goods and services
purchased by each industry to use in their production process. A
column is a single industry, the rows are the commodities and the
units are dollars.
The Value Added Table details payments made by each
industry to workers, taxes, interest, profits, and other income; one
column for each industry.
The Make Table gives the value of each commodity or service
produced by each industry. It is possible for a single industry to
produce more than one category of goods and services. In this
table, a row is an industry, a column is a commodity, and the
units are dollars.
The Final Demand Table consists of purchases of goods and
services for final consumption. Each row is a commodity; the
columns are the final demand sectors and the units are dollars.
Three other tables are standard input-output social accounts:
The Absorption Table is a coefficient form of the Use table
derived by dividing each element of the Use table by the
respective industrys total dollar output. An industry will use a
number of commodities to produce its products. The Absorption
table shows the proportions of each commodity it uses. Each
column is an industrys production function. A production
function shows the proportions of commodities used to produce
one dollar of output.
The Byproducts Table is a coefficient form of the Make table
derived by dividing each element by the Make table row
(industry) totals. Each industry can produce more than one
commodity. The Byproducts table shows what percentage of an
industrys total output each commodity represents.
The Market Shares Table is another coefficient form of the
Make table derived by dividing each Make element by the Make
column (commodity) total. Since some industries produce more
than one commodity, several different industries can be producing
the same commodity. The Market Shares table shows what
percentage of the total production of a commodity is produced by
each industry.
100
Chapter 8: Overview
Trade Flow Assumptions

Trade flow assumptions are part of the input-output descriptive
model from which multipliers are derived. IMPLAN Pro allows you
to choose which assumption it will use to estimate regional trade
flows.
Trade Flows describe the movement of goods and services between a
region and the outside world (regional imports and exports). There
are several ways of estimating how much of a commoditys production
will be used to supply local demand and consequently how much will
be exported from the region:
1. Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs)
2. Supply/Demand Pooling
3. Location Quotient (LQ)
1. Regional Purchase Coefficient (RPC)

The RPC represents the proportion of local demand purchased from
local producers. For example, an RPC of 0.25 for a given commodity
means that for each $1 of local need, 25% will be purchased from local
producers. This method is based on the characteristics of the region
and describes the actual trade flows for the region mathematically.
IMPLAN Pro software generates RPCs automatically with a set of
econometrically based set of equations. There is a different equation
for each commodity with variables filled by study area data. The
RPCs are limited by the supply/demand pooling ratio.
By default, all industries/institutions are treated equally -i.e., each
will take an equal proportion of its needs from local sources based on
that RPC. The IMPLAN Pro software allows you to edit a commodity
RPC (applied equally to all consumers of the commodity), or you may
give specific RPC values to specific users of a given commodity.
2. Supply/Demand Pooling
Supply/Demand Pooling assumes that local demand will buy as
much locally as possible; all local need that can possibly be met by
local producers will be. Since this minimizes imports, it will maximize
local economic activity and the resulting multiplier.
The percent of local usage is based on physical capacity for the region.
The total commodity supply is divided by the demand (Chapter 4). If
the ratio is .8, then 80% of local needs will be met by local demand. If
Chapter 8: Overview101
supply is greater than demand, 100% of that demand will be met by
local production and the remainder is exported.
Note: the original IMPLAN software (based on the Univac 1000
computer) used supply/demand pooling to calculate imports and
exports.
3. Location Quotient - LQ
Location Quotients are based on commodity output. The location
quotient equation is a fixed equation, comparing the ratios of local
production to national production ratios. This implies that the base
region is self-sufficient. If commodity production for a region
approaches the similar proportion as the base region, the RPC
approaches 1. The equation is:
Lqi = (Regioni / Regionsum) / (USi / USsum)
where:
Regioni is the regions production of commodity I,
Regionsum is the regions total production of all commodities
USi is the U.S.s production of commodity I, and
USsum is the U.S.s total production of all commodities.
The LQ for a commodity is constrained to be less than or equal to 1.
Multipliers
Final consumption (or final demand) drives input-output models.
Industries respond to meet demands directly or indirectly (by
supplying goods and services to industries responding directly). Each
industry that produces goods and services generates demands for
other goods and services and so on, round by round. Multipliers
describe these iterations.
There are three different multipliers developed for predictive
modeling: the Type I, the Type II, and the Type SAM. Step-by-step
descriptions of multiplier calculations are given later. Briefly: we
start with the Transactions table and derive a coefficient matrix by
dividing each industry column element by the column total. This
coefficient matrix is also known as the A Matrix.
The columns of the A Matrix are production functions. A
production function shows where an industry spends, and in what
proportions, to generate each dollar of output.
102
Chapter 8: Overview
Through algebraic manipulation of the A Matrix, we derive the
multipliers. The resulting equation is the predictive model:
X = (I - A)-1 * Y
where:
X = Total industry output
I = Identity matrix
A = A Matrix
Y = Final Demand.
This can also be interpreted as:
X = (I - A)-1 * Y
or Change in Total Industry Output = (I - A)-1 * Change in Final
Demand.
The predictive model shows how output will change with a given
change in final demand. The (I - A) inverse is the matrix of
multipliers also known as the Leontief inverse.
Multipliers break the effects of stimuli on economic activity down into
three components.
1. Direct effects are the changes in the industries to which a final
demand change was made.
2. Indirect effects are the changes in inter-industry purchases as
they respond to the new demands of the directly affected
industries.
3. Induced effects typically reflect changes in spending from
households as income increases or decreases due to the changes
in production.
The Type I multiplier measures the direct and indirect effects of a
change in economic activity. It captures the inter-industry effects
only, i.e. industries buying from local industries.
A Type II multiplier captures direct and indirect effects. In addition
to the inter-industry effects, the Type II also takes into account the
income and expenditures of households. The household income and
the household expenditures are treated as industries. This
internalizes the household sector, including the induced or household
spending, effects.
The Type SAM multiplier uses all information about the
institutions selected to be included in the predictive model. If only
households are included, all information for industries, factors and
households are included.
Key Assumptions
Input-output modeling is based on several assumptions:
Constant Returns to Scale
No Supply Constraints
Fixed Commodity Input Structure
Homogenous Sector Output
Industry Technology Assumption
The first assumption is that the production functions (an
industrys list of expenditures) are assumed to have constant
returns to scale. This means the production functions are
considered linear; if additional output is required, all inputs increase
proportionately.
No supply constraints means supplies are unlimited. An industry
has unlimited access to raw materials and its output is limited only
by the demand for its products.
A fixed commodity input structure implies that price changes do
not cause a firm to buy substitute goods. This structure assumes that
changes in the economy will affect the industrys output but not the
mix of commodities and services it requires to make its products.
The fourth assumption is that there is homogeneous sector output.
In other words: the proportions of all the commodities produced by
that industry remain the same, regardless of total output. An
industry wont increase the output of one product without
proportionately increasing the output of all its other products.
The industry technology assumption comes into play when data is
collected on an industry-by-commodity basis and then converted to
industry-by-industry matrices. It assumes that an industry uses the
same technology to produce all its products. In other words, an
industry has a primary or main product and all other products are
byproducts of the primary product.
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Chapter 8: Overview
Impact Analysis: A Definition

Economic impact analysis involves applying a final demand change to
a predictive economic input-output model, and then analyzing the
resulting changes in the economy. A concise definition of impact
analysis is:
an assessment of change in overall economic
activity as a result of some change in one or
several economic activities.
In practice, economic impact analysis can mean many different
things. It might measure the impacts of a new factory moving into an
area. It might involve estimating the local impacts of a professional
football team moving into an area or the effects of tourist spending.
Governments use impact analysis for policy decisions and planning.
Researchers use impact analysis to study relationships of different
elements in an economy.
An impact analysis begins by converting a topic of concern (or
project) to a set of economic issues and actors (those involved with
the impact). For example, our project might be the preservation of an
endangered species. This might translate to the economic issues:
withdrawal of natural resources from economic development,
encouragement of recreational and educational uses of the land, and
the development of an administrative and research structure to
preserve and enhance the species.
Once the issues have been identified, the actors involved can be
identified and their actions converted to a set of expenditures. These
expenditures are the initial changes that stimulate further economic
activity. The actions and the economic activity they stimulate are the
impact.
As we prepare to run our initial changes through the predictive
model, we will need to know whether the expenditures are made in
purchaser or producer prices and the year(s) of the expenditures.
Producer prices are those paid at the factory door. This is the
money an industry receives for its output. Input-output models such
as IMPLAN are concerned with the effects on industries and values
are in producer prices.
Purchaser prices are those paid at the retail level. A purchaser
price actually includes a mix of producer elements. For instance; the
price of a roll of film from a retail outlet includes the retail markup,
wholesale markup, transportation costs from the producer to the
retailer, and the price at the factory door.
If an impact analysis involves purchaser prices, the values need to be
subdivided to work with the producer-priced input-output model. This
is done using margins.
Margins represent the difference between producer and purchaser
prices. Margining assigns direct expenditures to the correct I/O sector
multipliers. It splits a purchaser price into the appropriate producer
values, each value impacting a specific industry.
If the expenditure dollars are for a year different than the models
data, a deflator will need to be applied. Deflators account for the
changes in actual value of the dollar over the years. Price changes
need to be accounted for otherwise the impacts will be estimated
incorrectly.
Although IMPLAN Pro provides a framework to conduct an analysis
of economic impacts, each stage of an analysis should be carefully
scrutinized to make sure it is logical. Procedures and assumptions
need to be validated. The IMPLAN software makes it simple to step
back and look at results.
Chapter 9: Project Definition 107
C H A P T E R
Project Definition
This chapter begins the process of defining economic impact analysis
using IMPLAN Pro. We will consider the decisions going into the
analysis, and discuss key concepts, the margins, deflators, and local
expenditures.
Defining a Project
Margins
Deflators
Local Expenditures
Project Definition Example
Defining a Project
In order to decide what to include in your analysis, you must
thoroughly understand the issues you wish answered. Sometimes a
project will involve several economic issues, each with a set of actors
and actions.
A project definition should include:
Objectives
Impact location
Local expenditures versus imports
Activity time-frame
Institutions affected (government, households, investment)
Industries or commodities affected
Later, as we prepare to run our impacts through the predictive model,
we will need to know:
Dollar amounts of the final demand changes
Whether the expenditures are made in purchaser or producer
prices
Year(s) of the expenditures
108
Chapter 9: Project Definition

What are the Project Objectives? To frame the questions, it is
helpful to know what kinds of answers are needed. You might want to
know the number of employees a new plant will add to the economy
and the effects of their household spending. In this case, your
questions will revolve around the new production, wage and salary
income, and personal consumption expenditure patterns.
Where is the Impact Location? What is the geographic location of
the initial economic activity? Any economic impact analysis needs to
be defined in terms of a bound area. The study area might be a state,
a county, or a collection of counties. We start the study area decision
process with the site of the initial impact. Other considerations will
be discussed later in this chapter.
Which are the Local Expenditures? Each issue will have actions
expressed as expenditures. Some of these expenditures may be
imports or take place outside of the study area. To study the effects
on the local economy, you will need to use only the local expenditures.
For example, you want to know the effect of a special event bringing
in 10,000 tourists. A local expenditure would be payments to hotels, a
non-local expenditure would be an airline ticket purchased at point of
origin.
What is the Activity Time-frame? What is the time span during
which the impact takes place? Many impacts are one-time economic
stimuli. Others are temporary, but might span several years (such as
a large construction project). Others can involve phased impacts that
might include investment and operations. Phased impacts can be
modeled using IMPLAN by staging the impacts in different runs.
Who are the Institutions making or affected by the final demand
change? Institutions refer to the type of final demand sector. An
institution might be any industry, households, federal or state
government.
Is this an Industry or Commodity driven impact? You will need to
decide if this is an impact to a given industry or a change in demand
for a given commodity. In an IMPLAN model, final demand changes
can be made either through an industry or business, or through a
commodity, or product. If you are going to need margins, you will
choose commodity.
In an industry final demand change, only the industry impacted
receives the final demand change. With a commodity final demand
change, all industries producing the commodity receive part of the
change.

Note: under a commodity-driven analysis, a portion of the initial
change will be lost if an industry that would otherwise produce that
commodity is missing from the region, or if an institution (household,
state and local, or federal sales) produces that commodity.
Which IMPLAN Sector will you apply the final demand changes to?
The data sectoring scheme can be found in Appendix A. For a detailed
description of what is included in each sector, refer to the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual.
What are the Dollar Amounts of the final demand changes?
Specifying the values of the expenditures involve two more decisions:
1. Are the values in Producer or Purchaser Prices? Producer
prices are those paid at the factory door. Purchaser prices are
those paid at the retail level. Since IMPLAN data are in producer
prices, if our changes are in purchaser prices, we will need to
subdivide our values by using margins (described below).
2. What Year are the expenditures made in? If expenditures are in
a year different from that of the model year, a deflator will need
to be applied (described below). A deflator accounts for the
changes in value of a dollar over the years.
Margins
If an impact analysis involves purchaser prices, the values need to be
subdivided to work with the producer-priced input-output model. This
is done using margins.
Margins represent the difference between producer and purchaser
prices. Margining assigns direct expenditures to the correct I/O sector
values.
Input-output accounts list values at the point of production.
Note: all values in input-output models are in producer prices.
Therefore, the value of the impacts, if purchased by end users or
consumers, must be split into the portion going to the retailer, the
wholesaler, transportation, and the manufacturer.
110

Purchaser Price = Producer Price +
Transportation Cost +
Wholesale Markup +
Retail Markup
Retailers produce a service. They gather commodities for sale to
consumers. The value of that service is the mark-up, or margin, the
retailers apply to the goods. Wholesalers have a similar mark-up.
Transportation costs occur from factory to wholesaler and from
wholesaler to the site of consumption -i.e., the retailer. The
proportion of the value going to each sector is called the margin.
Figure 9-1 uses a lawnmower as an example.
Figure 9-1. Margins for a Katydid Lawnmower
Manufacturer
Producer Value at Factory = $175
+
Transportation Margin = $15
Transportation
Wholesaler Margin = $100
+
Transportation Margin = $15
Retailer
Transportation
+
Retailer Margin = $100
Purchaser Price = $405
The purchaser price is the price paid by the consumer at the retail
outlet. For a Katydid Lawnmower, the consumer pays $405. The
producer value of this item (the price at the factory door) is $175. The
margins are the difference ($240) tacked onto the item on its way
from the factory to the consumer.
The wholesaler paid $190 for the lawnmower (producer price plus
transportation from the factory to the warehouse). The retailer paid
$305 to stock his store with the lawnmower. For his services he
received $100 from the consumer.
Margining assigns direct expenditures to the correct I/O sector
values, each value impacting a specific industry. Margins allow us to

be more specific as to the economic activity triggered by a retail
purchase.
If the purchaser price were applied to the retail sector multipliers, we
would trigger an average production of all items provided by retail
(plastics for toys, oil for refined gasoline, lumber for furniture and so
on) instead of triggering the production of a lawnmower and its
associated linkages.
Margins allow import activity to be specified for each of the margin
sectors, as well as for the producing sector. For example, we can
specify that the lawnmowers manufacturer exists outside of the
region and the $175 dollar producer value stimulates no local
economic activity. We can leave the remaining margins to stimulate
the local retail, wholesale and transportation sectors.
Separating margins also allows you to cut-out a middleman. If a
purchase were made directly from the wholesaler, the retail margin
could be deleted.
Only retail stores that buy goods from manufacturers use margins.
Any purchases made by consumers from service-oriented stores do
not have margins. Service businesses produce the service at the same
time it is purchased so there is no mark-up. Eating and drinking
establishments also have no margins, producing a prepared meal at
the time of purchase.
Margins are associated with the manufacturing sector of the
commodity being purchased. To use margins, you need to specify the
commodity being bought. For example, a purchase of gasoline by a
consumer means that you select Refined petroleum as the impact
sector and then tell the software to use Household margins.
Margins for all commodities are included in the MIG software. Simply
specifying margin in the event transactions window will cause the
software to apply the appropriate margins (see the User Guide for
more application information).
Deflators
Inflation and the fluctuations of the economy change the value of a
dollar and commodities over time. Deflators are used to adjust
values from one time period to another.
For example: Farmer Joe sold 100 bushels of corn in 1993 for $250,
but in 1996 he sold 100 bushels of corn for $300 (though it could have
gone down in price). Each value represents (for its year) 100 bushels
112

of corn and the inputs required to produce it, but the numbers of
dollars are different.
For an accurate impact analysis, expenditures need to be expressed in
the same years dollars as the models data. If an impact occurs in one
year, but the data is for a different year, the impact expenditures
must be adjusted to be consistent with the base year data.
Using our Farmer Joe example: if we specify $300 for corn bought in
1996 using a 1993 model without using deflators, we are actually
specifying 120 bushels of corn. To get the 100 bushels of corn and the
inputs required to produce it we need to deflate the $300 to 1993
values (in this case $250).
MIGs IMPLAN databases come with deflators derived from the most
recent Bureau of Labor Statistics Growth Model. The Events window
will allow you to specify the year of your expenditures and the
software will then use the appropriate deflator (see User Guide for
more application information).
Deflators are applied after margining. Deflators are associated with
commodities and are different for different goods and services. A
purchase must be subdivided into its appropriate producer values and
then the correct deflator can be applied to each one.
Local Expenditures
Every analysis needs to start with Local Expenditures. Local
expenditures, as the name suggests, are the final demand changes
that occur only within your study region. If local expenditures are not
used, then you will be overstating the impacts. You can either predetermine the local expenditure, or let IMPLAN do it for you. If you
allow IMPLAN to derive the local proportion, the software will use
the models regional purchase coefficients. You may then change that
value.
Project Definition Example

Some examples of impact analysis might be in the form of questions:
What happens to the local economy if a factory closes?
What are the effects on a region if a military base shuts down?
If resources are spent building a recreation area for tourism, what
might the benefits be?

We will use the factory example. We will imagine the closure of a
beeswax candle factory.
Objective: To determine the employment and income impacts of the
factory shut down.
Where the activities occur: In this case, the impact location would
be the area surrounding the factory. Our factory is in Larimer
County. Since we are interested in the impacts of a change in
employment and associated household spending we want to be sure
and include where our employees live. The factory is near the county
line and more than half its workforce live in the neighboring county:
Weld County. So we will include both Larimer and Weld counties in
our study area.
Local expenditures: Our factory is entirely within the study area so
all production loss will be local losses.
Activity time frame: This is a one-time, but permanent, loss of
production. Therefore, jobs are permanently lost and all associated
PCE (personal consumption expenditures) and other economic
activities are also permanently lost.
Institutions: The only institutions affected in the factory closure are
households. The loss of a factory results in decreased employment
and household income. For this example, we expect the effects on
government, schools, police, etc. to be negligible. If we thought they
would be important, we would have to specify those changes
separately.
Industry/Commodity: This will involve an industry change. We are
interested in the factory, not the goods and services it produces. We
can find the IMPLAN sector number in Appendix A. Our bees wax
candle factory is IMPLAN sector number 432.
Dollar Expenditure: The actual dollar change has to be specified. In
this case, how much output will be lost in this area as a result of the
factory closing. Our beeswax candle factory has an annual output of 1
million dollars.
Purchaser versus Producer Prices: Typically, industry output
reductions are in producer prices and, indeed, our million is in output
(producer price).
Year of Impact: If the model dollars and initial change dollars are in
different years, the expenditures need to be deflated. In our case the
114

factory is closing in 1999 and the model year is 1996. We will tell the
software to deflate our 1999 value.
Chapter 10: Study Area 115
C H A P T E R
1 0
Study Area Considerations

The study area is one of the most important project definition
decisions since the extent of the impacts will be dependent on the size
of the study area. The trick is to cover enough area to include the
most important aspects of the impact, and yet not too much area or
the effects will be masked by extraneous economic activity.
Typically, the larger the study area, the more economic activity is
internalized and the larger the multipliers will be. So, to isolate the
effects of an impact, we basically want to make as small a study area
as we can, while still including the areas necessary to capture all the
important effects. This chapter discusses:
Functional Economic Area
Forward and Backward Linkages
Small Study Areas
Example Small Study Area
Predefined Study Areas
Standard County Classification
Functional Economic Area

We can use the concept of a functional economic area to guide us. A
functional economic area is semi self-sufficient economic unit (and
therefore an ideal unit for input-output analysis). It includes the
places where people live, work, and shop, and can sometimes be
identified by physical or other characteristics.
A study area needs to be a functional economic area centering on the
needs of the impacted industries or services (depicted in Figure 10-1).
Building a study area involves a number of decisions. The analyst
needs to consider:
initial impact site
residential location of the labor force (commuters)
travel corridors
116
Chapter 10: Study Area

location of supporting industries and services
location of consumers
Figure 10-1. An Impacts Functional Economic Area.
Travel
Corridors
Location
of support
services
Residential
location of
labor force
Impact
Site
Consumer
locations
Location
of supporting
industries
If induced effects, or household purchases, are important to an

analysis, then commuting areas and travel corridors will need to be
considered. People spend money where they reside as well as where
they work. If an industry is located in one county, and the workers
reside in another adjacent county, then both counties should be
included in the study area to ensure the effects of household spending
are properly estimated.
Forward and Backward Linkages

Supporting industries and services and the major consumers of
industry products are its backward and forward linkages.
Linkages refer to the connections between industries and consumers.
Figure 10-2 depicts some forward and backward linkages for a
sawmill producing dimensioned lumber.
An industry purchases goods and services to produce its products. A
backward linkage is between an industry and its suppliers or a
household and the producers of household goods and services. In
Figure 10-2, the sawmills backward linkages are the purchases of
labor, electricity, and logs (all used to produce its lumber).

A forward linkage is between an industry producing a good or
service and the consumers of that good or service. The consumers
may be another industry who will add further value to the purchased
good in the production of their product. The wood furniture
manufacturer is a forward linkage for the sawmill. The sawmill also
exports and sells to households (both forward linkages).
Input-output model multipliers trace
backward linkages only.
Figure 10-2. Forward and Backward Linkages.
Labor
Exports
Utilities
Backward
Linkages
Parts and
transportation
Forward
Linkages
Household
consumption
Value added
remanufacturing
An industrys multipliers do not capture forward linkages. For

example, the transportation system and any wholesale distribution
system for agricultural feed grain is not part of the feed grain
industrys multipliers. A study of the importance of the feed grain
industry to a region must also consider the forward linkage of its
distribution network in addition to the feed grain industry impacts
derived through its own multipliers.
The study area should account for the location of buyers and sellers of
goods and services important to the analysis. As an example, if the
industry under study buys goods from an industry in an adjacent
county, having both counties in the study area would be necessary to
capture the effects of the linkage.
118
Small Study Areas

A small study area will have a high level of leakage. Leakages are
any payments made to imports or value-added sectors which do not in
turn re-spend the dollars within the region.
A study area that is actually part of a larger functional economic
region will likely miss important backward linkages. For example,
linkages with the labor force may be missing. Workers who live and
spend outside the study area may actually hold local jobs.
Sometimes an analyst is required to analyze an artificially small
area. Comparing those impacts with a more logical functional
economic area will show economic linkages that might return back to
the small area. This will help recover leakages.
Study areas are typically a collection of counties. A county is the
smallest standard area for IMPLAN data sets. A ZIP code-based
study area is possible to build but requires the creation of a custom
data file. ZIP code-based databases are available from MIG.
A ZIP code based study area allows the analysis of economic impacts
on:
individual cities
regions not based on county or other political boundaries
small areas within a city
A zip code file is a proportional reduction of a larger county database.
This assumes that employees live within the ZIP code area in the
same proportions as in the larger database. The smaller the area, the
less likely this is to be true. This can cause the induced effects to be
overstated.
If the major retail is located within the region, then the induced
effects may be okay as workers will come back in to spend money. If
you know something about the area and the proportion of workers
living outside the study area, you can adjust the induced effects to
reflect your knowledge.
Example: Small Study Area

Lets look at data for the City of Denver, Colorado and the counties
immediately surrounding it (Figure 10-3).

Figure 10-3. CO 1993 Data
Col. 1
CO County
Arapahoe
Denver
Douglas
Jefferson
United States
Col. 2
Col. 3
PCE
POW Income
($mill)
($mill)
8,942
8,006
10,596
16,125
1,651
681
8,685
7,153
($bill)
($bill)
4,378
4,222
Col. 4
Col. 5
Col. 6
Col. 7
Total PI PI/POW PCE/PI PCE/POW

($mill)
(%)
(%)
(%)
11,270
141
79
112
12,524
78
85
66
2,193
322
75
242
10,943
153
79
121
($bill)
(%)
(%)
(%)
5,375
127
81
104
POW Income = place of work income or employee income. These are

wages, benefits and other income derived from employment linked
geographically to the site of the workplace.
Total PI = Labor Income. This income is from all sources, including
employment income and transfer payments linked geographically to
the recipients place of residence.
Note: labor income is given by place of residence and employment
income is given by place of employment.
Since Denver County is the core of a large metropolitan area, many of
the employees commute in from the surrounding counties. As a
result, employment income generated in the county exceeds the total
labor income of those who reside within the county.
Column 5 of the table shows the ratio of labor income to employment
income. Denvers ratio is 78%, while in surrounding counties from
where the labor commutes, labor income exceeds employment income.
This is particularly true for Douglas County where labor income is
three times employment income (322%). The U.S. data shows that,
overall, labor income exceeds employment income by 27%.
PCE (personal consumption expenditures) represents spending by
households within each county. There is a strong relationship
between PCE and total labor income.
Because of commuting patterns, PCE to employment income for an
individual county may not be closely linked. In this case, the ratios
range from 66% to 242% (Column 7). Type II multipliers assume a
linear relationship, implying that for each dollar of employment
income we get 66 cents of PCE (Denver) and up to $2.42 of PCE for
Douglas County. Similar relationships are also evident in the Type III
IMPLAN multipliers which are based on employment rather than
employment income.
120

Problem 1: If an input-output analysis is based only on Denver
County, then the household expenditures are a reduced fraction of
new employment. The implication is that economic impacts are lost to
the counties in which the commuters reside. In reality, a chunk of
that lost payroll comes back to Denver retailers but that link does
not exist in a basic input-output model.
Problem 2: If an input-output analysis is based only on Douglas
County, then the induced effects of any new job has tremendous
leverage ($2.42 PCE for each dollar employment income). This
implies that for each new job in Douglas County there will be
approximately 2 1/2 new employees working in Denver but residing in
Douglas County. This can only be true if the current Douglas County
commuter relationship remains constant.
The lesson is that for most studies, logical regions include not only
the source of economic activity but also the labor force directly
involved.
Predefined Study Areas

The U.S. Bureau of Census and the Department of Commerce have
predefined study areas, such as the Census Commuting Area or the
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). Both of these are based on
counties. The MSAs capture metropolitan regions quite well, whereas
the commuting areas tend to be large. Both will work.
Tolbert and Kizer (1990) have defined 382 labor market areas (875
sub-market areas) for the U.S. based on county level journey-to-work
data from the 1990 Census.
There are also Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) economic areas
based on counties, but each is centered on a Census-defined
Metropolitan area. The BEA regions are defined to have a minimum
population of 100,000.
Standard County Classification

Counties and states are organized along the Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS) code system. This is not an absolute
standard (the Bureau of Census has its own system). MIG data
products use the FIPS system.
The FIPS system assigns a 2 digit numerical code to states, and a 3digit numerical code to counties. For example, Minnesota is FIPS 27,
and Washington County is FIPS 163. The FIPS is often presented as

the state and county numbers run together: Washington county MN
becomes 27-163.
Chapter 11: Database 123
C H A P T E R
1 1
Database Elements
Understanding the data used to create a model helps in interpreting
the results. This section describes each data element. Each element
in an IMPLAN database can be accessed and edited to reflect an
analysts knowledge of local conditions. The methodologies used in
developing an MIG database are discussed in the third manual of this
book: Database Guide. This chapter discusses:
National-level Matrices and Tables
County-level Database Components
Industry Output & Employment
Value Added
Final Demands
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE)
State and Federal Government
Inventory
Capital Formation
Exports
National-level Matrices and Tables

The IMPLAN databases consist of two major parts: 1) national-level
matrices and tables and 2) economic and physical data at the county
and/or state level.
There are several national-level matrices included with each
IMPLAN database.
1. The National Absorption Table is a coefficient form of the
National Use Table (described herein) derived by dividing each
element of the Use Table by the respective industrys total dollar
output. The resulting Absorption Table shows how an industry
spends each dollar of outlay on goods and services to produce a
dollar of output. Each column is an industrys production
124
Chapter 11: Database

function. A production function shows the proportions of
commodities used to produce one dollar of output.
2. The National Byproducts Table is a coefficient form of the
National Make Table derived by dividing each element by the
Make Table row (industry) totals. Each industry can produce
more than one commodity. The Byproducts Table shows what
percentage of an industrys total output each commodity
represents.
3. Deflators are used to adjust values from one time period to
another. The MIG IMPLAN databases come with tables of
deflators derived from the most current Bureau of Labor (BLS)
Statistics Growth Model. Deflators are associated with
commodities and are different for different goods and services.
4. Margins split a purchaser price into the appropriate producer
values. Margins for all commodities are included in the MIG
software.
The national matrices are used with regional data to create a
regional model and can be edited to reflect knowledge of local
conditions. When a data set is purchased, it includes a national
matrix data set. shows what percentage of the total production of
a commodity is produced by each industry.
County-level Database Components

The local economic data in an IMPLAN database can be divided into
four main categories or components. These components are:
1. Industry Output
2. Employment
3. Value Added
4. Final Demands
Some physical data is also included:
FIPS (Federal Information Processing System) codes
land area
population.
Each state has a unique two-digit FIPS code and the counties within
a state are given three-digit FIPS designations. The land area
measure is in square miles and excludes bodies of water.
Industry Output
Industry output is a single number in dollars, or millions of dollars,
for each industry. The dollars represent the value of an industrys
total production. The data were derived from a number of sources,
including Bureau of Census economic censuses, BEA output
estimates, and the BLS employment projections.
Employment
Employment is listed as a single number of jobs for each industry.
Data came from ES202 employment security data supplemented by
county business patterns and REIS data.
All IMPLAN databases, after 1985, include both full-time and parttime workers in employment estimates. In the IMPLAN 1985
database, employment is given as full-time equivalent jobs. Most
published estimates are full-time and part-time employment. This
means that total employment in a region using 1985 IMPLAN data
would generally be below most published estimates.
Value Added
There are four sub-components of value-added. These are:
1. Employee Compensation
2. Proprietary Income
3. Other Property Type Income
4. Indirect Business Taxes
1. Employee compensation describes the total payroll costs
(including benefits) of each industry in the region. It includes the
wages and salaries of workers who are paid by employers, as well
as benefits such as health and life insurance, retirement
payments, and non-cash compensation. Employee compensation
is derived for each industry from ES202 and REIS data.
2. Proprietary income consists of payments received by selfemployed individuals as income. Any income received for
payment of self-employed work, as reported on Federal tax forms,
is counted here. This includes income received by private business
owners, doctors, lawyers, and so forth.
126

3. Other property type income consists of payments for rents,
royalties, and dividends. Payments to individuals in the form of
rents received on property, royalties from contracts, and
dividends paid by corporations are included here as well as
corporate profits earned by corporations. Other property type
income numbers are derived from U.S. Bureau of Economic
Analysis Gross State Product data.
4. Indirect business taxes consist of excise taxes, property taxes,
fees, licenses, and sales taxes paid by businesses. These taxes
occur during the normal operation of businesses but do not
include taxes on profit or income. Indirect business tax numbers
are derived from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Gross State
Product data.
Final Demands
Final demands are institutions (or end users) who buy goods and
services for consumption. These goods and services disappear from
the economy and are not used to generate more products. Exports are
included in final demands since the given commodity will not be used
to create more products in the region.
Final demand data comes from government surveys, NIPA, Federal
procurement and sales data. In input-output analysis, final demands
are allocated to producing industries with margins allocated to the
service sectors associated with bringing the product to the final user
(transportation, insurance, wholesale and retail trade). IMPLAN final
demands are in producer prices.
It is possible for institutions to have a negative purchase, i.e. a sale.
In IMPLAN, sales of goods by institutions are treated as
contributions to the overall supply of a commodity.
There are 13 sub-components for final demands and institutional
sales. These are:
1. Household Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) nine
income levels (starting with 1996 data)
2. Federal Government Military Purchases
3. Federal Government Non-Military Purchases
4. Federal Government Non-Military Investment
5. Federal Government Sales

6. State and Local Government Non-Education Purchases
7. State and Local Government Education Purchases
8. State and Local Government Non-Education Investment
9. State and Local Government Sales
10. Inventory Purchases
11. Inventory Sales
12. Capital
13. Foreign Exports
Household Demand
Household consumption is the largest component of final demand.
It consists of payments by individuals/households to industries for
goods and services used for personal consumption.
Part of total labor income is not available for spending; it is used to
pay personal taxes, pay off principle and interest on loans, make
credit card payments or purchase new residential housing (classified
as Gross Private Domestic Investment). Some labor income also goes
toward savings. The average savings rate for U.S. residents in 1993
was 4.1% (SCB July, 1994).
There are nine income levels with different PCE profiles:
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
1996 1999 datasets

Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 plus
2000 and later datasets

Less than $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $99,999
$100,000 to $149,999
$150,000 plus
Spending patterns can differ dramatically between income levels. For

example, low income spending is more heavily weighted toward food,
clothing and shelter related commodities. The higher income levels
have more disposable income for luxury spending. The personal
consumption expenditure patterns can be edited to reflect knowledge
of local conditions.
128

Purchases made by individuals for final consumption are shown as
payments made directly to the industry producing the goods or
service and the margin sectors. The PCE profiles have already been
margined.
Federal Government
Federal government purchases are divided between military, nonmilitary uses, and investment. Federal Military Purchases are
those made to support the national defense. Goods range from food
for troops to missile launchers. Federal Non-military Purchases
are made to supply all other government functions. Government
Investment is expenditures made for capital goods and construction.
Payments made to other governmental units are transfers and are
not included in Federal government purchases. The transfers are
tracked in the inter-institutional data (SAM data).
Federal Government Sales are sales of commodities by the
government. For example: timber sales, park entrance fees, sales of
surplus military equipment, and sales of surplus dairy products.
State and Local Government

State and local government purchases are divided between public
education, non-education, and investment. Public Education
Purchases are for elementary, high school, and higher education.
Non-Education Purchases are for all other government activities,
like state government operations, police protection and sanitation.
State and Local Investment are expenditures for capital goods and
construction.
Private education purchases are not counted here. Private sector
education purchases show up in IMPLAN sectors 495 (Elementary
and Secondary Schools) and 496 (Colleges, Universities and Schools).
State and Local Government Sales are sales of commodities by the
government. For example: college dormitory lodging, municipal liquor
stores, and park camping.
Inventory
Inventory Purchases happen when industries do not sell all output
created in one year. Inventory can be thought of as one big warehouse
for a region. Any commodity produced that is not immediately
consumed or used to produce more commodities gets dumped here.

Inventory Sales occur when industries sell more than they produce
and need to deplete inventory. Inventory purchases and sales
generally involve industries producing goods (e.g. agriculture, mining,
and manufacturing) as opposed to service industries.
Capital
Capital Formation are private expenditures made to obtain durable
goods or capital equipment (equipment whose life is longer than one
year). The values are not expenditures by an industrial sector but
rather represent the increase in a regions overall durable goods
assets.
The dollar values in the IMPLAN database are in producer prices.
Typically, capital equipment is purchased directly from the producer
and not through a retail outfit.
Exports
Foreign Exports are demands made for goods and services by
consumers and industries outside the U.S. It is the value of
commodities exported beyond national borders.
Note: domestic exports are demands for goods and services by
consumers and industries outside the study area but within the U.S.
Domestic exports are calculated during the IMPLAN model creation
and are not part of the database.
Chapter 12: Regional Accounts 131
C H A P T E R
1 2
Regional Accounts Construction

This chapter describes the creation of regional economic accounts.
IMPLAN Pro creates the accounts from the study area data and
national matrices automatically. This section is designed to help you
understand what is going on behind the scenes.
In this part of the model development, the regional transaction
matrices are developed and imports are removed from the accounts. A
three-by-three example will be used throughout this section to
illustrate the calculations. This chapter discusses:
Study Area Data
National Matrices
Net Commodity Supply and Regional Make Matrix
Regional Market Shares and Byproducts
Gross Regional Absorption and Use Matrices
Regional Gross Commodity Demand
Regional Supply/Demand Pooling and RPC
Regional Commodity Demand Less Imports
Regional Commodity Imports
Domestic Exports
Study Area Data

The user-defined study area database is chosen from any combination
of counties or states. Figure 12-1 shows the initial layout of data in a
three-by-three example. At this point the Industry-Commodity
Transactions Table is missing. Regional data will be applied to
national matrices to create a set of regional accounts.
The value-added components are employee compensation, proprietors
income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. The
final demand components in the initial Final Demands Table are
personal consumption expenditures, state and local education and
132
Chapter 12: Regional Accounts

non-education purchases, federal military and non-military
purchases, inventory purchases and capital formation.
Figure 12-1 Regional Data
Final Demands
A
A
Commodities B
Industry
B
3.0
19.0
S&L
Non
Ed
Ed
2.0
0.0
2.0
3.0
Fed
Non
Mil
Mil
1.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
3.5
1.5
0.4
PCE
C
Emp Comp 4.0
Prop Income 0.5
Other Prop Inc 1.5
Indirect Bus Tax 0.5
Total VA 6.5
TIO 10.0
10.0
2.5
10.0
1.5
24.0
30.0
1.0
0.1
Inventory Capital
Purch Formation
5.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.0
12.0
10.0
6.0
2.0
30.0
40.0
Total industry output (TIO) for industry A is 10.0, B is 30.0, and C is

40.0. Reading down the columns shows industry and final demand
purchases of commodities. Industries also make payments to the
value-added components. Final demands purchase commodities for
final use. The row values show who is purchasing the commodities.
National Matrices
National absorption and byproducts matrices are provided with the
databases. The National Absorption Table is derived from the
National Use Table (Figure 12-2).
Figure 12-2. National Use Table
Industry
B
A
A
Commodities B
C
Value Added
National TIO
400.0
800.0
1,600.0
5,200.0
8,000.0
0.0
3,000.0
3,000.0
14,000.0
20,000.0
C
8,000.0
0.0
2,000.0
40,000.0
50,000.0
The Absorption Table (Figure 12-3) was created by dividing each

column element of the Use Table (Figure 12-2) by the total industry
output (TIO) of each industry.

Figure 12-3. National Absorption Table
A
Commodities B
A
0.05
0.10
Industry
B
0.00
0.15
C
0.16
0.00
C
VA Coefficient
National TIO
0.20
0.65
1.00
0.15
0.70
1.00
0.04
0.80
1.00
The National Absorption Table represents the purchases of

commodities by industries to produce the industrys output. The
columns in Figure 12-3 are the industrys production functions.
For every dollar of total industry outlays (including payments to
profits) industry A spends 0.05 dollars for commodity A, 0.10 dollars
for commodity B, and 0.20 dollars for commodity C. Industry A also
spends 0.65 dollars on value-added components. In other words,
Industry A spends 5 percent of its total outlays on commodity A and
so forth. Industry As production function is this proportional
breakdown.
The National Byproducts Table is derived from the National Make
Table (Figure 12-4 below).
Figure 12-4. National Make Table
A
A
Industry B
C
Gross Comm Prod
7,200.0
0.0
5,000.0
12,200.0
Commodity
B
0.0
20,000.0
0.0
20,000.0
C
800.0
0.0
45,000.0
45,800.0
TIO
8,000.0
20,000.0
50,000.0
The Byproducts Table (Figure 12-5) was created by dividing each row
element of the National Make Table (Figure 12-4) by the
corresponding TIO.
Figure 12-5. National Byproducts Table
A
Industry B
A
0.90
0.00
Commodity
B
0.00
1.00
C
0.10
0.00
TIO
1.00
1.00
0.10
0.00
0.90
1.00
134

The Byproducts Table shows all the commodities made by each
industry and the proportion of the industrys total production each
commodity represents.
Looking across the row, Commodity A is 90% of Industry As
production and 10 percent of Industry As production is Commodity C.
Since Industry A produces mostly Commodity A, Industry A derives
its name from Commodity A.
Net Commodity Supply and /Regional Make

The Net Commodity Supply is the total production of each commodity
for the region after foreign exports have been subtracted. Net
commodity supply is used in deriving the supply/demand pooling
ratio. Supply/demand pooling is one option for generating regional
trade flow estimates.
There are several steps involved with calculating net commodity
supply. First, the National Byproducts Table is multiplied by the
regional total industry output (TIO) from the study area data. The
result is the Regional Make Table (Figure 12-6 below).
Figure 12-6. Calculate Net Commodity Supply
National Byproducts Matrix
Commodity
A
B
A
0.90
0.00
Industry B
0.00
1.00
C
0.10
0.00
C
0.10
0.00
0.90
Regional Make Matrix

Commodity
A
B
A
9.0
0.0
Industry B
0.0
30.0
C
4.0
0.0
13.0
30.0
C
1.0
0.0
36.0
37.0
Gross Commodity Production
TIO
10.0
30.0
40.0
1
4
0
18.0
0
0
0
30.0
0
0
2
39.0
Inventory Sales
State and Local Government Sales
Federal Government Sales
Total Regional Commodity Supply
1
17.0
0
30.0
0
39.0
Foreign Exports
Net Commodity Supply

The sum of the columns is the gross commodity production, or the
total value of each commodity produced, by industry, in the region.
Note: if a regional industry does not exist, then the TIO is zero and
the resulting industry row in the regional make table is zero.
Other sources of commodity production come from sales by
governments and inventory. Some government agencies produce
commodities similar to those found in the private sector. For example;
colleges produce lodging, eating and drinking and the federal
government sells timber and surplus goods. Withdrawals from
inventory also add to gross commodity production.
These activities are federal, state and local, and inventory sales.
These sales elements are added to gross commodity production,
resulting in total regional commodity supply.
From the total regional commodity supply, foreign exports (a final
demand element in the regional data base) are removed. Foreign
exports are, by definition, being removed from the region and
therefore are unavailable for use by industries within the region.
Inventory additions also remove commodities from the available
supply, but they are not currently subtracted from the total regional
commodity supply in IMPLAN Pro.
Net commodity supply is the total regional commodity supply
minus foreign exports. This value represents the commodities
available for use within the region or for domestic exports.
Regional Market Shares and Byproducts

Once the Regional Make Table is created, the Regional Market
Shares and Regional Byproducts Tables can be created.
The Regional Byproducts Table shows the percentage of an
industrys total output each commodity produced represents. The
Regional Byproducts Table is used to convert industry output to
commodity output and vice-versa. The Regional Byproducts Table is
created by dividing each row element of the Regional Make Table by
the total industry output (Figure 12-7 below).
136

Figure 12-7 Regional Market Share and Byproducts
Commodity
A
B
C
TIO
A
9.0
0.0
1.0
10.0
Industry B
0.0
30.0
0.0
30.0
C
4.0
0.0
36.0
40.0
18.0
30.0
39.0 Total Regional Commodity Supply

Commodity
A
B
A
9/10
0
Industry B
0
1
C
1/10
0

Commodity
A
B
A
9/18
0
Industry B
0
1
C
4/18
0
C
1/10
0
9/10
C
1/39
0
36/39
Regional Byproducts
Commodity
A
B
0.9
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.1
0.0
C
0.1
0.0
0.9
Regional Market Shares

Commodity
A
B
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.0
C
0.0
0.0
0.9
The Regional Market Shares Table is derived by dividing each

element of the Regional Make Table by total regional commodity
supply (Figure 12-7).
Note: the columns of the Market Shares Table above will not
necessarily sum to 1.0. Total regional commodity supply includes the
non-industrial contributions to commodity supply (government and
inventory sales) while the Market Shares Table details only industry
sources.
The Market Shares Table shows what percentage of the total
production of a commodity is produced by each industry and is used
in creating the industry-by-industry transactions table used in the
multiplier development.
Gross Regional Absorption and Use Matrices

The regional absorption matrix is created from a combination of study
area data and the National Absorption Table elements.

The National Absorption Table column (production function)
elements represent the goods and services purchased by an industry
to produce its output. Each column of an absorption table plus the
value added coefficients (payments made to the value added
elements: employee compensation, proprietors income, indirect
business taxes, and other property type income) equals 1.0.
The IMPLAN study area database includes regional value-added and
total output. The value-added components are added and the total is
divided by total output to get a regional value-added coefficient. The
regional absorption column total is one minus the regional valueadded coefficient (Figure 12-8 following page).
Note: the one exception is when total industry output and the valueadded coefficient are zero (the industry does not exist within the
region) then the table column total is 0.
For example, Industry B (in Figure 12-8) has a regional value-added
coefficient of 0.8 while nationally the coefficient is 0.7. This means
that the corresponding National Absorption Table column is 0.3 (1.00.7) and must be adjusted to sum to 0.2 (1.0-0.8). This means the
region pays relatively more of each dollar outlay for value-added and
less for intermediate goods and services.
Each element of the National Absorption Table for Industry B is
adjusted by a factor of 0.667 (0.2/0.3). The resulting column balancesi.e., absorption column total plus the total value added coefficient
equals 1.0.
A
Commodities B
C
Reg VA
Coefficient
Regional TIO
A
Commodities B
C
Total VA
TIO
3,000.0
3,000.0
14,000.0
20,000.0
24.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
0.0
2,000.0
40,000.0
50,000.0
10.00
30.00
40.00
Gross Regional Use Matrix (includeds

imports)
Industry
A
B
C
0.50
0.00
8.00
1.00
3.00
0.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
6.50
24.00
30.00
6.5
10.0
Regional Use
Matrix
Industry
A
B
Commodities B
800.0
C 1,600.0
Value Added 5,200.0
National TIO 8,000.0
National Use Matrix

Industry
A
B
C
A
600.0
0.0
8,000.0
Figure 12-8 Absorption Adjustment
138
Regional TIO
A
Commodities B
C
Reg VA Coefficient
Absorption Factor: (1-Reg

VA)/(1-Nat VA)
A
Commodities B
C
Reg Absorp Subtotal
Reg VA Coefficient
Regional TIO
Commodities B
C
Absorption Subtotal
VA Coefficient
National TIO
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.70
1.00
1.00
0.35
0.65
1.00
0.67
0.20
0.80
1.00
Industry
B
1.25
0.25
0.75
1.00
0.00
0.04
0.20
0.80
1.00
0.16
1.00
1.00
1.00
Gross Regional Absorption

Matrix
Industry
A
B
C
0.05
0.00
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.65
0.80
0.75
Regional Absorption Matrix
0.10
0.20
0.35
0.65
1.00
National Absorption Matrix

Industry
A
B
C
A
0.05
0.00

In Figure 12-8 the resulting table is the Gross Regional Absorption
Table. It is gross because imports (included as part of the national
table) have yet to be removed. Imports are anything imported from
outside the region; at this point domestic and foreign imports are
lumped.
The Gross Regional Use Matrix can be derived from the Gross
Regional Absorption Table by multiplying each element by the
regional total industry output.
Gross Regional Commodity Demand

Like gross regional absorption, the gross regional commodity demand
will include imports (both domestic and foreign). Combining gross
regional use with the gross regional final demands derives total gross
regional commodity demand.
Gross regional commodity demand is the sum of the final demand
commodity purchases and the commodity purchases by industries
from the Gross Regional Use Table (Figure 12-9).
140
Figure 12-9. Gross Regional Commodity Demand

Gross
Regional
Industry
A
S&L
B
Fed
PCE Non Ed
0.5
Commodities
B
C
Gross Inter.
Ind. Demand
3.5
10
Emp Comp
10
12
Prop Income
0.5
2.5
10
Other Prop Inc
1.5
10
Indirect Bus
Tax
0.5
1.5
Total Value
Added
6.5
24
30
Total Industry
Output
10
30
40
Ed
Inv
Non Mil
Mil
Purch
Capital
Comm.
Form
Demand
0.5
20
19
0.5
0.5 =
30
3.5
1.5
0.4
0.1
1.5
15
Regional Supply/Demand Pooling and RPC

Once regional net commodity supply (calculated earlier in this
chapter) and gross regional commodity demand are calculated, trade
flows (or imports) can be estimated. Supply/Demand (S/D) pooling
and Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs) are two ways imports can
be estimated. Once imports are estimated, they can be removed from
the regional social accounts.
Supply/demand pooling maximizes the internal use of goods and
services and, therefore, maximizes the multiplier, sometimes quite
unrealistically. Supply/demand pooling is an option offered by the
IMPLAN software.
Current IMPLAN software uses RPCs as the default trade flow
estimate. An econometric equation with variable values filled in from
regional data is used to estimate RPCs for commodities.
Supply/Demand Pooling
Supply/Demand (S/D) Pooling assumes that all commodity
production in a region that can be used will be used to satisfy gross
regional commodity demand (Figure 12-10).
Figure 12-10 Calculate Supply Demand Pooling
Net
Gross
Net S/D
Commodity
Commodity
Trade
Supply
Demand
Flows
A
Comm. B
C
17.0
30.0
39.0
Net
Commodity
Supply
A
17.0
Comm. B
C
30.0
39.0
Regional
Purchase
Coefficient
A
0.10
Comm. B
0.25
C
0.75
20.0
30.0
15.0
Gross
Commodity
Demand
20.0
30.0
15.0
Supply/
Demand
Pool Ratio
0.85
1.00
1.00
-3.0
0.0
24.0
Supply/
Demand
Pool Ratio
0.85
1.00
1.00
Model
RPC
0.10
0.25
0.75
If S/D > 1.0 then SD

= 1.0
142

Gross regional commodity demand is subtracted from net regional
commodity supply to derive the net supply/demand trade flows. The
net supply/demand trade flows is an indicator of domestic import
requirements and domestic exports. A negative value indicates that
commodities must be imported to meet demand. A positive value
indicates there is more supply than demand in the region and the
excess is exported to domestic markets.
The supply/demand pooling ratio is calculated by dividing each
element of the net commodity supply vector by each corresponding
element of the gross commodity demand vector. There is an upper
limit of 1.0 (local production cannot supply more than 100% of local
demand). This means that if supply exceeds demand, then demand
only takes what is needed.
Regional Purchase Coefficient (RPC)

Estimating regional trade flows (imports and exports) across regional
boundaries is perhaps the largest source of error in deriving nonsurvey I/O models (Stevens and Trayor 1980). Use of Regional
Purchasing Coefficients is one way to eliminate some of the errors
inherent in a non-survey model.
The Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs) method is based on
the characteristics of the region and describes the actual trade flows
for the region mathematically. There is a different equation for each
commodity with variables filled by study area data. Information
about the data sources used to derive these predictive equations can
be found in the Data Guide.
An RPC represents the portion of the total local demand that is met
by local production and attempts to account for cross-hauling - the
regional importation and exportation of commodities from the same
sector.
For example, an RPC value of 0.8 for the commodity "fish" means that
local fishermen provide 80% of the local demand for fish (by fish
processors, fish wholesalers, and others). The remaining 20%, is
imported.
IMPLAN Pro software generates RPCs automatically. All
industries/institutions are treated equally unless you specify
otherwise -i.e., each will take an equal proportion of its needs from
local sources based on that RPC.

The IMPLAN Pro software allows you to edit a commodity RPC
(applied equally to all consumers of the commodity), or you may give
specific RPC values to specific users of a given commodity.
The equation:
1-RPC
for each commodity represents commodity import proportion
(domestic and foreign imports for the region).
A models RPCs are a mixture of the estimated RPCs, national RPCs
and the constraining S/D pooling ratios. When IMPLAN calculates
RPCs it uses the S/D pooling ratio to set the maximum possible
supply available. It also uses the national RPCs with the implied
assumption being that the region will import foreign goods and
services at the same rate as the nation.
In Figure 12-10, the S/D pooling ratio is compared to the regional
purchase coefficient that was derived for each commodity. The
models regional RPCs indicate that for Commodity A, 10 percent of
demand is met by local production. For Commodity B, it is 25 percent.
Location Quotient
Location Quotients are based on commodity output. The location
quotient equation is a fixed equation. It is based on comparing the
ratios of local production to national production ratios:
Lqi = (Regioni / Regionsum) / (USi / USsum)
where:
Regioni is the regions production of Commodity i,
Regionsum is the regions total production of all commodities
USi is the U.S.s production of Commodity i, and
USsum is the U.S.s total production of all commodities.
The LQ for a commodity is constrained to be less than or equal to one.
Regional Commodity Demand Less Imports

Imports are removed from the regional economic accounts using the
regional purchase coefficients. Each element of the Regional Use
Table and the final demands are multiplied by the associated
commodity level RPC.
Note: value-added and total industry output are not affected by this
calculation.
144

The resulting table (Figure 12-11) represents total local economic
interactions; the buying of locally produced goods and services by
local industries as well as the purchases by consumers for final use.
Note: this method of calculating trade flows assumes that an RPC for
a single commodity applies equally to all consumers of that
commodity.
6.5
10
Total Value Added

Total Industry Output
0.05
0.25
1.5
1.8
4
0.5
1.5
0.5
6.5
10
A
Commodities B
C
Gross Inter. Ind. Demand
Emp Comp
Prop Income
Other Prop Inc
Indirect Bus Tax
Total Value Added
Industry
0.5
Indirect Bus Tax
Regional Commodity Demand w/o

Imports
4
0.5
1.5
30
24
1.5
10
2.5
10
0
3
3
6
30
24
10
2.5
10
1.5
0
0.75
2.25
3
Industry
A
B
0.5
1
2
3.5
Emp Comp
Prop Income
Other Prop Inc
A
Commodities B
C
Gross Inter. Ind. Demand
Regional Comm. Demand w/ Imports
40
30
12
10
6
8
0
2
10
40
30
12
10
6
2
0.8
0
1.5
2.3
0.3
4.8
2.6
PCE
PCE
3
19
3.5
Figure 12-11. Regional Commodity Demand and Removing Imports
0.1
0.25
0.75
0.2
0.5
1.1
Non Ed
S&L
RPC
Model
2
2
1.5
S&L
Non Ed
Fed
Non Mil
0
1
3
0.5
1
0.4
0
0.8
0.8
Ed
0.1
0.1
0.3
Non Mil
Fed
(Multiply by
RPC)
Ed
145
Inv
Cap
Purch Form
0
0.5
0.1
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
1.1
0
Mil
Inv Capital
Purch Form
0
5
0.5
0
1
0.5
0.1
1.5
0
Mil
146
Regional Commodity Imports

Now regional commodity imports can be calculated for both
intermediate and final demands. The regional commodity demands
with imports are subtracted from the regional commodity demands
without imports. The results are imports-to-commodity demand
(Figure 12-12).
The domestic and foreign imports are still lumped in the imports-tocommodity demand. The imports are separated into foreign and
domestic imports based on the RPC for the nation and is the same for
all IMPLAN regions:
1-RPC = Foreign imports ratio (national rate)
1-RPC = Foreign and Domestic Imports Ratio (regional
rate)
This ratio multiplied by the gross regional commodity demand gives
the foreign imports for the commodity. The total regional imports less
the foreign imports gives the domestic imports. IMPLAN performs
these domestic and foreign imports calculations before printing
reports.
1.8
4
0.5
1.5
0.5
6.5
10
Gross Inter. Ind.

Demand
Emp Comp
Prop Income
Other Prop Inc
Indirect Bus Tax
Total Value Added
30
24
10
2.5
10
1.5
0
0.75
2.25
40
30
12
10
6
2
2.3
0.8
0
1.5
0.3
4.75
2.63
0.45
0.75
0.5
1.7
A
Commodities B
C
Gross Inter Ind
Demand
0
2.25
0.75
7.7
7.2
0
0.5
2.7
14.25
0.88
Imports to Regional Commodity Demand

Industry
A
B
C
PCE
0.05
0.25
1.5
A
Commodities B
C
Ed
Ed
1.8
0
1.5 2.25
0.38 0.25
S&L
Non Ed
0.2
0
0.5 0.75
1.13 0.75
Regional Commodity Demand without Imports

Industry
S&L
A
B
C
PCE
Non Ed
Figure 12-12.Regional Commodity Demand without Imports
0.9
0.38
0.1
Fed
Non Mil
0.1
0.13
0.3
Fed
Non Mil
0
0
0.03
Mil
0
0
0.08
Mil
Inv
Purch
4.5
0.75
0.38
0.5
0.25
1.13
Inv
Purch
Cap
Form
0.45
0.38
0
0.05
0.13
0
Capital
Form
147
18
22.5
3.75
Imported
Commodity
Demand
2
7.5
11.25
Local
Commodity
Demand
148
Domestic Exports
The local commodity supply that is not used locally is exported to
markets outside the region. Local commodity demand is subtracted
from net commodity supply to derive domestic commodity exports
(Figure 12-13).
Figure 12-13. Domestic Exports.
Figure 18. Domestic Exports.
A
Commodities B
C
Net
Commodity
Supply
17.0
30.0
39.0
Local
Commodity
Demand
2.00
7.50
11.25
Domestic
Commodity
Exports
15.00
22.50
27.75
The result is a balanced set of regional economic accounts. These are

industry-by-commodity net of imports and exports, but do not include
complete inter-institutional information.
Chapter 13: Inter-Institution Transfers 149
C H A P T E R
1 3
Inter-institutional Transfers
Adding additional data to the regional economic accounts and then
balancing the resulting matrices generates social accounting
matrices. MIGs unique IMPLAN data sets include institutional data
that makes the creation of Social Accounting Matrices possible.
Inter-institutional transfers provide information on non-market
financial flows. They capture payments of taxes by individuals and
businesses, transfers of government funds to people and businesses,
and transfer of funds from people to people. This chapter discusses:
SAM History
SAM Framework
Use of SAMs in Input/Output Research
Descriptive Analysis
Tax Analysis
CGE Modeling
Regional SAM Analysis Example
SAM History
Richard Stone spearheaded the initial development of the SAM
framework. It was a natural outgrowth of input/output accounting,
extending market-based transaction accounting to non-market
financial flows.
In the beginning, SAM development work involved construction of
SAMs for several developing countries, including Sri Lanka,
Botswana, and Swaziland (Pyatt and Round, 1985). These studies,
funded by the World Bank and other development organizations, set
out to incorporate national account data into a SAM framework. The
principle uses of SAMs in these cases were as a baseline for
development planning and other model building.
SAMs continue to be used in research work and governmental policy
decision making. MIGs data sets allow the creation of local area
SAMs without the burden of extensive data collection.
150
Chapter 13: Inter-Institutional Transfers
SAM Framework
Like input-output analysis, a full social accounting matrix is a
double-entry bookkeeping system similar to the T-Accounts in
financial accounting. Just like in standard accounting, the SAM must
balance: receipts must equal expenditures.
The matrix format allows the double entry bookkeeping to be
displayed in a single-entry format. A social accounting matrix
includes the typical components of input-output models:
the Use matrix
the Make matrix
Value added (called Factors in SAMs)
Final demand (called Institutions in SAMs)
Exports and Imports (called Trade in SAMs)
Value-added is payment to labor and to capital. Factors include
payments to land, labor and capital. In a flow of funds SAM, such as
IMPLAN, the only factors looked at are payments to labor and
returns on capital. Capital stock and land are not considered. So in
IMPLAN, factors and value-added are the same.
Final demands are an institutional demand for the final use of
commodities. Institutions are households, governments, and capital.
In IO, exports are treated as consumption like any other final
demand element. In SAMs, exports are removed from the make
matrix which represents only local consumption (Figure 13-1).
Non-industrial financial flows are added to the I/O elements to create
a complete SAM table:
Factor exports
Institution exports
Factor imports
Factor Distribution (to Institutions)
Inter-institutional transfers
A unique SAM sector is also added. Enterprises capture corporate
profits. An industry makes a payment to other-property-type-income.
The other-property-type-income is subdivided into payments to

households, dividends and payments to profit. These payments by
other property type income to profits are enterprise entries.
Factor Exports are payments received by factor sectors (employee
compensation, proprietary income, other property income and indirect
business taxes) from outside the region. An example might be a stock
dividend to a person living in the area from a company based outside
the region.
Institution Exports are payments received by institution sectors
(households, governments, inventory, or capital investment) from
outside the study area. An example would be a person commuting to
a job outside the region; the payment is to a household from an
industry outside the study area.
Factor Imports are imports from outside the study area by factor
sectors. Factor imports looks at the distribution of the payments
made to factor sectors by industries; where does that factor payment
end up? For example: a company within the region may hire an
employee who lives outside the region. The company makes a
payment to the factor sector employee compensation that ends up
going outside the region.
Factor Distribution is payments from factor sectors (employee
compensation, proprietary income, other property income and indirect
business taxes) to institutions sectors (households, federal and state
governments, inventory, capital investment or enterprises). For
example: a portion of employee compensation might go to social
security - a government agency (institution).
Inter-institutional Transfers refer to the payments from
institutions to other institutions. For example: the federal
government grants money to state governments and households
(welfare and social security payments) and households pay taxes to
governments and save money to capital.
Figure 13-1 shows a typical SAM layout with the new elements
shaded (lighter shaded areas represent totals with SAMs data added
to previous input/output totals). Each entry is a separate matrix.
The column and row headings are the different economic actors. The
column entries represent expenditures or payments made by the
economic actor at the top of the column. The row entries represent
receipts or income to the economic actor at the beginning of the row.
Value
Added
Factors
Factor
Trade
Total
Factor
Outlay
Total
Industry
Outlay
Total
Transfers
Imports
Total
Commodity
Outlay
Sales
Make
Commodity
Trade
Capital
Enterprises
Institutions
Use
Commodity
Industry
Industry
Factors
Figure 13-1. SAM Framework
152
Total
Institution
Outlay
Imports
Transfers
Consumption
Institutitons
Total
Enterprise
Outlay
Transfers
Enterprises
Total
Capital
Outlay
Transfer
Transfers
Consumption
Capital
Total
Trade
Outlay
Exports
Exports
Exports
Exports
Exports
Trade
Total
Trade
Income
Total
Capital
Income
Total
Enterprise
Income
Total
Institution
Income
Total
Factor
Income
Total
Commodity
Income
Total
Industry
Income
Total

The real contribution of a SAM is the distribution of institutional
income to other institutions. These inter-institutional transfers show
the flow of non-industrial funds.
Inter-institutional transfers include transfers from businesses to
households (interest and dividend payments), transfers from people
to government (payment of taxes), and transfers from governments to
people (social security, unemployment compensation, etc.).
Inter-institutional transfers also include the capital accounts.
Government capital accounts show surplus and deficits. For
businesses, this is investment and borrowing. For households, this is
a net saving.
Balancing
After the regional set of balanced economic accounts are created, the
SAM data can be added. It is necessary to balance the SAM table by
making adjustments in the imports, exports, and capital accounts
based on the data in the regional economic accounts.
We will use household sectors an example. Households receive income
from industries and institutions and use it to buy goods and services,
pay taxes, and save for the future.
We have information about income, consumption and tax payments.
Savings are the balancing element. We assume our income,
consumption and tax payments data are accurate and savings become
the difference.
Savings can be either positive or negative. Negative savings means
the household spends more than it makes. This is accomplished by
withdrawing from household capital stocks or borrowing from
financial institutions.
Other balancing elements work similarly. The difference between
government income and spending is a surplus or deficit (and sure
enough, the SAM shows the U.S. with a deficit). Foreign trade
balance is the balancing element between imports and exports. It
describes the relationship between foreign imports and foreign
exports.
154
Use of SAMs in I/O Research

Given the complete accounting of monetary flows in a region, there
are many uses for regional social accounting matrices. Three possible
uses are:
1. Descriptive Analysis
2. Tax Analysis, and
3. CGE Modeling
1. Descriptive Analysis
The most basic analysis that can be done is descriptive. Identifying
the flow of dollars through an economy is an important step in
understanding the structure of the local economy. Though industrial
production and consumption is important, non-industrial dollar flows
can also be a large part of local economic activity. For example,
retirement transfer payments are important to many rural economies
particularly resort areas.
2. Tax Analysis
The impact on taxes from changes in economic activities can be
modeled. Income information can be combined with SAM tax
information to make estimates of the taxes generated by a change in
final demand. This is a simple ratio estimate, but it will give a good
first estimate of the tax effects. The same can be done with business
taxes.
Taxes are paid out of labor income and limit disposable income. Tax
policies can be examined with regard to individual tax burdens on
different income groups.
A SAM allows you to examine the actual magnitude of taxes and
transfer payments. Using a SAM with a spreadsheet program such as
Excel or Lotus allows you to analyze the impact effects on taxes.
3. Computable General Equilibrium Modeling

The computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was developed
from macro-economic modeling and classic economic theory. It is used
to analyze policies or projects involving price responses, and assumes
the existence of profit-maximizing producers and utility-maximizing
consumers.
Central to CGE modeling is Walras Law: for all goods with a value
greater than zero, the quantity supplied must equal the quantity

demanded. While this is true for SAM-based input-output modeling, a
CGE model is more flexible in the form its mathematical descriptions
of the production and consumer demand relationships can take.
Basically, solution algorithms find a price vector and a commodity
production level that cause all markets to clear (everything produced
is purchased). Functional forms of production and demand equations
are developed with the SAM serving as a base equilibrium point from
which comparative statics analyses are performed.
Local level SAM data from IMPLAN models can be used for regional
CGE modeling. Production and consumption function forms and
elasticities must be added to the IMPLAN SAM data to build the
CGE model. Consideration must be given to the handling of domestic
and foreign trade and the estimates of import demand and export
supply elasticities.
Once calibrated, a CGE model can be used to simulate large final
demand changes, resource supply restrictions, tax policies, and a wide
variety of other economic perturbations. More information on CGE
modeling can be found in Lindall et al, IMPLAN SAM: A Social
Accounting Matrix for Regional I/O Systems.
Regional SAM Analysis Example

Figure 13-2, on the next page, is a balanced example SAM. The first
two rows (industries and commodities) represent the IMPLAN
input/output data reduced to one element. The rows represent
institutions receiving payments, the columns represent institutions
making payments. All monetary transactions are included, both
market and non-market.
In the first column, industries make payments to commodities and
the value-added components. The third column represents the
distribution of employee compensation received by industries.
Employee compensation pays 19.0 to households, 2.0 to federal
government in the form of payroll taxes, and 1.0 to state and local
government in payroll taxes.
Note: the corresponding rows and columns balance.
The household (HH) row details income to households from all
sources (not just employee compensation). Households receive income
from other property type income (dividends and interest); state and
federal government (social security, unemployment compensation,
and interest payments); and from being self-employed.
156

These transfer payments comprise a large portion of household
income, but would not have been captured in traditional input-output
analysis.
By examining the household column, we can see where households
spend (or distribute) their income. Households buy and consume
commodities and make payments to state and federal government for
taxes. What is left over goes to capital accounts for capital purchases
and savings.
Trade and capital take up the slack between the other accounts and
the totals. There is no way of getting hard data for these accounts at
this time, so they are used to balance the other accounts with the
totals.
1,767.9
8,334.2
Total
5,847.5
2,786.9
96.5
163.4
17.0
2.2
2362.8
327.6
Employee
Comp
0.2
0.6
Institution Payments-->
Industry
Comm.
5,664.1
1,786.1
2,786.9
302.9
1,262.3
428.3
Households
Federal Gov. NonDefense
Federal Gov. Defense
S&L Govt NonEducation
State/Local Govt Education
Enterprises (Corporations)
Capital
Inventory Additions/Deletions
Trade
Institution Receipts
Industry
Commodity
Employee Compensation
Proprietary Income
Other Property Income
Indirect Business Taxes
Figure 20. Social Accounting Matrices
Figure 13-2 Social Account Matrix
302.9
0.0
286.6
16.3
Propr.
Income
1,262.3
4.0
384.3
944.7
103.8
-71.3
-103.3
Other Prop
Income
87.1
428.3
341.2
IBT
3,820.0
1,153.8
20.0
121.4
353.5
2,171.3
HH
796.0
8.8
246.0
24.6
52.8
370.7
93.0
FG
Non-def
24.6
4.1
20.5
FG
Defense
1,156.9
81.4
0.0
461.5
208.8
405.2
S&L gov
Non-ed
461.5
44.0
417.5
S&L Gov
Education
0.0
384.3
109.7
18.0
143.5
113.1
Ent
1,987.4
27.8
311.4
251.4
466.8
0.0
930.1
Capital
46.5
22.8
0.0
0.0
23.7
Inventory
3,398.1
650.1
16.6
8.4
51.9
1.1
Trade
2,670.1
31,037.3
3,398.1
46.5
1,987.4
384.3
461.5
1,156.9
24.6
796.0
3820.0
428.3
1,262.3
302.9
2,786.9
5,847.5
8,334.2
Total
Chapter 13: Inter-Institutional Transfers 157
Chapter 14: I x I Accounts 159
C H A P T E R
1 4
Industry-by-Industry Accounts
The standard input/output predictive model is in an industry-byindustry format. The industry-by-industry accounts are derived using
the Regional Absorption Table with imports removed and the
Regional Market Shares Table. The result is a table of industries
purchasing from local industries (as opposed to industries purchasing
commodities). This chapter discusses:
Industry Technology Assumption
Market Shares Assumption
Industry-by-Industry Creation
1. Industry Technology Assumption

The MIG databases are created from industry-by-commodity data.
Any time data is converted from industry-by-commodity to an
industry-by-industry model, there is an assumption made about the
technology used to create the commodities.
The industry technology assumption states that:
An industry uses the same technology to produce
its byproducts as it does to produce its main
(primary) product.
This means that when an industry produces more than one
commodity, one commodity is the main product, or, the primary
commodity. All other commodities are assumed to be byproducts.
Therefore, all the other commodities are produced using the same
technology as the primary commodity.
When a purchase is made of a commodity from an industry, that
industrys production function is triggered no matter which product
(primary or secondary) was purchased. This means that purchases of
the same commodities from different industries will trigger different
production functions.
160
Chapter 14: I x I Accounts
2. Market Shares Assumption

The market shares assumption states that:
Producing industries contribute to consuming
industries in the same proportions as producing
industries contribute to total production.
This assumes that the probability of a purchase occurring from
Industry A is the same as Industry As contribution to the total
regional production of the given commodity.
An industrys market share coefficient is the percent of the total
regional commodity production that industry produces. For example,
Figure 14-1 shows that of the total regional production of Commodity
A, Industry C produces 20 percent.
Figure 14-1. Regional Market Shares
A
Industry B
C

Commodity
A
B
C
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.9
As an example; suppose Industry As absorption of commodities, for

each dollar spent, is 0.005 for Commodity A, 0.025 for Commodity B,
and 0.15 for Commodity C (See Figure 14-1). How much does
Industry A buy from Industry C?
Industry A buys 0.005 units of Commodity A and we know that
Industry C produces 22.2 percent of the regional supply of Commodity
A. Industry C will supply 22.2 percent of Industry As need of 0.005
units of Commodity A. That is, Industry A buys 0.222 * 0.005 =
0.00111 units of Commodity A from Industry C.
This calculation is the same as a table multiplication of the Market
Shares and Absorption Tables. This is the method used by IMPLAN
to calculate the industry-by-industry transaction matrix.
Note: this method is also used to convert final demands from a
commodity basis to an industry basis.
Chapter 14: I x I Accounts 161
Industry-by-Industry Creation
This calculation is based on two assumptions:
1. the Industry Technology Assumption
2. the Market Shares Assumption
Figure 14-2 shows the Industry-by-Industry (IxI) Table created by
pre-multiplying the Regional Absorption Table (net of imports) with
the Market Shares Table.
Figure 14-2 Industry by Industry Calculation
Regional Commodity Demand
Regional Absorption
w/o Imports
Matrix w/o Imports
Industry
Industry
A
B
C
A
B
C
A 0.05
0.00
0.80
A
0.005 0.000 0.020
Commodities B 0.25
0.75
0.00
Commodities B
0.025 0.025 0.000
C 1.50
2.25
1.50
C
0.150 0.075 0.038
Total Value Added 6.5
24.0
30.0
Total Industry 10.0
30.0
40.0
Output
x
Regional IxI
Matrix
Industry
A
B
C
A
0.006
0.002 0.011
Industry B
0.025
0.025 0.000
C
0.140
0.069 0.039
Regional Market
Shares
Commodity
A
B
C
A
0.500 0.000 0.026
Industry B
0.000 1.000 0.000
C
0.222 0.000 0.923
In linear algebra, a matrix of size IxC times a CxI yields an IxI

matrix. Starting with the commodity by industry (CxI) use matrix, we
multiply the industry-by-commodity (IxC) Market Shares Table. In
essence, we are combining two commodity/industry matrices into a
single industry-by-industry matrix.
The resulting Regional IxI Matrix is also called the Regional Direct
Coefficients Table. By multiplying Total Industry Output by the
Regional IxI Table, we can compute the Regional Transactions
Table
Chapter 15: Predictive Model 163
C H A P T E R
1 5
Predictive Model Derivation

Final consumption (or final demand) drives input-output models.
Industries respond to meet demands directly or indirectly (by
supplying goods and services to industries responding directly). Each
industry that produces goods and services generates demands for
other goods and services and so on, round by round. These iterations
generate the multipliers. This section illustrates the mathematics
involved in generating the different types of multipliers.
Multipliers
Type I Multipliers
Type II Multipliers
Type SAM Multipliers
Value Added Multipliers
Employment Multipliers
MULTIPLIERS
Multipliers break the effects of stimuli on economic activity down into
three components:
1. Direct effects are the changes in the industry used to describe
the events being analyzed.
2. Indirect effects are the changes in inter-industry purchases as
they respond to the new demands of the directly affected
industries.
3. Induced effects reflect changes in spending from households as
income/population increases or decreases due to the changes in
production.
There are three different multipliers commonly developed for
predictive modeling, the Type I, the Type II, and Type SAM.
164
Chapter 15: Predictive Model
Type I Multipliers
The Type I multiplier measures the direct and indirect effects of a
change in economic activity. They capture the inter-industry effects
only, i.e. industries buying from local industries. Type I multipliers
are the first set of multipliers generated.
We start with a Regional Transactions Table (developed in the
last chapter). A Transactions Table is similar to a Use Table, but
instead of showing transactions as industries buying commodities, it
shows transactions as industries buying from other industries.
Figure 15-1 shows a Transactions Table (base year input-output
transactions). There are three industry sectors (A, B, and C).
Figure 15-1: Transactions Table ($millions)
Industry
A
FD
TIO
0.06
0.06
0.44
9.44
10.00
Industry B
0.25
0.75
0.00
29.00
30.00
1.40
2.07
1.56
34.97
40.00
Value-Added
6.50
24.00
30.00
10.00
30.00
40.00
Imports
Industry Outlay
The first column shows purchases by Industry A to produce its

output. Industry A purchases $0.06 million from other A industries,
$0.25 million from Industry B, and $1.4 million from Industry C.
These purchases are for goods and services used directly in the
manufacturing of Industry As goods.
Industry A also makes $6.5 million in value-added payments to labor,
interest on borrowing, indirect taxes, and corporate profits. The total
outlay shows all expenditures made to produce Industry As goods.
Industry As total outlay is $10 million.
The Industry A row shows who buys (or demands) Industry As
products. Industry A buys $0.06 million from itself, Industry B buys
$0.06 million from Industry A, and Industry C buys $0.44 million
worth of goods from Industry A.
Note: the total industry outlay and total industry output are equal.
As with T-Accounts, receipts equal expenditures.

Next, we derive a coefficient matrix by dividing each industry column
element by the column total. This coefficient matrix is also known as
the A Matrix. Figure 15-2 is the coefficient form of the Transactions
Table shown in Figure 15-1.
Figure 15-2: A Matrix
Industry
A
0.006
0.002
0.011
Industry B
0.025
0.025
0.000
0.140
0.069
0.039
Value-Added
0.650
0.800
0.750
1.000
1.000
1.000
Imports
Industry Output
The columns are the production functions: where an industry spends

and in what proportions to generate each dollar of output.
For Industry A, 0.006, or 0.6 percent of its total outlays are for
Industry As products. Industry A spends 0.65, or 65 percent of its
total outlay on value-added.
Through algebraic manipulation of the data in Figure 15-2, we derive
the Type I multipliers. The first step in this transformation is to
rewrite the A Matrix as a series of linear equations.
X1 = 0.006 * X1 + 0.002 * X2 + 0.011 * X3 * Y1
X2 = 0.025 * X1 + 0.025 * X2 + 0.000 * X3 * Y2
X3 = 0.140 * X1 + 0.069 * X2 + 0.039 * X3 * Y3
or as matrices:
X1
X2
X3
0.006
0.002
0.011
0.025
0.025
0.000
0.140
0.069
0.039
X1
*
X2
Y1
+
X3
The equations can also be written in matrix notation:
X=A*X+Y
This notation simply states that output (Xi)is equal to
transactions(A*Xi) plus final demands (Yi).
Y2
Y3
166

We then subtract the transactions (A*X) from both sides of the
equation (i.e., output minus transactions equals final demands). Our
linear equations become:
X1 - 0.006 * X1 - 0.002 * X2 - 0.011 * X3 = Y1
X2 - 0.025 * X1 - 0.025 * X2 - 0.000 * X3 = Y2
X3 - 0.140 * X1 - 0.069 * X2 - 0.039 * X3 = Y3
and the matrices:

X1
X2
X3
0.006
0.002
0.011
0.025
0.025
0.000
0.140
0.069
0.039
X1
*
Y1
X2
Y2
X3
Y3
and in matrix notation:

X - A * X = Y.
We restate the problem to isolate the X term. Our linear equations

become:
(1-0.006) * X1 - 0.002 * X2 - 0.011 * X3 = Y1
- 0.025 * X1 + (1-0.025) * X2 - 0.000 * X3 = Y2
- 0.140 * X1 - 0.069 * X2 + (1-0.039) * X3 = Y3
In the matrix form we can see the Identity Matrix created:

1
0.006
0.002
0.011
0.025
0.025
0.000
0.140
0.069
0.039
X1
*
X2
Y1
=
X3
Y2
Y3
In matrix notation we have:

(I - A) * X = Y
where I is the Identity Matrix.

Solving for X involves multiplying the (I-A) inverse from both sides of
the equation. The Leontief Inverse is sometimes referred to as the (IA) Inverse Matrix.
-1
-1
(I - A) * (I-A) * X = (I - A) * Y
This resulting equation is the Predictive Multiplier Model:

-1
X = (I - A) * Y.

This can also be interpreted as:
-1
Change in Total Industry Output = (I - A) * Change in Final Demand. or
X = (I - A)-1 * Y
The predictive model shows how output will change with a given
change in final demand. The (I - A) inverse is the matrix of
multipliers.
Figure 15-3 shows the resulting table of Type I multipliers.
Figure 15-3: Type I Output Multipliers Table
Industry
A
1.008
0.003
0.011
Industry B
0.026
1.026
0.000
0.148
0.074
1.042
Type I Multiplier
1.182
1.103
1.054
For a one dollar change in Industry As final demand, there is a

corresponding change of 1.008 dollars in total Industry A output, a
0.026 dollar change in Industry Bs output, and a 0.148 change in
Industry Cs output. A one-dollar change in Industry A final demand
results in a 1.182 dollar change in total economy output. This
number, 1.182, is the multiplier for Industry A.
From Figure 15-3 (the table of Type I output multipliers) we generate
multipliers for each component of value-added, as well as
employment. This is possible because of the relationship between
output and income (found in the production function), and output and
employment (found in the regional database).
Figure 15-4 shows the data used to calculate the value-added Type I
multipliers.
Figure 15-4 Type I Value-Added Multipliers
Direct &
Value-Added Total Direct
Indirect
per $ of
& Indirect
Requirements
Output
ValueAdded
A
1.008
0.650
0.655
Industry
0.026
0.800
0.021
0.148
0.750
0.111
Type I Multiplier
1.182
0.787
168

The first column is the Type I output multiplier for Industry A (from
Figure 15-3). This represents the direct and indirect requirements.
The second column is the total value-added required for 1 dollar of
output (Figure 15-4). This is the output to value-added ratio. The last
column is the total direct and indirect value-added derived by
multiplying columns one and two.
The value-added multiplier is the direct plus the indirect (the total of
the last column) divided by the direct (% spent on value added) or
0.787/0.655= 1.20. For a $1 dollar income change in Industry A, there
is $1.20 total income change over the entire economy.
Figure 15-5 gives another, more concise, example of the derivation of
Type I multipliers starting with the Regional Industry-by-Industry
Matrix.
Figure 15-5 Output Multipliers Calculation
Regional IxI Matrix
Industry
A
B
C
A
Industry B
C
0.006
0.025
0.140
0.002
0.025
0.069
0.011
A
0.000 Industry B
0.039
C
Identity Matrix
Industry
A
B
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
C
0.00
0.00
1.00
-1
A
Industry B
C
Total
Regional Multipliers (I-A)

Regional (I-A) Matrix
Industry
Industry
A
B
C
A
B
1.008
0.003
0.011
A
0.994
-0.002
0.026
1.026
0.000 Industry B
-0.025
0.975
0.148
0.074
1.042
C
-0.140
-0.069
1.182
1.103
1.054
C
-0.011
0.000
0.961
First, the Regional IxI Coefficients Table (also called the A Matrix) is
subtracted from an Identity Table. The I-A ensures that the standard
matrix inversion conditions are satisfied: the matrix is square and
non-singular. The result is the Regional (I-A) Table. This (I-A) table is
then inverted forming the Regional (I-A)-1 Table or the Leontief
Inverse matrix.
In this example, for each one dollar change in the output in Industry
A , there will be an additional change of 0.008 dollars in Industry A, a
0.026 dollar change in Industry B, and a 0.148 dollar change in
Industry C for an overall change in 1.182 dollars in the entire
economy.
Type II Multiplier
A Type II multiplier captures direct and indirect effects. In addition
to the inter-industry effects, the Type II also takes into account the
income and expenditures of households. The household income row
and the household expenditures (PCE - personal consumption
expenditures) column are treated as an industry and included in the
Leontief inversion. This internalizes the household sector, including
the induced or household spending, effects.
The Type II multiplier says that for a one dollar change in final
demand for Industry A, increases occur in inter-industry economic
activity (as in Type I). But it also says the incomes of people
employed producing the output of industry A increase. These people
spend their income on personal consumption (PCE), which leads to
demands from local industries. The result is a higher estimate of
economic activity than in the Type I multiplier.
Figure 15-6 shows a general way of calculating Type II multipliers.
Figure 15-6 Type II Calculation
Regional IxI Matrix
Identity Matrix
Industry
A
Industry
C
PCE
0.006 0.002
0.011
0.006
Industry B
0.025 0.025
0.000
0.136
0.140 0.069
0.039
HH Income
0.450 0.417
0.550
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Industry B
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.071
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.000
HH
Income
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
Regional Multipliers (I-A)
-1
Regional (I-A) Matrix
Industry
A
Industry
C
PCE
1.013 0.007
0.016
0.008
A 0.994 -0.002 -0.011 -0.006
Industry B
0.111 1.099
0.091
0.156
Industry B -0.025 0.975 0.000 -0.136
0.200 0.119
1.098
0.095
C -0.140 -0.069 0.961 -0.071
HH Income
0.612 0.527
0.649
1.121
-0.450 -0.417 -0.550 1.000
Total
1.94
1.75
1.85
The total multiplier for Industry A is 1.94 which is considerably

higher than the Type I multiplier of 1.182 from Figure 15-5.
170

Type II multipliers assume that as incomes rise, spending on all
goods and services rise. For example, a household purchases coffee for
its own consumption. The Type II scenario assumes that as incomes
rise, the household will purchase proportionately more coffee.
There are three different ways to calculate the Type II multipliers.
The traditional textbook approach (not done with IMPLAN Pro), the
IMPLAN Pro default method using information from the social
accounting matrices, and IMPLAN Pros specific disposable income
method. The differences between these three involve creating the
household consumption coefficients.
For the first method, the textbook, dividing household consumption
by total labor income in the region creates the household consumption
coefficients.
There are several problems with the textbook approach. First, there
is the commuting problem. The labor income is earned in the region
and the household consumption is based on households who live in
the region. If labor income is being spent outside the region by
commuters, then the Type II multiplier will be overstated. Since
household consumption is based on resident expenditures, and
household expenditures can be based on income from all sources, or if
there is significant out-commuting, you could have consumption
expenditures larger than labor income, causing the household
coefficients to sum to something greater than 1.0.
The second problem is that PCE is residence-based and is the result
of all sources of household income. This includes household income
from transfer payments. Labor income is workplace based, and
therefore does not include the other income sources. If you use labor
income, then you can have consumption functions that sum to more
than 1.0.
There is also a problem in handling taxes and savings with the
textbook method. Since we are normalizing the household
consumption spending with labor income, we are not accounting for
social security or income taxes, nor are we accounting for savings.
IMPLAN Pro provides two methods for calculating the Type II
multipliers, the default SAM and the specific disposable income.
The first IMPLAN Pro method is based on the SAM data. Instead of
dividing household expenditures by labor income like the textbook
method, IMPLAN Pro divides household expenditures by total
household income as defined by the social accounting data. This

accounts for all sources of income, removes income taxes and allows
for savings.
We still have a commuting problem in that the model still assumes
that all income will be spent locally by households. We are still using
labor income which includes payments for social security taxes.
The last IMPLAN Pro method for the Type II is to specify the
disposable income factor. Here we normalize the local household
consumption spending, then apply a factor to the vector of spending
to account for savings and taxes. We can also account for commuting
and social security taxes as well. The drawback is that it puts a
burden on you to specify the factor. Data for this is scarce. The Type
SAM multiplier automatically handles all the Type II drawbacks.

The induced effects captured in the Type II multipliers addressed
what was once a leakage -i.e., the household income. IMPLAN Pro
Version 2 incorporates another form of multiplier, the Type SAM. The
Type SAM actually uses all social accounting matrix information to
generate a model that captures the inter-institutional transfers. A
model can be built that incorporates not only households, but also
other institutions as well (Figure 15-7).
Figure 15-7 Type SAM Model
Regional IxI Matrix
Industry
A
Factors
Institutions
0.006
0.002
0.011
0.000
0.006
Industry B
0.025
0.025
0.000
0.000
0.136
0.140
0.069
0.039
0.000
0.071
Factors
0.450
0.417
0.550
0.000
0.000
Institutions
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.992
0.010
Inverse
A
Factors
Institutions
1.013
0.007
0.016
0.008
0.008
Industry B
0.111
1.099
0.091
0.157
0.158
0.201
0.119
1.098
0.096
0.096
Factors
0.612
0.527
0.649
1.122
0.123
Institutions
0.613
0.528
0.650
1.124
1.133
1.325
1.225
1.205
172
Figure 15-7 shows the layout of a very simple SAM model. The
multipliers generated are not too different from the Type II above.
This is due to the nature of the example. Typically, a Type SAM
model will have smaller values than a standard Type II.
For households, the Type SAM multipliers use information about
inter-institutional transfers to account for commuting, social security
tax payments as well as household income taxes and savings. Labor
income is transferred to the factor account, which distributes the
income to households who live in the region, social security taxes, and
households that live outside the region. Households that live in the
region then make consumption expenditure with only disposable
income as well as making payments to income taxes and savings.
Similar multipliers can be derived to capture investment or any other
institutions. For example, government can be included in the model if
we think that government activity is directly linked to the local
economy.
Value-Added Multipliers
Income multipliers (or any of the value-added components) are
derived from the relationship between income and output. In our
study area data, we have total industry output and total income for
each sector. From these we can calculate income per dollar of output.
Industry As multiplier is split into the direct and indirect effects and
then multiplied by the income per dollar of output ratio to get the
income direct and indirect effects. Figure 15-8 illustrates the
calculation of the Type I income multiplier.

Figure 15-8. Type I Income Multipliers
Industry
Total
Income/
Output
Income
$Output
A 10.0000
4.5000
0.4500
Industry B 30.0000
12.5000
0.4167
C 40.0000
22.0000
0.5500
Income Multiplier for Sector A
Type I
Direct
Effects
A 1.0000
Industry B 0.0000
C 0.0000
Total
Income
Direct
Effects
0.4500
Type I
Indirect
Effects
0.0081
0.0258
0.1483
Income
Indirect
Effects
0.0960
Income/
$Output
0.450
0.417
0.550
Income
Direct
Effects
0.4500
Income
Direct
Effects
0.4500
0.0000
0.0000
0.4500
Income
Indirect
Effects
0.0036
0.0108
0.0816
0.0960
Type I
Income
Multiplier
1.2132
The Type I income multiplier is derived by dividing the direct plus

indirect effects by the direct effects. The calculated income multiplier
is 1.2132. For each dollar of income generated by the new economic
activity, an additional 0.2132 dollars of income are created.
Employment Multipliers
The employment multiplier is created in the same manner as the
income multiplier, but using output per worker ratios instead of
output per dollar of income.
Figure 15-9 shows the creation of employment multipliers. First, the
employment per dollar of output is calculated, then the direct and
indirect effects are estimated (Type I multipliers). The level of
employment per million dollars of output is multiplied by the output
multiplier. The result is an employment multiplier of 1.276. For each
job created, an additional 0.276 jobs are generated.
174

Figure 15-9. Type I Employment Multipliers
Industry
Total
Employment/
Output
Employment
$Output
A
10.000
0.750
0.075
Industry B
30.000
1.800
0.060
C
40.000
5.000
0.125
Employment Multiplier for Sector A
Type I
Type I
Direct
Indirect
Effects
Effects
A
1.000
0.008
Industry B
0.000
0.026
C
0.000
0.148
Employ
Direct
Effects
0.075
Employ
Indirect
Effects
0.021
Employment/
$Output
0.075
0.060
0.125
Employ
Direct
Effects
0.075
Employment Employment
Direct
Indirect
Effects
Effects
0.075
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.019
0.075
0.021
Type I
Employ
Multiplier
1.276
Both the income and employment multipliers are used to give

additional insight as to how an economy is affected by some economic
change.
Chapter 16: Impact Analysis 175
C H A P T E R
1 6
Impact Analysis
Once a predictive model is generated, impacts to the regions economy
can be analyzed. This chapter discusses the organization of impacts
and some impact analysis considerations.
The development of a golf course in Larimer County, Colorado is used
to illustrate the building of a predictive model and the introduction of
a final demand change. This example can be done on MIG software
with the Larimer County, Colorado file. The data used is 1993
Version 3.15.96. If you use a different data year or version, you may
get different results. This chapter discusses:
Organizing Impacts
Example Analysis
Consumer Expenditure Activities
Production Function Changes
Aggregation Error
Trade Flow Estimation Error Sources
Discussion of Induced Effects
Type II
Compensating for Induced Effect Estimation Errors
Organizing Impacts
The IMPLAN software needs economic impacts organized around a
project. Any economic impact begins with an event or a direct
purchase (i.e. initial change). Figure 16-1 illustrates the
organizational view of the expenses (events) associated with an
impact analysis.
The project is at the top of the hierarchy. It represents the entire
impact analysis. A project may be a single event or may involve many
layers of groups.
176

Figure 16-1. Impact Organization
Project
Group A
Event 1
Transactions & Margins
Event 2
Group B
Event 1
Event 2
A group of events might comprise a single activity. Activities (or

groups of events) are collections of related transactions or events. The
grouping of effected activities represents the project.
If a project involved studying the effects of the development of a golf
resort, the activities might include the construction of the golf course
as well as the related golf course visitors expenditures.
Events define the sector impacted and the dollar amount. Margins
and deflators are also included in the events. Margins are required if
purchases are made at the retail level. Deflators are required if the
dollar amounts are for a year different from the year found in the
MIG database.

Figure 16-2 has examples of projects, groups, and events.
Figure 16-2. Project/Group/Event Examples
Projects
Groups
Industry Closure
Computer plant closes
Fishing Trip
Grocery shopping
Oil and Gas

Lodging
Other
Military Base Closing
Loss of Payroll
Events
Loss of output by computer
sector
Vegetables
Meat Packing
Fluid Milk
Refined Petroleum
Lodging
Photo finishing
Amusement & recreation services
Reduction of personal
consumption expenditures in the
area
Example Analysis
Objectives: To understand the impact of a new golf course on the
economy of Larimer County, Colorado. There are two parts of this
analysis: construction and visitor spending.
Impact location: The region of interest is Larimer County. The
model multipliers will give all additional indirect and induced effects
triggered by new expenditures resulting from the new golf course.
Local expenditures: A portion of the construction and visitor
expenditures are local. This is identified in the following tables.
Activity time frame: The construction takes place in the first year.
The golf visitors take place in the next and subsequent years.
Institutions affected: This is a final demand change in investment
(construction), the expenditure of which will be directly specified.
Also of households (golf resort visitors) whose impacts will be
captured through Type III multipliers. Overall, impacts are
considered small enough to not have significant effects on
government and other investment activities.
Industry or commodities: This scenario will involve commodities
since we are not concerned with who is providing the goods and
services. The commodities affected are listed in the tables below.
Dollar expenditure: A total of $10.3.million is spent on
construction. The golf visitors spend $197 each day.
178

Purchaser or producer prices: The construction dollars spent on
contractors are in producer prices since the construction materials
are coming directly from the manufacturer. The furnishings are at
retail prices. Some of the visitor expenditures are in purchaser prices,
some are in producer prices.
The table below identifies the IMPLAN sector used, whether the
dollars are producer or purchaser, and the year of the activity data.
These tables contain the information used to create this impact
scenario.
Figure 16-3 shows the breakdown of the construction expenditures.
There will be a total of $10.3 million spent locally. Nine million
dollars will be spent on contractors. Furnishing expenditures will be
$1.3 million and will be margined.
Figure 16-3: Construction Activity ($MM)
IMPLAN
Producer/
Event
Sector
Description
Purchaser $
Contractors
48
Residential
Producer
Construction
Furnishings
153
Household
Purchaser
Furniture
Total
Margins
Transportation
Wholesale
Retail
Total Margins
Total
Manufacturing
Total
Dollar
Year
1992
1992
Total
Spent
Expenditures Locally
$11.00
$9.00
$12.00
$1.30
$23.00
$10.30
$0.013
$0.078
$0.581
$0.672
$0.628
$1.300
The example predictive model was built using the 1993 (Version
6.18.96) Larimer County, Colorado data set. The steps for building
the model can be found in the case studies section or in the Case
Studies chapter of this book. The initial changes are the values
identified as Spent Locally in Figure 16-3 and Figure 16-4.
The construction impacts are estimated first. Figure 16-4 has the
results of the impact analysis. The construction project contributes a
total of $14.5 million in new final demand in the county. Total
industry output change is $18.6 million. There is an employment
change of 283 full and part-time jobs earning $4.9 million in employee
compensation.

Figure 16-4. Construction Activity
Total
Final
Industry
Demand
Output
Direct Effects
$10,299,500 $10,299,500
Indirect Effects
$0
$3,310,900
Induced Effects
$4,225,300
$5,256,600
Total Effects
$14,524,800 $18,867,000
Employee
Compensation
$1,984,800
$1,238,000
$1,670,200
$4,893,000
Total
Value
Added
$3,935,600
$2,033,400
$3,342,200
$9,311,200
Employment
112
73
98
283
It is important to identify which visitors are from out-of-town and

which are local. Including local visitors is not usually desirable since
they could have spent their money locally elsewhere (merely shifting
expenditures from one local activity to another).
Selecting the correct retail margin can also be difficult if the analyst
does not know exactly what the visitor is buying at the retail store. To
use margins correctly, the analyst has to select the appropriate
commodity (margins are associated with commodities).
A local visitor survey can be the best method for determining the
appropriate commodities. Since this is unknown here, it is assumed
that the visitors are buying sporting goods.
Golf visitor expenditures are shown in Figure 16-5. A total of $197 in
local expenditures are estimated for each visitor day. This data would
likely come from a visitor survey. Its estimated that each visitor will
spend $75 on lodging, $60 on eating and drinking, $40 on golf fees,
and $22 on other retail purchases. Margins are applied only to the
other retail purchases.
180

Figure 16-5 Golf Visitors Activity ($ Per Visitor Day)
IMPLAN
Event
Sector
Producer/
Description
Dollar
Purchaser $ Year
Total
Spent
Expenditures
Locally
Lodging
463 Hotels & Lodging
Producer
1992
$75.00
$75.00
Eating & Drinking
454 Eating & Drinking Producer
1992
$60.00
$60.00
Golf Fees
488 Amusement &

Producer
Recreation
153 Sporting & Athletic Purchaser
Goods
1992
$40.00
$40.00
1992
$22.00
$22.00
$197.00
$197.00
Retail Purchases
Total
Margins
Transportation
$0.088
Wholesale
$2.838
Retail
$9.900
Total Margins
$12.826
Total Manufacturing
$9.174
Total
$22.000
It was estimated that there would be 30,600 out-of-town golf visitors

the first year of operation. At this level, the golf visitors contribute a
total of $10.6 million in new final demand in the county (Figure 16-6).
Total industry output change is $12.7 million. There is an
employment change of 342 jobs earning $4.5 million in employee
compensation.
Figure 16-6. Golf Visitors
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
Induced Effects
Total Effects
Final
Demand
$5,556,5000
$0
$5,098,700
$10,655,200
Total
Industry
Output
$5,556,500
$967,300
$6,343,100
$12,866,900
Employee
Compensation
$2,189,200
$278,800
$2,015,500
$4,483,500
Total
Value
Added
$3,890,600
$535,500
$4,033,000
$8,459,100
Employment
208
15
119
342
It is important to note that the impact size is directly dependent on

the number of visitors. Also, all effects are positive. This analysis only
considers the effects of changes in expenditures associated with
construction and operation of this golf course. An analyst may also
need to consider the additional activities, such as new roads, sewers,
schools, or other government activities, as well as any costs, e.g.
environmental or social which IMPLAN does not automatically
consider.
Consumer Expenditure Activities

Handling tourism expenditure data often requires assumptions as to
how to distribute these expenditures to the IMPLAN sectoring
scheme for impact analysis. E.g., an expenditure of $100 for groceries
requires specifying which of the 50 odd IMPLAN food processing and
agricultural sectors represent the average grocery-shopping list.
The PCE activity database makes life easier if you are willing to
accept national average expenditure patterns for general expenditure
categories. The Bureau of Economic Analysis creates these
expenditure patterns for their work on the national benchmark I-O
tables in order to bridge the NIPA (National Income and Product
Account) PCE (Personal Consumption Expenditure) data into their IO commodity sectoring scheme.
The following are three examples of the 122 expenditure categories in
the file:
1111
2100
5700
Food for off-premise consumption i.e. groceries

Shoes and other footwear
Stationery & writing supplies
In the activity database, each of the 122 categories are an activity

with events specifying the individual purchases and margins. Activity
levels can be edited (in millions of dollars) to model
Recreation/Tourism (or whatever purpose) impacts.
We recommend primary tourism surveys be conducted with specific
sectors (or aggregated sectors) forming the basis of the expense
categories on the survey form.
Note: activities for impact analysis must be selected individually
from the activity database, as the database is far too large to fit into
memory in its entirety.
Production Function Changes

The industry production functions are derived from the column of the
Absorption Table for a given industry. These production functions are
national averages which are modified for the particular region. This
can introduce errors in regions where the industry is dissimilar to a
national average.
Each industrys production function can be adjusted. This can be
accomplished by changing one or many elements of the gross
182

absorption column. Keep in mind that the absorption column plus the
value-added coefficients must sum to 1.0.
Aggregation Error
Aggregating speeds up the model development process and reduces
the size of reports, but it can introduce errors due to the loss of data
detail. Errors are introduced from production functions, output per
worker averages, and other value-added ratios.
Aggregating the regions industry sectors before generating
multipliers has the effect of taking several individual industries and
combining them to form a totally new industry (the sum of the
individual industries). Dramatic errors can happen when multipliers
are derived from the production functions of aggregated industries.
The production function of the new aggregated industry becomes the
weighted average of the individual production functions. Industries
with the greatest outputs have the greatest influence on the
aggregated industry, but the new industrys production function may
not truly represent an industry being impacted. This generates an
aggregation-induced error.
For example: Figures 16-7 and 16-8 show the aggregated multipliers
of two regions. Eastern Arkansas (Figure 16-8) consists of 12
Arkansas counties and is a subset of the state of Arkansas (Figure 167).
Note: aggregated multipliers for the state are greater than for the
aggregated sub-state model for all industries except mining - an
intuitively illogical result since the sub-state region has less activity.
However, the aggregation error can produce these results.
Figure 16-7 Arkansas
Output Multipliers (Aggregated)
1 AGG AG, FORESTRY & FISHERIES
Type I
Type III
1.3889
2.0705
35 AGG MINING
1.1305
1.2138
48 AGG CONSTRUCTION
1.3771
1.9659
58 AGG MANUFACTURING
1.3830
1.7914
433 AGG TRANSP, COMM & UTILITIES
1.2642
1.6560
447 AGG TRADE
1.1450
2.2077
456 AGG F.I.R.E.
1.1520
1.5074
463 AGG SERVICES
1.2537
2.2614
510 AGG GOVERNMENT
1.1404
2.3152

Figure 16-8 Eastern Arkansas
Output Multipliers (Aggregated)
1 AGG AG, FORESTRY & FISHERIES
Type I
Type III
1.3536
1.8779
35 AGG MINING
1.1715
1.4332
48 AGG CONSTRUCTION
1.2766
1.7473
58 AGG MANUFACTURING
1.2624
1.5816
433 AGG TRANSP, COMM & UTILITIES
1.2046
1.5179
447 AGG TRADE
1.1073
2.0405
456 AGG F.I.R.E.
1.1182
1.3841
463 AGG SERVICES
1.2006
2.0465
510 AGG GOVERNMENT
1.1309
2.1571
This result is not surprising if we take a quick look at the mining

sector data. Figure 16-9 and 16-10 show unaggregated multipliers for
the mining sectors. In every case, multipliers for existing mining
sectors in Eastern Arkansas (Figure 16-8) are less than for the state
(Figure 16-7).
An aggregated multiplier is the weighted average of its components.
At the state level, sector 47, Misc. nonmetallic Minerals is 72% of
the aggregated mining sectors output (Figure 16-9). This sector is
also the smallest of the mining multipliers. For East Arkansas, sector
38, Natural Gas and Crude Petroleum is 46% of the aggregated
mining sectors output, which happens to be the largest of the mining
sector multipliers.
Multiplying the component Type I and Type III multipliers by the
industry output weights yields the weighted Type I and III
multipliers shown in Figures 16-9 and 16-10. The sum of the
individual weighted pieces come close to the mining sector multipliers
shown in Figures 16-9 and 16-10. The upshot is that the mining
industry for the state is not the same as the mining industry for East
Arkansas.
The moral of this example is to be very careful what you aggregate or
aggregate only the IMPLAN impact reports. Also, if you wish to
gauge both local impacts and statewide impacts based on a single
local event, then be sure that the state industry resembles the local
industry being impacted, or else modify the IMPLAN data base for
the state.
184
Metal Ores, Not Elswhere Clas

Coal Mining
Natural Gas & Crude Petroleum
Natural Gas Liquids
Dimension Stone
Sand And Gravel
Clay, Ceramic, Refractory Min
Chemical, Fertilizer Mineral
Nonmetallic Minerals
Misc. Nonmetallic Minerals, N
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
45
46
47
Natural Gas & Crude Petroleum

Natural Gas Liquids
Dimension Stone
Sand And Gravel
Misc. Nonmetallic Minerals, N
38
39
40
41
47
Total / Weighted Average
1.1992
Coal Mining
37
1.0102
1.0644
1.0666
1.0789
1.3046
TYPE I
1.0635
1.3056
1.2622
1.2615
1.1343
1.155
1.091
1.3513
1.2137
SECTOR
Figure 16-10. East Arkansas (1991)
Total / Weighted Average
1.2799
Uranium-radium-vanadium Ores
35
1.3488
TYPE I
SECTOR
Figure 16-9. Arkansas (1991)
1.0185
1.482
1.6224
1.2602
1.5254
1.3923
TYPE III
1.0704
1.6245
1.3107
1.4419
1.5482
1.5941
1.2822
1.6156
1.4186
1.6122
1.6232
TYPE III
1.0000
0.7224
0.0000
0.0010
0.0046
0.0235
0.0087
0.0099
0.2173
0.0032
0.0059
0.0035
(ratio)
26.5535
4.8843
2.0544
3.8519
2.5912
12.4549
0.7168
(MM$)
1.0000
0.1839
0.0774
0.1451
0.0976
0.4690
0.0270
(ratio)
Base Year TIO
2324.73
1679.47
0.1148
2.22
10.5816
54.5507
20.1613
22.9498
505.198
7.5338
13.7782
8.1708
(MM$)
Base Year TIO
1.1725
0.1858
0.0824
0.1547
0.1053
0.6119
0.0324
TYPE I
Weighted
1.1328
0.7683
0.0001
0.0012
0.0057
0.0266
0.0100
0.0108
0.2937
0.0039
0.0080
0.0045
TYPE I
Weighted
1.4134
0.1873
0.1147
0.2353
0.1230
0.7155
0.0376
TYPE III
Weighted
1.2150
0.7733
0.0001
0.0013
0.0066
0.0363
0.0138
0.0127
0.3511
0.0046
0.0096
0.0057
TYPE III
Weighted
Trade Flow Estimation Error Sources

Cross-hauling makes the accurate estimation of trade flows
particularly difficult. Cross-hauling occurs when transporters
(haulers) of an identical commodity pass each other going opposite
directions on the highway.
A particular commodity or service sector may contain a range of
qualities and/or features. Differences in features, cost or quality (real
or perceived) will affect whether or not a local consumer purchases a
locally produced commodity or service. A few factors that can cause
cross-hauling are:
Cost - The same item may be available at less cost from a nonlocal producer.
Quality - The local product may not be the same quality as that
available elsewhere.
Features - The local commodity may not be substitutable with a
similarly classed commodity produced elsewhere. For example:
goats and rabbits are quite often lumped into a single
"Miscellaneous livestock" category, yet a fur coat manufacturer
will not view them as substitutable. Aggregating different
products or services into a single category can increase crosshauling.
Given a choice between two suppliers of a substitutable commodity, a
consumer may still choose the one that is more expensive, or of
inferior quality for any one of a number of cultural, administrative, or
perception reasons.
A tourist may buy hand-made Indian jewelry even though the similar
jewelry costs less and may be of better quality when made by
machine. An American may buy a car made in Detroit when a
cheaper and better quality car can be imported.
Multipliers are extremely sensitive to different levels of economic
activity within a region. Although cross-hauling makes accurate
estimation of trade flows difficult, it is important to identify imports
as accurately as possible.
Discussion of Induced Effects

The induced effects, or the effects of household spending, must be
used cautiously. There are times when the induced effects should be
left out or be scaled back.
For example: a short term construction project will generate a flurry
of economic activity that will die off with the completion of the
project. Including household spending through the induced effect
would imply the construction workers would spend their income
locally, when in reality they are probably commuters or only shortterm residents who will take their money home when they leave.
Type II Induced Effects

The Type II induced effect occurs as a result of increased income in
the region. The direct and indirect effects generate an increase in
worker income. This may be from new employment in the region or
simply that the current employees are earning more, perhaps as the
result of higher productivity.
If the increased income is from new workers from outside the region,
then the induced effects are justified. If the change is an income
increase for current employees, then the induced effects may be
overstated.
The Type II induced effects assume that an increase in income results
in increased household expenditure for goods and services, with the
increase in expenditures occurring linearly. As a result, the Type II
induced effects may overstate reality.
For example: before the economic change, a household buys coffee.
After the economic change, the Type II says that the household will
buy more coffee due to higher income of the household. This would
not necessarily be the case. The use of marginal expenditure patterns
would take care of this problem.
Although industry production functions are also linear increases in
expenditures, an industry output usually requires more of the same
inputs to increase output, whereas households do not. Increased
household income can mean increased luxury spending or savings
and investment rather than an increase in spending for shelter, food,
utilities, or clothing.
Compensating for Induced Effect Estimation Errors

There are a several ways to reduce the overstatement of induced
effects.

1. Scale back effects - The effects can be scaled back to reduce the
impact.
2. Separate final demand change for induced effects - The induced
effects can be estimated separately as a change in final demand.
This technique allows the analyst to pre-determine how much
income actually goes into the induced effect.
3. Change the disposable income factor in Type II - IMPLAN allows
you to specify how much of the new direct labor income is recirculated through the local economy.
Chapter 17: Case Studies 189
C H A P T E R
1 7
Case Studies
These case studies are designed to introduce the analyst to a variety
of issues and techniques that can be used to address impact related
issues.
In each case study, you perform the steps necessary to achieve the
impact results. As you progress through the case studies, you will
notice that the step-by-step instructions will become less specific. It
will be up to you to figure out the necessary keystrokes. If you have
difficulty, check out the previous examples, the manual, or the on-line
help.
Bold words indicate a mouse click or keystroke. Hints are italicized.
Answers have been provided to written questions. We have not
included the numerical answers in case of changes in data. These
case studies and more are available along with numerical answers on
our web site at www.implan.com.
Case Studies included:
1. Creating a Model
2. Single Industry Impact
3. Multiple Events and the Use of Margins
4. Using Groups and Household Final Demand Change
5. Analyzing a New Industry
6. Using Projects and Surveys
7. Effects of Changing Regional Purchase Coefficients
8. Creating an Aggregated Model
9. Advanced Features
190 Chapter 17: Case Studies
Case Study 1: Creating a Model

TASK: Create a study area and run the model through the Type SAM
multipliers.
STEPS:
1. Select File/New Model or click the New Model button to create
a new study area.
2. The Create a New Model dialog box will be displayed. Give your
model a name call it Washington. Click Save.
3. Select the 2001 Washington, MN a file from the ..\DATA\
directory. Either double-click the file name, or single-click on the
name and click on the Select button to move the file to the
Selected Files box.
4. Click Continue.
5. When the study area is done, Click OK.
6. Select Construct Model from the model control center or
Model/Construct.
7. In the Multiplier Options box, click the Type SAM option. The
Social Accounts and Multipliers buttons will be filled in
automatically.
8. Click Continue and the model processing will start. When the
model processing is complete click OK, then click Close.
9. Once the model is built, examine the output multipliers. If you
are connected to a printer, print them by selecting Reports,
choosing the Multipliers tab, and if the To Printer option is not
selected, then select the To Printer option, Output option, and
Zero Suppressed option, then click Continue. If you are not
connected to a printer, go to Edit/Multipliers, select the sector
from the list.
You will see the individual multiplier column elements from the
Leontief Inverse. The actual multiplier for the sector you chose is
the sum of the column elements. In the bottom right corner is the
column sum.
10. What is the Type I output multiplier for sector 117?
11. What is the Induced effect for sector 117?
12. What is the Type SAM multiplier?
Case Study 2: Single Industry Impact

TASK: Create a single industry impact using the computer sector.
This will demonstrate the impact of new jobs to a local economy. The
scenario is that a Wood windows and door firm is adding 200 more
jobs to its Washington, MN plant. What is the impact of these new
jobs?
STEPS:
1. If you have not created a model, then create a model through
multipliers by following the steps in Case Study 1.
2. From the model control center, click the Edit button.
3. Select Region Data, then Study Area Data.
4. Click on the View Industry Table tab.
5. Scroll down to sector 117.
6. Examine the data. This is a good way to quickly look up a regions
employment and income for a particular sector.
7. Click the Close icon on the menu bar.
8. At the model control center click on Impacts.
9. Select Ungrouped Events in the groups window if its not
already selected. If there are events, click on All which will delete
all current events in group.
10. Click on Add New. The cursor will go to the next empty Event
Name cell.
11. Give the event a name, call it "Windows". Press the Enter key.
12. Press Enter again to move to the sector cell.
13. Click on the down arrow and select sector code 117. Press the
Enter key twice to move the cursor to the employment cell.
14. Enter 200 in the Employment cell. Press the Enter key. What
have we done?
15. Make sure Industry is selected in the Basis field. Press the
Enter key. Leave the other items alone.
16. Click on the Analyze button. You will see "Computers" under
Event Name and the Ungrouped Events highlighted in the list
box.

17. Make sure the Level cell is set to 1.00.
18. Place your cursor on the Impact Name field and enter a name.
Call it "Computer Run."
19. Click on Run Impact.
20. When the Impact Analysis is completed, click Yes to view the
results.
21. You will see your output results. Click on the other results
options (value-added, employment) to change the view.
22. You could now go to reports and print these like we did in Case
Study 1.
23. What is the total impact for:
Output
Employment:
Labor Income:
24. Close the results window and change the computer event Basis
from Industry to Commodity and rerun the impact
25. Write down the total impact:
Total Impact:
Output:
Employment
Labor Income:
26. Why is there a difference?
27. Close the results window and change the computer event back to
Industry and change the Year to 2004 and rerun the impact
28. What is the total impact:
Output:
Employment
Labor Income:
29. Why is there a difference?
Hints for Step:

14. We have entered the number of new jobs we are expecting in
Larimer County for industry 117. This will allow us to examine
the contribution that firm makes to the Larimer County economy.
This value could also be entered as a negative value if it reflects
jobs leaving the county.
26. The difference is due to entering the event as a commodity change
as opposed to an industry change. In an industry change, all of
the impact is on the industry or set of firms. In a commodity
change, we are affecting a good or service. There can be numerous
producers of a particular good or service so the impact gets spread
around to all producers of the commodity. Since different
industries are now being affected, the results will likely be
slightly different.
There are also non-industrial suppliers of commodities that are
not included in the inversion. These suppliers consist of
households, government, and capital. Any commodity change to
these sectors will be lost to the model.
29. The difference arises from using the 2004 deflator. The deflator
reflects the increasing cost of windows.
Case Study 3: Multiple Events and the Use of

Margins
TASK: Create an analysis of a golf course development. The groups
are in your model library. This demonstrates how to do a simple
multi-event analysis, import groups from the library, and introduce
the concept of margins and the construction sectors.
STEPS:
If you have not created a model, then create a model through
1. From the Model Control Center, click on Impacts.
2. First we want to set up an group for construction. There will be
two events in this group.
3. Click on Add New.
4. Type Contractors, press the Enter key, then press the Enter
key again to move to the Sector field.
5. Select sector 33 by clicking the
button. Press the Enter key.
6. Press the Enter key again to move to the Value field.
7. Enter 9,000,000 and Click on Add New.
8. Type Furnishings, press the Enter key, the press Enter again
to move to the Sector field.
9. Select sector 363, press the Enter key.
10. Enter 1,300,000 (you dont need the comas), press the Enter key,
and again press the Enter key.
11. At the Basis, select Commodity.
12. Move to the Margin column and select Household.
13. Click Create in the Group option box.
14. Name it Construction Expenditures, click OK.
15. Select Ungrouped Events in the Group option box.
16. Click All in the Event options box to delete all events in the
group.

17. Click Add New and enter the following information for Golf
Visitor Expenditures.
Event Name
Retail
Eating &
Drinking
Lodging
Golf Fees
Sector
409
481
Value
22
60
Basis
Commodity
Industry
479
478
75
40
Industry
Industry
Margin
Household
%Local
100%
100%
100%
100%
Leave Employment, Deflator and Year on default.

18. Click Create in the Group option box.
19. Name it Golf Resort Visitors click OK.
20. Click the Ungrouped Events and click All under the Delete
options.
21. Click Golf Resort Visitors group. Review the entries.
22. Open the margins by clicking the Edit button
next to the
Margin type field in the retail event. Are margins used for
services?
23. Why do we need margins?
24. Run the analysis. Click Analyze.
25. Select Construction Expenditures and set the Level to 1.00 (it
should already be the default).
26. Click on Impact Name and enter Golf Course Construction.
27. Click Run Impact. Click No when done.
28. Select the Golf Resort Visitors group and set the Level to
30,600. Click on Impact name and call it Golf Course Visitors.
29. Click Run Impact. Click Yes when done.
30. From the Impact Results screen select your runs and write down
the following results.
Golf Course
Construction
Total Output (for all sectors)
Total Employment
Total Labor Income
Golf Course
Golf Visitors
Total

31. For the total column, you can add across the rows. Try creating a
project and running both impacts together. You can check your
summation.
32. Close the Results screen. Click on the Projects Tab. Click on
Construction Expenditures in the Groups to Add list box.
Click the << button to move the group to the Projects list box, it
will ask for a Project Name. You can leave it Project 1. Click
OK.
33. Click on Golf Resort Visitors in the Groups to Add list box and
click the << button.
34. Click Analyze. Select Project 1. Click on Impact Name call it
Both and then click Run Impact.
Hints for Step:
22. Margins are used only for goods purchased at a retail level. This
does not include eating and drinking or services.
23. We need margins since these purchases are being made at the
retail level using retail (purchaser) prices. IMPLAN models are
all in terms of producer prices so the purchaser values must be
converted into producer prices. Note that when we use margins,
we need to specify the producer of the commodity being bought,
and not the retail sector that is selling the commodity.
Case Study 4: Using Groups and Household

Final Demand Change
TASK: Examine the impacts of a military base closure.
This demonstrates using the personal consumption expenditure
vector from the model as a group. We are going to examine three
different groups of events for this particular analysis.
There are two impacts. The first is the loss of the income earned and
spent by the base workers. We will assume that there are 2,500
employees at the base with payrolls of $75 million and all employees
will leave the region. The second is the loss of a $10 million contract
by a local food producer.
We want to first examine the effects of losing a military base.
STEPS:
2. We will assume that payrolls (salary only) at the base are $75
million and all employees will leave the region. The disposable
income factor is 70%. We need to apply a disposable income factor
to the payrolls data so we exclude the income used to pay taxes
and savings.
3. Start at the Model Control Center.
4. We need to import the household consumption function from our
model as a group of events. This will allow us to estimate the
impacts of the income received by the military base employees.
Click Impacts. Delete any old groups or events.
5. Click Import.
6. Select the Institution tab.
7. Select "Households 35-50k". We are going to use the spending
pattern of these households as a proxy for the military base
employees.
8. Click Import.
9. Click OK when it is Imported Successfully.
10. Click Close.

As an alternative you can set up an event and select a household
category from the sector selection list box.
11. We now want to estimate the impacts. Click Analyze.
12. Select the "Households group.
13. Click Group Level. Enter the disposable income.
14. Click Impact Name. Enter "Employee Spending."
15. Click Run Impact. Click Yes when the impact is completed.
16. Select Employee Spending from the Impacts list box.
17. Select the Employment option.
18. What is the employment loss?
Direct:
Indirect:
Induced:
Total:
19. Close the results screen.
We now want to examine the loss of the food processor. Create a new
event to represent the $10 million food processing contract loss.
20. Select Ungrouped Events from the Groups list box. If there are
any events in the ungrouped events, click All from the Event
Options, Delete options box.
21. Click Add New under Event Options.
22. Enter the name "Food Processor", then press Enter, then Enter
again.
23. Select industry 62 (Fluid Milk) with either the pull down menu,
(click the down arrow and scroll to sector 62) or enter "62" and
press Enter.
24. Enter 10,000,000 in the Value cell. Note that you do not have to
enter the commas in the value cell, but if you do, the software will
accept it. Press Enter.
25. Check that Industry is selected in the Basis field, if not click the
drop down box and select Industry.
26. Under the Groups option box, click Create.

27. Enter the name "Food Processors" and Click OK.
28. Click Analyze and run the Food Processors group. Note: accept
default level of 1.0 as $10 million was already specified under the
event.
29. View the results. What is the employment loss?
Direct:
Indirect:
Induced:
Total:
30. What is the total employment loss from both the payrolls and the
milk industry?
31. How else might the local economy be affected?
Hints for Steps:
13. The disposable income should be $63,750,000 the result of
multiplying our disposable income factor (70%) * payrolls of
$75,000,000.
31. There might be additional losses the economy would face that an
impact assessment would not capture. For example, with
potential out-migration of military workers, tax collections would
likely decline. You may also want to print the tax impact report
and run the losses through the state and local government
expenditures vector. Housing values might decline since there
might be a flood of houses on the market. On the up side, it might
rally the community together to enhance their economic
development prospects. These types of issues, even though they
cannot be easily modeled, should also be considered.
Case Study 5: Analyzing A New Industry

TASK: What do we do if we have a new industry moving into the
study region and the industrial sector does not exist in your model.
This section demonstrates importing a production function as a final
demand group as well as the treatment of employees. This also
involves a discussion on what the direct impact actually represents.
The scenario is that we have a new company in an existing sector
280. The company will have $10,000,000 in sales and employ 100
people with a payroll of $3,000,000. Use a disposable income figure of
0.70.
STEPS:
2. The first method is to use the importing from the model feature to
create an impact using a group of events to represent the
industry.
3. Click Impacts.
4. Click Import.
5. Select the Industry tab.
6. Click on the list box and enter 319 and click Import.
7. Click OK, then Close.
8. Click Analyze.
9. Select "280 Metal Cutting Machine Tools" from the groups list
box.
10. Click on the Group Level text box and set the value to
10,000,000.
11. Click on the Impact Name box and type "Metal Cutting Tools."
12. Click Run Impact.
13. When the impact is finished, click Yes.
14. Select "Metal Cutting Tools" from the list box. What is the direct
output impact? What happened to the rest of the $10 million?
Estimate the effects of "Metal Cutting Tools" employee spending.
Assume that all employees are new to the region.

15. From the Model Control Center, click Impacts.
16. Click Import.
18. Select "Households 35-50k" Click Import.
19. Click OK.
20. Click Close.
21. Run the analysis using the payrolls adjusted for the disposable
income factor and examine the results. What should the group
level be set to?
22. What is the total employment impact?
Another way to test this is to make the industry exist by editing the
region data and adding employment, income, and output to the nonexistent sector and make it exist. Try this without hints.
Hints for Steps:
14. A portion of the $10 million gets spent on value-added elements
(wages, profits, etc.). Another portion gets lost to imports since
not all goods and services the company purchases come from local
sources. The value of the imports is noted in the last row, Trade
of the direct effects output report.
Also, doing an impact in this manner changes the definition of
direct and indirect slightly. When we enter a $10 million dollar
change in the usual way, by selecting the industry in the event
window, we would see the $10 million as a direct effect.
The direct effects table is now really the same as the first round
of the indirect effects. The indirect effects are all subsequent
rounds of the indirect. The induced effects are only from the
employment of the indirect impacts. We have ignored the induced
effects of the 100 workers in this new business. We can estimate
this separately.
22. Set the Group level to $3,000,000 * 0.70 = $2,100,000.
Case Study 6: Using Projects and Survey Data:

The Impact of a Local College
TASK: Examine the impacts of a college or university on a local
economy.
This demonstrates using the private education sector compared to
using the state and local institution expenditure pattern. It also
illustrates the use of survey data in the impact analysis.
STEPS:
2. First examine the effects of the college expenditures on goods and
services. Do this by importing the State and Local expenditures
vector. From the Model Control Center, click Impacts.
3. Click Import.
5. Select the State/Local Government Education.
6. Click Import.
7. After Imported Successfully click OK.
8. Click Close.
9. Select State/Local Government Education from the groups
option box. You can scroll down and examine the types of
expenditures made on average. At this point, you could also edit
the expenditure pattern. Note that the %Local has been set to
the models regional purchase coefficient. This means that some of
the direct spending will leak out of the region.
10. All the expenditure events will sum to 1.0. We now wish to
estimate the impacts of a $25 million college operation - Click
Analyze.
11. Select the State/Local Education group.
12. Click the Group Level field and type 25,000,000.
13. Click in the Impact Name field and type in SL College
Education.
14. Click Run Impact.

15. Acknowledge Impact analysis is completed..." - Click Yes.
16. Select SL College Education.
17. What is the sum of the Direct Effects column?
18. The direct effects add up to $25 million, but how much of it is
trade?
19. Do all sectors have indirect or induced effects? Note that all direct
payments to sector 11001 and higher have no indirect or induced
effects. Their direct effects are also are leakages from the local
economy.
20. Which industry has most of the direct employment?
21. Look at the individual industry impacts-are these reasonable?
State and Local Education" actually contains the expenditure
patterns for all levels of public education - elementary through
college. What if we were to use private college education IMPLAN
sector 462 as a proxy for public college? This section will illustrate
how results differ.
23. Close the Results window and go back to Impacts.
24. In the main Impact window, select the Ungrouped Events and
delete any and all events that exist by clicking All under the
Delete option. Make sure Ungrouped Events is highlighted,
otherwise you will be deleting an existing group.
25. Place the cursor in Event Name field, or click Add New, and
type "College". Press Enter, and then Enter again to move to the
next field.
26. In the Sector field, type 462 and press Enter.
27. In the value field type 25,000,000 and press Enter.
28. Select Industry in the Basis field. Click on the Create a Group
button and call it Private College. Go back to Ungrouped
Events and click All under the Delete options.
29. Click Analyze.
30. Select the Private College group.
31. Move to Impact Name and type "Private College Proxy."
32. Select Run Impact.
33. Click Yes.

34. Select Private College Proxy.
35. What is the difference between these runs?
36. Which method yields the greatest impacts?
Now examine the student spending. Suppose we have done a survey
of students and have found the following purchasing patterns. Since
we did this study for use in IMPLAN, we remembered to ask about
local purchases and what types of commodities were bought. The
following table contains the data. The assumptions are that the
students are in school for 200 days, and there were 5,000 students
during the school year. The data in the table is filled out as follows:
the local spending of $1.50 * 200 days * 5,000 students equals a total
of $1,500,000 in meals in town expenditures. You will need to look up
the IMPLAN sector in Appendix A of the software manual.
37. Fill in the table:
Meals bought
in town
Beer from a
store
Stationary
Parking
Auto Gas
Newspapers
Per Student
Spending
$1.50
Value
Sector
Basis
Margin
%Local
$0.75
$2.00
$1.75
$1.15
$0.12
38. We want to set up an impact event to estimate the effects of this

spending. These are all purchaser prices so margins will be
needed (see the manual for discussion of margins). Try to set up
the event on your own. If you have trouble, the following will walk
you through this exercise.
39. Delete All Visible events.
40. Click on Ungrouped Events.
41. Next set up the student purchases. Click on Add New.
42. Enter "Meals", press Enter to set the value, then Enter or Tab
to move to the next cell.
43. Enter 481, or click on the down arrow and scroll to 481, press
Enter to close the scroll box and Enter or Tab to move to the
next cell.

44. Enter 1,500,000 and press Enter. The direct employment will
show. Press Enter again.
45. Select Industry from the drop down box. Press Enter and Enter
again to move to the Margin box. For sectors needing margins,
select commodity.
46. Click on the down arrow and select Household. You will get a
warning screen that there are no margins for this sector (because
meals are purchased from the producer). Click OK. If the margins
exist, Household will stay selected. (Remember to click on the
margin field to select the type of margin you want.) Reset the
Basis to industry for the Meals event.
47. Do the rest of the student-spending table like above. You may get
Industry does not exist in this model. This is ok, simply accept.
Since we are margining, the margin sectors which do exist will
still get the correct impact.
48. When you are done entering the data, click the Create button in
the Groups option box.
49. Give the group a name, try "Student Spending". Click OK. Save
this to the library. Select Import/Export from the menu bar.
Click Export, and Group to Library. Select "Student
Spending," Click Save. Click OK. Click Close. You don't need to
do this every time you create a group. You can do this when you
want to use a group in a different model.
50. Run the analysis and examine the total employment change, and
total labor income:
The last step is to examine the spending of the faculty and other
employees. There are 450 faculty working at the University, and 350
civil service employees. The faculty payroll is $22,500,000, and the
civil service payroll is $7,000,000. Disposable income ratios for high
and medium income are 65% and 75% respectively.
51. Click Impacts.
52. Click Import.
54. Select Households $75k to $100k -the faculty.
55. Click Import.
56. Click OK.

57. Select Households $25k to $35k (of Households Medium
Income)-the civil service workers.
58. Click Import.
59. Click OK.
60. Click Close.
THE NEXT PART DOES NOT CONTAIN HINTS. IF YOU HAVE
TROUBLE REFER TO PREVIOUS EXERCISES.
61. Run the analysis using the payrolls adjusted for the disposable
income factor. What is the faculty disposable income that you will
enter in the Group Level? What is the civil service staff
disposable income that you will enter in the Group Level?
62. What is the total employment impact for faculty?
63. What is the total employment impact for civil service?
64. Close the Results window and get back to the Impacts window.
Click the Projects tab. It should not be grayed out at this point.
65. Highlight the Households $75k to $100k group under the
Groups to Add. Click on the Add Groups to Project arrow
button. Give the project a name "Project 1". Highlight the
Households $25k to $35k group and click the << button.
66. Click Analyze.
67. Select the Projects tab. Highlight Project 1. You should see the
two groups along with their group level you gave them earlier in
this exercise. You can click on either of the groups and edit the
group level if you wish. Leave them as they are for now. Leave the
project level at 1.0. Name the run "Both" and click Run Impact.
68. What is the total employment reported value?
Hints for Steps:
18. Two things, first we specified %Local to the model RPCs, this
allow leakage of some of the direct effects out of the area. Second,
any commodity-based event has the potential to lose some impact
since there are non-industrial suppliers of many commodities that
are not counted by the multipliers. This will show up as trade.
21. Stay on the Employment option and look at the distribution of
jobs by the different sectors. Sector 503 "State and Local
Education" has the greatest number of direct jobs.

Look at the Output tab, scroll down the list and examine the
industries selling to the college. There are a large number of
different sectors involved, some only marginally. The bulk of the
impact is the college wages (sector 503 output is equal to the
value of employee compensation). Some other impacts are in
sector 458 "Services to builidings." This represents landscaping
and other maintenance. Others are sector 30 "Power generation,"
and sector 390 "Wholesale Trade." This represents an average
buying pattern for a school.
35 The direct output change for the Private College Proxy is $25
million because we entered $25 million as an industry and left the
LPC=NO. The direct output change for the SL Govt Education
case is also $25 million, but it shows up in the level. The direct
effects for the SL Govt Education case is really the first round of
the indirect effects. Within this column are payments to SL Ed
teachers (sector 503). This makes the indirect effects (direct +
indirect in this case) much higher than the $8 million of the
Private College Proxy.
37.
Per
Student
Spending
$1.50
Value
$1,500,000
Sector
481
Basis
Industry
Margin
No
%Local
100%
$0.75
$750,000
86
Commodity
Yes
$2.00
$2,000,000
133
Commodity
Yes
Parking
Auto Gas
$1.75
$1.15
$1,750,000
$1,150,000
490
142
Industry
Commodity
No
Yes
Newspapers
$0.12
$120,000
413
Commodity
Yes
Model
RPC
Model
RPC
100%
Model
RPC
Model
RPC
Meals
bought in
town
Beer from a
store
Stationery
60. The value to use as the level for the high income run is:
$22,500,000 * 0.65 = $14,625,000. The low income run is:
$7,000,000 * 0.75 = $5,250,000.
Case Study 7: Effects of Changing Regional

Purchase Coefficients (RPCs)
TASK: Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs) define the trade flow
in a region. For each commodity in the model, the RPC represents a
percentage of local demand met by local producers. For example, if
local demand for lumber is $100, an RPC of 0.40 indicates that 40%,
or $40, of local demand is met with local supply. The rest of demand
is imported. We want to examine the effects of changes in RPCs. on
various sectors.
STEPS:
2. First check the default RPC for Hotels and motels (sector 479).
3. From the Model Control Center click Edit and then Regional
Purchase Coefficients.
4. There are two ways to view the RPCs, either the Commodity
Detail view which gives information on the calculation of
commodity supply and demand, or the Commodity Table view
which only gives the supply/demand pooling ratio and the RPC.
Choose the one that best suits you.
5. Write down the value of the RPC for sector 479.
6. Check the Type SAM Output multiplier for sector 479
7. Does the Hotels and motels RPC seem too high?
8. Change the RPC to 0.04 and rerun the model. From the Edit
Regional Purchase Coefficients screen, select industry 479.
9. Change the value to 0.04.
10. Close the Edit screen.
11. Click OK.
12. Click Construct Model.
13. Click Continue. Click Close.
14. Check the Type SAM output multiplier for sector 479, did the
change make much difference on the multipliers?

Now change the RPC of an industry that has more linkages within
the region.
15. Create a new Washington County model.
16. Check the RPC for industry 11 which includes dairy farms.
17. Check the multiplier value for sector 62 Fluid milk by closing the
RPC edit screen and clicking EDIT and MULTIPLIERS and
selecting industry 62.
18. Lets assume that that 62 Fluid milk gets as much local raw milk
(sector 11) as possible.
19. Change the RPC value to 1.00. What happens?
20. Reset the Dairy RPC value to 0.8 and rerun the model. Once the
model is run check the multiplier for sector 62.
21. What is the impact of changing the RPC?
Hints for Steps:
7. Yes, the RPC means local purchases of local production. How
many local people stay in hotels in their hometown? Likely not
many.
14. No it did not. This is because very few industries use Hotels and
Lodging to any great extent. The fewer the linkages, the lower the
multiplier.
19. You exceeded the RPC constraint of .802
21. The RPC has been increased, leading to more local interaction.
Dairy is used heavily by fluid milk producers so there is more
interaction in the local economy with dairy than there was with
the hotels and motels example.
Case Study 8: Creating an Aggregated Model

TASK: Create an aggregated model and compare it to an
unaggregated model. This demonstrates the use of the aggregation
template and some of the dangers in aggregation.
STEPS:
1. Start with no models open. Click File/New or the New File
button.
2. Give the file a name, Washington Agg.
3. Click Save.
4. Select a file from the data directory (Washington 2001).
5. Click Continue.
6. When the study area is done, click OK.
7. Select Model from the top menu bar.
8. Select Aggregate.
9. Click Library.
10. Select the 2 Digit NAICS template, and click Import.
11. Select one of the imported aggregated sectors and examine the
contents.
12. Click Aggregate.
13. A warning screen will appear. Once a model has been aggregated,
it cannot be unaggregated. You will need to build a new model if
you want an unaggregated version. One safe solution is to use
File/Save As and give the model a new name prior to
aggregation and you will have a clean copy of it. In this case, just
click Yes.
14. When the aggregation is complete, click OK.
15. Click Close.
16. Continue building the model as before. Look at the reports, run a
test impact.
17. What are the advantages to an aggregated model? What are the
disadvantages?

Hints for Steps:
17. ADVANTAGES: There are two advantages, speed and model
manageability. An aggregated model will run and invert much
faster than an unaggregated version. Also, if you want to examine
a model for education purposes, a small (2 digit NAICS) model is
very easy to examine. You can put it in a spreadsheet and view
the entire set of accounts (see Tips Page).
DISADVANTAGES: One disadvantage is that you lose industry
detail. Another is that an aggregated model will be different than
an aggregated model unless you specify supply/demand pooling as
the method of estimating trade flows. If you decide not to
aggregate the model, you can always still aggregate the impact
reports by applying a template to the report.
Case Study 9: Advanced Features

TASK: This example steps through the model building process using
the Advance features tab.
The advanced features allow for editing the model as it is being built.
If you want to edit several different parts of the model, such as
production functions, byproducts, and regional purchase coefficients,
you should use the advanced features. If you build a model and then
decide to edit any portion of the model, you will need to re-run the
model. After you make your edit change, the software will prompt you
to re-run. The model will only be re-run from your edit point.
STEPS:
1. Create a new model, click File/New Model or click the New File
button.
2. Give the model a name, Larimer.
3. Select your study area.
4. Click OK when the study area has been built.
5. Click Construct Model.
6. Click Advanced. The software will process the model through
the production functions.
7. Production Functions: At this point, you either Edit Existing
Model Production Functions, Edit Library Production
Functions, or Import a Production Function From The
Library.
8. Click Next>> to finish processing the production functions and
process the byproducts.
9. Byproducts: You can change an industrys production of
commodities at this stage. Click the Edit Byproducts button
and then click the sector you want to edit. You can change the
byproducts value. The sum of the values has to be equal to 1.0.
You can change one value and then use the Balance button to
scale all others so the sum is 1.0. Click Close when done. Then
click Next>> to go to the next stage.
10. Trade Flows: This allows editing of the regional purchase
coefficients. Supply/demand pooling maximizes the trade flows.
The RPC selection has either Max, First, or Average. This only
applies to multi-state models. This corresponds to how the

observed RPCs are utilized when creating a multi-state model.
Max uses the maximum observed value from all states, First
uses the observed values in the first state on the list. Average
uses the average value. We also have a location quotient option as
well.
11. Click Next>> to process the trade flows and move to the next
stage.
12. This state will allow editing of the inter-institutional transfers
data prior to creating the SAM accounts. Click Edit to modify the
SAM data. This is the only place you can edit the SAM data. This
should be done only if you thoroughly understand the SAM.
13. The next stage is the multipliers options. You can select Type I,
II, III, or SAM. For the Type II, you can select either the default
income (SAM income) or specify your own disposable income.
14. At any point during the advanced model construction, you can
select Continue and the model will process from that point using
the defaults. At end of the Institutional Transfers stage, you
can also select Close and process the multipliers later.
Literature Review
215
L I T E R A T U R E
Literature
Borgen, Herdi and Stephen C. Cooke; Income Multipliers for Idaho
from Implan Data; from Proceedings; IMPLAN; May 2022 1991, from Western Rural Development Center, OR
State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Charney, Alberta H. and Julie P. Leones; Free the Type II
Multiplier!; Paper presented at the 1996 Western
Regional Science Association Meetings, Napa, CA 1996.
Hanson, Kenneth A., and Sherman Robinson, Data, Linkages, and
Models: U.S. National Income and Product Accounts in
the Framework of a Social Accounting Matrix, Economic
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agrinculture, July
1988.
Hoover, Edgar M, and Frank Giarratani. An Introduction to Regional
Economics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.
Jack Faucett Associates. 1983. The Multiregional Input-Output
Accounts, 1977; vols I-IV; Report submitted to the U.S.
Dept. of Health and Human Services, Contract#HHS-10081-00-57, July 1983.
Kehoe, P.J. and T.J. Kehoe. 1994. A Primer on Static Applied
General Equilibrium Models. Federal Reserve Bank of
Minneapolis, Quarterly Review 18 (1994): (2):2-16.
Leontief, Wassily et al. Studies in the Structure of the American
Economy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1953.
Lindall, Scott, Greg Alward, Jay Sullivan, and Anwar Hussain. 1995.
IMPLAN SAM: A Social Accounting Matrix for Regional
IO Systems. Paper given at the Mid-Continent Regional
Science Association Meetings (Note: this paper is
available off of the IMPLAN web site: www.implan.com.)
Lindall, Scott A. and Douglas C. Olson, Micro IMPLAN 1990/1985
Database Documentation. Minnesota IMPLAN Group,
Inc., Stillwater, MN. May 1993.
216 Literature Review

Miller, Ronald E., and Peter D. Blair. Input-Output Analysis
Foundations and Extensions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1985.
Polenske, Karen R. 1972. Implementation of a Multiregional InputOutput Model for the U.S.; Input-Output Techniques ;
Eds. A. Brady and A.P. Carter; North-Holland Publishing
Co. 1972 pp171-181.
Pyatt, Graham, and Jeffry I. Round. Social Accounting Matrices, A
Basis for Planning, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.,
1985.
Rickman, Dans and R.Keith Schwer. 1995. A comparison of the
multipliers of IMPLAN, REMI, and RIMS II:
Benchmarking ready-made models for comparison; in
The Annals of Regional Science; Vol 29; pp363-374.
Rutherford, T.F. 1994. Applied General Equilibrium Modeling with
MPSGE as a GAMS Subsystem. Department of
Economics Working Paper, Univ. of Colorado. 44 p.
Rutherford, T.F. 1993. MILES: A Mixed Inequality and Nonlinear
Equation Solver. Department of Economics Working
Paper, Univ. of Colorado. 43 p.
Shoven, J.B. and J. Whalley. 1972. A General Equilibrium
Calculation of the Effects of Differential Taxation of
Income from Capital in the U.S. Journal of Public
Economics 1(1972):281-321.
Shoven, J.B. and J. Whalley. Applied General Equilibrium Models of
Taxation and International Trade: An Introduction and
Survey. Journal of Economic Literature 22.9 (1984):10071051.
Shoven, J.B. and J. Whalley. Applying General Equilibrium. New
York: Cambridge University Press. 1992. P. 299.
Stevens, B. and G. Trainor. Error Generation in Regional InputOutput Analysis and Its Implications for Non-Survey
Models, Ed. S. Pleeter: Economic Impact Analysis:
Methodology and Applications., Amsterdam: Marinus
Nijhoff. 1980 p.68-84.
Tolbert, Charles and Mary Kizer. 1987. Labor Market Areas for the
U.S., USDA ERS Staff Report AGES87072. August,
1987.
Literature Review
217
U.S. Department of Commerce, Definitions and Conventions of the

1977 Input-Output Accounts, Unpublished Report,
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996 Consumer Expenditure Survey,
Diary and Survey, Computer Diskettes and Unpublished
Data, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, 1990.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996 Regional Economic Information
System Data, Computer CD, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, Regional Measurement Division, Washington
DC, 1991.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Definitions and Conventions of the
1972 Input-Output Study, BEA Staff Paper, Bureau of
Economic Analysis, Washington DC, July 1980.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996 Survey of Government
Finances, Computer Tape, Bureau of Census,
Washington DC, 1991.
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial
Classification Manual. National Technical Information
Service, Washington D.C., 1987.
BOOK 3:
DATABASE
GUIDE
C H A P T E R
1 8
INTRODUCTION
This book provides a technical discussion of data methodology. It
assumes an understanding of input-output terminology. The Analysis
Guide provides conceptual overviews of input-output and impact
analysis with terminology definitions.
IMPLAN databases are constructed exclusively by Minnesota
IMPLAN Group and are designed for use with IMPLAN Pro software.
This manual describes the construction of the databases in detail.
Databases are available for all 3,000 plus counties in the United
States with numerous economic and demographic variables at a 509
industrial sector level (4-6 digit NAICS). Variables include
employment, value-added, government purchases, and household
purchases.
A variety of wealth and transfer data is also incorporated. This data
allows for construction of a complete set of social accounting matrices
(SAMs).
This document will:
Provide an overview of MIGs database construction techniques;
Document the procedures to estimate each component of the
*.ODF data files;
Document the formation of the national matrices and tables;
Discuss data accuracy, implied assumptions and other validation
considerations.
How Book 3 is Organized

Chapter 19 Organizing the Data is an overview of the data
construction process and provides some general information about the
IMPLAN data files.
Chapter 20 Employment defines the employment data elements and
describes data sources and procedures for estimating non-disclosures.
Chapter 21 Value-Added defines the four components of valueadded and describes their data sources.
222

Chapter 22 Output defines output and describes its data sources.
Chapter 23 Final Demands defines the components of IMPLAN
final demands and describes their sources of data.
Chapter 24 Inter-institutional Transfers defines the structure of the
SAM framework and SAM data development.
Chapters 25 National Matrices and Tables describes the
construction of the national use and make tables which are
incorporated into each regional model. This chapter also covers
regional purchase coefficients and national average deflators and
margins.
Chapter 26 Database Validation describes efforts to check data and
developed models required assuring credibility and confidence in
model results. Also force-account construction is discussed.
Chapter 19: Organizing the Data 223
C H A P T E R
1 9
Organizing the Data

IMPLAN data, prior to processing, comes from many sources and
different formats. It comes as published data, sets of relationships or
ratios, numbers with unique units, or as estimates. Constructing a
database means gathering data from all these sources, converting it
to a consistent format, and estimating the missing pieces, all the
while controlling it with other data to maintain accuracy. This
chapter presents an overview of the construction process and provides
some general information about the data files. This chapter discusses:
Database Construction
*.ODF components
National Matrices and Tables
Sectoring Schemes
Database Construction
There are three different levels of data; national, state, and county.
Raw data availability differs with each level. At the national level,
each database component is available. At the state level data, some
raw data is available. At the county level, employment, employee
compensation, proprietary income, population, federal and state
expenditures and selected wealth data are available, while other
county data is estimated. At the Zip code level only County Business
Patterns and demographic data from the Census Bureau are
available.
Each year, MIG gathers data at the national level, converts it to
IMPLAN data format and derives new national I/O matrices (use,
make, by-products, absorption, and market shares) as well as
national tables for deflators, margins and RPCs. Then state level data
is gathered and controlled to the national totals, and county level
data is gathered and controlled to state totals. The state and county
I/O matrices are not estimated as part of the data development
process as IMPLAN software creates region specific matrices during
the model creation stage.
224
Chapter 19: Organizing the Data

In Figure 19-1, the shaded areas indicate data provided in the
IMPLAN data files. The IMPLAN software estimates the remaining
cells.
Value
Added
Factors
Total
Institution
Outlay
Total
Capital
Outlay
Total
Trade
Outlay
Total
Industry
Outlay
Total
Total
Factor
Outlay
Exports
Exports
Exports
Total
Industry
Income
Exports
Total
Trade
Income
Total
Capital
Income
Total
Enterprise
Income
Total
Institution
Income
Total
Factor
Income
Total
Commodity
Income
Total
225
Trade
Transfer
Consumption
Capital
Imports
Total
Enterprise
Outlay
Transfers
Enterprises
Trade
Imports
Transfers
Consumption
Institutitons
Exports
Factor
Trade
Transfers
Factors
Transfers
Total
Commodity
Outlay
Sales
Make
Commodity
Capital
Enterprises
Institutions
Use
Commodity
Industry
Industry
Figure 19-1: Regional IMPLAN Data
226

IMPLAN data from MIG consists of .ODF files with county (and/or
state) level and national level data and a set of national I/O matrices
and tables.
MID.ODF Components
There are six main components of an IMPLAN *.ODF data file. The
next chapters will deal with the methodologies involved with the data
derivation for each component. These are:
1. Employment
2. Value-Added (Factors)
3. Output
4. Final (Institutional) Demand
5. Inter-Institutional Transfers
6. National Structural Matrices
All value-added, output, and employment information are on an
industry basis. There are four sub-components of value added, also
known as factors. These are:
2. Proprietary Income
3. Other Property Type Income
4. Indirect Business Taxes
Final Demand, also known as Institution Demand, consists of
households and government purchasing goods and services for their
own use. This also includes exports. There are 13 institution subcomponents. These are:
1. Household Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) nine
income levels (starting with 1996 data)
2. Federal Government Military Purchases
3. Federal Government Non-Military Purchases
4. Federal Government Non-Military Investment
5. State and Local Government Non-Education Purchases
6. State and Local Government Education Purchases
7. State and Local Government Non-Education Investment

8. Inventory Purchases
9. Capital
10. Foreign Exports
11. State and Local Government Sales
12. Federal Government Sales
13. Inventory Sales
All institution demand in the original data is measured on a
commodity basis.
National Matrices & Tables

The national I/O matrices are:
Use
Make
Absorption
By-Products
Market Shares
In addition to the national I/O matrices, MIG IMPLAN data files
include a number of tables:
Margins
Deflators
RPCs
A discussion of the methodologies used to derive these matrices and
tables is in the Analysis Guide.
Sectoring Schemes
Throughout the database development discussion, reference will be
made to different industrial sectoring schemes such as the IMPLAN
scheme, or the REIS scheme. These are all ways to classify data. In
general, an industrial classification scheme allows categorization
according to the type of products or services produced.
All employment and value-added data used in IMPLAN has its
origins in a report or survey of a single establishment. An
establishment may be a small business with a single location, or it
228

may be a branch location of a large firm. Each establishment is
counted separately on the Unemployment or Social Security rolls. The
establishment either submits an unemployment report or responds to
a census or a survey and is counted by the data collection agency.
That agency assigns the establishment a code depending on the
primary type of product produced by that establishment.
North American Industrial Classification System

(NAICS) Codes
The most common scheme is the federal governments 6-digit North
American Industrial Classification Systems (NAICS codes) as
described in the 2002 North American Industrial Classification
Systems Manual. The Office of Management and Budget publishes
the NAICS manual.
This scheme has five levels of detail using numbers to refer to detail
level with 2-digit detail as the most aggregated and 6-digit detail the
least aggregated. While the CEW/ES202 employment and income
data is reported at this level, most data is not.
Starting with the 1997/98, many US data series converted to the
NAICS from the Standard Industrial Classification system (SIC).
NAICS itself has already gone through its second incarnation. There
are two versions: 1997 and 2002.
Regional Economic Information System (REIS)

Sectoring
Another other major data set used to derive IMPLAN databases is
from the Bureau of Economic Analysiss Regional Economic
Information System (REIS). Their sectoring scheme is a modified 3digit NAICS scheme. Most modifications are in the government
sectors and use of several 2-digit codes.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Sectoring

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is used for deflators
and some output estimates. The BLS uses a different sectoring
scheme, again based on the SIC code system. As of publication of this
manual the BLS has not converted to NAICS.
Bureau of Economic Analysis Input-Output

Sectoring
This 508-sector scheme is the basis for the Bureau of Economic
Analysiss Benchmark Input-Output Study. This scheme is nearly 6
digit NAICS for manufacturing, and more aggregate for service

sectors. By necessity IMPLANs sectoring is very similar. The major
difference is the number of retail sectors. The 1997 BEA scheme for
the BEAs benchmark model is included in the IMPLAN bridge table
in Appendix A.
Special Sector Definitions

IMPLAN sectors 1-494 are private sector producers with the
exception of sector 398 which contains both private post office
activities as well as the quasi-private US Postal Service. Public sector
producers of goods and services show up in IMPLAN sectors 495-499
and IMPLAN sectors 503-506 are the administrative government
sectors. The government sectors are discussed in detail in Chapter 9.
Sectors 500-509 are considered special sectors. Of these sectors only
509 contains a production function; hence is the only one which will
generate indirect effects
Some sectors cause an inordinate amount of confusion. The main
culprits are construction, government and special sectors as these
sectors do not directly correspond to the NAICS codes.
Owner occupied dwellings (IMPLAN sector 509) is a special sector
developed by BEA. It estimates what owner/occupants would pay in
rent if they rented rather than owned their homes. This sector creates
an industry out of owning a home. Its production function represents
repair and maintenance of that home. There is no employment or
employee compensation for this industry. Indirect business taxes is
largely made up of property taxes paid by the homeowner and the
other property income is the difference between the rental value of
the home and the costs of home ownership. Interest payments and
mortgage payments are a transfer in the SAM and are not part of the
production function for this sector. Its sole product (output) is
ownership and is purchased entirely by personal consumption
expenditures i.e., the household sector.
This sector is included in the database to insure consistency in the
flow of funds. It captures the expenses of home ownership such as
repair and maintenance construction, various closing costs and other
expenditures related to the upkeep of the space in the same way
expenses are captured for rental properties.
The utility sectors (IMPLAN sectors 30-32) consist of private sector
providers of these services. Public sector providers of these services
are included in the government enterprise sectors.
230

Education services (IMPLAN sectors 461-463) are also private
sector providers of these services. The public sector counterparts are
included in the state and local education sector.
Non-comparable imports (IMPLAN sector 500) consists of goods
that are not available anywhere in the nation.
Scrap (IMPLAN sector 501) is only a by-product commodity. There
is no unique Scrap industry. Scrap consists of commodities that
are cast off as part of a production process and then resold as scrap.
Used and second hand goods (IMPLAN sector 502) is also only a
commodity. It consists of goods that have been previously used and
then resold.
Rest-of-world is sector 507. This consists of net foreign flows of
factor income.
The Domestic services sector (IMPLAN sector 494) consists of
producers of household services such as cleaning and maid services.
Inventory valuation adjustment (IMPLAN sector 508) is an
estimate of the value of goods removed from inventory that were
produced in a previous time period. Since the value of these goods is
different from the value of goods produced in the present time, this
adjustment aligns the value of those goods.
Note that the agriculture sectors (1-13) now conform directly to the
NAICS code. Older IMPLAN databases (2000 and earlier) were
commodity based and did not correspond well to the SIC code.
Construction sectors (33-45); however, in the current data is based on
Census categories rather than NAICS codes. A crosswalk between the
1997 Census of Construction categories and IMPLAN sectors can be
found in Appendix G.
Chapter 20: Employment
C H A P T E R
231
2 0
Employment
Employment includes total wage and salary employees as well as selfemployed jobs in a region. It includes both full-time and part-time
workers and is measured in annual average jobs.
In all, there are three different employment data sets used to create
the IMPLAN data. Each is used in conjunction with the other since
no one data set provides enough information to make a complete
IMPLAN database. These data sets are the CEW (Covered
Employment and Wages formerly known as ES202) data, Regional
Economic Information System (REIS), and County Business Patterns.
A number of IMPLAN sectors require special attention. These are the
Agriculture, Construction, and the Government Sectors. They are
discussed in the Special Sectors section later in this chapter.
In general, CEW data provide the County level industry structure for
the IMPLAN database. The County Business Patterns data is used to
make non-disclosure adjustments to CEW data, while the REIS data
is used for control totals. This chapter discusses:
Non-Disclosure
County Business Patterns
BLS CEW
Special Sectors
Regional Economic Information System
Distributing disclosed 2-digit Employment and Income REIS
Data to IMPLAN sectoring
FTE
Non-Disclosure
Government data made available to the public is subject to nondisclosure rules. This applies when the data reported might disclose
the operations of a single firm, and is most likely at the county level.
The specific rules for non-disclosure differ depending on the
government agency.
232

The government usually will not release information if it might
breach the confidentiality of reporting establishments. Though this
maintains businesses trust in the government's requests for
information, it makes the collection of complete data sets difficult.
Much of the IMPLAN development time is spent estimating data not
disclosed by government sources.
To estimate employment, County Business Patterns data are
adjusted for disclosure. Next, the County Business Patterns are used
to adjust the CEW data for disclosure and the CEW data used to
adjust the REIS data for disclosure. The REIS data is expanded to
separate wage and salary employment and self-employment. This
gives a ratio of self-employed to wage and salary workers. The REIS
data is then used as final control totals with the CEW data providing
the 6 digit NAICS industry structure.
County Business Patterns (CBP)

County Business Patterns (CBP) is a program run by the U.S.
Department of Census. There are three primary data sources for
County Business Patterns: the Bureau of Census Economic Census,
Bureau of Census Annual Survey of Manufacturers, and the Internal
Revenue Service Quarterly Payroll File (FICA).
The annual employment data is based on first quarter employment.
This is a point-in-time estimate and not an annual average.
Data at a 6-digit NAICS level of detail includes; total number of
establishments, total first quarter employment, first quarter and
total annual payroll, and a breakdown of the number of firms for 12
different employment size classes. As might be expected with 6-digit
level specification, there are significant disclosure problems. Even
when the sector is not disclosed, CBP provides the number of firms by
employee size class.
The CBP data gives a picture of the industrial structure of a region
and is used to adjust the CEW data for non-disclosure. There is a
significant time lag, generally three years, between the current year
and the most recent CBP data, but an industrial structure generally
changes only slowly over time.
There are virtually no disclosure problems with the national level
CBP data. This national data set is used to help estimate the nondisclosed sectors in the state level data.
233
Estimating the non-disclosed sectors in the state level CBP data,

requires three steps:
1. Estimate the missing element using the midpoints of the numberof-establishments-by-employee-size-class. This provides an initial
estimate.
2. Add the 6, 5, 4 ,3 and 2 digit NAICS elements from the bottom-up
to make the first adjustment to the non-disclosed elements with
the corresponding NAICS. This ensures that the 6-digit NAICS
add to the 5-digit NAICS, the 5-digit NAICS add to the 4-digit
NAICS, the 4-digit NAICS add to the 3-digit NAICS, until
finally the 3-digit NAICS add to the 2-digit NAICS.
3. A top-down pass is made next so that non-disclosed elements are
adjusted again to ensure that all data add to the overall total.
This procedure is performed on the national, state, and county data.
This adjusting provides a complete set of CBP employment data that
is internally consistent within a county, state, or nation.
BLS CEW
The CEW data set is one of the most important used in the IMPLAN
database development. This data provides the industry structure for
the states and counties. The data is provided by the U.S. Department
of Labor as part of the Unemployment Insurance CEW - Covered
Employment and Wages Program.
The CEW data set provides annual average wage and salary
establishment counts, employment counts, and payrolls by county at
the 6-digit NAICS code level. This data is collected from a
federal/state partnership program. Data is collected by the state
employment services departments and passed to the U.S. Department
of Labor. States collect the data as part of the Unemployment
Insurance Program. As a result, only establishments that pay
Unemployment Insurance are captured with this data source, hence
the name "Covered Employment". Since this data only captures
covered employees, the data set misses self-employed people, railway
employment, or any other establishments who do not pay into the
Unemployment Insurance program.
The CEW agriculture sectors are not complete enough to use in
IMPLAN development. This is a result of the way the CEW data is
collected. Since only unemployment insurance covered employment is
captured with the CEW, and most farm employment is self-
234

employment, CEW data misses much of the farm data. Farm data is
supplemented with additional data discussed in the next section.
Railroad employment is not captured well with the CEW data since
railroads are exempt from the unemployment insurance program. At
this point, railroad employment is plugged into the CEW data set
from the REIS data.
The establishments and employees not captured by the CEW data set
are counted by additional data described in the Special Sectors
section and the Regional Economic Information System (REIS) Data.
REIS employment data is only available at the 3-digit NAICS code
level for states, and the 2-digit NAICS code level for counties.
Non-Disclosure Adjusting the CEW Data

Adjusting the CEW data for non-disclosure is more complex than the
CBP data. The CEW program does not provide the number of
establishments by employee size class as does the CBP program.
In general, the procedure starts with the national level data that is
used to control the state level data. The county data is also used to
provide a "first guess" at the state level data. The state level nondisclosure adjustment is made. The county level data is then nondisclosure adjusted and forced to add to the state totals.
Step A. - Creating State Files
The national file may need non-disclosure adjusting for only a few
sectors. This adjustment is typically made by hand.
The state files require non-disclosure adjusting. The first step is to
calculate the magnitude of the missing values. The next step is to
distribute the missing values based on the distribution of the
related CBP data. This provides a "first guess" for distribution of the
missing CEW elements.
Once all data is filled in, the Vector RAS procedure is started. This
adds up all related SIC codes, starting with the 6-digit data, and
moving to the 5, 4, 3,and 2-digit data respectively. This procedure
compares the group total with the actual total, and then makes
adjustments only to the elements that are non-disclosed to ensure
that the SIC groups add to the totals.

Step B. Creating County Files
The county CEW files are created much
the same as the state files. The only real
difference being that the state totals are
used as controls when RASing the missing
data.
235
A Vector RAS
involves adding
elements to control
totals within a
single vector. This
is used primarily
with the NAICS
Code related data
where 6-digit
elements add to 5digit elements and
so forth.
Step C. Finished Output - Re-Sectoring

to IMPLAN 528
The resulting files from this procedure are
a complete set of 4-digit SIC data. The
next step is to re-sector the 4-digit SIC
code data to the IMPLAN 528 sector
scheme. Appendix A has the bridge table
that shows which 3 or 4-digit SIC codes relate to IMPLAN 509 codes.
At the same time the data is reformatted, the Special Sectors are
added to the IMPLAN 509 data set.
Special Sectors
There are several sectors that are not covered by the CEW data
discussed above.
Agriculture (IMPLAN 1-13)
Construction (IMPLAN 33-45)
State and Local Government (IMPLAN 497-499, 503-504)
Federal Government (IMPLAN 398, 495-496, 505-506)
Agriculture
The agriculture sectors are particularly difficult to estimate since
there is no employment and earnings data collected on a commodity
basis, even at the national level. The only farm employment and
income value is derived by the BEAs Regional Economic Information
System (REIS) program. As a result, MIG developed procedures to
estimate employment and income by commodity systematically for
every county. This estimate of employment and income is then used
to distribute the total farm employment value given by the REIS
data.
The primary data set for agriculture is the National Agricultural
Statistical Service (NASS) estimates of agricultural production for the
given year. This data set provides estimates of value of production
236

(output) by specific commodity at the state level. The county level
data is not consistent enough for our use.
Other data used to estimate county agricultural activity is from the
Census of Agriculture. The Census data provides dollar value of
livestock related commodities and the number of acres for crop type
commodities for all counties in the US. Of course, there are nondisclosure problems with this data.
Non-disclosing the Census of Agriculture involves using national and
state ratios, and the number of farms (which is never non-disclosed)
to estimate non-disclosed elements. For state level livestock data that
is not disclosed, national average market value per farm is applied to
state numbers of farms raising livestock. For state level crop data
that is non-disclosed, national average acres per farm are applied to
the state number of farms raising crops.
At the county level, related state average market value per farm is
applied to county numbers of farms raising livestock. For county level
crop data, related state average acres per farm is applied to the
county number of farms raising crops.
Once the data is non-disclosure adjusted, the agriculture data is resectored to the IMPLAN 13 Agriculture related sectors. The Census
categories are now NAIS based sectoring and can be related directly
to the 13 IMPLAN sectors
The cattle ranching and farming sector (IMPLAN 11) also includes
dairy farming.
When the agriculture data is combined into the IMPLAN 509 sector
employment and earnings file, adjustments are made to translate the
livestock values and crop acres into employment and earnings
estimates. Data from the NASS Value of Production provided state
and national market values. Market values and acres for crop
commodities from the Census provided county level estimates.
Output per worker and earnings per worker data are used to
translate both livestock and crop market value data into employment
and earnings estimates. The output-per-worker and earnings-perworker estimates are derived from the Census of Agriculture.
This procedure provided an allocation basis for the IMPLAN
agriculture sectors. When adjustments are made to REIS control
totals (discussed below), the REIS farm employment and income data
are allocated to the 11 agriculture sectors.
237
It is apparent that some of the state and county farm sectors are
subject to large adjustments when controlled to the national totals.
This is a result of inconsistencies between sources. The benchmark
data set is the published NASS data. Since the agriculture data is
entirely derived, analysts with better agriculture data are encouraged
to use it when building their IMPLAN models.
Construction
There are 13 new and maintenance and repair construction sectors
(IMPLAN sectors 33-45). We use REIS data to provide total
construction employment and income values. These values are
allocated to the 13 IMPLAN construction sectors based on the Census
of Construction.
The Census of Construction provides information on value of
construction for all the IMPLAN sectors at the state level. The
construction values are price updated to the current year. State level
construction values are combined with output-per-worker estimates
and earnings-per-worker estimates derived from the current national
input-output study to form a set of employment and earnings
estimates for each state.
There is no related county level construction data in the Census of
Construction. As a result, the state level distribution vectors are used
as a proxy for the counties. The county level REIS total construction
employment and income values are distributed using the state level
vector.
State and Local Government

State and local government employment and earnings are available
through the CEW data. However, this data is subject to nondisclosure rules similar to the private sector data. However, we can
not use CBP data as a basis to non-disclose the CEW state and local
government data because CEW data does not cover government
establishments. As a result, we use the Annual Survey of
Government Employment to provide the data.
There are five components of state and local government employment
and earnings. Figure 20-1 illustrates the state and local activities
that comprise each IMPLAN state and local government sector.
238

Figure 20-1 State & Local Government Sectors
Current IMPLAN Sector
497 Local Passenger Transit
498 State and Local Electric Utilities

499 Other state and Local Government
Enterprises
503 State and Local Government

Education
504 State and Local Government Non-E

Education
State and Local Activity

Bus Transit
Subway Transit
Other Transit
Electric Power
Sanitation
Sewerage
Water Supply
Gas Supply
Airports
Water trans. & terminals
Housing & Community Development
Liquor Stores
Elementary & Secondary Instruction
Elementary & Secondary Non-instruction
Higher Education Instruction
Higher Education Non-instruction
Parks & Recreation
Health
Hospitals
Police
Judicial and Legal
Financial Administrative
Highways
Public Welfare
Fire Protection
Natural Resources
Corrections
Libraries
Social Insurance
The Survey of Governments: Employment provides all information

required without any non-disclosure problems. This data is resectored into the IMPLAN sectoring and combined with the CEW
data.
A problem does exist with the Survey. State government employment
and income are only reported at the state level. There is no indication
as to which county the state employment is located. To estimate this,
state university enrollment is used for the education sector, and
totals from the CEW data is used to allocate other government
employment.
There is a distinction between the government enterprise and
government industry sectors, which is often a source of confusion.
This is true for state and local government, as well as the federal
government. Government enterprise sectors are government
activities in which a majority (more than 50%) of its budget is covered
by revenues from goods or services produced by that agency.
239
Enterprise sectors produce goods and services that are sold to

intermediate or final demand. Government Industry (State and Local
Government Education and Non-Education, and Federal
Government: Military and Non-Military) normally involve traditional
government services not associated with the private sector. State
enterprise sectors are IMPLAN 497-499 (Figure 20-1).
Federal Government
The federal government data is available directly from the CEW file.
It is treated separately since there are no non-disclosure adjustments
required by the CEW. Figure 20-2 shows the various federal
government sectors.
Figure 20-2: Federal Sectors
Current IMPLAN Sector
398 U.S. Postal Service
495 Federal Electric Utilities
496 Other Federal

Government Enterprises
505 Federal Gov-Military

506 Federal Gov-Non-Military
Federal Activity
Postal Service
Bonneville Power Administration
South Eastern Power Administration
South Western Power Administration
Tennessee Valley Authority
Upper Colorado River Storage
Airports (National)
Department Stores (Military PXs)
Variety Stores (Military PXs)
General Merchandise (Military PXs)
Grocery Stores (Military PXs)
Auto & Home Supply (Military PXs)
Gas Stations (Military PXs)
Eating & Drinking (Officers/Enlisted Clubs)
Drug Stores (Military PXs)
Liquor Stores (Military PXs)
Misc. Stores (Military PXs)
Federal Home Loan Bank
Over Seas Investment Co.
Pension Guarantee Fund
Bank Deposit Insurance Funds
Motion Pictures (Military PXs)
Bowling Alleys (Military PXs)
Department of Defense
All other government activities
The only problem area with this data is the Government Industry
sectors, Federal military and Federal non-military. It is not
possible to distinguish between these two administrative government
sectors with only the CEW data. Therefore, the CEW data provides
only total federal government industry employment and earnings.
REIS data separates Military and Non-Military Government so the
split is made with REIS data. The enterprise sectors are derived from
the CEW data directly.
240
Regional Economic Information System

The final set of employment and income information is the Bureau of
Economic Analysiss (BEA) Regional Economic Information System
(REIS) data. This data set is the most inclusive available and
provides information on sectors such as agriculture, construction and
railroads not directly available through other series such as CEW.
The REIS data series also provides information on self-employment
and proprietary income. The major drawback to this data is that it is
only available at the 3-digit NAICS level for state and county income,
and the 3-digit and 2-digit level for state and county employment,
respectively. This data is used to provide control totals to the CEW
wage and salary data, and to provide a means to estimate proprietors
employment and income. This is necessary to complete the IMPLAN
value-added data.
The information used in developing the IMPLAN data in this section
is the following:
3-digit State level wage and salary income - SA7 tables
3-digit State level wage and salary employment - SA27 tables
3-digit State level total income (wage and salary and selfemployment) - SA5 tables
3-digit State level total employment (wage and salary and selfemployment) - SA25 tables
3-digit County level total income (wage and salary and selfemployment) - CA5 tables
2-digit County level total employment (wage and salary and selfemployment) - CA25 tables
6-digit disclosed ES202 state and county employment and income
data described earlier in this chapter aggregated to the 3-digit
BEA sectoring scheme
The BEA employment and income data is subject to non-disclosures
so there are two parts to this effort:
1. Derive estimates for non-disclosed data
2. Develop 3-digit county employment data based on the 2-digit
county employment data available from the BEA.
241
Dividing Counties and Independent Cities

Unlike the CEW and CBP data which give information on all counties
and independent cities in the U.S., the BEA have combined
independent cities with their neighboring counties in their REIS data
series. In Virginia there are 23 such combinations (one in Wisconsin
1994 and earlier). Figure 20-3 below shows the affected areas.
Figure 20-3. Combined VA and WI Cities and Counties
NAME OF COMBINED CITIES/COUNTIES
VIRGINIA
ALBEMARLE; CHARLOTTESVILLE
ALLEGHANY; COVINGTON
AUGUSTA; STAUNTON; WAYNESBORO
BEDFORD; BEDFORD CITY
CAMPBELL; LYNCHBURG
CARROLL; GALAX
DINWIDDIE; COLONIAL HEIGHTS; PETERSBURG
FAIRFAX; FAIRFAX CITY; FALLS CHURCH
FREDERICK; WINCHESTER
GREENSVILLE; EMPORIA
HENRY; MARTINSVILLE
JAMES CITY; WILLIAMSBURG
MONTGOMERY; RADFORD
PITTSYLVANIA; DANVILLE
PRINCE GEORGE; HOPEWELL
PRINCE WILLIAM; MANASSAS; MANASSAS PARK
ROANOKE; SALEM
ROCKBRIDGE; BUENA VISTA; LEXINGTON
ROCKINGHAM; HARRISONBURG
SOUTHAMPTON; FRANKLIN
SPOTSYLVANIA; FREDERICKSBURG
WASHINGTON; BRISTOL
WISE; NORTON
YORK; POQUOSON
WISCONSIN
MENOMINEE; SHAWANO
REIS COUNTY ID
901
903
907
909
911
913
918
919
921
923
929
931
933
939
941
942
944
945
947
949
951
953
955
958
901
The 3-digit ES202 employment and income data is used to proportion

the REIS data into its component counties with the following
exceptions:
Census of Agriculture employment by county (derived in a
previous step) is used to split agricultural employment and
income.
Annual Census of government data is used to split federal and
state and local government employment and income.
Federal civilian employment and income is used as a proxy to
split the REIS federal military sector.
242

Motor freight and warehouse employment and income data from
CEW data is used as a proxy to split the REIS railroad
transportation sector.
Deriving REIS State Non-Disclosure Adjustments

The U.S. 3-digit REIS employment and income data have no nondisclosures, however, the states do. The task here is to estimate nondisclosed state values making sure that the states values add up to
the U.S. values and that internally, the state industry sectors add up
to the more aggregated state sectors.
Disclosing wage and salary employment (SA27 tables).
The first estimate is simply the corresponding CEW employment
value. The CEW problem sectors: Farm, Railroad and Federal
Military, are not a problem using REIS data as there are few nondisclosures at the state level in REIS. After plugging in the initial
estimates, the state values are RAS'ed using the U.S. as controls for
the row values and the 1-digit State REIS values as the column
control.
Disclosing wage and salary and self-employment (SA25 tables).
The four component BEA Gross State Product data is a source of
information at state level which will tell us whether there is any selfemployment income and, therefore, any self-employment. If there is
no self-employment, then wage and salary (WS) plus self-employment
employment is equal to WS employment only, which is derived in the
previous step Disclosing Wage and Salary Employment. In some
cases, a single 3-digit non-disclosure remains within a 2-digit group
which can be derived through subtracting all disclosed 3-digit data
from the 2-digit control value.
Conversely, there may be self-employment and no corresponding WS
employment. In these cases a first estimate based on U.S. income per
self-employed is used.
For sectors that have WS and self-employment and are non-disclosed,
the first estimate is based on U.S. self-employment to WS
employment ratios for that sector.
The resulting estimates are then RAS'ed using U.S. as row controls
(sum of all states equals the U.S. values for each industry) and state
2-digit values (sum of state sub-sectors equals the state higher
industry aggregation value) as the column controls. The individual
WS plus self-employed value is subject to the constraint of being at
least one plus the WS employment.
243
Disclosing wage and salary income (SA5 tables).

The first estimate is the corresponding state level CEW
income/employment ratio times the state WS employment derived
above. After, plugging in the initial estimates, the state values are
RAS'ed using the U.S. as controls for the row values and the 2-digit
State REIS values as the column control.
Estimating Other Labor Income
The Survey of Current Business contains estimates of Other Labor
Income (OLI) and Wage and Salary (WS) Income for National Income
and Product Accounts (NIPA) sectors. The NIPA sectors are bridged
to the REIS sectoring scheme and the NIPA OLI to wage and salary
income are derived and applied to state REIS wage and salary income
(derived above) to establish a first estimate of OLI. This estimate of
OLI by REIS sector is then controlled to the state REIS estimate of
OLI. These values of OLI, while not part of the IMPLAN database,
are used to help estimate self-employment income in the next step.
Disclosing wage and salary and self-employment income (SA25
tables).
If there are no proprietors (i.e., no self-employment), then state level
values of WS and proprietor income are equal to wage and salary
income plus OLI. Otherwise, non-disclosures are first estimated using
U.S. proprietor/WS ratio for each industry. After plugging the initial
estimates, the state values are RAS'ed using the U.S. as controls for
the industry row values, and the 2-digit State REIS values as the
column control.
Deriving REIS County Non-disclosure Estimates

The goal is to estimate employment and income for REIS nondisclosures for each sector in each county. For each industry sector,
the sum of the counties within a state is to equal the state value and,
within a county, the sum of the 2-digit industries within a 1-digit
aggregation is equal to the 1-digit aggregation.
Disclosing wage and salary employment for Government
sectors
BEA gives an employment code rather than a value if employment is
less than 10. If this applies to one subsector, then the correct value
can be derived by subtraction. If two subsectors are involved, then
there can be problems. These problems tend to involve state and local,
and federal military government. These counties are consistently
small, rural counties where military reservists comprise the bulk of
the federal military government employment. For these counties, a
ratio of military employment to total government is derived (from
244

similar sized counties within the state) and applied. State and local
government is then the residual of total government minus all federal
government.
Disclosing 2-digit wage and salary plus self employment.
The county share of the state's 2-digit BEA employment is assumed
to be the same as its share of the 2-digit CEW data. Therefore, state
and county 6-digit CEW employment data is aggregated to 1-digit and
the ratio of county CEW divided by state CEW, times state BEA data
for each industry, gives us the first estimate of non-disclosed county
data. Subsequently, the estimates are RAS'ed so the sum of counties
is the state value for each industry, and the sum of all industries for a
county is the employment given by BEA data.
Disclosing 3-digit wage and salary plus self employment.
The countys share of the state's 3-digit BEA employment is assumed
to be the same as its share of the 3-digit CEW data. Therefore, state
and county 6-digit CEW employment data is aggregated to 3-digit and
the ratio of county CEW divided by state CEW times state BEA data
for each industry gives us the first estimate of non-disclosed county
data. The sectors not covered by CEW are based on the 3-digit county
income (CA5 tables) as follows:
1. Railroad employment is equal to county income divided by state
level income per worker. If county level income is non-disclosed
then the truck transportation industry is used as a proxy -i.e.,
railroad employment is equal to the state total of non-disclosed
railroad employment (state railroad employment minus disclosed
county railroad employment) times county level truck
transportation divided by state level truck transportation.
2. Household employment is equal to county income divided by state
level income per worker. If county level income is non-disclosed
then the personal services industry is used as a proxy -i.e.,
Household employment is equal to the state total of non-disclosed
household employment times county level personal services
divided by state level personal services.
Subsequently, the estimates are RAS'ed so that the sum of counties is
the state value for each industry and that the sum of the 3-digit
industries for a county is the 2-digit employment derived in the
previous step.
To calculate wage and salary only employment data for the county,
"CA7" tables, it is assumed that the number of proprietors to wage
245
and salary workers ratio for a state is constant for all its component
counties.
County 3-digit wage and salary plus proprietor income.
Earnings per wage and salary worker by industry by county is
calculated using the 3-digit CEW data and applied to the county level
wage and salary data derived above. Other labor income (OLI) is
derived using state level OLI per wage and salary income at the state
level. Finally, proprietor (self-employment) income is derived using
state level income per proprietor.
There are cases at the county level where no wage and salary
employees exist (i.e., no CEW data) yet there are proprietors -i.e., an
existing value in the 3-digit total income BEA REIS data - table CA5.
In these cases, the number of workers involved is calculated using
state level income per worker.
Distributing Disclosed 3-digit Employment and

Income REIS Data to IMPLAN Sectoring
With a complete disclosed set of 3-digit REIS income (national income
being adjusted to NIPA, see next chapter) and employment data, it is
now possible to distribute that data to the 509 IMPLAN sectors using
the disclosed CEW data.
Distributing National Employment and Income
Starting with the national data, the 3-digit adjusted REIS
employment (including self-employed) is distributed to 6-digit CEW
sectoring based on weighting described by U.S. current CEW wage
and salary employment, and the results are aggregated to the
IMPLAN current sectoring scheme. REIS 3-digit employment
compensation and proprietor income is similarly distributed to 6-digit
CEW sectoring based on weighting described by U.S. current CEW
wage and salary income with the results aggregated to the 509
IMPLAN sectors.
The national values are consequently adjusted for "Force Account
Construction". Force account construction is construction work (both
new and maintenance) performed by employees of non-construction
sectors. This economic activity (employment, value-added (VA) and
output) is shifted from the non-construction sector to the appropriate
construction industry in order to satisfy BEA Input-Output
definitions. The force account adjustment factors are taken from the
BEA Benchmark I-O. The force account adjustment for states is made
when the state data is adjusted to U.S. totals. The force account
246

adjustment for county data is made when the county data is adjusted
to state totals.
Distributing State and County Employment and Income
State 3-digit REIS employment and income is distributed as is the
national data using the CEW employment and income data for each
of the corresponding states. Each industry of the resulting 51 state
(including Washington D.C.) estimates are forced to sum to the
national value.
County 3-digit disclosed REIS employment and income also is
distributed, as is the national data using CEW employment for each
of the corresponding counties. Resulting county industry data is
forced to sum to the corresponding state values.
Special Considerations for Distribution
The first consideration is a reminder that the Agricultural and
Construction sectors are not defined by 6-digit NAICS but are
commodity based (agriculture) and by type of construction
(construction). Therefore, other distributors are used (see the Special
Sectors section in this chapter) and not CEW data. Also CEW does
not cover Railroad transportation, but there is a one-to-one
correspondence between 3-digit REIS data and IMPLAN sectoring, so
no distribution is necessary.
At the county level there are industries for which there is 3-digit
REIS income and employment but no corresponding 6-digit CEW
data, meaning that there is only self-employment and no wage and
salary employment. For these cases, the 3-digit REIS data is
distributed to industries based on the state distribution. If this
distribution would place less than 0.4 employees to a particular
industry then that piece of the distribution is added to the largest
component of the distribution.
Finally, sectors with less than 0.5 employees and less than $6000 of
income (employee compensation + proprietor income) are zeroed out.
All employment is then rounded to the nearest whole number.
Full-Time Equivalents
Full-Time Equivalents (FTE), is one way to count jobs. An FTE is
assumed to work 2,080 hours in a standard year. FTE is not full and
part-time job counts. When employment is counted as full and parttime, a job is a job, and one cannot tell from the data the number of
hours worked or the proportion that is full or part-time.
247
IMPLAN data is full and part-time employment (with the exception of

the 1985 database). If an analyst is interested in reporting full time
equivalent jobs (FTE), data can be collected to translate the IMPLAN
data into FTEs.
Translating to FTEs is an easy process. First, data can be obtained on
the number of hours worked by NAICS code. Hours worked data is
available from your state agency that administers the Unemployment
Insurance program (usually called Employment Security,
Employment, Jobs Services or other). Match the NAICS codes to the
related IMPLAN Code (Appendix A), and divide the number of hours
worked by the standard year, 2080 hours. You can then multiply your
employment impact report by this vector of FTE conversions.
Chapter 21: Value Added
C H A P T E R
249
2 1
Value-Added
Value-Added consists of four components.
2. Proprietor Income
3. Other Property Income
4. Indirect Business Tax
Employee compensation is wage and salary payments as well as
benefits, including: health and life insurance, retirement payments,
and any other non-cash compensation. It includes all income to
workers paid by employers.
Proprietary income consists of payments received by self-employed
individuals as income. This is income recorded on Federal Tax Form
1040C. Proprietary income includes income received by private
business owners, doctors, lawyers, and so forth. Any income a person
receives for payment of self-employed work is counted.
Other property type income consists of payments from interest,
rents, royalties, dividends, and profits. This includes payments to
individuals in the form of rents received on property, royalties from
contracts, and dividends paid by corporations. This also includes
corporate profits earned by corporations.
Indirect business taxes consist primarily of excise and sales taxes
paid by individuals to businesses. These taxes occur during the
normal operation of these businesses but do not include taxes on
profit or income.
This chapter discusses:
Overview
National Value Added Estimates
Distributing National Estimates to States and Counties
250
Chapter 21: Value-Added
Overview
The calculation of value-added data starts with calculating earnings.
The sources of data for earnings are the same as for employment. The
main difference is that County Business Patterns are employment
only. If the county doesnt have income disclosed, then state-level
income per worker ratios are used for a first estimate.
To estimate income, state-level income per worker ratios are used
with the employment estimates derived above. Next, the income
estimates are used to disclose the CEW data and the CEW data used
to non-disclosure adjust the REIS data. The REIS data is expanded to
separate wage and salary Income and proprietors Income. The REIS
data is then used as final control totals with the CEW data providing
the 6-digit NAICS industry structure.
National Value-Added Estimates

All IMPLAN value-added data is ultimately controlled to National
Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data published in the Survey of
Current Business (SCB) by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).
Proprietor Income and Employee Compensation

As shown in the previous chapter, 6-digit U.S. employee
compensation and proprietor income is derived based on REIS
controls (actually at the national level there are no non-disclosures in
the income and employment data) and distributed to IMPLAN 509
sector data. The next step is to adjust the IMPLAN 509 sector data to
NIPA control totals.
For Proprietors Income a single proportional adjustment factor is
applied for all sectors. However, for Employee Compensation NIPA
has additional sector data available (Table 6.2C in the SCB). U.S.
509-sector employee compensation including OLI is adjusted so that
the sum of the IMPLAN sectors comprising one of the NIPA industry
sectors is equal to the NIPA value. A single adjustment factor is
applied to each of the IMPLAN sub-sectors of a given NIPA sector.
As discussed above, the "Force Account" construction adjustment is
applied, resulting in the IMPLAN employee compensation and
proprietor income that appears in the current IMPLAN data base.
These become the 509 sector controls to which the state earnings data
sum to in the previous chapter.
Chapter 21: Value Added
251
Indirect Business Taxes and Other Property Type

Income
The procedure to derive national 509 IMPLAN sector data for both
Indirect Business Taxes (IBT) and Other Property Type Income
(OPTI) is the same. The base data set is the BEAs Gross State
Product (GSP) series which gives state level estimates of the
components of value-added by 3-digit SIC.
Nationally, a ratio of Employee Compensation to IBT or OPTI is
generated based on the BEA Input-Output benchmark table. The
ratios are applied to the national 509 sector IMPLAN Employee
Compensation values to derive the first estimate of IBT and OPTI.
The estimates are then adjusted so that their sum is equal to the
national NIPA values for IBT and OPTI.
State level estimates are derived by first creating a 509 sector ratio
estimate for IBT and OPTI and then controlling the estimated vectors
to the BEA GSP data.
Distributing National Value-Added Estimates to

State and Counties
Employee Compensation and Proprietor Income is distributed to 509
IMPLAN sectors for states and counties as described in the previous
chapter.
IBT for the state is based on IBT to labor income (Employee
Compensation plus Proprietor Income) ratios from the BEA 4component GSP data. Each of the GSP IBT ratios is applied to the
state labor income data of the corresponding current 509 IMPLAN
sector. These state level estimates of IBT are controlled so that the
sum of the states' IBT is equal to the U.S. IBT for each industry. At
the county level, the IBT to labor income ratio at the state level is
used for each of the IMPLAN industries. Counties' IBT is forced to
sum to the state level IBT for each industry.
OPTI for the state is calculated using the national IMPLAN OPTI to
labor income ratio times state labor income for each industry. The
state level estimates of OPTI are controlled so that the sum of the
states is equal to the national value for each industry. County level
OPTI also uses the OPTI to labor income ratio generated by using
state level data. The county level OPTI is then forced to sum to the
state level OPTI for each industry.
Chapter 22: Output
C H A P T E R
253
2 2
Output
Total Industry Output (TIO) is the value of production by industry
for a given time period. For IMPLAN, TIO is annual calendar year
production. Output can be measured either by the total value of
purchases by intermediate and final consumers, or by intermediate
outlays plus value-added. Output can also be thought of as a value of
sales plus or minus inventory. This chapter discusses:
Total National Industry Output
National TIO/TCO
State and County Distribution of TIO
Total National Industry Output

Total Industry Output (TIO) is by necessity estimated from a
multitude of sources. IMPLAN output data comes from similar
sources as used by the BEA in developing the benchmark IO. Most
output data is from the BEAs output series and the Annual Survey of
Manufacturers. Other sectors use information from other various
surveys and censuses. In some cases, there are no census or surveys
available. In these cases, earnings data derived above are used along
with earnings to output ratios from the BLS growth model are used to
estimate the missing output.
Agriculture
Agriculture output is derived from values estimated during the
creation of the agriculture data for the employment and earnings
data set. The primary source is the NASS value of production data
and the Census of Agriculture. Estimates of output per worker and
earnings per dollar of output are from the Census and other
unpublished sources.
Mining
Mining output estimates are derived from the Mineral Commodity
Summaries. This USDI Bureau of Mines publication provided output
estimates for most of the mining sectors. For the Metal Mining
254
Chapter 22: Output

Services and Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ores (IMPLAN 34 and 35
respectively) TIO/Earnings ratios are used.
Construction
Construction output is derived from the current Annual Survey of
Construction Put-In-Place. The values are price adjusted to current
dollars. State estimates are from the Census and Survey of
Construction Activity.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing output is derived from the Annual Survey of
Manufacturers, Statistics for Industry Groups. This data provides
value of production estimates for all 6-digit manufacturing sectors.
Also derived from this data set are values for Inventory Change.
Transportation, Communication, Utilities

Data for this industry group is derived primarily from the BEAs
output series. A secondary source is the BLS growth model.
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate

Finance, Insurance, Real Estate group output is estimated using the
BLS growth model and the BEAs output series.
Wholesale
Wholesale trade output as estimated using the BEAs output series. A
secondary source is the BLS growth model.
Retail
Retail Group output is estimated using gross margin information
from the current Annual Survey of Retail Trade. A secondary source
is the BLS growth model.
Services
Service output is estimated using both the current Annual Survey of
Services and the TIO/Earnings ratios. Only a few sectors are covered
with the current Survey data. These are hotels, business services,
personal services. The BLS growth model output estimates are used
for service sectors not covered by annual censuses.
National TIO/TCO
All output data estimated is collected to form one national total
industry output vector. Total Commodity Output is estimated by
Chapter 22: Output
255
multiplying the Total industry output by the make matrix. This

resulted in total commodity output estimates.
The national output estimates are fine-tuned by means of the
national social accounts and estimated intermediate TIO and TCO
estimates. Briefly, this is accomplished by examining the final
demands and value added estimates forming the national social
accounts, the related TCO and TIO, and the resulting intermediate
commodity and industry output estimates. Adjustments are made to
some output estimates to eliminate negative intermediate output
estimates.
State and County Distribution of TIO

For Agricultural sectors (IMPLAN sectors 1-13), state TIO comes
directly from the NASS data. County data is a function of output per
worker and state/county employment.
For all of the remaining industrial sectors (IMPLAN sectors 14-499),
TIO is national output per worker times state/county employment
adjusted for value-added to employment ratios that deviate from
national average. In other words, if the employee compensation (or
proprietor income, indirect business tax or other property type
income) to employment ratio for the county or state is higher than
national average then output per worker will also be adjusted upward
and vice versa. The resulting TIOs are checked to make sure they are
positive and greater than value-added. State TIOs are forced to sum
to U.S. TIO and county TIOs are forced to sum to state TIOs.
Sectors 500 to 509 are "special" sectors. Their values are set as
follows:
Sector 509 is set to the PCE value for owner-occupied dwellings.
Non Comparable Imports, Scrap, & Used and secondhand goods
(500-502) are not industries, therefore TIO is zero.
Federal and State & Local Government (503-506) TIOs are, by
definition, equal to value-added.
Rest of World Industry and Inventory Valuation Adjustment (507,
508) are distributed to states and counties based on their
proportion of total U.S. economic activity (as represented by total
employee compensation). That is, if a state has 10% of the
national employee compensation, it receives 10% of the national
rest of world industry TIO.
256
Chapter 22: Output
Chapter 23: Institution Demand
C H A P T E R
257
2 3
Institution Demand
In general, institution demand is estimated nationally and then
allocated to states and counties. Institution demand data is not
available for some of the variables at the state or county level. This
chapter will discuss the data sources and the distribution procedures.
Institution demand, or final demand as it is sometimes called, is
demand for goods and services for final use. Final use means that the
good or service will be consumed and not incorporated into another
product.
Household consumption expenditures, also known as Personal
Consumption Expenditures (PCE), consist of payments by
individuals/households to industries for goods and services used for
personal consumption. PCE is the largest component of final demand.
Federal Government purchases are divided between military,
non-military, and investment. Federal military purchases are
those made to support the national defense. Goods range from food
for troops to missile launchers. Non-military purchases are made to
supply all other government functions. Investment consists of
government demand for capital goods. Payments made to other
governmental units are transfers and are not included in Federal
Government purchases.
State and local government purchases are divided between
public education, non-education, and investment. Public
education purchases are for elementary, high school, and higher
education. Non-education purchases are for all other government
activities. These include state government operations, and operations
including police protection and sanitation. Private sector education
purchases are not counted here. Private education purchases show up
as intermediate purchases for IMPLAN sectors 461 and 462.
Inventory purchases are made when industries do not sell all
output created in one year. Each year, a portion of output goes to
inventory. Inventory sales occur when industries sell more than they
produce and need to deplete inventory. Inventory purchases and sales
generally involve goods-producing industries (e.g. agriculture,
258

mining, and manufacturing). IMPLAN values for inventory sales and
purchases are net.
Capital expenditures are made by industries and institutions to
obtain capital equipment and construction. The dollar values in the
IMPLAN database are expenditures made to a specific industrial
sector producing the capital equipment. The values do not represent
capital investment by that industrial sector.
Foreign exports are demands made to industries for goods that are
exported beyond national borders. These represent goods and services
demanded by foreign parties. Domestic exports are calculated during
the IMPLAN model creation and are not part of the database.
Inter-institutional transfers are monetary flows between
institutions. The institutions are households, federal government,
state and local government, capital, and trade. These flows represent
non-industrial transfers of funds such as household payments of
taxes and government payments to households in the form of social
security and welfare. There are also transfers between federal and
state and local government in the form of grants.
Household Expenditures
National household Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE)
are estimated using the BEA Benchmark I-O Study and the
Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), diary and survey. This
provides estimates of consumer expenditures on goods and services by
different income classes. If the CES data is not current year, the
expenditures are price updated.
CES expenditures are in terms of purchaser prices, so margining is
necessary. This is accomplished using the margins described in
Chapter 26, Database Validation. Applying the margins allocates
the CES data to the appropriate IMPLAN sector. The result is a
vector of total PCE. The vector of PCE is adjusted to the National
Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) PCE control total. The adjusted
PCE total is then allocated to the nine income classes based on the
CES data. This provides the PCE estimate for the different income
classes.
National PCE are distributed to state and counties based on the
number of households and household income for each of the nine PCE
income categories. A vector of spending is developed for one
household for each of the CES income classes. The number of
households by each of the nine income classes by county is obtained
259
from the Census. Expenditures made by households (by income class)

are multiplied by the number of households (by income class) to form
the PCE estimate for each county. These estimates are then
controlled to the US totals.
Federal Government Military/ Non-military

Expenditures and Sales
Federal expenditure data is obtained from the Federal Procurement
Data Center, a federal agency that tracks government purchases.
This information is available at the state and county level. These
values are adjusted to NIPA control totals.
Federal Sales data is estimated using NIPA control totals and the I/O
distribution. The exception to this is Federal Timber Sales.
The Federal Procurement data gives us federal government
purchases for each state and county in the U.S.. Its 6-digit NAICS
data is bridged to 509 IMPLAN sectors and its functions are
aggregated to IMPLAN's two final demand categories (military and
non-military).
This data indicates what share of the U.S.'s Federal Purchases occurs
in which state and which county by industry. For example, federal
purchase of mainframe computers (NAICS 334111, current IMPLAN
sector 302) in Minnesota is 10 percent of the U.S. purchase, according
to the federal procurement data; therefore, Minnesota has 10 percent
of the national NIPA value for that sector. The reason the federal
procurement data is not used directly is due to the procurement data
not incorporating small contracts (<$5000). There are several sectors
for which NIPA data indicates federal purchases while it is nonexistent in the federal procurement tapes. For these sectors
state/county output to U.S. output ratios act as the distributor for the
NIPA data.
Procurement data at the state level is forced to sum to U.S.
procurement data and, similarly, procurement data at the county
level is forced to sum to the state level; therefore, distributed county
level federal purchases data will sum to the national value.
Federal investment is based on NIPA data and an allocation to
IMPLAN sectors based on the current benchmark study.
Federal sales data is distributed to states and counties based on state
and county TIO to U.S. TIO ratios. The one exception is federal sales
260

of stumpage (IMPLAN sector 24) which by BEA definition represents
sales activity of the USDA Forest Service. The U.S. Forest Service
provides unpublished timber sale data at the county and state level.
The Forest Service provides federal stumpage sales data to MIG.
IMPLAN Sector 15 sales (or stumpage sales) for the federal
government is defined to be the sales volume of timber harvested
(includes sawlogs and all convertible volume) from national Forest
land. Data is obtained from a database maintained by the
Washington Office Timber Sale Accounting (TSA) branch). Data for
the current fiscal year current is obtained and consists of:
1. normal distribution or revenues received by the Forest
Service as a result of the timber sale
2. Purchaser Road Credits (PRC) directly related to the
stumpage volume
3. Associated charges to purchasers not directly related to
stumpage (includes items such as road maintenance, slash
disposal, and coop scaling).
IMPLAN data is presented on a calendar basis. TSA's database has
individual sales stored by county and state FIP's codes; data is
summed for all sales in county, state, and national totals. Total
figures for the nation and states are compared to the Forest Service's
timber sale accounting reports (TSPIRS) as a benchmark to insure
the validity of the data.
State and Local Government Purchases for

Education and Non-education and Sales
Data for State and Local Government Purchases and Sales is
obtained from the current Annual Survey of Governments: Finances
data series. This provided total expenditures for education and noneducation as well as sales at the state level. County level information
is not possible to ascertain. This data is only used for distribution of
NIPA control totals.
The State and Local government expenditure and sales data give
comparative expenditure levels by function (education, noneducation, and sales) for each of the 51 states (included Washington
D.C.) and the U.S. With this data, a share of the U.S. State and Local
government expenditures is developed for each state which, when
applied to the total national IMPLAN values, provides an estimate
261
for all sectors for each state. This state estimate of total state and
local government expenditure and sales is distributed to the IMPLAN
sectors based on the U.S. distribution. In other words, a normalized
state distribution vector of non-education government expenditures
will look like the U.S. normalized version with three exceptions.
The first exception is U.S. sales of stumpage (sector 15) which is
based on each state's share of the U.S.'s employment in "Logging".
This assumes that a higher share of state forest lands exist in states
with more commercial logging.
The second and third exceptions are the education and non-education
final demand purchases from the education and non-education rows,
which represent compensation to employees of those agencies
(already derived for state and county IMPLAN data).
County level education and non-education expenditures are based on
corresponding employment. IMPLAN state level expenditure data is
distributed to the counties as a direct proportion of the county's share
of the state's state and local government employment. Sales data, on
the other hand, is distributed to counties based on county TIO as a
proportion of state TIO for each sector.
State and local investment is based on total capital expenditures from
the Annual Survey of Government Finances. The expenditure
patterns are based on the Benchmark IO expenditure patterns.
Inventory Purchases and Sales

For the manufacturing sectors, the Annual Survey of Manufacturers
provides the inventory data. For agriculture, the NASS data provides
the values. Other sectors are derived from I/O ratios.
National IMPLAN Inventory Purchases, Inventory Sales and Foreign
Export final demand vectors are distributed to states and counties on
the basis of TIO (total industry output). Therefore, each county/state
share of the national final demand value is proportional to its share
of economic activity as represented by TIO.
Capital
Capital expenditures, or Gross Private Capital Formation (GPCF) as
it is sometimes called, are estimated using the current BEA Wealth
data showing capital expenditures made by firms. This provides
information on who spent what, but for the GPCF final demand we
need information on where the capital expenditure is made. This
262

shows the demand on an industry for capital goods and is
accomplished by using the NIPA investment data and the investment
matrix provided by the Benchmark Study workfile.
The national GPCF is distributed to states and counties based on
total employment in all construction industries (IMPLAN current
sectors 33-45). This implies that a purchase of capital goods within a
state or county is linked to overall construction activity within that
area.
Therefore, a county containing 0.3% of the national construction
employment would receive 0.3% of the national GPCF for all sectors
except the new and repair and maintenance construction sectors
(IMPLAN current sectors 33-45). National GPCF for those sectors are
distributed directly to the county or state based on TIO to national
TIO ratios for each of those sectors.
Foreign Exports and Imports

Foreign export data is from the U.S. Department of Commerces
Foreign Trade Statistics series. This data series provides detailed
national information on in and outflows and is used as the structure
for the national set of I/O accounts.
National IMPLAN foreign exports final demand vectors are
distributed to states and counties on the basis of TIO (total industry
output). Therefore, each county/state share of the national final
demand value is proportional to its share of economic activity as
represented by TIO. Census data identifying the source of shipment
does exist, however, it only identifies the location of the
wholesale/retail broker and not the site of production.
Chapter 24: Inter-Institution Transfers
C H A P T E R
263
2 4
Inter-Institutional Transfers
Regional social accounting matrices, or SAMs, represent an IMPLAN
extension for regional economic modeling. IMPLAN type interindustry models provide information on market transactions between
firms, consumers, and other forms of final demands. SAMs provide
information on non-market financial flows. SAMs capture payments
of taxes by individuals and businesses, transfers of government funds
to people and businesses, and transfer of funds from people to people.
MIG has developed methodologies for creating local (county) area
SAM data that is consistent with National Income and Produce
Accounts (NIPA).
SAM Framework
SAM Data Development
PCE Distribution
Balancing
SAM Framework
Essentially, SAM accounts are an extension of traditional inputoutput accounts. Like input-output analysis, a full social accounting
matrix is a double entry booking system capable of tracing monetary
flows through debits and credits similar to T-Accounts in basic
financial accounting. The matrix format allows the double entry
bookkeeping to be displayed in a single entry format.
Figure 24-1 shows a typical SAM layout. The column entries
represent expenditures (payments) made by the economic agents. The
row entries represent receipts or income to agents. By accounting
definition, all receipts must equal all expenditures. That is, the SAM
must balance. The shaded areas in Figure 24-1 are the inter-industry
transfer cells.
Value
Added
Factors
Factor
Trade
Total
Factor
Outlay
Total
Industry
Outlay
Total
Transfers
Imports
Total
Commodity
Outlay
Sales
Make
Commodity
Trade
Capital
Enterprises
Institutions
Use
Commodity
Industry
Industry
Factors
Figure 24-1 SAM Framework
264
Total
Institution
Outlay
Imports
Transfers
Consumption
Institutitons
Total
Enterprise
Outlay
Transfers
Enterprises
Total
Capital
Outlay
Transfer
Transfers
Consumption
Capital
Total
Trade
Outlay
Exports
Exports
Exports
Exports
Exports
Trade
Total
Trade
Income
Total
Capital
Income
Total
Enterprise
Income
Total
Institution
Income
Total
Factor
Income
Total
Commodity
Income
Total
Industry
Income
Total
265
The column and row entries represent the different economic actors.
Following across the row, Industry represents industries producing
goods and services. Commodity represents the goods and services
consumed by industries and institutions. Factors are factors of
production, such as employee compensation, proprietors income and
other income. Institutions represents households, governments
accounts. Capital represents investment and borrowing.
Enterprises represent the distribution of corporate profits.
Exports and Imports show monetary flows into and out of a
region.
Individual elements within the SAM tables include the use and make
matrices and value-added. The use table shows the use of
commodities by industry or the goods and services required to
produce an industries output. The make table shows the make of
commodities by industry, or who produces commodities. These are
typical components of input-output models. Also found in typical I/O
models are final demand or institutional consumption, exports and
imports.
The SAM adds non-industrial financial flows in addition to the typical
I/O elements. Looking first at receipts or income, industries make
payments to commodities for goods and services, payments to workers
and profits (factors), payments to institutions (households,
governments, capital) of distributions, taxes, and borrowing. Lastly,
industries make payments to imports for use in production. The total
is total industry outlay.
Commodities make payments in the sense that there is a sum paid to
produce commodities. There are also non-industrial sales of
commodities from institutions.
Institutional income is also distributed to other institutions. This is
the real contribution of a SAM. These inter-institutional transfers
show the flow of non-industrial funds. Inter-institutional transfers
include transfers from businesses to households (interest and
dividend payments), transfers from people to government (payment of
taxes), and transfers from governments to people (social security,
unemployment compensation among others). Inter-institutional
transfers also include the capital accounts. For businesses, this is
investment and borrowing. For households this is net savings.
Government capital accounts show surplus and deficits.
266
SAM Data Development

Since the IMPLAN data provided an I/O data and model source, it is
natural to develop SAM accounts that could be used with the
IMPLAN data. A SAM with complete accounting of flows actually
serves as a check for IMPLAN data since a SAM gives a complete
picture of taxation and savings for households and governments.
National SAM
The U.S. SAM data comes directly from the National Income and
Product Accounts.
State and County SAM Data

State and county SAM data is derived from a number of sources. The
IMPLAN data contributes a large portion of the local area data.
All inter-industry information is derived from the MIG IMPLAN
databases. IMPLAN gives the SAM the use and make tables, the
factor receipts, and the commodities purchased by institutions. Other
SAM elements are derived from a variety of sources.
Household Transfer Income Data

Estimates of household income and expenditure transfers come from
four primary sources. The first is the IMPLAN industry data. The
second is the REIS CA 35 Table. The third is from the BLS Consumer
Expenditure Survey. The fourth is the Annual Survey of Government
Finances.
Household income received from industries is from the IMPLAN data.
This income is by place of work, and is income received by individuals
where they perform the work. Social accounting data is by definition
place-of-residence. The REIS data provides the residency adjustment.
Household income is adjusted for place-of-residence so it is consistent
with other sources of household income. Residence-based household
income is derived from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)s
Regional Economic Information System (REIS) data. REIS has
estimates of income by place of work and place of residence, as well as
some transfer payments data.
Household expenditures on federal taxes are from the CES data
distributed to states and counties on the basis of the areas
demographic makeup. It is assumed that within different income
groups, taxation and spending patterns are similar across the nation.
CES data is available for regions, however, to get income and
267
expenditure patterns by different region and different income group

would not be possible given the small sample sizes. The results would
not be statistically significant. We have several income categories
nationally as opposed to one income group which varies by several
regions.
State and Local Government Transfers Data

State and local government income and expenditures comes from the
Annual Survey of State and Local Government Expenditures.
Figure Table 24-2. State and Local Transfers Data
State Code
County Code
Government Name
Government Code
Property Tax
Total Sales Tax
Alcoholic Beverage Tax
Amusement License
Corporate License
Hunting
Motor Vehicle Tax
Motor Vehicle Operators
PU License
Occupational Business License
Other License
Individual Income Tax
Corporate Income Tax
Death and Gift Tax
Document Stock Tax
Severance Tax
Taxes NEC
Interest Earnings
Fines Forfeits
Rents
Royalties
State Education Transfers
Table 4 continued: State & Local Transfers Data
Local Education Transfers
State Local Social Security
Federal Grants In Aid
State and Local Borrowing
Corporate Interest
Personal Interest
Federal Education Transfers
Total Education Operations
State and Local Sales
State and Local Non-Education Purchases
Federal Transfers Data
268

State and local income and expenditures comes directly from the
current Survey of Government. This data gives state and local
revenues and expenditures by specific category.
Federal Transfers
Estimates of federal income come from estimates of household tax
liabilities based on the CES data. Corporate taxes are estimated from
the IMPLAN Other Property Type Income (OPTI) data. The State
and local transfers data also includes federal payments to state and
local governments.
Federal government income and expenditures for states and counties
are estimated from CES information and local demographic data. The
relationship between income and taxes is analyzed and then projected
to the states and counties to form initial estimates.
Capital
The capital accounts are a balancing item that is allowed to float. If
the other elements are specified correctly, the capital accounts will be
accurate.
Trade
Trade is also a balancing item, although some components are
specified. Trade flows of labor income are captured by the place-ofresidence adjustment made from the REIS data. The remainder of the
trade entries are used for balancing.
The trade accounts are primarily from the IMPLAN data and are also
used as balancing elements.
Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE)

Distribution
Accuracy in the distribution of household spending and income is
critical since mistakes are quite apparent in tax and savings rates.
For household commodity purchases, the primary source is the BLS
Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES). This is also the source for
splitting the household commodity purchases and tax payments into
three income segments. The source for splitting household income
into three segments is the Census of Population.
This caused some difficulty in that CES and Census household
definitions are different. CES uses a consumer unit as their basis,
Census uses the household. As a result, there are 85 million
269
consumer units in the U.S. and 93 million households. There is also

some problems with CES income estimation. There appears to be
significant under-reporting of income, which seems to enlarge the
lower income segments. However, after adjusting the CES income to
REIS income totals, the resulting tax and savings rates appear to be
quite reasonable.
There is, one other modification made on households. Household
income received from industries is an establishment-based value.
That is the industry pays wages and salaries to employees regardless
if they live in the region or not. Household expenditures are
residential-based. Household spending occurs by where the household
resides. As a result, there is a residence adjustment made to the
income data to make it a place of residence value.
The data elements are all balanced to the national SAM totals to
ensure consistency across the regions. In this way, the state and local
totals are consistent with national income and product accounts.
Balancing
After the data is collected, it is necessary to balance the SAM table.
Balancing is accomplished by making adjustments in the imports,
exports, and capital accounts. The IMPLAN Pro software balances
the SAM.
Balancing of households can serve as an example. Households receive
income from industries and institutions. With this income,
households buy goods and services, pay taxes, and save for the future.
We have information about income, consumption and tax payments.
The difference between income and spending (or saving) is a
balancing element. Savings can be either positive or negative.
Negative savings means the household spends more than it makes.
This is accomplished by withdrawing from household capital stocks or
borrowing from financial institutions.
Other balancing elements work similarly. The difference between
government income and spending is a surplus or deficit (not
surprisingly, the SAM shows the U.S. deficit). Foreign trade balance
occurs between imports and exports and the balance of trade.
Chapter 25: National Matrices & Tables
C H A P T E R
271
2 5
National Matrices and Tables

The structural matrices form the basis for the inter-industry flows
(the flow of dollars between industries). There are two structural
matrices, the Use Matrix and the Make Matrix. The Use Matrix
shows the use of commodities by each industry. The Make Matrix
shows the production of commodities made by each industry.
The Use Matrix, in coefficient form, is the Absorption Matrix (also
known as the Production Functions). The make matrix has two
coefficient forms, the Byproducts Matrix and the Market Shares
Matrix. The Byproducts Matrix represents the proportion of each
commodity an industry produces. The Market Shares Matrix
represents the proportion of each commodity within a region
produced by each industry.
National I/O Structural Model
Make Matrix
Use Matrix
Margins
Deflators
Regional Purchase Coefficients (RPCs)
National I/O Structural Model

The two national structural matrices, the Use and Make, are
developed in conjunction with the IMPLAN database. The Use and
Make Tables are actually stored in IMPLAN in their coefficient
forms: Absorption and Byproducts Matrices. The structural matrices
are developed along with the complete set of national I/O accounts as
outlined in the previous sections.
Make Matrix
The Make Matrix represents the make, or production, of commodities
by industry. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) Benchmark I/O
Study of the U.S. Make Table forms the basis for the IMPLAN model.
272

The Benchmark IO make table is price updated to the current year
using the price deflators discussed in Chapter 9. The U.S. Make
Matrix is rearranged into IMPLAN format and dividing each row
element by the row total forms a Byproducts Matrix (see the Analysis
Guide for a complete discussion).
Since the Make Matrix is stored as coefficients, and we did not have
total commodity output (TCO) controls, it is not necessary to RAS the
Make Table. Accepting the Byproducts Matrix now makes it possible
to calculate TCO as the sum of each column of total industry output
(TIO), distributed across the matrix.
Use Matrix
The creation of the Use Matrix is more complex than the Make
Matrix. The final demand, value-added, total industry output and
total commodity output data are first estimated as described in the
previous sections.
Matrix RAS
We then bridge the 508 sector BEA Use

Table to the 509 IMPLAN sectors. but
requires splitting out trade sectors. In
general, there is very little difference in
production functions for a BEA sector
split over several IMPLAN sectors. In
cases where one BEA sector is split into
several IMPLAN sectors, the split is
based on income.
Once the resectoring of the BEA data is
complete, the adjustment of the Use
Table can be done. The value-added, final
demands, total industry and commodity
output are placed in a table as shown in
Figure 25-1. At this point, all information
except for the Use and Trade Matrix is
complete. Trade is completed once the
software has processed the data.
To complete the national Use Matrix, the
intermediate industry and commodity
output values are calculated. The
intermediate outputs are used as new
row and column control totals for the Use
Matrix. The Use Matrix is then RASed to
match the new row and column totals.
The RAS is a procedure used

to re-balance matrices. This
procedure is used numerous
times throughout the IMPLAN
database development
process.
The procedure requires a
matrix of size mxn and a
vector of row size n and
column size m totals. The preRAS matrix row and column
totals do not equal the vector
of row and column totals. The
RAS procedure forces the
matrix to add to the vector of
row and column totals. This is
accomplished by allocating
the vector row and column
elements to the matrix based
on the matrices distribution
pattern. The result is a new
matrix consistent with the
vector of row and column
totals.
RAS, sometimes called the
Ratio Allocation System or
Richard A. Stone system,
actually refers to the variable
appearance of the coefficient
matrix in the original paper:
(rAs).
273
This procedure calculates the difference between the new and old row
and column totals and distributes the differences within the matrix.
This is done iteratively until the differences drop to zero.
Figure 25-1 IO Layout
Industry
Industry
Commodity
Use ??
Factors
Institutions
Trade
Total
Commodity
Make
Factors
Institution
Final
Demands
Value Added
Sales
Imports
TIO
Transfers
Trade
Transfers
Imports
Trade
Exports
Exports
Total
TCO
TIO
Exports
Exports
TCO
After the adjustments are made, the national model balances with
total value-added, equaling total final demand. Total commodity
output equals total industry output, making intermediate industry
and commodity output equivalent.
MARGINS
In input-output models, including IMPLAN, all expenditures are in
terms of producer prices. This allocates all expenditures to the
industries that produce goods or services. As a result, any data
received in purchaser prices (prices paid by final consumers) needs to
be converted or allocated to the producing industries. Margins enable
one to move from producer to purchaser prices or vice-versa. A
complete discussion of margins is in the Analysis Guide.
An example is probably the easiest means to describe margins.
Assume that a consumer spends $1.00 at a retail store. A portion of
that dollar, 20 cents in this case, is retained by the retailer. A
portion, 20 cents, of the dollar is paid to the wholesaler and so forth
until the dollar is fully allocated (Figure 25-2).
Figure 25-2 Margins
Sector
Retail
Wholesale
Transportation
Manufacturing
TOTAL
Dollars
$0.20
$0.10
$0.10
$0.60
$1.00
Margin
20%
10%
10%
60%
100%
Margins are particularly important in the formation of the Personal

Consumption Expenditure (PCE) values. Together with each personal
274

consumption category is a set of margins showing the distribution of
the PCE Purchaser Price.
Margins are derived from the Bureau of Economic Analysis InputOutput tables. The margins used to form the PCE data elements are
compiled from data from the BEA Detailed Workfile.
The data from BEA provide information on the margins associated
with each of the different Personal Consumption categories. These
PCE categories are modified to fit the IMPLAN sectoring scheme.
Deflators
Deflators account for relative price changes during different time
periods and are derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Growth Model. BLS produces a time series of output estimates for
each of the 224 BLS industry sectors as part of the Growth Model.
The output estimates are used to create the output deflators for the
224 sectors.
The 224 sector data is then allocated to the IMPLAN 528 sectors. All
IMPLAN sectors comprising a BLS sector are allowed to have the
same deflator. Appendix G shows the bridging of the BLS 224 scheme
to the IMPLAN 528 scheme.
BLS data only includes industry sectors. To get deflators for value
added/income components of the data, Implicit PCE Deflators from
BEAs survey of Current Business are used.

IMPLAN is a non-survey I/O model and is derived from a national
model. The national model represents the "average" condition for a
particular industry. Consequently, without adjustments for regional
differences, the national production functions do not necessarily
represent industries comprising a local or regional economy.
Stevens and Trainor (1980) note that estimating regional trade flows
(imports and exports) across regional boundaries is perhaps the
largest source of error in deriving non-survey I/O models. Use of
Regional Purchasing Coefficients (RPCs) is one way to eliminate some
of the bias inherent in non-survey models.
Gross regional trade flows (gross exports and imports) or commodities
are estimated by developing regional purchase coefficients (RPCs). An
RPC represents the proportion of the total demands for a given
275
commodity that is supplied by the region to itself. For example, given

an RPC value of 0.8 for the commodity "fish", then 80% of the demand
by fish processors, fish wholesalers, foreign exports, and all other
demands for fish are met by local producers. Alternatively 20% (l.0RPC) of the demand is imported.
Source of Data for Predictive Equations

Empirical trade flow data was obtained from the 1977 Multi-Regional
Input-Output Accounts (MRIOA) which is a cross-sectional data base
of state input-output accounts linked with consistent cross interstate
trade flows. The MRIOA provided 51 125 sector input-output tables
for all states and the District of Columbia, accompanied by 125 sets of
industry-specific interstate trade flow matrices by mode of
transportation.
The parameters for the RPC predictive equation are calculated for the
first 24 (sectors with a shippable commodity) of the 125 MRIOA
commodity sectors. Each of the MRIOA sectors corresponds exactly to
one or several of IMPLAN commodity sectors. The service sectors
(non-shippable commodities) are the observed values for the state.
What causes errors in trade flow estimation?

1. A particular commodity or service classification may contain a
number of different grades or attributes. A quality difference, real
or perceived, can determine whether or not a local consumer is
able or willing to purchase a locally produced commodity or
service. Aggregating different products or services into a single
category aggravate this problem. Goats and rabbits are quite
often lumped into a single "Miscellaneous livestock" category, yet
a fur coat manufacturer will not view them as substitutable.
2. Given a choice between two suppliers of a substitutable
commodity, a consumer may still choose the one that is more
expensive, or of inferior quality for any one of a number of
cultural, administrative, or other perception reasons. A tourist
may buy hand-made Indian jewelry even though the similar
jewelry costs less and may be of better quality when machine
made. An American may buy a car made in Detroit when a
cheaper and better quality car can be imported. Any number of
factors can affect costs and cause inefficiencies observed when
haulers of an identical commodity pass each other going opposite
directions on the highway (otherwise known as "cross-hauling").
Chapter 26: Database Validation 277
C H A P T E R
2 6
Database Validation
Validating the database is an important final step in the data
development process. This chapter discusses:
Validation Process
Force Account Construction Adjustment
Validation Process
Once the national model is complete and balanced, it is checked
thoroughly for errors. The model is built and multipliers generated.
All values are passed to the states and counties based on the
procedures outlined in Chapter 20-25.
Once the data is passed to the states and counties, an extensive
validation process takes place. State and county models are built and
evaluated. The data is also passed through a program that calculates
ratios on every value in the database. Any outliers are examined and
either documented or fixed if a program or data bug is the cause.
Once this process is complete, the databases are released to the
public. Users should still examine their study areas and make
changes if required. Some users like to update values to more recent
time periods or may have additional data. Users should also examine
the models regional purchase coefficients. RPCs will be discussed in
the next section.
Force Account Construction Adjustment

To conform to I/O accounting definitions, IMPLAN databases have an
adjustment made at the time of construction. This adjustment is
called the force account construction adjustment and is an
attempt to keep production activities consistent across sectors.
Some non-construction industries, such as mining, have a large
construction component. The force account construction adjustment
moves an industrys construction activity from the industrys sector to
the appropriate construction sector.
278
Chapter 26: Database Validation

Construction sectors can have production functions very different
than the industry involving the construction. By keeping the
activities separated, expenditures made during production will be
more accurately allocated.
For example, a mine usually requires the construction of a road to get
to the mining site. The force account adjustment removes the
construction activity from the mining sector and places it into the
road construction sector. The net result is that mining values may be
slightly smaller than published estimates and the construction values
may be slightly higher.
Citations
279
C I T A T I O N S
Database Literature Citations

Executive Office of the President. Standard Industrial Classification
Manual. Executive Office of Management and Budget,
Washington D.C., 1987.
General Services Administration, Unpublished Data, Federal
Procurement Data Center, Washington, 1990-97.
International Trade Association, "1997 Trade Statistics",
Unpublished Data, International Trade Association, 1997.
Palmer, C. and L.E. Siverts, IMPLAN Analysis Guide. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Systems
Application Unit, Land Management Planning, Fort
Collins, Colorado, 1985.
Stevens, B. and G. Trainor. Error generation on regional inputoutput analysis and its implications for non-survey
models. Ed. S. Pleeter. Economic Impact Analysis:
Methodology and Applications. Amsterdam: Marinus
Nijhoff, 1980, p. 68-84.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Outlook, Economic
Research Service, Washington, 1997.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Federal Timber Sales",
Unpublished Data, U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO,
1997.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Published Estimates of Crop
Production, National Agricultural Statistical Service,
Washington, 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce. "Annual Survey of Governments,
19xx: Finance Statistics". Unpublished Data, Bureau of
the Census, Washington, [producer] current. Ann Arbor,
MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social
Research [distributor], 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce. "Annual Revision of the U.S. National
Income and Product Accounts". Survey of Current
Business, Bureau of Economic Analysis. July, 1992.
280
Citations
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Annual Survey of Governments,
1992: Employment Statistics" Unpublished Data, Bureau
of the Census, Washington, [producer] current. Ann
Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and
Social Research [distributor], 1992.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Annual Survey of Manufactures,
Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries", Bureau of
the Census, Washington, 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce, current Annual Survey of Retail
Trade, Bureau of the Census, Washington, 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Annual Survey of Service Industries
Trade, Washington DC, 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "BLS Growth Model", Unpublished
Data, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment
Projections. 19xx.
U.S. Department of Commerce. BLS Handbook of Methods.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, 1989.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "The 1992 Census of Agriculture,
Geographic Area Series", Computer CD, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, 1995.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "The 1992 Census of Construction",
Computer CD, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
current. 1995
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Consumer Expenditure Survey,
Diary and Survey", Unpublished data, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Washington, 19xx.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "County Business Patterns, 19xx",
Unpublished Data, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
19xx.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Counties and County Equivilents of
the States of the United States", National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, 1979.
U.S. Department of Commerce. "The Detailed Input-Output
Structure of the U.S. Economy, 1977, Volume I, The Use
and Make of Commodities by Industries", Bureau of
Economic Analysis, Washington DC, 1984
Citations
281
U.S. Department of Commerce. "The Detailed Input-Output

Structure of the U.S. Economy, 1977, Volume II,
Transactions", Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington
DC, 1984.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1980. Definitions and Conventions of
the 1972 Input-Output Study. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, Washington DC.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Employment and Employment
Compensation in the 1977 Input-Output Accounts",
Survey of Current Business, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, November, 1985.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Foreign Trade Statistics", Computer
Tape, Bureau of the Census, February 1991.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "4 Component Gross State Product by
State", Unpublished Data, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
1989, 1991.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Guide to Foreign Trade Statistics",
Bureau of the Census, February 1991.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "The 1982 Input-Output Structure of
the U.S. Economy", Computer Tape, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, Inter-industry Division, 1991.
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Personal Consumption Expenditures
and Gross Private Fixed Investment Item Detail",
Unpublished Data, accession number: BEA IED 84008(1984).
U.S. Department of Commerce, "current Regional Economic
Information System Data", Computer CD & Diskettes,
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Measurement
Division, 1991
U.S. Department of Commerce, Unpublished Data, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Covered Employment and Wages (ES202
Program), Washington, 1992
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Wealth Data", Unpublished Data,
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, 1992.
US. Department of Health and Human Services. 1983. The
multiregional input-output accounts, 1977. Vol. I-VI, Jack
Yaucett & Associates, Report submitted to the US,
282
Citations
Department of Health and Human Services, Contract No.
HHS-100-81-0057, July 1983.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Mineral Commodity Summaries
1992. Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1992
U.S. Department of Interior, 1987 Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of
Mines, Washington, 1989.
U.S. Department of Interior, Survey Methods and Statistical
Summary of Nonfuel Minerals, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, April 1992.
Yuskavage, Robert E, "Employment and Employee Compensation in
the 1977 Input-Output Accounts". Survey of Current
Business. November, 1985,pp 11-25.
GLOSSARY
AND
APPENDICES
Glossary
285
G L O S S A R Y
Glossary
Absorption Table
A coefficient form of the use table derived

by dividing each element of the use table
by total industry output.
Backward Linkage
Links an industry to its suppliers or a

household (an institution) and the
producers of household goods and services.
Balanced Accounts
In the complete set of social accounts,

commodity production is equal to
commodity use for each commodity and
industry output is equal to industry outlay
for each industry.
Byproducts Table
A coefficient form of the make table

derived by dividing each element by the
make table row totals.
Commodities
The goods and services produced by

industries.
Direct Coefficients
For each dollar outlay for a given industry

the amount used for purchase of goods and
service from each industry sector modeled.
Direct Effects
The set of expenditures applied to the

predictive model (i.e., I/O multipliers) for
impact analysis.
Final Demands
Consist of purchases of goods and services

for final consumption as opposed to an
intermediate purchase where the good will
be further remanufactured.
Forward Linkage
Links between an industry producing a

good or service, and the consumers of the
good or service.
Indirect Effects
The inter-industry effects of input-output

analysis. The impacts above and beyond
286
Glossary
the direct effects when applied to the Type
I multipliers.
Induced Effects
The impacts of household expenditures in

I/O analysis.
Industries
The collection of businesses in an economy

within a given region. purchasing goods
and services and paying workers.
Input-Output Accounts
The accounting of all current money flows

from and to (outlays and outputs)
industries located
Input-Output Analysis:
An economic model that allows the

assessment of change in overall economic
activity as a result of some corresponding
change in one or several activities
Institutions
Refer to the type of final demand sector.

They are personal consumption
expenditures, or purchases made by
households, federal, state, and local
purchases, investment purchases, and
trade.
Inter-institutional
Transactions
Transactions between those who are

typically final consumers in the regional
economic accounts. Inter-institutional
transactions include payments of taxes by
individuals or businesses to government,
or government payments to individuals or
businesses like social security payments.
These inter-institutional transactions are
captured in the complete social accounts.
Labor Income
In general it represents all forms of

employment income. In I/O it is the sum
of employee compensation and proprietor
income (except for IMPLAN multiplier
report 603 which includes only employee
compensation).
Local Purchase
Coefficients
Proportion of specified impacts which will

be applied to model multipliers. We allow
the software to estimate a portion to be
directly imported and therefore that
Glossary
287
portion will not have indirect or induced

effects.
Make Table
The make of commodities by industry. It

shows each industrys production of goods
and services. It is possible for a single
industry to produce more than a single
category of good or service.
Margins
Represent the difference between producer

and purchaser prices.
Market Shares Table
A coefficient form of the make table

derived by dividing each make element by
the make column total.
Total value of a commodity produced by

the region net of the value of foreign
export.
Predictive Model
The mathematical representation of the

input-output multipliers. Mathematically
it is: X = (I - A)-1 * Y.
Primary Commodity
Of the commodities produced by an

industry, it has the greatest value. The
industry is classified based on its primary
commodity.
Primary I/O Studies
Input-output studies based on data

collected directly from industries.
Producer Prices
Prices of the goods at the site of

production for commodity industries. For
the margin industries, it is the value
added (or the margin) to the value of goods
purchased for resale.
Production Function
The relationship between the output of a

good and the inputs required to produce
that good for any given industry.
Purchaser Prices
Prices paid by the end user of the good or

service at a retail store.
Regional Economic
The regional economic accounts show all
288
Glossary
Accounts
dollar transactions, both inter-industrial

and to final consumers for the study area
in question.
Secondary Commodities
The commodities produced by a single

industry which are of lesser value than
the primary commodity i.e., byproducts)
produced by retail store.
Secondary I/O Studies
Input-output studies based on

reformulation of data collected from a
primary study.
Social Accounting
Matrices (SAMs)
A set of regional economic accounts which

describe transfers between institutions, as
well as, value added components.
RPC (Regional Purchase

Coefficients)
Ratios representing the portion of regional

demands purchased from local producers.
RPCs are used to estimate the trade flows
of the model before multipliers are
generated.
RSC (Regional Sales

Coefficients)
Ratios representing the portion of regional

production used to satisfy local demand.
T-Accounts
A standard layout for double-entry

accounting. Assets are recorded on the
left half of the T and liabilities
(including profits) are recorded on the
right. The sum of the left and right halves
balance -i.e., are equal.
Total Regional
Commodity Supply
Total value of locally produced commodity

supply for a region. Includes industry and
institutional sources.
Type I Multipliers
The total production requirements of all

industries within a given region to meet
the industry demands triggered by $1 of
consumption of the goods/services
produced by a specified industry.
Type II Multipliers

the industry and household demands
triggered by $1 of consumption of the
Glossary
289
goods/services produced by a specified

industry. Household income and
expenditures are treated as an additional
regional industry.
Type III Multipliers

the industry and household demands
triggered by $1 of consumption of the
goods/services produced by a specified
industry. The induced component is
employment based using the regional
average PCE per person.

the industry and institution(s) demands,
as specified by the user, triggered by $1 of
consumption of the goods/services
produced by a specified industry. The
user specifies which of the final demands
are to be incorporated into the Leontief
inverse.
Use Table
The use of commodities by industry. It

shows business purchases of goods and
services for use in the production process.
Value-Added
Payments made by industry to workers,

interest, profits and indirect business
taxes.
Appendix A: IMPLAN Sector Scheme
A P P E N D I X
IMPLAN Sector Scheme

This appendix shows the IMPLAN data sectoring for IMPLAN data base files. These
sectors are bridged to the NAICS code and the BEA commodity classifications for the
current input-output benchmark tables.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
IMPLAN Description
Oilseed farming
Grain farming
Vegetable and melon farming
Tree nut farming
Fruit farming
Greenhouse and nursery production
Tobacco farming
Cotton farming
Sugarcane and sugar beet farming
All other crop farming
Cattle ranching and farming
Poultry and egg production
Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs
Logging
Forest nurseries, forest products, and timber tracts
Fishing
Hunting and trapping
Agriculture and forestry support activities
Oil and gas extraction
Coal mining
Iron ore mining
Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining
Gold, silver, and other metal ore mining
Stone mining and quarrying
Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory mining
Other nonmetallic mineral mining
Drilling oil and gas wells
Support activities for oil and gas operations
Support activities for other mining
Power generation and supply
Natural gas distribution
Water, sewage and other systems
New residential 1-unit structures, nonfarm
New multifamily housing structures, nonfarm
New residential additions and alterations, nonfarm
New farm housing units and additions and alterations
Manufacturing and industrial buildings
Commercial and institutional buildings
BEA 1997
1111A0
1111B0
111200
111335
1113A0
111400
111910
111920
1119A0
1119B0
112100
112300
112A00
113300
113A00
114100
114200
115000
211000
212100
212210
212230
2122A0
212310
212320
212390
213111
213112
21311A
221100
221200
221300
230110
230120
230130
230140
230210
230220
NAICS
11111 11112
11113 11114
1112
111335
11131 11132
1114
11191
11192
11193 111991
11194 111992
11211 11212
1123
1122
1124
1133
1131
1132
1141
1142
115
211
2121
21221
21223
21222 21229
21231
21232
21239
213111
213112
213113 213114
2211
2212
2213
23*
23*
23*
23*
23*
23*
11115
11116
11119
11133 exc. 111335
111998
11213
1125
213115
1129
291
292
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

IMPLAN Description
BEA 1997
Highway, street, bridge, and tunnel construction
230230
Water, sewer, and pipeline construction
230240
Other new construction
230250
Maintenance and repair of farm and nonfarm residential 230310
Maintenance and repair of nonresidential buildings
230320
Maintenance and repair of highways, streets, bridges, 230330
Other maintenance and repair construction
230340
Dog and cat food manufacturing
311111
Other animal food manufacturing
311119
Flour milling
311211
Rice milling
311212
Malt manufacturing
311213
Wet corn milling
311221
Soybean processing
311222
Other oilseed processing
311223
Fats and oils refining and blending
311225
Breakfast cereal manufacturing
311230
Sugar manufacturing
311310
Confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans
311320
Confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate 311330
Nonchocolate confectionery manufacturing
311340
Frozen food manufacturing
311410
Fruit and vegetable canning and drying
311420
Fluid milk manufacturing
311511
Creamery butter manufacturing
311512
Cheese manufacturing
311513
Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy products
311514
Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
311520
Animal, except poultry, slaughtering
311611
Meat processed from carcasses
311612
Rendering and meat byproduct processing
311613
Poultry processing
311615
Seafood product preparation and packaging
311700
Frozen cakes and other pastries manufacturing
311813
Bread and bakery product, except frozen, manufacturing 31181A
Cookie and cracker manufacturing
311821
Mixes and dough made from purchased flour
311822
Dry pasta manufacturing
311823
Tortilla manufacturing
311830
Roasted nuts and peanut butter manufacturing
311911
Other snack food manufacturing
311919
Coffee and tea manufacturing
311920
Flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing
311930
Mayonnaise, dressing, and sauce manufacturing
311941
Spice and extract manufacturing
311942
All other food manufacturing
311990
Soft drink and ice manufacturing
312110
Breweries
312120
Wineries
312130
Distilleries
312140
NAICS
23*
23*
23*
23*
23*
23*
23*
311111
311119
311211
311212
311213
311221
311222
311223
311225
31123
31131
31132
31133
31134
31141
31142
311511
311512
311513
311514
31152
311611
311612
311613
311615
3117
311813
311811 311812
311821
311822
311823
31183
311911
311919
31192
31193
311941
311942
31199
31211
31212
31213
31214

89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
IMPLAN Description
Tobacco stemming and redrying
Cigarette manufacturing
Other tobacco product manufacturing
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
Broadwoven fabric mills
Narrow fabric mills and schiffli embroidery
Nonwoven fabric mills
Knit fabric mills
Textile and fabric finishing mills
Fabric coating mills
Carpet and rug mills
Curtain and linen mills
Textile bag and canvas mills
Tire cord and tire fabric mills
Other miscellaneous textile product mills
Sheer hosiery mills
Other hosiery and sock mills
Other apparel knitting mills
Cut and sew apparel manufacturing
Accessories and other apparel manufacturing
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
Footwear manufacturing
Other leather product manufacturing
Sawmills
Wood preservation
Reconstituted wood product manufacturing
Veneer and plywood manufacturing
Engineered wood member and truss manufacturing
Wood windows and door manufacturing
Cut stock, resawing lumber, and planing
Other millwork, including flooring
Wood container and pallet manufacturing
Manufactured home, mobile home, manufacturing
Prefabricated wood building manufacturing
Miscellaneous wood product manufacturing
Pulp mills
Paper and paperboard mills
Paperboard container manufacturing
Flexible packaging foil manufacturing
Surface-coated paperboard manufactuing
Coated and laminated paper and packaging materials
Coated and uncoated paper bag manufacturing
Die-cut paper office supplies manufacturing
Envelope manufacturing
Stationery and related product manufacturing
Sanitary paper product manufacturing
All other converted paper product manufacturing
Manifold business forms printing
Books printing
Blankbook and looseleaf binder manufacturing
BEA 1997
312210
312221
312229
313100
313210
313220
313230
313240
313310
313320
314110
314120
314910
314992
31499A
315111
315119
315190
315200
315900
316100
316200
316900
321113
321114
321219
32121A
32121B
321911
321912
321918
321920
321991
321992
321999
322110
3221A0
322210
322225
322226
32222A
32222B
322231
322232
322233
322291
322299
323116
323117
323118
NAICS
31221
312221
312229
3131
31321
31322
31323
31324
31331
31332
31411
31412
31491
314992
314991 314999
315111
315119
31519
3152
3159
3161
3162
3169
321113
321114
321219
321211 321212
321213 321214
321911
321912
321918
32192
321991
321992
321999
32211
32212 32213
32221
322225
322226
322221 322222
322223 322224
322231
322232
322233
322291
322299
323116
323117
323118
293
294
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188

IMPLAN Description
Commercial printing
Tradebinding and related work
Prepress services
Petroleum refineries
Asphalt paving mixture and block manufacturing
Asphalt shingle and coating materials manufacturing
Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
All other petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Petrochemical manufacturing
Industrial gas manufacturing
Synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing
Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
Other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Plastics material and resin manufacturing
Synthetic rubber manufacturing
Cellulosic organic fiber manufacturing
Noncellulosic organic fiber manufacturing
Nitrogenous fertilizer manufacturing
Phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing
Fertilizer, mixing only, manufacturing
Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Paint and coating manufacturing
Adhesive manufacturing
Soap and other detergent manufacturing
Polish and other sanitation good manufacturing
Surface active agent manufacturing
Toilet preparation manufacturing
Printing ink manufacturing
Explosives manufacturing
Custom compounding of purchased resins
Photographic film and chemical manufacturing
Other miscellaneous chemical product manufacturing
Plastics packaging materials, film and sheet
Plastics pipe, fittings, and profile shapes
Laminated plastics plate, sheet, and shapes
Plastics bottle manufacturing
Resilient floor covering manufacturing
Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other plastics products
Foam product manufacturing
Tire manufacturing
Rubber and plastics hose and belting manufacturing
Other rubber product manufacturing
Vitreous china plumbing fixture manufacturing
Vitreous china and earthenware articles manufacturing
Porcelain electrical supply manufacturing
Brick and structural clay tile manufacturing
Ceramic wall and floor tile manufacturing
Nonclay refractory manufacturing
Clay refractory and other structural clay products
BEA 1997
32311A
323121
323122
324110
324121
324122
324191
324199
325110
325120
325130
325180
325190
325211
325212
325221
325222
325311
325312
325314
325320
325400
325510
325520
325611
325612
325613
325620
325910
325920
325991
325992
325998
326110
326120
326130
326160
326192
32619A
3261A0
326210
326220
326290
327111
327112
327113
327121
327122
327125
32712A
NAICS
323111 323112 323113 323114 323115 323119
323121
323122
32411
324121
324122
324191
324199
32511
32512
32513
32518
32519
325211
325212
325221
325222
325311
325312
325314
32532
32541
32551
32552
325611
325612
325613
32562
32591
32592
325991
325992
325998
32611
32612
32613
32616
326192
326191 326199
32614 32615
32621
32622
32629
327111
327112
327113
327121
327122
327125
327123 327124

189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
IMPLAN Description
Glass container manufacturing
Glass and glass products, except glass containers
Cement manufacturing
Ready-mix concrete manufacturing
Concrete block and brick manufacturing
Concrete pipe manufacturing
Other concrete product manufacturing
Lime manufacturing
Gypsum product manufacturing
Abrasive product manufacturing
Cut stone and stone product manufacturing
Ground or treated minerals and earths manufacturing
Mineral wool manufacturing
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products
Iron and steel mills
Ferroalloy and related product manufacturing
Iron, steel pipe and tube from purchased steel
Rolled steel shape manufacturing
Steel wire drawing
Alumina refining
Primary aluminum production
Secondary smelting and alloying of aluminum
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil manufacturing
Aluminum extruded product manufacturing
Other aluminum rolling and drawing
Primary smelting and refining of copper
Primary nonferrous metal, except copper and aluminum
Copper rolling, drawing, and extruding
Copper wire, except mechanical, drawing
Secondary processing of copper
Nonferrous metal, except copper and aluminum,
Secondary processing of other nonferrous
Ferrous metal foundries
Aluminum foundries
Nonferrous foundries, except aluminum
Iron and steel forging
Nonferrous forging
Custom roll forming
All other forging and stamping
Cutlery and flatware, except precious, manufacturing
Hand and edge tool manufacturing
Saw blade and handsaw manufacturing
Kitchen utensil, pot, and pan manufacturing
Prefabricated metal buildings and components
Fabricated structural metal manufacturing
Plate work manufacturing
Metal window and door manufacturing
Sheet metal work manufacturing
Ornamental and architectural metal work manufacturing
Power boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing
BEA 1997
327213
32721A
327310
327320
327331
327332
327390
327410
327420
327910
327991
327992
327993
327999
331111
331112
331210
331221
331222
331311
331312
331314
331315
331316
331319
331411
331419
331421
331422
331423
331491
331492
331510
33152A
33152B
332111
332112
332114
33211A
332211
332212
332213
332214
332311
332312
332313
332321
332322
332323
332410
NAICS
327213
327211 327212 327215
32731
32732
327331
327332
32739
32741
32742
32791
327991
327992
327993
327999
331111
331112
33121
331221
331222
331311
331312
331314
331315
331316
331319
331411
331419
331421
331422
331423
331491
331492
33151
331521 331524
331522 331525 331528
332111
332112
332114
332115 332116 332117
332211
332212
332213
332214
332311
332312
332313
332321
332322
332323
33241
295
296
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288

IMPLAN Description
Metal tank, heavy gauge, manufacturing
Metal can, box, and other container manufacturing
Hardware manufacturing
Spring and wire product manufacturing
Machine shops
Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
Metal heat treating
Metal coating and nonprecious engraving
Electroplating, anodizing, and coloring metal
Metal valve manufacturing
Ball and roller bearing manufacturing
Small arms manufacturing
Other ordnance and accessories manufacturing
Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing
Industrial pattern manufacturing
Enameled iron and metal sanitary ware manufacturing
Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing
Ammunition manufacturing
Farm machinery and equipment manufacturing
Lawn and garden equipment manufacturing
Construction machinery manufacturing
Mining machinery and equipment manufacturing
Oil and gas field machinery and equipment
Sawmill and woodworking machinery
Plastics and rubber industry machinery
Paper industry machinery manufacturing
Textile machinery manufacturing
Printing machinery and equipment manufacturing
Food product machinery manufacturing
Semiconductor machinery manufacturing
All other industrial machinery manufacturing
Office machinery manufacturing
Optical instrument and lens manufacturing
Photographic and photocopying equipment
Other commercial and service industry machinery
Automatic vending, commercial laundry and drycleaning
Air purification equipment manufacturing
Industrial and commercial fan and blower manufacturing
Heating equipment, except warm air furnaces
AC, refrigeration, and forced air heating
Industrial mold manufacturing
Metal cutting machine tool manufacturing
Metal forming machine tool manufacturing
Special tool, die, jig, and fixture manufacturing
Cutting tool and machine tool accessory manufacturing
Rolling mill and other metalworking machinery
Turbine and turbine generator set units manufacturing
Other engine equipment manufacturing
Speed changers and mechanical power transmission
Pump and pumping equipment manufacturing
BEA 1997
332420
332430
332500
332600
332710
332720
332811
332812
332813
332910
332991
332994
332995
332996
332997
332998
332999
33299A
333111
333112
333120
333131
333132
333210
333220
333291
333292
333293
333294
333295
333298
333313
333314
333315
333319
33331A
333411
333412
333414
333415
333511
333512
333513
333514
333515
33351A
333611
333618
33361A
333911
NAICS
33242
33243
3325
3326
33271
33272
332811
332812
332813
33291
332991
332994
332995
332996
332997
332998
332999
332992 332993
333111
333112
33312
333131
333132
33321
33322
333291
333292
333293
333294
333295
333298
333313
333314
333315
333319
333311 333312
333411
333412
333414
333415
333511
333512
333513
333514
333515
333516 333518
333611
333618
333612 333613
333911

289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
IMPLAN Description
Air and gas compressor manufacturing
Measuring and dispensing pump manufacturing
Elevator and moving stairway manufacturing
Conveyor and conveying equipment manufacturing
Overhead cranes, hoists, and monorail systems
Industrial truck, trailer, and stacker manufacturing
Power-driven handtool manufacturing
Welding and soldering equipment manufacturing
Packaging machinery manufacturing
Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing
Fluid power cylinder and actuator manufacturing
Fluid power pump and motor manufacturing
Scales, balances, and miscellaneous general purpose
Electronic computer manufacturing
Computer storage device manufacturing
Computer terminal manufacturing
Other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing
Telephone apparatus manufacturing
Broadcast and wireless communications equipment
Other communications equipment manufacturing
Audio and video equipment manufacturing
Electron tube manufacturing
Semiconductors and related device manufacturing
All other electronic component manufacturing
Electromedical apparatus manufacturing
Search, detection, and navigation instruments
Automatic environmental control manufacturing
Industrial process variable instruments
Totalizing fluid meters and counting devices
Electricity and signal testing instruments
Analytical laboratory instrument manufacturing
Irradiation apparatus manufacturing
Watch, clock, and other measuring and controlling
Software reproducing
Audio and video media reproduction
Magnetic and optical recording media manufacturing
Electric lamp bulb and part manufacturing
Lighting fixture manufacturing
Electric housewares and household fan manufacturing
Household vacuum cleaner manufacturing
Household cooking appliance manufacturing
Household refrigerator and home freezer manufacturing
Household laundry equipment manufacturing
Other major household appliance manufacturing
Electric power and specialty transformer manufacturing
Motor and generator manufacturing
Switchgear and switchboard apparatus manufacturing
Relay and industrial control manufacturing
Storage battery manufacturing
Primary battery manufacturing
BEA 1997
333912
333913
333921
333922
333923
333924
333991
333992
333993
333994
333995
333996
33399A
334111
334112
334113
334119
334210
334220
334290
334300
334411
334413
33441A
334510
334511
334512
334513
334514
334515
334516
334517
33451A
334611
334612
334613
335110
335120
335211
335212
335221
335222
335224
335228
335311
335312
335313
335314
335911
335912
297
NAICS
333912
333913
333921
333922
333923
333924
333991
333992
333993
333994
333995
333996
333997 333999
334111
334112
334113
334119
33421
33422
33429
3343
334411
334413
334412 334414 334415 334416 334417 334418 334419
334510
334511
334512
334513
334514
334515
334516
334517
334518 334519
334611
334612
334613
33511
33512
335211
335212
335221
335222
335224
335228
335311
335312
335313
335314
335911
335912
298
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388

IMPLAN Description
Fiber optic cable manufacturing
Other communication and energy wire manufacturing
Wiring device manufacturing
Carbon and graphite product manufacturing
Miscellaneous electrical equipment manufacturing
Automobile and light truck manufacturing
Heavy duty truck manufacturing
Motor vehicle body manufacturing
Truck trailer manufacturing
Motor home manufacturing
Travel trailer and camper manufacturing
Motor vehicle parts manufacturing
Aircraft manufacturing
Aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing
Propulsion units and parts for space vehicles and
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing
Ship building and repairing
Boat building
Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts manufacturing
Military armored vehicles and tank parts manufacturing
All other transportation equipment manufacturing
Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop manufacturing
Upholstered household furniture manufacturing
Nonupholstered wood household furniture
Metal household furniture manufacturing
Institutional furniture manufacturing
Other household and institutional furniture
Wood office furniture manufacturing
Custom architectural woodwork and millwork
Office furniture, except wood, manufacturing
Showcases, partitions, shelving, and lockers
Mattress manufacturing
Blind and shade manufacturing
Laboratory apparatus and furniture manufacturing
Surgical and medical instrument manufacturing
Surgical appliance and supplies manufacturing
Dental equipment and supplies manufacturing
Ophthalmic goods manufacturing
Dental laboratories
Jewelry and silverware manufacturing
Sporting and athletic goods manufacturing
Doll, toy, and game manufacturing
Office supplies, except paper, manufacturing
Sign manufacturing
Gasket, packing, and sealing device manufacturing
Musical instrument manufacturing
Broom, brush, and mop manufacturing
Burial casket manufacturing
BEA 1997
335921
335929
335930
335991
335999
336110
336120
336211
336212
336213
336214
336300
336411
336412
336413
336414
33641A
336500
336611
336612
336991
336992
336999
337110
337121
337122
337124
337127
33712A
337211
337212
337214
337215
337910
337920
339111
339112
339113
339114
339115
339116
339910
339920
339930
339940
339950
339991
339992
339994
339995
NAICS
335921
335929
33593
335991
335999
33611
33612
336211
336212
336213
336214
3363
336411
336412
336413
336414
336415 336419
3365
336611
336612
336991
336992
336999
33711
337121
337122
337124
337127
337125 337129
337211
337212
337214
337215
33791
33792
339111
339112
339113
339114
339115
339116
33991
33992
33993
33994
33995
339991
339992
339994
339995

389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
IMPLAN Description
Buttons, pins, and all other miscellaneous
Wholesale trade
Air transportation
Rail transportation
Water transportation
Truck transportation
Transit and ground passenger transportation
Pipeline transportation
Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support
Postal service
Couriers and messengers
Warehousing and storage
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Electronics and appliance stores
Building material and garden supply stores
Food and beverage stores
Health and personal care stores
Gasoline stations
Clothing and clothing accessories stores
Sporting goods, hobby, book and music stores
General merchandise stores
Miscellaneous store retailers
Nonstore retailers
Newpaper publishers
Periodical publishers
Book publishers
Database, directory, and other publishers
Software publishers
Motion picture and video industries
Sound recording industries
Radio and television broadcasting
Cable networks and program distribution
Telecommunications
Information services
Data processing services
Nondepository credit intermediation and related
Securities, commodity contracts, investments
Insurance carriers
Insurance agencies, brokerages, and related
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles
Monetary authorities and depository credit
Real estate
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Video tape and disc rental
Machinery and equipment rental and leasing
General and consumer goods rental except video tapes
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
Legal services
Accounting and bookkeeping services
BEA 1997
33999A
420000
481000
482000
483000
484000
485000
486000
48A000
491000
492000
493000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
4A0000
511110
511120
511130
5111A0
511200
512100
512200
513100
513200
513300
514100
514200
522A00
523000
524100
524200
525000
52A000
531000
532100
532230
532400
532A00
533000
541100
541200
NAICS
339993 339999
42
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
491110
492
493
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
451
452
453
454
51111
51112
51113
51114 51119
5112
5121
5122
5131
5132
5133
5141
5142
5222
5223
523
5241
5242
525
521
5221
531
5321
53223
5324
53221 53222 53229
533
5411
5412
5323
299
300
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488

IMPLAN Description
Architectural and engineering services
Specialized design services
Custom computer programming services
Computer systems design services
Other computer related services, including facilities
Management consulting services
Environmental and other technical consulting services
Scientific research and development services
Advertising and related services
Photographic services
Veterinary services
All other miscellaneous professional and technical
Management of companies and enterprises
Office administrative services
Facilities support services
Employment services
Business support services
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Investigation and security services
Services to buildings and dwellings
Other support services
Waste management and remediation services
Elementary and secondary schools
Colleges, universities, and junior colleges
Other educational services
Home health care services
Offices of physicians, dentists, and other health
Other ambulatory health care services
Hospitals
Nursing and residential care facilities
Child day care services
Social assistance, except child day care services
Performing arts companies
Spectator sports
Independent artists, writers, and performers
Promoters of performing arts and sports and agents for
Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks
Fitness and recreational sports centers
Bowling centers
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
Hotels and motels, including casino hotels
Other accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Car washes
Automotive repair and maintenance, except car washes
Electronic equipment repair and maintenance
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance
Household goods repair and maintenance
Personal care services
Death care services
BEA 1997
541300
541400
541511
541512
54151A
541610
5416A0
541700
541800
541920
541940
5419A0
550000
561100
561200
561300
561400
561500
561600
561700
561900
562000
611100
611A00
611B00
621600
621A00
621B00
622000
623000
624400
624A00
711100
711200
711500
711A00
712000
713940
713950
713A00
7211A0
721A00
722000
811192
8111A0
811200
811300
811400
812100
812200
NAICS
5413
5414
541511
541512
541513 541519
54161
54162 54169
5417
5418
54192
54194
54191 54193
55
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
562
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6216
6211
6212
6214
6215
622
623
6244
6241
6242
7111
7112
7115
7113
7114
712
71394
71395
7131
7132
72111 72112
72119 7212
722
811192
81111 81112
8112
8113
8114
8121
8122
54199
6116
6117
6213
6219
6243
71391
71392
7213
811191 811198
71393
71399

489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
IMPLAN Description
Drycleaning and laundry services
Other personal services
Religious organizations
Grantmaking and giving and social advocacy
Civic, social, professional and similar organizations
Private households
Federal electric utilities
Other Federal Government enterprises
State and local government passenger transit
State and local government electric utilities
Other State and local government enterprises
Noncomparable imports
Scrap
Used and secondhand goods
State & Local Education
State & Local Non-Education
Federal Military
Federal Non-Military
Rest of the world adjustment to final uses
Inventory valuation adjustment
Owner-occupied dwellings
BEA 1997
812300
812900
813100
813A00
813B00
814000
S00101
S00102
S00201
S00202
S00203
S00300
S00401
S00402
S00500
S00500
S00500
S00500
S00600
S00700
S00800
NAICS
8123
8129
8131
8132
8134
814
8133
8139
301
Appendix B: FIPS Codes
A P P E N D I X
303
FIPS Codes
On the following pages are listed the Federal Information Processing Standard ("FIPS")
Codes for each state and county in the U.S. The first two numbers identify the state,
while the last three digits of the code classify the counties (see figure).
ALABAMA
State Code
01
01
01
01
01
01
County Code
001
003
005
007
009
011
Description
Autauga
Baldwin
Barbour
Bibb
Blount
Bullock
IMPLAN data file naming conventions use the FIPs codes. For example the county code for Larimer is 069, so for
the 1994 Larimer County, Colorado (CO) data file, the name is CO94-069.ODF
304
01
AL
ALABAMA
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
AUTAUGA
BALDWIN
BARBOUR
BIBB
BLOUNT
BULLOCK
BUTLER
CALHOUN
CHAMBERS
CHEROKEE
CHILTON
CHOCTAW
CLARKE
CLAY
CLEBURNE
COFFEE
COLBERT
CONECUH
COOSA
COVINGTON
CRENSHAW
CULLMAN
DALE
DALLAS
DE KALB
ELMORE
ESCAMBIA
ETOWAH
FAYETTE
FRANKLIN
GENEVA
GREENE
HALE
HENRY
HOUSTON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
LAMAR
LAUDERDALE
LAWRENCE
LEE
LIMESTONE
LOWNDES
MACON
MADISON
MARENGO
MARION
MARSHALL
MOBILE
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
PERRY
PICKENS
PIKE
RANDOLPH
RUSSELL
ST. CLAIR
SHELBY
SUMTER
TALLADEGA
TALLAPOOSA
TUSCALOOSA
WALKER
WASHINGTON
WILCOX
WINSTON
02
AK
ALASKA
02
02
02
010
013
016
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
2
ALEUTIANS EAST
2
ALEUTIANS WEST
02
02
02
02
02
02
020
050
060
068
070
090
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
100
110
122
130
140
150
164
170
180
185
188
201
02
02
02
02
220
231
232
240
02
02
02
261
270
280
02
02
282
290
ANCHORAGE
BETHEL
BRISTOL BAY
3
DENALI
DILLINGHAM
FAIRBANKS NORTH
STAR
HAINES
JUNEAU
KENAI PENINSULA
KETCHIKAN GATEWAY
1
KOBUK
KODIAK ISLAND
3
LAKE AND PENINSULA
MATANUSKA-SUSITNA
NOME
NORTH SLOPE
2
NORTHWEST ARCTIC
PRINCE OF WALESUTE KETCHIKAN
SITKA
4
SKAGWAY-YAKUTAT-ANGOON
5
SKAGWAY-ANGOON
SOUTHEAST
FAIRBANKS
VALDEZ-CORDOVA
WADE HAMPTON
WRANGELL
PETERSBURG
5
YAKUTAT
YUKON-KOYUKUK
04
AZ
ARIZONA
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
001
003
005
007
009
011
012
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
APACHE
COCHISE
COCONINO
GILA
GRAHAM
GREENLEE
LAPAZ2
MARICOPA
MOHAVE
NAVAJO
PIMA
PINAL
SANTA CRUZ
YAVAPAI
YUMA
05
AR
ARKANSAS
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
ARKANSAS
ASHLEY
BAXTER
BENTON
BOONE
BRADLEY
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CHICOT
CLARK
CLAY
CLEBURNE
CLEVELAND
COLUMBIA
CONWAY
CRAIGHEAD
CRAWFORD
CRITTENDEN
CROSS
DALLAS
DESHA
DREW
FAULKNER
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GARLAND
GRANT
GREENE
HEMPSTEAD
HOT SPRING
HOWARD
INDEPENDENCE
IZARD
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LEE
LINCOLN
LITTLE RIVER
LOGAN
LONOKE
MADISON
MARION
MILLER
MISSISSIPPI
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NEVADA
NEWTON
OUACHITA
PERRY
PHILLIPS
PIKE
POINSETT
POLK
POPE
PRAIRIE
PULASKI
RANDOLPH
ST. FRANCIS
SALINE
SCOTT
SEARCY
SEBASTIAN
SEVIER
SHARP
STONE
UNION
VAN BUREN
WASHINGTON
WHITE
WOODRUFF
YELL
06
CA
CALIFORNIA
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
ALAMEDA
ALPINE
AMADOR
BUTTE
CALAVERAS
COLUSA
CONTRA COSTA
DEL NORTE
EL DORADO
FRESNO
GLENN
HUMBOLDT
IMPERIAL
INYO
KERN
KINGS
LAKE
LASSEN
LOS ANGELES
MADERA
Appendix B: FIPS Codes 305

06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
MARIN
MARIPOSA
MENDOCINO
MERCED
MODOC
MONO
MONTEREY
NAPA
NEVADA
ORANGE
PLACER
PLUMAS
RIVERSIDE
SACRAMENTO
SAN BENITO
SAN BERNARDINO
SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO
SAN JOAQUIN
SAN LUIS OBISPO
SAN MATEO
SANTA BARBARA
SANTA CLARA
SANTA CRUZ
SHASTA
SIERRA
SISKIYOU
SOLANO
SONOMA
STANISLAUS
SUTTER
TEHAMA
TRINITY
TULARE
TUOLUMNE
VENTURA
YOLO
YUBA
08
CO
COLORADO
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
014
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
ADAMS
ALAMOSA
ARAPAHOE
ARCHULETA
BACA
BENT
BOULDER
9
BROOMFIELD
CHAFFEE
CHEYENNE
CLEAR CREEK
CONEJOS
COSTILLA
CROWLEY
CUSTER
DELTA
DENVER
DOLORES
DOUGLAS
EAGLE
ELBERT
EL PASO
FREMONT
GARFIELD
GILPIN
GRAND
GUNNISON
HINSDALE
HUERFANO
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KIOWA
KIT CARSON
LAKE
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
LA PLATA
LARIMER
LAS ANIMAS
LINCOLN
LOGAN
MESA
MINERAL
MOFFAT
MONTEZUMA
MONTROSE
MORGAN
OTERO
OURAY
PARK
PHILLIPS
PITKIN
PROWERS
PUEBLO
RIO BLANCO
RIO GRANDE
ROUTT
SAGUACHE
SAN JUAN
SAN MIGUEL
SEDGWICK
SUMMIT
TELLER
WASHINGTON
WELD
YUMA
KENT
NEW CASTLE
SUSSEX
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
086
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
GLADES
GULF
HAMILTON
HARDEE
HENDRY
HERNANDO
HIGHLANDS
HILLSBOROUGH
HOLMES
INDIAN RIVER
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
LAFAYETTE
LAKE
LEE
LEON
LEVY
LIBERTY
MADISON
MANATEE
MARION
MARTIN
7
MIAMI-DADE
MONROE
NASSAU
OKALOOSA
OKEECHOBEE
ORANGE
OSCEOLA
PALM BEACH
PASCO
PINELLAS
POLK
PUTNAM
ST. JOHNS
ST. LUCIE
SANTA ROSA
SARASOTA
SEMINOLE
SUMTER
SUWANNEE
TAYLOR
UNION
VOLUSIA
WAKULLA
WALTON
WASHINGTON
09
CT
CONNECTICUT
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
FAIRFIELD
HARTFORD
LITCHFIELD
MIDDLESEX
NEW HAVEN
NEW LONDON
TOLLAND
WINDHAM
10
DE
DELAWARE
10
10
10
001
003
005
11
DC
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
13
GA
GEORGIA
11
001
WASHINGTON DC
12
FL
FLORIDA
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
ALACHUA
BAKER
BAY
BRADFORD
BREVARD
BROWARD
CALHOUN
CHARLOTTE
CITRUS
CLAY
COLLIER
COLUMBIA
7
DADE
DE SOTO
DIXIE
DUVAL
ESCAMBIA
FLAGLER
FRANKLIN
GADSDEN
GILCHRIST
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
043
045
047
049
051
APPLING
ATKINSON
BACON
BAKER
BALDWIN
BANKS
BARROW
BARTOW
BEN HILL
BERRIEN
BIBB
BLECKLEY
BRANTLEY
BROOKS
BRYAN
BULLOCH
BURKE
BUTTS
CALHOUN
CAMDEN
CANDLER
CARROLL
CATOOSA
CHARLTON
CHATHAM
306
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
CHATTAHOOCHEE
CHATTOOGA
CHEROKEE
CLARKE
CLAY
CLAYTON
CLINCH
COBB
COFFEE
COLQUITT
COLUMBIA
COOK
COWETA
CRAWFORD
CRISP
DADE
DAWSON
DECATUR
DE KALB
DODGE
DOOLY
DOUGHERTY
DOUGLAS
EARLY
ECHOLS
EFFINGHAM
ELBERT
EMANUEL
EVANS
FANNIN
FAYETTE
FLOYD
FORSYTH
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GILMER
GLASCOCK
GLYNN
GORDON
GRADY
GREENE
GWINNETT
HABERSHAM
HALL
HANCOCK
HARALSON
HARRIS
HART
HEARD
HENRY
HOUSTON
IRWIN
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFF DAVIS
JEFFERSON
JENKINS
JOHNSON
JONES
LAMAR
LANIER
LAURENS
LEE
LIBERTY
LINCOLN
LONG
LOWNDES
LUMPKIN
MCDUFFIE
MCINTOSH
MACON
MADISON
MARION
MERIWETHER
MILLER
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
205
207
209
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
231
233
235
237
239
241
243
245
247
249
251
253
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
269
271
273
275
277
279
281
283
285
287
289
291
293
295
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
311
313
315
317
319
321
MITCHELL
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MURRAY
MUSCOGEE
NEWTON
OCONEE
OGLETHORPE
PAULDING
PEACH
PICKENS
PIERCE
PIKE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
QUITMAN
RABUN
RANDOLPH
RICHMOND
ROCKDALE
SCHLEY
SCREVEN
SEMINOLE
SPALDING
STEPHENS
STEWART
SUMTER
TALBOT
TALIAFERRO
TATTNALL
TAYLOR
TELFAIR
TERRELL
THOMAS
TIFT
TOOMBS
TOWNS
TREUTLEN
TROUP
TURNER
TWIGGS
UNION
UPSON
WALKER
WALTON
WARE
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WHEELER
WHITE
WHITFIELD
WILCOX
WILKES
WILKINSON
WORTH
15
HI
HAWAII
15
15
15
15
15
15
001
003
007
009
501
901
HAWAII
HONOLULU
KAUAI
3
MAUI KALAWAO
2
MAUI KALAWAO
1
MAUI KALAWAO
16
ID
IDAHO
16
16
16
16
001
003
005
007
ADA
ADAMS
BANNOCK
BEAR LAKE
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
BENEWAH
BINGHAM
BLAINE
BOISE
BONNER
BONNEVILLE
BOUNDARY
BUTTE
CAMAS
CANYON
CARIBOU
CASSIA
CLARK
CLEARWATER
CUSTER
ELMORE
FRANKLIN
FREMONT
GEM
GOODING
IDAHO
JEFFERSON
JEROME
KOOTENAI
LATAH
LEMHI
LEWIS
LINCOLN
MADISON
MINIDOKA
NEZ PERCE
ONEIDA
OWYHEE
PAYETTE
POWER
SHOSHONE
TETON
TWIN FALLS
VALLEY
WASHINGTON
17
IL
ILLINOIS
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
ADAMS
ALEXANDER
BOND
BOONE
BROWN
BUREAU
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CASS
CHAMPAIGN
CHRISTIAN
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
COLES
COOK
CRAWFORD
CUMBERLAND
DE KALB
DE WITT
DOUGLAS
DU PAGE
EDGAR
EDWARDS
EFFINGHAM
FAYETTE
FORD
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GALLATIN
GREENE
GRUNDY

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
203
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
HARDIN
HENDERSON
HENRY
IROQUOIS
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JERSEY
JO DAVIESS
JOHNSON
KANE
KANKAKEE
KENDALL
KNOX
LAKE
LA SALLE
LAWRENCE
LEE
LIVINGSTON
LOGAN
MCDONOUGH
MCHENRY
MCLEAN
MACON
MACOUPIN
MADISON
MARION
MARSHALL
MASON
MASSAC
MENARD
MERCER
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MOULTRIE
OGLE
PEORIA
PERRY
PIATT
PIKE
POPE
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RICHLAND
ROCK ISLAND
ST. CLAIR
SALINE
SANGAMON
SCHUYLER
SCOTT
SHELBY
STARK
STEPHENSON
TAZEWELL
UNION
VERMILION
WABASH
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WHITE
WHITESIDE
WILL
WILLIAMSON
WINNEBAGO
WOODFORD
18
IN
INDIANA
18
18
001
003
ADAMS
ALLEN
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
BARTHOLOMEW
BENTON
BLACKFORD
BOONE
BROWN
CARROLL
CASS
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
CRAWFORD
DAVIESS
DEARBORN
DECATUR
DE KALB
DELAWARE
DUBOIS
ELKHART
FAYETTE
FLOYD
FOUNTAIN
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GIBSON
GRANT
GREENE
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
HARRISON
HENDRICKS
HENRY
HOWARD
HUNTINGTON
JACKSON
JASPER
JAY
JEFFERSON
JENNINGS
JOHNSON
KNOX
KOSCIUSKO
LAGRANGE
LAKE
LA PORTE
LAWRENCE
MADISON
MARION
MARSHALL
MARTIN
MIAMI
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEWTON
NOBLE
OHIO
ORANGE
OWEN
PARKE
PERRY
PIKE
PORTER
POSEY
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RIPLEY
RUSH
ST. JOSEPH
SCOTT
SHELBY
SPENCER
STARKE
STEUBEN
SULLIVAN
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
SWITZERLAND
TIPPECANOE
TIPTON
UNION
VANDERBURGH
VERMILLION
VIGO
WABASH
WARREN
WARRICK
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WELLS
WHITE
WHITLEY
19
IA
IOWA
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
ADAIR
ADAMS
ALLAMAKEE
APPANOOSE
AUDUBON
BENTON
BLACK HAWK
BOONE
BREMER
BUCHANAN
BUENA VISTA
BUTLER
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CASS
CEDAR
CERRO GORDO
CHEROKEE
CHICKASAW
CLARKE
CLAY
CLAYTON
CLINTON
CRAWFORD
DALLAS
DAVIS
DECATUR
DELAWARE
DES MOINES
DICKINSON
DUBUQUE
EMMET
FAYETTE
FLOYD
FRANKLIN
FREMONT
GREENE
GRUNDY
GUTHRIE
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
HARDIN
HARRISON
HENRY
HOWARD
HUMBOLDT
IDA
IOWA
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
JONES
KEOKUK
KOSSUTH
LEE
LINN
308
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
LOUISA
LUCAS
LYON
MADISON
MAHASKA
MARION
MARSHALL
MILLS
MITCHELL
MONONA
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MUSCATINE
O'BRIEN
OSCEOLA
PAGE
PALO ALTO
PLYMOUTH
POCAHONTAS
POLK
POTTAWATTAMIE
POWESHIEK
RINGGOLD
SAC
SCOTT
SHELBY
SIOUX
STORY
TAMA
TAYLOR
UNION
VAN BUREN
WAPELLO
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WINNEBAGO
WINNESHIEK
WOODBURY
WORTH
WRIGHT
20
KS
KANSAS
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
ALLEN
ANDERSON
ATCHISON
BARBER
BARTON
BOURBON
BROWN
BUTLER
CHASE
CHAUTAUQUA
CHEROKEE
CHEYENNE
CLARK
CLAY
CLOUD
COFFEY
COMANCHE
COWLEY
CRAWFORD
DECATUR
DICKINSON
DONIPHAN
DOUGLAS
EDWARDS
ELK
ELLIS
ELLSWORTH
FINNEY
FORD
FRANKLIN
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
203
205
207
209
GEARY
GOVE
GRAHAM
GRANT
GRAY
GREELEY
GREENWOOD
HAMILTON
HARPER
HARVEY
HASKELL
HODGEMAN
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JEWELL
JOHNSON
KEARNY
KINGMAN
KIOWA
LABETTE
LANE
LEAVENWORTH
LINCOLN
LINN
LOGAN
LYON
MCPHERSON
MARION
MARSHALL
MEADE
MIAMI
MITCHELL
MONTGOMERY
MORRIS
MORTON
NEMAHA
NEOSHO
NESS
NORTON
OSAGE
OSBORNE
OTTAWA
PAWNEE
PHILLIPS
POTTAWATOMIE
PRATT
RAWLINS
05NO
REPUBLIC
RICE
RILEY
ROOKS
RUSH
RUSSELL
SALINE
SCOTT
SEDGWICK
SEWARD
SHAWNEE
SHERIDAN
SHERMAN
SMITH
STAFFORD
STANTON
STEVENS
SUMNER
THOMAS
TREGO
WABAUNSEE
WALLACE
WASHINGTON
WICHITA
WILSON
WOODSON
WYANDOTTE
21
KY
KENTUCKY
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
ADAIR
ALLEN
ANDERSON
BALLARD
BARREN
BATH
BELL
BOONE
BOURBON
BOYD
BOYLE
BRACKEN
BREATHITT
BRECKINRIDGE
BULLITT
BUTLER
CALDWELL
CALLOWAY
CAMPBELL
CARLISLE
CARROLL
CARTER
CASEY
CHRISTIAN
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
CRITTENDEN
CUMBERLAND
DAVIESS
EDMONSON
ELLIOTT
ESTILL
FAYETTE
FLEMING
FLOYD
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GALLATIN
GARRARD
GRANT
GRAVES
GRAYSON
GREEN
GREENUP
HANCOCK
HARDIN
HARLAN
HARRISON
HART
HENDERSON
HENRY
HICKMAN
HOPKINS
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JESSAMINE
JOHNSON
KENTON
KNOTT
KNOX
LARUE
LAUREL
LAWRENCE
LEE
LESLIE
LETCHER
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LIVINGSTON

21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
203
205
207
209
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
231
233
235
237
239
LOGAN
LYON
MCCRACKEN
MCCREARY
MCLEAN
MADISON
MAGOFFIN
MARION
MARSHALL
MARTIN
MASON
MEADE
MENIFEE
MERCER
METCALFE
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MUHLENBERG
NELSON
NICHOLAS
OHIO
OLDHAM
OWEN
OWSLEY
PENDLETON
PERRY
PIKE
POWELL
PULASKI
ROBERTSON
ROCKCASTLE
ROWAN
RUSSELL
SCOTT
SHELBY
SIMPSON
SPENCER
TAYLOR
TODD
TRIGG
TRIMBLE
UNION
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WHITLEY
WOLFE
WOODFORD
22
LA
LOUISIANA
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
ACADIA
ALLEN
ASCENSION
ASSUMPTION
AVOYELLES
BEAUREGARD
BIENVILLE
BOSSIER
CADDO
CALCASIEU
CALDWELL
CAMERON
CATAHOULA
CLAIBORNE
CONCORDIA
DE SOTO
EAST BATON ROUGE
EAST CARROLL
EAST FELICIANA
EVANGELINE
FRANKLIN
GRANT
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
IBERIA
IBERVILLE
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JEFFERSON DAVIS
LAFAYETTE
LAFOURCHE
LA SALLE
LINCOLN
LIVINGSTON
MADISON
MOREHOUSE
NATCHITOCHES
ORLEANS
OUACHITA
PLAQUEMINES
POINTE COUPEE
RAPIDES
RED RIVER
RICHLAND
SABINE
ST. BERNARD
ST. CHARLES
ST. HELENA
ST. JAMES
ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST
ST. LANDRY
ST. MARTIN
ST. MARY
ST. TAMMANY
TANGIPAHOA
TENSAS
TERREBONNE
UNION
VERMILION
VERNON
WASHINGTON
WEBSTER
WEST BATON ROUGE
WEST CARROLL
WEST FELICIANA
WINN
23
ME
MAINE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
ANDROSCOGGIN
AROOSTOOK
CUMBERLAND
FRANKLIN
HANCOCK
KENNEBEC
KNOX
LINCOLN
OXFORD
PENOBSCOT
PISCATAQUIS
SAGADAHOC
SOMERSET
WALDO
WASHINGTON
YORK
24
MD
MARYLAND
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
001
003
005
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
ALLEGANY
ANNE ARUNDEL
BALTIMORE
CALVERT
CAROLINE
CARROLL
CECIL
CHARLES
DORCHESTER
FREDERICK
GARRETT
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
510
HARFORD
HOWARD
KENT
MONTGOMERY
PRINCE GEORGE'S
QUEEN ANNE'S
ST. MARY'S
SOMERSET
TALBOT
WASHINGTON
WICOMICO
WORCESTER
BALTIMORE CITY
25
MA
MASSACHUSETTS
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
BARNSTABLE
BERKSHIRE
BRISTOL
DUKES
ESSEX
FRANKLIN
HAMPDEN
HAMPSHIRE
MIDDLESEX
NANTUCKET
NORFOLK
PLYMOUTH
SUFFOLK
WORCESTER
26
MI
MICHIGAN
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
ALCONA
ALGER
ALLEGAN
ALPENA
ANTRIM
ARENAC
BARAGA
BARRY
BAY
BENZIE
BERRIEN
BRANCH
CALHOUN
CASS
CHARLEVOIX
CHEBOYGAN
CHIPPEWA
CLARE
CLINTON
CRAWFORD
DELTA
DICKINSON
EATON
EMMET
GENESEE
GLADWIN
GOGEBIC
GRAND TRAVERSE
GRATIOT
HILLSDALE
HOUGHTON
HURON
INGHAM
IONIA
IOSCO
IRON
ISABELLA
JACKSON
KALAMAZOO
KALKASKA
KENT
KEWEENAW
310
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26

085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
LAKE
LAPEER
LEELANAU
LENAWEE
LIVINGSTON
LUCE
MACKINAC
MACOMB
MANISTEE
MARQUETTE
MASON
MECOSTA
MENOMINEE
MIDLAND
MISSAUKEE
MONROE
MONTCALM
MONTMORENCY
MUSKEGON
NEWAYGO
OAKLAND
OCEANA
OGEMAW
ONTONAGON
OSCEOLA
OSCODA
OTSEGO
OTTAWA
PRESQUE ISLE
ROSCOMMON
SAGINAW
ST. CLAIR
ST. JOSEPH
SANILAC
SCHOOLCRAFT
SHIAWASSEE
TUSCOLA
VAN BUREN
WASHTENAW
WAYNE
WEXFORD
27
MN
MINNESOTA
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
AITKIN
ANOKA
BECKER
BELTRAMI
BENTON
BIG STONE
BLUE EARTH
BROWN
CARLTON
CARVER
CASS
CHIPPEWA
CHISAGO
CLAY
CLEARWATER
COOK
COTTONWOOD
CROW WING
DAKOTA
DODGE
DOUGLAS
FAIRBAULT
FILLMORE
FREEBORN
GOODHUE
GRANT
HENNEPIN
HOUSTON
HUBBARD
ISANTI
ITASCA
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
JACKSON
KANABEC
KANDIYOHI
KITTSON
KOOCHOCHIN
LAC QUI PA
LAKE
LAKE OF TH
LE SUEUR
LINCOLN
LYON
MCLEOD
MAHNOMEN
MARSHALL
MARTIN
MEEKER
MILLE LACS
MORRISON
MOWER
MURAY
NICOLLET
NOBLES
NORMAN
OLMSTED
OTTER TAIL
PENNINGTON
PINE
PIPESTONE
POLK
POPE
RAMSEY
RED LAKE
REDWOOD
RENVILLE
RICE
ROCK
ROSEAU
ST. LOUIS
SCOTT
SHERBURNE
SIBLEY
STEARNS
STEELE
STEVENS
SWIFT
TODD
TRAVERSE
WABASHA
WADENA
WASECA
WASHINGTON
WATONWAN
WILKIN
WINONA
WRIGHT
YELLOW MED
28
MS
MISSISSIPPI
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
ADAMS
ALCORN
AMITE
ATTALA
BENTON
BOLIVAR
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CHICKASAW
CHOCTAW
CLAIBORNE
CLARKE
CLAY
COAHOMA
COPIAH
COVINGTON
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
DE SOTO
FORREST
FRANKLIN
GEORGE
GREENE
GRENADA
HANCOCK
HARRISON
HINDS
HOLMES
HUMPHREYS
ISSAQUENA
ITAWAMBA
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JEFFERSON DAVIS
JONES
KEMPER
LAFAYETTE
LAMAR
LAUDERDALE
LAWRENCE
LEAKE
LEE
LEFLORE
LINCOLN
LOWNDES
MADISON
MARION
MARSHALL
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NESHOBA
NEWTON
NOXUBEE
OKTIBBEHA
PANOLA
PEARL RIVER
PERRY
PIKE
PONTOTOC
PRENTISS
QUITMAN
RANKIN
SCOTT
SHARKEY
SIMPSON
SMITH
STONE
SUNFLOWER
TALLAHATCHIE
TATE
TIPPAH
TISHOMINGO
TUNICA
UNION
WALTHALL
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WILKINSON
WINSTON
YALOBUSHA
YAZOO
29
MO
MISSOURI
29
29
29
29
29
29
001
003
005
007
009
011
ADAIR
ANDREW
ATCHISON
AUDRAIN
BARRY
BARTON

29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
BATES
BENTON
BOLLINGER
BOONE
BUCHANAN
BUTLER
CALDWELL
CALLAWAY
CAMDEN
CAPE GIRARDEAU
CARROLL
CARTER
CASS
CEDAR
CHARITON
CHRISTIAN
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
COLE
COOPER
CRAWFORD
DADE
DALLAS
DAVIESS
DE KALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
GREENE
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOLT
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MCDONALD
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MERCER
MILLER
MISSISSIPPI
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEW MADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
PERRY
PETTIS
PHELPS
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
186
187
189
195
197
199
201
203
205
207
209
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
510
PIKE
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RALLS
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
ST. CHARLES
ST. CLAIR
STE. GENEVIEVE
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SCOTT
SHANNON
SHELBY
STODDARD
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
VERNON
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT
ST. LOUIS CITY
30
MT
MONTANA
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
30
30
30
069
071
073
BEAVERHEAD
BIG HORN
BLAINE
BROADWATER
CARBON
CARTER
CASCADE
CHOUTEAU
CUSTER
DANIELS
DAWSON
DEER LODGE
FALLON
FERGUS
FLATHEAD
GALLATIN
GARFIELD
GLACIER
GOLDEN VALLEY
GRANITE
HILL
JEFFERSON
JUDITH BASIN
LAKE
LEWIS AND CLARK
LIBERTY
LINCOLN
MCCONE
MADISON
MEAGHER
MINERAL
MISSOULA
MUSSELSHELL
PARK AND
2
YELLOWSTONE
PETROLEUM
PHILLIPS
PONDERA
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
901
POWDER RIVER
POWELL
PRAIRIE
RAVALLI
RICHLAND
ROOSEVELT
ROSEBUD
SANDERS
SHERIDAN
SILVER BOW
STILLWATER
SWEET GRASS
TETON
TOOLE
TREASURE
VALLEY
WHEATLAND
WIBAUX
YELLOWSTONE
1
PARK (inc YLWSTONE)
31
NE
NEBRASKA
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
ADAMS
ANTELOPE
ARTHUR
BANNER
BLAINE
BOONE
BOX BUTTE
BOYD
BROWN
BUFFALO
BURT
BUTLER
CASS
CEDAR
CHASE
CHERRY
CHEYENNE
CLAY
COLFAX
CUMING
CUSTER
DAKOTA
DAWES
DAWSON
DEUEL
DIXON
DODGE
DOUGLAS
DUNDY
FILLMORE
FRANKLIN
FRONTIER
FURNAS
GAGE
GARDEN
GARFIELD
GOSPER
GRANT
GREELEY
HALL
HAMILTON
HARLAN
HAYES
HITCHCOCK
HOLT
HOOKER
HOWARD
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KEARNEY
KEITH
KEYA PAHA
312
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
KIMBALL
KNOX
LANCASTER
LINCOLN
LOGAN
LOUP
MCPHERSON
MADISON
MERRICK
MORRILL
NANCE
NEMAHA
NUCKOLLS
OTOE
PAWNEE
PERKINS
PHELPS
PIERCE
PLATTE
POLK
RED WILLOW
RICHARDSON
ROCK
SALINE
SARPY
SAUNDERS
SCOTTS BLUFF
SEWARD
SHERIDAN
SHERMAN
SIOUX
STANTON
THAYER
THOMAS
THURSTON
VALLEY
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WHEELER
YORK
32
NV
NEVADA
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
027
029
031
033
510
CHURCHILL
CLARK
DOUGLAS
ELKO
ESMERALDA
EUREKA
HUMBOLDT
LANDER
LINCOLN
LYON
MINERAL
NYE
PERSHING
STOREY
WASHOE
WHITE PINE
CARSON CITY CITY
33
NH
NEW HAMPSHIRE
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
BELKNAP
CARROLL
CHESHIRE
COOS
GRAFTON
HILLSBOROUGH
MERRIMACK
ROCKINGHAM
STRAFFORD
SULLIVAN
34
NJ
NEW JERSEY
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
ATLANTIC
BERGEN
BURLINGTON
CAMDEN
CAPE MAY
CUMBERLAND
ESSEX
GLOUCESTER
HUDSON
HUNTERDON
MERCER
MIDDLESEX
MONMOUTH
MORRIS
OCEAN
PASSAIC
SALEM
SOMERSET
SUSSEX
UNION
WARREN
35
NM
NEW MEXICO
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
001
003
005
006
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
028
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
BERNALILLO
CATRON
CHAVES
CIBOLA2
COLFAX
CURRY
DE BACA
DONA ANA
EDDY
GRANT
GUADALUPE
HARDING
HIDALGO
LEA
LINCOLN
LOS ALAMOS
LUNA
MCKINLEY
MORA
OTERO
QUAY
RIO ARRIBA
ROOSEVELT
SANDOVAL
SAN JUAN
SAN MIGUEL
SANTA FE
SIERRA
SOCORRO
TAOS
TORRANCE
UNION
VALENCIA
36
NY
NEW YORK
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
ALBANY
ALLEGANY
BRONX
BROOME
CATTARAUGUS
CAYUGA
CHAUTAUGUS
CHEMUNG
CHENANGO
CLINTON
COLUMBIA
CORTLAND
DELAWARE
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
DUTCHESS
ERIE
ESSEX
FRANKLYN
FULTON
GENESEE
GREENE
HAMILTON
HERKIMER
JEFFERSON
KINGS
LEWIS
LIVINGSTON
MADISON
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NASSAU
NEW YORK
NIAGARA
ONEIDA
ONONDAGA
ONTARIO
ORANGE
ORLEANS
OSWEGO
OTSEGO
PUTNAM
QUEENS
RENSSELAER
RICHMOND
ROCKLAND
ST. LAWRENCE
SARATOGA
SCHENECTADY
SCHOHARIE
SCHUYLER
SENECA
STUEBEN
SUFFOLK
SULLIVAN
TIOGA
TOMPKINS
ULSTER
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WESTCHESTER
WYOMING
YATES
37
NC
NORTH CAROLINA
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
ALAMANCE
ALEXANDER
ALLEGHANY
ANSON
ASHE
AVERY
BEAUFORT
BERTIE
BLADEN
BRUNSWICK
BUNCOMBE
BURKE
CABARRUS
CALDWELL
CAMDEN
CARTERET
CASWELL
CATAWBA
CHATHAM
CHEROKEE
CHOWAN
CLAY
CLEVELAND

37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
COLUMBUS
CRAVEN
CUMBERLAND
CURRITUCK
DARE
DAVIDSON
DAVIE
DUPLIN
DURHAM
EDGECOMBE
FORSYTH
FRANKLIN
GASTON
GATES
GRAHAM
GRANVILLE
GREENE
GUILFORD
HALIFAX
HARNETT
HAYWOOD
HENDERSON
HERTFORD
HOKE
HYDE
IREDELL
JACKSON
JOHNSTON
JONES
LEE
LENOIR
LINCOLN
MCDOWELL
MACON
MADISON
MARTIN
MECKLENBURG
MITCHELL
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
NASH
NEW HANOVER
NORTHAMPTON
ONSLOW
ORANGE
PAMLICO
PASQUOTANK
PENDER
PERQUIMANS
PERSON
PITT
POLK
RANDOLPH
RICHMOND
ROBESON
ROCKINGHAM
ROWAN
RUTHERFORD
SAMPSON
SCOTLAND
STANLY
STOKES
SURRY
SWAIN
TRANSYLVANIA
TYRRELL
UNION
VANCE
WAKE
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WATAUGA
WAYNE
WILKES
WILSON
37
37
197
199
YADKIN
YANCEY
38
ND
NORTH DAKOTA
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
ADAMS
BARNES
BENSON
BILLINGS
BOTTINEAU
BOWMAN
BURKE
BURLEIGH
CASS
CAVALIER
DICKEY
DIVIDE
DUNN
EDDY
EMMONS
FOSTER
GOLDEN VALLEY
GRAND FORKS
GRANT
GRIGGS
HETTINGER
KIDDER
LA MOURE
LOGAN
MCHENRY
MCINTOSH
MCKENZIE
MCLEAN
MERCER
MORTON
MOUNTRAIL
NELSON
OLIVER
PEMBINA
PIERCE
RAMSEY
RANSOM
RENVIL05
RICHLAND
ROLETTE
SARGENT
SHERIDAN
SIOUX
SLOPE
STARK
STEELE
STUTSMAN
TOWNER
TRAILL
WALSH
WARD
WELLS
WILLIAMS
39
OH
OHIO
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
ADAMS
ALLEN
ASHLAND
ASHTABULA
ATHENS
AUGLAIZE
BELMONT
BROWN
BUTLER
CARROLL
CHAMPAIGN
CLARK
CLERMONT
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
CLINTON
COLUMBIANA
COSHOCTON
CRAWFORD
CUYAHOGA
DARKE
DEFIANCE
DELAWARE
ERIE
FAIRFIELD
FAYETTE
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GALLIA
GEAUGA
GREENE
GUERNSEY
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
HARDIN
HARRISON
HENRY
HIGHLAND
HOCKING
HOLMES
HURON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KNOX
LAKE
LAWRENCE
LICKING
LOGAN
LORAIN
LUCAS
MADISON
MAHONING
MARION
MEDINA
MEIGS
MERCER
MIAMI
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MORROW
MUSKINGUM
NOBLE
OTTAWA
PAULDING
PERRY
PICKAWAY
PIKE
PORTAGE
PREBLE
PUTNAM
RICHLAND
ROSS
SANDUSKY
SCIOTO
SENECA
SHELBY
STARK
SUMMIT
TRUMBULL
TUSCARAWAS
UNION
VAN WERT
VINTON
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WILLIAMS
WOOD
WYANDOT
314
40
OK
OKLAHOMA
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
ADAIR
ALFALFA
ATOKA
BEAVER
BECKHAM
BLAINE
BRYAN
CADDO
CANADIAN
CARTER
CHEROKEE
CHOCTAW
CIMARRON
CLEVELAND
COAL
COMANCHE
COTTON
CRAIG
CREEK
CUSTER
DELAWARE
DEWEY
ELLIS
GARFIELD
GARVIN
GRADY
GRANT
GREER
HARMON
HARPER
HASKELL
HUGHES
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOHNSTON
KAY
KINGFISHER
KIOWA
LATIMER
LE FLORE
LINCOLN
LOGAN
LOVE
MCCLAIN
MCCURTAIN
MCINTOSH
MAJOR
MARSHALL
MAYES
MURRAY
MUSKOGEE
NOBLE
NOWATA
OKFUSKEE
OKLAHOMA
OKMULGEE
OSAGE
OTTAWA
PAWNEE
PAYNE
PITTSBURG
PONTOTOC
POTTAWATOMIE
PUSHMATAHA
ROGER MILLS
ROGERS
SEMINOLE
SEQUOYAH
STEPHENS
TEXAS
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
TILLMAN
TULSA
WAGONER
WASHINGTON
WASHITA
WOODS
WOODWARD
41
OR
OREGON
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
BAKER
BENTON
CLACKAMAS
CLATSOP
COLUMBIA
COOS
CROOK
CURRY
DESCHUTES
DOUGLAS
GILLIAM
GRANT
HARNEY
HOOD RIVER
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOSEPHINE
KLAMATH
LAKE
LANE
LINCOLN
LINN
MALHEUR
MARION
MORROW
MULTNOMAH
POLK
SHERMAN
TILLAMOOK
UMATILLA
UNION
WALLOWA
WASCO
WASHINGTON
WHEELER
YAMHILL
42
PA
PENNSYLVANIA
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
ADAMS
ALLEGHENY
ARMSTRONG
BEAVER
BEDFORD
BERKS
BLAIR
BRADFORD
BUCKS
BUTLER
CAMBRIA
CAMERON
CARBON
CENTRE
CHESTER
CLARION
CLEARFIELD
CLINTON
COLUMBIA
CRAWFORD
CUMBERLAND
DAUPHIN
DELAWARE
ELK
ERIE
FAYETTE
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
FOREST
FRANKLIN
FULTON
GREENE
HUNTINGDON
INDIANA
JEFFERSON
JUNIATA
LACKAWANNA
LANCASTER
LAWRENCE
LEBANON
LEHIGH
LUZERNE
LYCOMING
MCKEAN
MERCER
MIFFLIN
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MONTOUR
NORTHAMPTON
NORTHUMBERLAND
PERRY
PHILADELPHIA
PIKE
POTTER
SCHUYLKILL
SNYDER
SOMERSET
SULLIVAN
SUSQUEHANNA
TIOGA
UNION
VENANGO
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WESTMORELAND
WYOMING
YORK
44
RI
RHODE ISLAND
44
44
44
44
44
001
003
005
007
009
BRISTOL
KENT
NEWPORT
PROVIDENCE
WASHINGTON
45
SC
SOUTH CAROLINA
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
ABBEVILLE
AIKEN
ALLENDALE
ANDERSON
BAMBERG
BARNWELL
BEAUFORT
BERKELEY
CALHOUN
CHARLESTON
CHEROKEE
CHESTER
CHESTERFIELD
CLARENDON
COLLETON
DARLINGTON
DILLON
DORCHESTER
EDGEFIELD
FAIRFIELD
FLORENCE
GEORGETOWN
GREENVILLE

45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
GREENWOOD
HAMPTON
HORRY
JASPER
KERSHAW
LANCASTER
LAURENS
LEE
LEXINGTON
MCCORMICK
MARION
MARLBORO
NEWBERRY
OCONEE
ORANGEBURG
PICKENS
RICHLAND
SALUDA
SPARTANBURG
SUMTER
UNION
WILLIAMSBURG
YORK
46
SD
SOUTH DAKOTA
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
AURORA
BEADLE
BENNETT
BON HOMME
BROOKINGS
BROWN
BRULE
BUFFALO
BUTTE
CAMPBELL
CHARLES MIX
CLARK
CLAY
CODINGTON
CORSON
CUSTER
DAVISON
DAY
DEUEL
DEWEY
DOUGLAS
EDMUNDS
FALL RIVER
FAULK
GRANT
GREGORY
HAAKON
HAMLIN
HAND
HANSON
HARDING
HUGHES
HUTCHINSON
HYDE
JACKSON (Inc
2
WSHA.)
JERAULD
JONES
KINGSBURY
LAKE
LAWRENCE
LINCOLN
LYMAN
MCCOOK
MCPHERSON
MARSHALL
MEADE
MELLETTE
MINER
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
135
137
MINNEHAHA
MOODY
PENNINGTON
PERKINS
POTTER
ROBERTS
SANBORN
SHANNON
SPINK
STANLEY
SULLY
TODD
TRIPP
TURNER
UNION
WALWORTH
1
WASHABAUGH
YANKTON
ZIEBACH
47
TN
TENNESSEE
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
ANDERSON
BEDFORD
BENTON
BLEDSOE
BLOUNT
BRADLEY
CAMPBELL
CANNON
CARROLL
CARTER
CHEATHAM
CHESTER
CLAIBORNE
CLAY
COCKE
COFFEE
CROCKETT
CUMBERLAND
DAVIDSON
DECATUR
DE KALB
DICKSON
DYER
FAYETTE
FENTRESS
FRANKLIN
GIBSON
GILES
GRAINGER
GREENE
GRUNDY
HAMBLEN
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
HARDEMAN
HARDIN
HAWKINS
HAYWOOD
HENDERSON
HENRY
HICKMAN
HOUSTON
HUMPHREYS
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LAKE
LAUDERDALE
LAWRENCE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LOUDON
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
MCMINN
MCNAIRY
MACON
MADISON
MARION
MARSHALL
MAURY
MEIGS
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
MORGAN
OBION
OVERTON
PERRY
PICKETT
POLK
PUTNAM
RHEA
ROANE
ROBERTSON
RUTHERFORD
SCOTT
SEQUATCHIE
SEVIER
SHELBY
SMITH
STEWART
SULLIVAN
SUMNER
TIPTON
TROUSDALE
UNICOI
UNION
VAN BUREN
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEAKLEY
WHITE
WILLIAMSON
WILSON
48
TX
TEXAS
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
ANDERSON
ANDREWS
ANGELINA
ARANSAS
ARCHER
ARMSTRONG
ATASCOSA
AUSTIN
BAILEY
BANDERA
BASTROP
BAYLOR
BEE
BELL
BEXAR
BLANCO
BORDEN
BOSQUE
BOWIE
BRAZORIA
BRAZOS
BREWSTER
BRISCOE
BROOKS
BROWN
BURLESON
BURNET
CALDWELL
CALHOUN
CALLAHAN
316
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
197
199
201
203
205
207
209
CAMERON
CAMP
CARSON
CASS
CASTRO
CHAMBERS
CHEROKEE
CHILDRESS
CLAY
COCHRAN
COKE
COLEMAN
COLLIN
COLLINGSWORTH
COLORADO
COMAL
COMANCHE
CONCHO
COOKE
CORYELL
COTTLE
CRANE
CROCKETT
CROSBY
CULBERSON
DALLAM
DALLAS
DAWSON
DEAF SMITH
DELTA
DENTON
DE WITT
DICKENS
DIMMIT
DONLEY
DUVAL
EASTLAND
ECTOR
EDWARDS
ELLIS
EL PASO
ERATH
FALLS
FANNIN
FAYETTE
FISHER
FLOYD
FOARD
FORT BEND
FRANKLIN
FREESTONE
FRIO
GAINES
GALVESTON
GARZA
GILLESPIE
GLASSCOCK
GOLIAD
GONZALES
GRAY
GRAYSON
GREGG
GRIMES
GUADALUPE
HALE
HALL
HAMILTON
HANSFORD
HARDEMAN
HARDIN
HARRIS
HARRISON
HARTLEY
HASKELL
HAYS
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
231
233
235
237
239
241
243
245
247
249
251
253
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
269
271
273
275
277
279
281
283
285
287
289
291
293
295
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
311
313
315
317
319
321
323
325
327
329
331
333
335
337
339
341
343
345
347
349
351
353
355
357
359
HEMPHILL
HENDERSON
HIDALGO
HILL
HOCKLEY
HOOD
HOPKINS
HOUSTON
HOWARD
HUDSPETH
HUNT
HUTCHINSON
IRION
JACK
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFF DAVIS
JEFFERSON
JIM HOGG
JIM WELLS
JOHNSON
JONES
KARNES
KAUFMAN
KENDALL
KENEDY
KENT
KERR
KIMBLE
KING
KINNEY
KLEBERG
KNOX
LAMAR
LAMB
LAMPASAS
LA SALLE
LAVACA
LEE
LEON
LIBERTY
LIMESTONE
LIPSCOMB
LIVE OAK
LLANO
LOVING
LUBBOCK
LYNN
MCCULLOCH
MCLENNAN
MCMULLEN
MADISON
MARION
MARTIN
MASON
MATAGORDA
MAVERICK
MEDINA
MENARD
MIDLAND
MILAM
MILLS
MITCHELL
MONTAGUE
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
MORRIS
MOTLEY
NACOGDOCHES
NAVARRO
NEWTON
NOLAN
NUECES
OCHILTREE
OLDHAM
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
361
363
365
367
369
371
373
375
377
379
381
383
385
387
389
391
393
395
397
399
401
403
405
407
409
411
413
415
417
419
421
423
425
427
429
431
433
435
437
439
441
443
445
447
449
451
453
455
457
459
461
463
465
467
469
471
473
475
477
479
481
483
485
487
489
491
493
495
497
499
501
503
505
507
ORANGE
PALO PINTO
PANOLA
PARKER
PARMER
PECOS
POLK
POTTER
PRESIDIO
RAINS
RANDALL
REAGAN
REAL
RED RIVER
REEVES
REFUGIO
ROBERTS
ROBERTSON
ROCKWALL
RUNNELS
RUSK
SABINE
SAN AUGUSTINE
SAN JACINTO
SAN PATRICIO
SAN SABA
SCHLEICHER
SCURRY
SHACKELFORD
SHELBY
SHERMAN
SMITH
SOMERVELL
STARR
STEPHENS
STERLING
STONEWALL
SUTTON
SWISHER
TARRANT
TAYLOR
TERRELL
TERRY
THROCKMORTON
TITUS
TOM GREEN
TRAVIS
TRINITY
TYLER
UPSHUR
UPTON
UVALDE
VAL VERDE
VAN ZANDT
VICTORIA
WALKER
WALLER
WARD
WASHINGTON
WEBB
WHARTON
WHEELER
WICHITA
WILBARGER
WILLACY
WILLIAMSON
WILSON
WINKLER
WISE
WOOD
YOAKUM
YOUNG
ZAPATA
ZAVALA
49
UT
UTAH
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
BEAVER
BOX ELDER
CACHE
CARBON
DAGGETT
DAVIS
DUCHESNE
EMERY
GARFIELD
GRAND
IRON
JUAB
KANE
MILLARD
MORGAN
PIUTE
RICH
SALT LAKE
SAN JUAN
SANPETE
SEVIER
SUMMIT
TOOELE
UINTAH
UTAH
WASATCH
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBER
50
VT
VERMONT
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
ADDISON
BENNINGTON
CALEDONIA
CHITTENDEN
ESSEX
FRANKLIN
GRAND ISLE
LAMOILLE
ORANGE
ORLEANS
RUTLAND
WASHINGTON
WINDHAM
WINDSOR
51
VA
VIRGINIA
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
036
037
041
ACCOMACK
ALBEMARLE
ALLEGHANY
AMELIA
AMHERST
APPOMATTOX
ARLINGTON
AUGUSTA
BATH
BEDFORD
BLAND
BOTETOURT
BRUNSWICK
BUCHANAN
BUCKINGHAM
CAMPBELL
CAROLINE
CARROLL
CHARLES CITY
CHARLOTTE
CHESTERFIELD
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
043
045
047
049
051
053
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
125
127
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
191
193
195
197
199
CLARKE
CRAIG
CULPEPER
CUMBERLAND
DICKENSON
DINWIDDIE
ESSEX
FAIRFAX
FAUQUIER
FLOYD
FLUVANNA
FRANKLIN
FREDERICK
GILES
GLOUCESTER
GOOCHLAND
GRAYSON
GREENE
GREENSVILLE
HALIFAX (Includes South
Boston 1995 and on)
HANOVER
HENRICO
HENRY
HIGHLAND
ISLE OF WIGHT
JAMES CITY
KING AND QUEEN
KING GEORGE
KING WILLIAM
LANCASTER
LEE
LOUDOUN
LOUISA
LUNENBURG
MADISON
MATHEWS
MECKLENBURG
MIDDLESEX
MONTGOMERY
NELSON
NEW KENT
NORTHAMPTON
NORTHUMBERLAND
NOTTOWAY
ORANGE
PAGE
PATRICK
PITTSYLVANIA
POWHATAN
PRINCE EDWARD
PRINCE GEORGE
PRINCE WILLIAM
PULASKI
RAPPAHANNOCK
RICHMOND
ROANOKE
ROCKBRIDGE
ROCKINGHAM
RUSSELL
SCOTT
SHENANDOAH
SMYTH
SOUTHAMPTON
SPOTSYLVANIA
STAFFORD
SURRY
SUSSEX
TAZEWELL
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WESTMORELAND
WISE
WYTHE
YORK
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
510
515
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
595
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
678
680
683
685
690
700
710
720
730
735
740
750
760
770
775
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
ALEXANDRIA
BEDFORD
BRISTOL
BUENA VISTA
CHARLOTTESVILLE
CHESAPEAKE
8
CLIFTON FORGE
COLONIAL EIGHTS
COVINGTON
DANVILLE
EMPORIA
FAIRFAX
FALLS CHURCH
FRANKLIN
FREDERICKSBURG
GALAX
HAMPTON
HARRISONBURG
HOPEWELL
LEXINGTON
LYNCHBURG
MANASSAS
MANASSAS PARK
MARTINSVILLE
NEWPORT NEWS
NORFOLK
NORTON
PETERSBURG
POQUOSON
PORTSMOUTH
RADFORD
RICHMOND
ROANOKE
SALEM
6
SOUTH BOSTON
STAUNTON
SUFFOLK
VIRGINIA BEACH
WAYNESBORO
WILLIAMSBURG
WINCHESTER
53
WA
WASHINGTON
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
ADAMS
ASOTIN
BENTON
CHELAN
CLALLAM
CLARK
COLUMBIA
COWLITZ
DOUGLAS
FERRY
FRANKLIN
GARFIELD
GRANT
GRAYS HARBOR
ISLAND
JEFFERSON
KING
KITSAP
KITTITAS
KLICKITAT
LEWIS
LINCOLN
MASON
OKANOGAN
PACIFIC
PEND OREILLE
PIERCE
SAN JUAN
SKAGIT
SKAMANIA
SNOHOMISH
318

54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
TAYLOR
TUCKER
TYLER
UPSHUR
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WETZEL
WIRT
WOOD
WYOMING
55
WI
WISCONSIN
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
078
079
081
083
ADAMS
ASHLAND
BARRON
BAYFIELD
BROWN
BUFFALO
BURNETT
CALUMET
CHIPPEWA
CLARK
COLUMBIA
CRAWFORD
DANE
DODGE
DOOR
DOUGLAS
DUNN
EAU CLAIRE
FLORENCE
FOND DU LAC
FOREST
GRANT
GREEN
GREEN LAKE
IOWA
IRON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JUNEAU
KENOSHA
KEWAUNEE
LA CROSSE
LAFAYETTE
LANGLADE
LINCOLN
MANITOWOC
MARATHON
MARINETTE
MARQUETTE
MENOMINEE
MILWAUKEE
MONROE
OCONTO
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
SPOKANE
STEVENS
THURSTON
WAHKIAKUM
WALLA WALLA
WHATCOM
WHITMAN
YAKIMA
54
WV
WEST VIRGINIA
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
047
049
051
053
055
057
059
061
063
065
067
069
071
073
075
077
079
081
083
085
087
089
BARBOUR
BERKELEY
BOONE
BRAXTON
BROOKE
CABELL
CALHOUN
CLAY
DODDRIDGE
FAYETTE
GILMER
GRANT
GREENBRIER
HAMPSHIRE
HANCOCK
HARDY
HARRISON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KANAWHA
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LOGAN
MCDOWELL
MARION
MARSHALL
MASON
MERCER
MINERAL
MINGO
MONONGALIA
MONROE
MORGAN
NICHOLAS
OHIO
PENDLETON
PLEASANTS
POCAHONTAS
PRESTON
PUTNAM
RALEIGH
RANDOLPH
RITCHIE
ROANE
SUMMERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
County only exists in 1982 and 1985 databases.

County exists beginning with the 1990 database.
County exists in the 1990 to 1992 databases.
No longer exists after 1994.
Dade renamed to Miami-Dade beginning with the 2000 database.
No longer exists after 2000
County exists beginning with the 2002 database
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
085
087
089
091
093
095
097
099
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
ONEIDA
OUTAGAMIE
OZAUKEE
PEPIN
PIERCE
POLK
PORTAGE
PRICE
RACINE
RICHLAND
ROCK
RUSK
ST. CROIX
SAUK
SAWYER
SHAWANO
SHEBOYGAN
TAYLOR
TREMPEALEAU
VERNON
VILAS
WALWORTH
WASHBURN
WASHINGTON
WAUKESHA
WAUPACA
WAUSHARA
WINNEBAGO
WOOD
56
WY
WYOMING
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
001
003
005
007
009
011
013
015
017
019
021
023
025
027
029
031
033
035
037
039
041
043
045
ALBANY
BIG HORN
CAMPBELL
CARBON
CONVERSE
CROOK
FREMONT
GOSHEN
HOT SPRINGS
JOHNSON
LARAMIE
LINCOLN
NATRONA
NIOBRARA
PARK
PLATTE
SHERIDAN
SUBLETTE
SWEETWATER
TETON
UINTA
WASHAKIE
WESTON
Appendix C: SAM Elements
A P P E N D I X
319
SAM Element Description

Institution
Receipts
1001
1001
1001
2001
2001
2001
Description
Industry Total
Industry Total
Industry Total
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
Institution
Payments
2001
25001
28001
1001
10001
11001
2001
2001
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
11002
11003
2001
Commodity Total
12001
2001
2001
2001
2001
5001
6001
7001
8001
10001
10001
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
Commodity Total
Proprietary Income
Households
Households
10001
Type of
Transfer
15052
15051
15051
15050
15051
15051
Description
Commodity Make
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Use
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
15051
15051
15053
15053
15053
15053
15052
15002
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Factor Receipts
Factor Receipts
Factor Receipts
Factor Receipts
Commodity Make
Emp Comp (Wages/Salary w/o
Soc Sec)
Employee Comp (Other Labor
Income)
Transfers
Proprietors Inc (w/o Soc Sec &
CCA)
Rent with Capital Consumption
Adj
Business Transfers
Interest (Net-from Industries)
Interest (Net-from RoW)
Interest (Gross)
Interest (Gross)
12002
12003
14001
14002
1001
1001
1001
1001
2001
5001
Description
Commodity Total
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Industry Total
Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government Defense
Federal Government
Investment
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt Investment
Capital
Industry Total
Industry Total
Industry Total
Industry Total
Commodity Total
Households
5001
15003
10001
10001
Households
Households
5001
6001
Proprietary Income
15010
15004
10001
Households
7001
15005
10001
10001
10001
10001
10001
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
7001
7001
7001
10001
11001
15006
15008
15036
15009
15009
10001
Households
11001
10001
Households
12001
15010
Transfers
15007
15011
15051
15037
15051
15052
Dividends
Surplus or Deficit
Commodity Trade
Factor Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Make
10001
Households
12001
10001
10001
10001
10001
10001
11001
Households
Households
Households
Households
Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
13001
14001
25001
28001
28001
2001

Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Capital
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Commodity Total
5001
15013
Wage Accruals Less Surplus
5001
15014
5001
15015
6001
Proprietary Income
15014
7001
15008
Soc Sec Tax, Employee

Contribution
Soc Sec Tax, Employer
Contribution
Contribution
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
15010
Transfers
15009
Interest (Gross)
320
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11001
11002
11002
11003
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001
12001

NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
Investment
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
7001
15016
7001
15036
Surplus-Subsidy, Govt
Enterprises
8001
15017
Indirect Bus Tax: Excise Taxes
8001
15018
Indirect Bus Tax: Custom Duty
8001
15019
Indirect Bus Tax: Fed NonTaxes
10009
Households
15009
Interest (Gross)
10009
Households
15027
Personal Tax: Income Tax
10009
Households
15028
10009
Households
15029
13001
15026
Personal Tax: Estate and Gift

Tax
Personal Tax: NonTaxes (Fines,
Fees
Corporate Profits Tax
25001
Foreign Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
28001
Domestic Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
11001
Federal Government
NonDefense
Capital
Federal Government
NonDefense
Commodity Total
15010
Transfers
15011
15010
Surplus or Deficit
Transfers
15052
Commodity Make
14001
11001
2001
5001
15013
5001
15014
5001
15015

Contribution
Soc Sec Tax, Employer
Contribution
Contribution
6001
Proprietary Income
15014
7001
15008
7001
15016
8001
15020
Surplus-Subsidy, Govt
Enterprises
Indirect Bus Tax: Sales Tax
8001
15021
Indirect Bus Tax: Property Tax
8001
15022
8001
15023
Indirect Bus Tax: Motor Vehicle

Lic
Indirect Bus Tax: Severance Tax
8001
15024
Indirect Bus Tax: Other Taxes
8001
15025
Indirect Bus Tax: S/L NonTaxes
10001
Households
15009
Interest (Gross)
10001
Households
15027
10001
Households
15028
10001
Households
15029
10001
Households
15030
10001
Households
15031
Personal Tax: Estate and Gift

Tax
Personal Tax: NonTaxes (Fines,
Fees
Personal Tax: Motor Vehicle
License
Personal Tax: Property Taxes
10001
Households
15032
11001
Federal Government
NonDefense
15010
Personal Tax: Other Tax

(Fish/Hunt)
Transfers

12001
12002
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
12002
12003

14001
12001
12003
13001
14001
14001
14001
14001
14001

Capital
Capital
Capital
Capital
Capital
14001
7001
2001
7001
7001
10009
11001
14001
Capital
11003
14001
Capital
12001
14001
14001
14001
14001
14001
14002
14002
14002
25001
25001
25001
25001
25001
Capital
Capital
Capital
Capital
Capital
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
13001
14002
25001
28001
28001
2001
25001
28001
1001
7001
10009
10009
11001
25001
Foreign Trade
11001
25001
25001
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
11002
11003
25001
Foreign Trade
12001
25001
25001
25001
25001
25001
25001
28001
28001
28001
28001
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
12002
12003
14001
14001
14002
25001
1001
7001
10009
11001
28001
28001
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
11002
11003
28001
Domestic Trade
12001
28001
28001
28001
28001
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
12002
12003
14001
14002
12001
12001
12001
13001
15007
Dividends
13001
15026
25001
Foreign Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
28001
Domestic Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
12001
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Capital
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Capital
Commodity Total
Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
Investment
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Domestic Trade
Commodity Total
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Industry Total
Households
Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
Investment
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Capital
Capital
Foreign Trade
Industry Total
Households
Federal Government
NonDefense
Federal Government
Investment
State/Local Govt
NonEducation
Capital
321
15010
Transfers
15011
15010
Surplus or Deficit
Transfers
15011
15001
15052
15033
15035
15011
15011
Surplus or Deficit
Corporate Profits with IVA
Commodity Make
Capital Consumption Allowance
NIPA Statistical Discrepency
Surplus or Deficit
Surplus or Deficit
15011
Surplus or Deficit
15011
Surplus or Deficit
15011
15011
15051
15011
15051
15052
15051
15051
15051
15010
15010
15051
15010
Surplus or Deficit
Surplus or Deficit
Commodity Trade
Surplus or Deficit
Commodity Trade
Commodity Make
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Transfers
Transfers
Commodity Trade
Transfers
15051
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
15011
15051
15051
15051
15051
15037
15051
15051
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Surplus or Deficit
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Factor Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
15051
Commodity Trade
15051
15051
15051
15051
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Commodity Trade
Appendix D: IMPLAN Type Codes
A P P E N D I X
IMPLAN Data Types Codes

Type Code
1-509
1001
2001
3001-3509
5001
6001
7001
8001
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
11001
11002
11003
12001
12002
12003
13001
14001
14002
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
Type
Industry/Commodity
Industry
Commodity
SAM Commodity Codes
Factors
Factors
Factors
Factors
Households LT10k
Households 10-15k
Households 15-25k
Households 25-35k
Households 35-50k
Households 50-75k
Households 75-100k
Households 100-150k
Households 150k+
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Institutions
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Description
Industry Detail
Industry Total
Commodity Total
Commodity Detail
Proprietary Income
Households LT10k
Households 10-15k
Households 15-25k
Households 25-35k
Households 35-50k
Households 50-75k
Households 75-100k
Households 100-150k
Households 150k+
Federal Government NonDefense
Federal Government Investment
State/Local Govt NonEducation
Capital
Corporate Profits with IVA
Emp Comp (Wages/Salary w/o Soc Sec)
Employee Comp (Other Labor Income)
Proprietors Inc (w/o Soc Sec & CCA)
Rent with Capital Consumption Adj
Business Transfers
Dividends
Interest (Gross)
Transfers
Surplus or Deficit
Savings (Surplus)
not use
Soc Sec Tax, Employee Contribution
Soc Sec Tax, Employer Contribution
Surplus-Subsidy, Govt Enterprises
Indirect Bus Tax: Excise Taxes
Indirect Bus Tax: Custom Duty
323
324
Appendix D: IMPLAN Type Codes
15019
15020
Type Code
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
20001
24001
25001
28001
Transfers
Transfers
Type
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Transfers
Employment
Output
Trade
Trade
Indirect Bus Tax: Fed NonTaxes

Indirect Bus Tax: Sales Tax
Description
Indirect Bus Tax: Property Tax
Indirect Bus Tax: Motor Vehicle Lic
Indirect Bus Tax: Severance Tax
Indirect Bus Tax: Other Taxes
Indirect Bus Tax: S/L NonTaxes
Personal Tax: Estate and Gift Tax
Personal Tax: NonTaxes (Fines, Fees
Personal Tax: Motor Vehicle License
Personal Tax: Property Taxes
Personal Tax: Other Tax (Fish/Hunt)
Capital Consumption Allowance
Retained Profits (Profits w/IVA&CCA
NIPA Statistical Discrepency
Factor Trade
Adjustment to retained earnings
Commodity Use
Commodity Trade
Commodity Make
Factor Receipts
Foreign Commodity Transshipments
Industry Use
Industry Trade
Employment (all occupations)
Industry Output
Foreign Trade
Domestic Trade
Appendix E: IAP Documentation
A P P E N D I X
325
IAP Database Documentation

IMPLAN Professional uses Microsoft Access as its database. The model file name is
NAME.IAP and can be opened with Access. This section documents the IMPLAN Pro
database and the underlying model tables. There are 45 standard tables in an IAP file.
The first tables are the SA tables. SA represents study area. These are created during
the region build selection. The SA tables are populated with data from the ODF files.
There are several attached tables with US information. The regional table are generated
as part of the model building process.
These model files where these tables are located are MS Access 97 files.
Complete List of Tables
CGE Account
Deflators1
General Information
IMCommodity Transactions
IMEvents
IMFactor Transactions
IMGroups
IMIndustry Transactions
IMInstitutions Transactions
IMMArgins
IMProjects
Industry/Commodity Codes
Margins
Margins Codes
Model Specs
Multiplier Specs
Observed RPCs
Regional Absorption
Regional Byproducts
Regional Commodity Balances
Regional Direct Institutional Requirements
Regional Factor Balances
Regional Factor Distribution
Regional Industry Balances
Regional Institution Balances
Regional Institution Demand
Regional IxI
Regional Multipliers Induced
Regional Multipliers Institution
Regional Multipliers Type I
Regional SAM Balances
Regional SAM Balances Aggregated

Regional SAM Balances Industry Detail
Regional SAM Balances IxI
Regional SAM Balances IxI Indistry Detail
Regional SAM Distribution
Regional Value Added Coefficients
RPC Methods
rptEC Multipliers
rptEmployment Multipliers
rptIBT Multipliers
rptOPTI Multipliers
rptOutput Multipliers
rptPersonal Income Multipliers
rptPropInc Multipliers
rptTotal VA Multipliers
SACommodity Sales
SAEmployment
SAFinal Demands
SAForeign Exports
SAOutput
SAM Rollup
SARatios
SATransfers
SAValue Added
Tax Impacts
Type Code Rollup
Type Codes
Type Codes Agg
US Absorption Table
US Absorption Totals
US Byproducts Table
326
Table: CGE Account

Contains the complete social accounting matrix in full detail. Used for computable
general equilibrium models and SAM analysis outside the IMPLAN Pro software.
Name
Institution Payments
Submatrix
Transaction
Type
Integer
Integer
Text
Single
Size
2
2
5
4
Description
The institution code receiving income
The institution code making payments
A code for the SAM matrix (see CGE file description
The value of the social accounting matrix transaction
Table: Deflators
Contains deflator information for use in the impact assesment portion of the program.
Can be extracted and used outside IMPLAN Pro.
Name
Industry
Year
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Description
Industry code
Each year of the deflator table is represented by a
different field. The total number of fields depends on
the data release.
Table: General Information

Contains general information about the study area used in the model building process.
There is a record for every state or county included in the study region.
Name
State Name
County Name
Type
Text
Text
Size
25
25
Population
Area
State Code
County Code
Year
Structure
PI Total
PI <5K
Single
Single
Text
Text
Long
Text
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
20
4
4
PI 5-10K
Single
PI 10-15K
Single
PI 15-20K
Single
PI 20-30K
Single
PI 30-40K
Single
PI 40-50K
Single
PI 50-70K
Single
Description
The name of the state included in the region
The name of the county. This will contain the state
name if a state file is used.
The total population of the area
Land area in square miles
State FIPS code
County FIPS code
Base year of data
The name of the associated U.S. structural matrices.
Total personal income
Total personal income for households with less than
$5K in income.
Total personal income for households with $5-10K in
income.
income.
income.
income.
income.
income.
Appendix E: IAP Documentation 327

PI 70K+
Single
HH Total
HH <5K
HH 5-10K
HH 10-15K
HH 15-20K
HH 20-30K
HH 30-40K
HH 40-50K
HH 50-70K
HH 70K+
Aggregation Name
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Text
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
50
income.
Total personal income for households with over $70K
in income.
Total number of households in the region.
Total households with less than $5K in income.
Total households with $5-10K in income.
Total households with over $70K in income.
The name of the aggregation scheme in use if there is
one.
Table: IMCommodity Transactions

Created during the impact assessment portion of the program. Contains commodity
impact data used to create the impact reports.
Name
Sector
Value
RPC
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
The commodity code.
The dollar value of the impact.
The Regional Purchase Coefficient used to localize
the impact (optional.)
Table: IMEvents
Contains all Event related data used to create the impact reports.
Name
EventID
Event Name
Sector
Ind/Com
Value
Employment
Type
Long
Text
Integer
Yes/No
Single
Single
Size
4
50
2
1
4
4
Year
Integer
Deflator
Single
Description
The Event identification code
Name of the event
The IMPLAN sector the event impacts
Industry or Commodity type impact
The dollar value of the impact
The number of direct employees the impact will
generate.
The year of the dollar value of the impact. If different
than base year, the deflator will adjust the Value to a
base year value.
The deflator value used to change event dollars into
model year dollars (optional)
Table: IMGroups
Contains all information to tie groups to events
Name
Group ID
EventID
Group Name
Unit Description
Level
Type
Long
Long
Text
Text
Single
Size
4
4
50
50
4
Description
The Group identification code
The name of the group
The description of the measure of the groups
The number of groups desired for a particular impact
328

run. The level is multiplied by each event to get the
total direct impact
Table: IMIndustry Transactions

Created during the impact assessment portion of the program. contains industry impact
data used to create the impact reports.
Name
Sector
Value
RPC
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
The industry code
The dollar value of the impact
The Regional Purchase Coefficient used to localize
the impact (optional)
Table: IMMargins
Contains margin information for use in the impact assessments
Name
EventID
Type
Type
Long
Single
Size
4
4
Sector
MargSector
Deflator
Integer
Integer
Single
2
2
4
Value
Single
Description
The event identification number
The type of margin used: household; industry;
government; investment.
The sector that a margin is being applied to.
The sector that is receiving the margined values
Table: IMProjects
Contains all information to tie projects to groups
Name
ProjectID
GroupID
Project Name
Level
Type
Long
Long
Text
Single
Size
4
4
50
4
Description
The project identification number.
The group identification number.
The name given to the project
The number of projects desired for a particular impact
run. The level is multiplied by each group to get the
total direct impact
Table: Industry/Commodity Codes

Contains the code numbers for industries and commodites.
Name
Industry/Commodity Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Description
Text
50
Description
The code number for each unique industry or
commodity. Industries and commodities share the
same name and number.
The description of the industry or commodity identified
by the code.
Table: Margins
Contains margin information used in changing purchaser prices into producer prices.
This table provides the basis for the IMMargins table.

Name
Type
Type
Long
Size
4
Sector
MargSector
Value
Integer
Integer
Single
2
2
4
Description
Table: Margin Codes

Name
Type Code
Type
Long
Size
4
Description
Text
50
Description
Code for type of transaction. In this case, it is the
industry or commodity code
Description of the sector involved.
Table: Model Specs

Contains information for various aspects of the model building process.
Name
Detail
Type
Text
Size
15
Value
Single
Description
Type of specification based on model progress and
type of model built.
Flag for each detail entry.
Table: Observed RPCs

All observed regional purchase coefficients for non-shippable commodities. Has all states
included.
Name
State Code
Commodity Code
Observed RPC
Type
Text
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
State identifier code.
Code that identifies the commodity
The observed RPC value.
Table: Regional Absorption

Table contains the regional absorption matrix created during the construction of the
regional social accounts. The absorption table shows industry purchases of commodities
in a unitary form. The regional absorption values are also known as the production
functions.
Name
Industry Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Commodity Code
Gross Absorption
Coefficient
RPC
Integer
Single
2
4
Single
Foreign Import Proportion
Single
Fixed
Yes/No
Description
Code for the industry making the absorption
purchases.
Code for the commodity being used.
Total absorption value prior to adjustment for imports.
Regional purchase coefficient value adjusted for
supply/demand pooling. This value allows splitting of
the absorption into its local and import components.
Ratio that allows splitting of imports into its foreign
and domestic components.
For use in editing the absorption values. If fixed is
330

yes, the value will not change when re-balanced.
Table: Regional Byproducts

Table contains the regional byproducts matrix created during the construction of the
regional social accounts. The byproducts table shows industry production of commodities
in a unitary form.
Name
Industry Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Commodity Code
Byproducts Coefficient
RSC
Integer
Single
Single
2
4
4
Foreign Export Proportion
Single
Fixed
Yes/No
Description
purchases.
Byproducts balue.
Regional sales coefficient value. This value allows
splitting of the make of commodities into the locally
sold and export components.
Ratio that allows splitting of exports into its foreign
and domestic components.
For use in editing the byproducts values. If fixed is
yes, the value will not change when re-balanced.
Table: Regional Commodity Balances

Contains information on regional commodity balances filled in as the model is being
constructed. This table contains all information for construction of net commodity
supply/commodity demand and imports.
Name
Commodity Code
Industry Commodity
Production
Institutional Commodity
Sales
Total Commodity Supply
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Description
Commodity identifier.
Value of commodity production by industries
Single
Single

Intermediate Commodity
Demand
Institutional Commodity
Demand
Total Gross Commodity
Demand
Foreign Exports
Single
Single
4
4
Single
Value of commodities sold by institutions,

i.e.households, government, and inventory.
Total commodity available in the region. The sum of
industry commodity production and institutional
commodity sales.
Total commodity supply less foreign exports.
The demand for commodities by industries for use in
production. The sum of the Use matrix rows.
Demand for commodities by final demand elements.
Single
Single
Domestic Exports
Single
Intermediate Imports
Single
Institutional Imports
Foreign Transshipments
Single
Single
4
4
Total Imports
Single
Sum of intermediate and institutional commodity

demand. Not adjusted for imports.
Total commodities exported to foreign markets. Used
in net commodity supply calculation. From study area
data.
Residual value of commodity demanded and supplied
within the region.
Commodities imported to satisfy intermediate
demand.
Commodities imported to satisfy institutional demand.
Commodities imported into the region and exported
with no further processing.
Sum of intermediate and institutional imports.

Domestic Supply/Demand
Ratio
Average RPC
Single
Single
Single
Total Commodity Output

Total Domestic Commodity
Output
Average RSC
Single
Single
4
4
Single
Single
Demand/Supply Ratio
Single
Net commodity supply divided by total gross

commodity demand.
Regional purchase coefficient. Total local
commodities purchased by local consumers.
Calculated by regression and limited by the
supply/demand pooling ratio.
A ratio that allows splitting the imports into foreign and
domestic. Derived from the national model.
Sum of commodity production
Sum of domestic commodity production.
Regional sales coefficient. Proportion of commodity
exported.
A ratio that allows splitting the exports into foreign and
domestic. Derived from the each model.
Inverse of supply/demand pooling ratio.
Table: Regional Factor Balances

Contains factor portion of SAM model development.
Name
Type Code
Total Receipts
Gross Outlays to
Households
Outlays to Government
Outlays to Enterprises
Outlays to Capital
Outlays to ROW
Total Gross Outlays
Net Receipts
Domestic Factor Imports
Average Household RSC
Domestic Outlays to
Households
Total Outlays
Type
Single
Single
Single
Size
4
4
4
Description
Type of transaction identifier.
Total receipts of factor incomes
Total income paid to households
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Single
Total income paid to governments.

Total income paid to enterprises.
Total income paid to capital.
Total income paid to rest-of-world.
Total outlays to all institutions. Sum of above.
Income less expenditures.
Imports of factor receipts
Exports of household factor income.
Ratio for splitting factor exports into foreign and
domestic components.
Payments to households from local sources.
Single
Sum of all outlays. Should be equal to total receipts.
Table: Regional Industry Balances

Contains information on regional industry balances filled in as the model is being
constructed. This table contains all information for construction of industry outlays.
Name
Industry Code
Industry Output
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Industry Outlay
Single
Gross Intermediate Outlay
Single
Total Value Added
Single
Description
Industry identifier.
Value of production by industry. From study area
data.
Total expenditures by industry to produce its output.
Is equal to industry output.
Total industry expenditures on goods and services to
produce industry output.
Total payments to value added elements. From study
area data.
332
Total Imports
Total Foreign Imports
Absorption Adjustment
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Industry RPC
Single
Total imports used in the production process.

Total foreign imports used in the production process.
Absorption adjustment ratio used to regionalize the
national absorption matrix.
Regional purchase coefficient on an industry basis.
Used in the impact assessment portion of the
program.
Table: Regional Institution Balances

Contains information developed during the balancing of the SAM accounts on an
institution basis.
Name
Type Code
Domestic Commodity
Outlays
Domestic Commodity
Imports
Foreign Commodity
Imports
Outlays to Households
Outlays to Government
Outlays to Enterprises
Prelim Outlays to Capital
Domestic NonCommodity
Imports
Foreign NonCommodity
Imports
Preliminary Total Outlays
Domestic Commodity
Receipts
Domestic Commodity
Exports
Foreign Commodity
Exports
Receipts from Factors
Receipts from Households
Receipts from
Governments
Receipts from Enterprises
Preliminary Capital
Receipts
Domestic NonCommodity
Exports
Foreign NonCommodity
Exports
Preliminary Total Receipts
Net Receipts
Surplus or Savings
Deficit or Borrowing
Capital Outlay Balances
Capital Receipts Balances
Revised Outlays to Capital
Type
Single
Single
Size
4
4
Description
Type of transaction
Total local outlays for commodities by institutions.
Single
Total domestic commodity imports by institutions.
Single
Total foreign commodity imports by institutions.
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
Single
Single
Single
4
4
Total institutional payments to households.

Total institutional payments to goverments.
Total institutional payments to enterprises.
Institutional payments to capital prior to balancing.
Domestic imports of institutional transfer payments not
related to commodities.
Foreign imports of institutional transfer payments not
related to commodities.
Institutional transfer payments prior to balancing.
Total local receipts of transfer income.
Single
Domestic exports of transfer income.
Single
Foreign exports of transfer income.
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Total income receipts from factor balances table.

Total income receipts from households.
Total income receipts from governments.
Single
Single
4
4
Total income receipts from enterprises

Income receipts from capital prior to balancing.
Single
Exports of institutional income to domestic markets.
Single
Exports of institutional income to foreign markets.
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Total income prior to balancing.

Income less expenditures prior to balancing.
Preliminary savings.
Preliminary borrowing.
Value necessary to balance capital outlays.
Value necessary to balance capital receipts.
Capital expenditures after balancing.

Revised Capital Receipts
Revised Net Receipts
Total Outlays
Total Receipts
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
Income receipts from capital after balancing.

Income less expenditures after balancing.
Total institutional expenditures after balancing.
Total institutional income after balancing.
Table: Regional Institution Demand

Contains local final demand information
Name
Type Code
Commodity Code
Gross Institution Demand
RPC
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Single
Single
Size
2
2
4
4
4
Description
Type of transaction.
Total institutional final demand for commodities.
Regional purchase coefficient.
Ratio that splits foreign and domestic imports.
Table: Regional IxI Balances

Contains regional industry by industry table. Created by multiplying the absorption by
the market shares tables.
Name
Industry Col Code
Industry Row Code
IxI Direct Requirements
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
Table column identifier.
Table row identifier.
Industry by Industry direct requirements coefficient.
Table: Regional Market Shares

Contains regional market shares table. Created by dividing the make matrix by its
column elements.
Name
Industry Code
Commodity Code
RSC
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
2
4
4
Single
Description
Regional market shares value.
Regional sales coefficient. Determines portion of
market shares exported outside the region.
Portion of exports going to foreign markets.
Table: Regional Multipliers Induced

Contains induced regional multipliers table. This is only the induced portion of the
multipliers. To obtain the Type II or III, this is added to the Type I table.
Name
Industry Col Code
Industry Row Code
Multiplier
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
Induced multiplier.
Table: Regional Multipliers Type I

Contains Type I regional multipliers table.
Name
Industry Col Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Description
334
Industry Row Code

IxI Direct Requirements
Integer
Single
2
4

Industry by Industry direct requirements coefficient.
Table: Regional SAM Balances

Contains SAM balance information with industry part aggregated to one sector.
Name
Type of Transfer
Value
RSC
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
2
2
4
4
Single
Description
Code for type of institution making expenditures.
Code for type of institution receiving income.
Type of institutional transfer.
Value of transfer.
Regional sales coefficient. Portion of transfers that go
to outside markets.
Proportion of income that goes to foreign markets.
Table: Regional SAM Balances Aggregated

Contains SAM balance information without the type of transfer information.
Name
Value
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
Value of transfer.
Table: RPC Methods

Contains information for creation of the regional purchase coefficients. Includes the
regression coefficients and also information collected from the study region.
Name
Commodity Code
MRIO 1
MRIO 2
FIMP
US Comm Emp
Method
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Single
Single
Text
Size
2
2
2
4
4
8
BO
B1
B2
B3
B4
Local Comm Emp
Local Comm EC
Total Local Emp
Total US Emp
Local Land Area
Land Area
RPC
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Description
Multi-Region input output study code number 1
Foreign import proportion coefficient.
US commodity based employment
Identifies the RPC method used for each sector.
Possibilities are REGRESS, OBSERVED.
Beta coefficient 0
Beta coefficient 1
Beta coefficient 2
Beta coefficient 3
Beta coefficient 4
Local commodity based employment.
Local commodity based employee compensation.
Total local commodity based employment.
Total US commodity based employment.
Study region land area in square miles.
US land area in square miles.
Calculated regional purchase coefficient.
Table: rptEC Multipliers

Report table with employee compensation multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Employee compensation direct effects of $1 change in
final demand.
Employee compensation indirect effects of $1 change
in final demand.
Employee compensation induced effects of $1 change
in final demand.
Type I employee compensation multiplier.
Type II employee compensation multiplier.
Type III employee compensation multiplier.
Table: rptEmployment Multipliers

Report table with employment multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Employment direct effects of 1 million dollar change in
final demand.
Employment indirect effects of a change in final
demand.
Employment induced effects of a change in final
demand.
Type I employment multiplier.
Type II employment multiplier.
Type III employment multiplier.
Table: rptIBT Multipliers

Report table with indirect business taxes multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Indirect business taxes direct effects of $1 change in
final demand.
Indirect business taxes indirect effects of $1 change in
final demand.
Indirect business taxes induced effects of $1 change
in final demand.
Type I indirect business taxes multiplier.
Type II indirect business taxes multiplier.
Type III indirect business taxes multiplier.
Table: rptOPTI Multipliers

Report table with other property type income multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Description
Other property type income direct effects of $1
change in final demand.
336
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Other property type income indirect effects of $1

Other property type income induced effects of $1
Type I other property type income multiplier.
Type II other property type income multiplier.
Type III other property type income multiplier.
Table: rptOutput Multipliers

Report table with output multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
Induced Effects
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
Description
Output direct effects of $1 change in final demand.
Output indirect effects of $1 change in final demand.
Output induced effects of $1 change in final demand.
Type I output multiplier.
Type II output multiplier.
Type III output multiplier.
Table: rptPersonal Income Multipliers

Report table with personal income multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Personal income direct effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Personal income indirect effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Personal income induced effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Type I personal income multiplier.
Type II personal income multiplier.
Type III personal income multiplier.
Table: rptPropInc Multipliers

Report table with proprietors income multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Proprietors income direct effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Proprietors income indirect effects of $1 change in
final demand.
Proprietors income induced effects of $1 change in
final demand.
Type I proprietors income multiplier.
Type II proprietors income multiplier.
Type III proprietors income multiplier.
Table: rptSAIndustry Data

Report table with study area data.
Name
Industry Code
Industry Output
Employment
Proprietor Income
Indirect Business Tax
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
Description
Value for output
Value for employment
Value for EC
Value for PI
Value for OPI
Value for IBT
Table: rptTotal VA Multipliers

Report table with value added multipliers.
Name
Industry Code
Direct Effects
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Indirect Effects
Single
Induced Effects
Single
Type I Multiplier
Type II Multiplier
Type III Multiplier
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
Description
Value added direct effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Value added indirect effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Value added induced effects of $1 change in final
demand.
Type I value added multiplier.
Type II value added multiplier.
Type III value added multiplier.
Table: SACommodity Sales

Study area data table with commodity sales information.
Name
Type Code
Commodity Code
Commodity Sales
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Commodity sales by institutions.
Table: SAEmployment
Study area data table with employment information.
Name
Type Code
Industry Code
Employment
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Full and part-time annual average employment
Table: SAFinal Demands

Study area data table with final demands information.
Name
Type Code
Commodity Code
Gross Final Demand
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Demand for commodities by institutions including
338

imports.
Table: SAForeign Exports

Study area data table with foreign export information.
Name
Type Code
Commodity Code
Foreign Exports
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Commodities sold to foreign markets.
Size
2
4
50
Description
Summary code
Description
Table: SAM Rollup

Table for creating SAM reports.
Name
Type Code
Summary Code
Description
Type
Integer
Long
Text
Table: SAOutput
Study area data table with output information.
Name
Type Code
Industry Code
Output
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Value of production, similar to industry sales plus or
minus inventory.
Table: SARatios
Study area data table with information on various ratios used in impact and multiplier
calculations.
Name
Sector
Output
Employment
Proprietor Income
Total Value Added
OPTI
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Description
Total output by sector.
Employment for $1,000,000 of output
Employee Compensation for $1,000,000 of output
Proprietor incomeI for $1,000,000 of output
Total value added for $1,000,000 of output
Indirect Business Taxes for $1,000,000 of output
Other Property Type Income for $1,000,000 of output
Table: SATransfers
Study area data table with inter-institutional transfers information.
Name
Type of Transfer
Value
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
2
4
Description
Type of institutional transfer.
Value of transfer.
Table: SAValue Added

Study area data table with value added information.
Name
Type Code
Industry Code
Value Added
Type
Integer
Single
Single
Size
2
4
4
Description
Value added elements by industry. Included are
employee compensation, proprietors income, IBT,
OPTI.
Size
2
50
2
2
8
Description
Paying institution
Description
Receiving institution
Transfer type
Coefficient value of tax
Table: Tax Impacts

Table for tax report.
Name
Column Header
Type of Transfer
SAM Value
Type
Integer
Text
Integer
Integer
Double
Table: Type Code Rollup

Type code information for summarizing reports.
Name
Summary Code
Type Code
Type
Integer
Integer
Size
2
2
Description
Table: Type Codes

Table containing information on all transaction types in the data set.
Name
Type Code
Type
Description
Comments
Type
Integer
Text
Text
Text
Size
2
25
50
150
Description
Descriptor of transaction type.
Additional description of transaction.
Additional comments.
Table: Type Codes Agg

Type code information for summarizing reports.
Name
Type Code
Type
Description
Type
Integer
Text
Text
Size
2
25
50
Description
Descriptor of transaction type
Additional description
Table: US Absorption Table

Table contains the United States absorption matrix from the structural matrices table.
Name
Industry Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Description
purchases.
340
Commodity Code
Absorption Coefficient
Integer
Single
2
4

US absorption value.
Table: US Absorption Totals

Name
Industry Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Total Absorption
Coefficient
Single
Description
purchases.
Column total for US absorption values.
Table: US Byproducts Table

Name
Industry Code
Type
Integer
Size
2
Commodity Code
Integer
Single
2
4
Description
purchases.
US Byproducts value.
Library File Documentation

Table: Aggregation Industries
Table contains information on aggregation schemes created with IMPLAN Pro.
Name
ID
Aggregated Industry code
Aggregated Industry
Description
Type
Integer
Integer
Text
Size
2
2
255
Description
Aggregation scheme identifier.
Aggregated industry identifier code.
Description of aggregated industry.
Table: Aggregation Template

Table contains aggregation template information.
Name
ID
Industry Code
Aggregated Industry Code
Industry Description
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Text
Size
2
2
2
50
Description
Aggregation scheme identifier.
Disaggregated industry code.
Aggregated industry identifier code.
Description of aggregated industry.
Table: IMEvents
Table contains event information saved to the library..
Name
EventID
Event Name
Sector
Ind/Com
Type
Long
Text
Integer
Yes/No
Size
4
50
2
1
Value
Employment
Year
Deflator
Single
Single
Integer
Single
4
4
2
4
Margin
Integer
LPC
Yes/No
Level
Resulting Values
Single
Single
4
4
Description
Event identifier.
Name of event.
Industry of commodity identifier.
Code to determine if event is industry or commodity
based.
Dollar value of transaction.
Number of employees transaction involves.
Year of transaction dollars.
Value used to deflate transaction value to model year
dollars.
Type of margin if transaction dollars are in purchaser
prices.
Local purchase coefficients used if transaction is not
solely local.
Number of transactions in the event.
Level times the transaction value.
342
Table: IMGroups
Table contains group information saved to the library..
Name
Name
Group ID
EventID
Group Name
Unit Description
Level
Type
Type
Long
Long
Text
Text
Single
Size
Size
4
4
50
50
4
Description
Description
The Group identification code
The name of the group
The description of the measure of the groups
The number of groups desired for a particular impact
run. The level is multiplied by each event to get the
total direct impact
Table: IMMargins
Contains margin information for use in the impact assessments saved to the library.
Name
EventID
Type
Type
Long
Single
Size
4
4
Sector
MargSector
Deflator
Integer
Integer
Single
2
2
4
Value
Single
Description
The event identification number
Table: IMProjects
Contains all information to tie projects to groups saved to the library.
Name
ProjectID
GroupID
Project Name
Level
Type
Long
Long
Text
Single
Size
4
4
50
4
Description
The project identification number.
The group identification number.
The name given to the project
The number of projects desired for a particular impact
run. The level is multiplied by each group to get the
total direct impact

Contains the code numbers for industries and commodities saved to library.
Name
Type
Integer
Size
2
Description
Text
50
Description
by the code.
Table: Production Functions

Contains the production functions saved to the library.
Name
ID
Ind Code
Com Code
Abs Coefficient
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
2
4
Description
Production function identifier code.
Production function coefficient saved to library.
Table: Production Functions Description

Contains the description of the production functions saved to the library.
Name
ID
Ind Code
Description
Type
Integer
Integer
Text
Size
2
2
75
Description
Production function identifier code.
Description of the production function saved to library.
344
U.S. Structural Matrices File

Documentation
Table: 1987 Bureau of Economic Analysis 537 Sectors
Contains the Benchmark IO industry descriptions. This is a bridge from BEA to SIC
codes.
Name
Industry Number
Industry Description
Related SIC Codes
Type
Text
Text
Text
Size
6
55
42
Description
BEA industry identifier.
BEA industry description.
Related Standard Industrial Classification codes.
Table: 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Codes

Contains all SIC codes as published by the Office of Management and Budget.
Name
Index
Major Sector
SIC Code
Description
Type
Double
Text
Text
Text
Size
8
1
4
100
Description
MIG index used in programming.
1 Digit SIC code.
Standard Industrial Classification codes.
Standard Industrial Classification codes description.
Size
2
4
4
Description
IMPLAN industry code.
Deflator for 1977
All other deflators.
Table: Deflators
Contains deflators.
Name
Industry
1977
1977-Current year
Type
Integer
Number
Number
Table: Foreign Import Proportions

Contains information for splitting the imports between foreign and domestic. Derived
from the national model
Name
Commodity Code
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Description
Ratio that splits foreign and domestic imports.
Table: General Information

Contains information the IMPLAN data set for the particular year and structural
matrices.
Name
Structure
Industries
Commodities
Land Area
Type
Text
Long
Long
Double
Size
50
8
8
8
Description
Structural matrices file name.
Maximum number of industries in a model.
Maximum number of commodities in a model.
US land area.

Population
Version
Double
Date/Time
8
8
US Population.
Database version associated with this structural
matrices version.

Contains the code numbers for industries and commodities saved to library.
Name
Type
Integer
Size
2
Description
Text
50
Description
by the code.
Table: Margins
Contains standard margin information.
Name
Type
Type
Single
Size
4
Sector
MargSector
Value
Integer
Integer
Single
2
2
4
Description
Table: Margins Codes

Name
Type Code
Type
Long
Size
4
Description
Text
50
Description
Code for type of transaction. In this case, it is the
industry or commodity code
Description of the sector involved.
Table: Observed RPCs

All observed regional purchase coefficients for non-shippable commodities. Has all states
included.
Name
State Code
Commodity Code
Observed RPC
Type
Text
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
State identifier code.
Code that identifies the commodity
The observed RPC value.
Table: ODF Read

Information on reading the ODF binary files.
Name
Type Code
Name
Location
Table Location
Type
Integer
Text
Single
Text
Size
2
30
4
20
Description
Type of transaction
Name of item.
Location in binary file.
Table item is written to.
346
Table: RPC Methods

Contains information for creation of the regional purchase coefficients. Includes the
regression coefficients and also information collected from the study region.
Name
Commodity Code
MRIO 1
MRIO 2
FIMP
Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
2
4
US Comm Emp
Method
Single
Text
4
8
BO
B1
B2
B3
B4
Local Comm Emp
Local Comm EC
Total Local Emp
Total US Emp
Local Land Area
Land Area
RPC
Foreign Import Proportions
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Description
Foreign import proportion coefficient used for RPC
calculation.
US commodity based employment
Identifies the RPC method used for each sector.
Possibilities are REGRESS, OBSERVED.
Beta coefficient 0
Beta coefficient 1
Beta coefficient 2
Beta coefficient 3
Beta coefficient 4
Local commodity based employment.
Local commodity based employee compensation.
Total local commodity based employment.
Total US commodity based employment.
Study region land area in square miles.
US land area in square miles.
Calculated regional purchase coefficient.
Foreign Import Proportion coefficient used for model
calculations.
Table: SIC to IMPLAN Bridge

Contains the bridge codes to move from SIC to IMPLAN codes.
Name
IMPLAN 528
Description
SIC Code
Type
Integer
Text
Text
Size
2
50
4
Description
IMPLAN industry/commodity code number.
IMPLAN code description.
Related Standard Industrial Classification codes.
Table: Type Codes

Table containing information on all transaction types in the data set..
Name
Type Code
Type
Description
Comments
Type
Integer
Text
Text
Text
Size
2
25
50
150
Description
Descriptor of transaction type.
Additional description of transaction.
Additional comments.
Table: US Absorption Table

Name
Industry Code
Commodity Code
Absorption Coefficient
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
Code for the industry making the absorption purchases.
US absorption value.
Table: US Absorption Totals

Name
Industry Code
Total Absorption
Coefficient
Type
Integer
Single
Size
2
4
Description
Column total for US absorption values.
Table: US Byproducts Table

Name
Industry Code
Commodity Code
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
US Byproducts value.
Table: US Output
Table contains the United States output estimates.
Name
Type Code
Industry Code
Output
Type
Integer
Integer
Single
Size
2
2
4
Description
US Value of production.
Appendix F: Sample Reports
A P P E N D I X
349
Sample Reports
This appendix shows an example portion of all reports available through the Reports
section of the IMPLAN Pro software.
Study Area Reports

Institution Commodity Demand
Household Commodity Demand
Government Commodity Demand
Institutional Sales
Output, VA, Employment
General Model Information
IMPLAN to Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Bridge
Type Codes
Aggregation Template
No.
SA001
SA011
SA012
SA040
SA050
SA090
SA091
SA092
SA100

Ind and Com in Model
Commodity Summary
Institution Local Commodity Demand
Household Local Commodity Demand
Government Local Commodity Demand
Commodity Trade
Industry Summary
Industry Balance Sheet
Commodity Balance Sheet
Industry Import Matrix
Institution Import Matrix
EA001
EA020
EA030
EA031
EA032
EA040
EA050
EA060
EA070
Text201
Text202
IxC SAM Reports

Aggregate IxC SAM
(Aggregated Ind, Aggregated Rows)
Ind x Com SAM
(Aggregated Industries, Row Detail)
Ind x Com SAM
(Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows)
Ind x Com SAM (Ind Detail, Row Detail)
CGE Format
SAM001
Text301
Text302
Text303
Text304
350
Structural Matrices
Regional Use
Regional Make
Gross Absorption
Regional Absorption
Byproducts
Market Shares
Text401
Text402
Text403
Text404
Text405
Text406
Industry by Industry Reports

Institution Industry Demand
Household Industry Demand
Government Industry Demand
Industry Output/Outlay Summary
Aggregate IxI SAM
(Aggregated Ind, Aggregated Rows)
Regional IxI Direct Coefficients
Regional IxI Transactions
Ind x Ind SAM
(Aggregated Ind, Row Detail)
Ind x Ind SAM
(Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows)
Ind x Ind SAM (Indu Detail, Row Detail)
II030
II031
II032
II050
II060
Text501
Text502
Text503
Text504
Text505
Multipliers Reports
Output
Employment
Labor Income
Total Value Added
Proprietors Income
Other Property Type Income
Type I Multipliers
Induced Multipliers
MR010
MR020
MR030
MR040
MR050
MR060
MR070
MR080
Text601
Text602
Impacts Reports
Output
Employment
Labor Income
Total Value Added
IM010
IM020
IM030
IM040
IM050

Proprietors Income
Other Property Type Income
Project Impact Description
Group Impact Description
Tax Impacts
IM060
IM070
IM080
IM091
IM092
IM100
351
352
Study Area Reports

Study Area reports display the regions data as found in the IMPLAN data files, or as
modified by the user. All final demand data is in commodity basis and contain demand
for both local and imported production. Several of the reports also contain definitional
data about IMPLAN sectoring and database type codes.
Institution Commodity Demand - report #SA001: (otherwise known as final demands) all
data is on commodity basis and contains imports.
Households: purchase of commodities by individuals for personal use. This is a

summation for all categories of household income. Also known as PCE i.e., Personal
Consumption Expenditures.
Federal Gov: purchase of commodities by all categories of Federal government.
State & Local: purchase of commodities by all categories of State and Local
governments.
Capital: purchase of commodities for investment purposes by private entities.
Inventory: additions to inventory, also known as involuntary investment.
Foreign Exports: shipment of commodities to destinations outside of the U.S.
353
Household Commodity Demand report SA011: contains detail of the household final
demand (PCE) summarized in the Institution Commodity Demand Report. It represents
purchases of commodities by individuals for personal use. All data is commodity basis
and contains imports. The nine categories of households (1996 and later data) are based
on total annual household income as described by the column headers. For 1995 and
earlier data sets the three categories are:
Low
Med
High
1992-1995
$0-20,000
$20,000-50,000
$50,000+
1977-1991
$0-15,000
$15,000-30,000
$30,000
354
Government Commodity Demand report SA012: contains detail of the administrative

government purchases of commodities. All data is commodity basis and contains imports.
Non-Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by Federal

agencies other than defense agencies.
Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by Federal
defense agencies.
Investment Federal Government Expenditures: capital goods expenditures by all
Federal agencies. This category only exists in 1996 and later data sets. Before 1996
investment was part of the non-defense expenditures.
Non-education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase of
commodities by non-educational state and local government agencies.
Education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by
educational (primary, secondary and higher-ed) state and local government agencies.
Investment State and Local Government Expenditures: capital goods expenditures
by all state and local government agencies. This category only exists in 1996 and later
data sets. Before 1996 investment was part of the non-education expenditures.
355
Institutional Sales report SA040: sales of commodities by non-industry sectors. In

IMPLAN these are contributions to the regions commodity supply as opposed to the
BEAs definition of a negative final demand.
PCE: sales of commodities by households (nine categories starting with 1996 data, three
categories previously most commonly used and second hand goods.
Federal Government: sales of commodities by all non-enterprise Federal government
agencies e.g., military base retail, surplus, and USFS stumpage.
St & Local Government: sales of commodities by all non-enterprise state and local
government agencies e.g., dormitories, campgrounds, and surplus.
Capital: sales by investment, normally scrap materials.
Inventory: represents a reduction of inventory i.e., sales from production of previous
years.
Total Sales: sum of all previous institutional sales columns.
356
Output, VA, Employment - report #SA050: report of data concerning local industries.
Industry Output: total industry production for a given data year. It is equal to
shipments plus net additions to inventory.
Employment: number of full and part-time jobs (annual average) required by a given
industry includes self-employed.
Employee Compensation: total payroll costs (wages and salaries plus benefits) paid by
local industries.
Proprietor Income: income from self-employment.
Other Property Income: includes corporate income, rental income, interest and
corporate transfer payments.
Indirect Business Taxes: sales, excise, fees, licenses and other taxes paid during
normal operation of industry. This includes all payments to the government except for
taxes based on income.
Total Value Added: the value added to intermediate goods and services. It is equal to
employee compensation plus proprietor income plus other property income plus indirect
business taxes.
357
General Model Information - report #SA090: displays number of households and median
household income by annual household income category as well as some basic descriptive
data for each county/state making up the model and totals. Note that for many income
categories, median income exceeds the category range. This is an apparent
underreporting of income to CES which shows up when we control CES data to REIS
data (~30% upward revision).
Structural Matrix Name: defines the name of the Access data file containing the
national structural matrices being used for this model.
State/County Code: the FIPS (Federal information processing system) code defining
this state and county.
Area: the land area in square miles. For Michigan the state area in square miles is much
larger when you include the Great Lakes than the land area shown by IMPLAN.
Household Income: the average income within each income class. Note average income
may exceed range. This is a result of using REIS to control CES data for the CES income
ranges, apparently there is a tremendous amount of underreporting of income, especially
in the lower income classes (~30% upward revision).
358
IMPLAN to Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Bridge - report #SA091: bridges

the 1987 SIC codes to the IMPLAN sectoring. This is similar to appendix A in the
software manual.
Type Codes - report #SA092: type codes associated with the elements in the IMPLAN
data base. This table is necessary to understand the data in Access database which
represents the IMPLAN model. It also corresponds to Appendix D in the IMPLAN
software manual.
359
360
Aggregation Template - report #SA100: display aggregation of IMPLAN sectors based on

the template currently residing in the model whether or not the model or impact report
has yet to be aggregated.
361

The process of creating a set of economic accounts applies study area data to the national
absorption and byproducts matrices. The result is a set of balanced accounts complete
with imports and exports. At this point all demands are on a commodity basis and
differentiated between local and imported purchases.
Ind and Com in Models
- report #EA001
Ind: numbers appearing in this column indicate that industry sector exists in the model.
Com: numbers appearing in this column indicate that commodity sector exists in the
model.
362
Commodity Summary- report #EA020:
Industry Commodity Production: regional production of commodities by industries.

Institutional Commodity Sales: regional production of commodities by non-industry
sources.
Total Commodity Supply: total regional production of commodities. Equal to the sum
of industry and institutional commodity production.
Net Commodity Supply: locally produced goods and services available for local use
(Total Commodity Supply minus Foreign Exports).
Intermediate Commodity Demand: locally generated demand by industries for local
and/or imported commodities.
Institutional Commodity Demand: locally generated demand by non-industry sources
(e.g., households and government) for local and/or imported commodities. Note, this does
not include foreign exports.
Total Gross Commodity Demand: locally generated demand by all sources for local
and/or imported commodities. Equal to the sum of intermediate and institutional
commodity demand.
Domestic S/D Ratio: relationship of net commodity supply to total gross commodity
demand. It is used by IMPLAN as an upper limit to the regional purchase coefficient. If
supply exceeds demand the ratio is set to one.
Average RPC: the regional purchase coefficients are IMPLANs estimated fraction of
the regions gross regional commodity demand, which is satisfied by local commodities.
Average RSC: the regional sales coefficients are the fraction of net commodity supply
used to meet regional gross commodity demand: RSC = (RPC * GCD) /NCS
363
Institution Local Commodity Demand - report #EA030: (otherwise known as final

demands) all data is commodity basis and is net of imports.
Households: purchase of commodities by individuals for personal use. This is a

Federal Gov: purchase of commodities by all categories of Federal government.
State & Local: purchase of commodities by all categories of State and Local
governments.
Capital: purchase of commodities for investment purposes by private entities.
Foreign Exports: shipment of commodities to destinations outside of the U.S.
364
Household Local Commodity Demand - report #EA031: contains detail of the

household final demand (PCE) summarized in the Institution Local Commodity Demand
Report. It represents purchases of commodities by individuals for personal use. ) All data
is commodity basis and is net of imports. The 9 categories of households (1996 to 1999)
are based on total annual household income as described by the column headers. For
1995 and earlier data sets the three categories are:
1992-1995
1977-1991
Low
$0-20,000
$0-15,000
Med
$20,000-50,000
$15,000-30,000
High
$50,000+
$30,000
365
Government Commodity Demand - report #EA032: contains detail of the

administrative government purchases of commodities. ) All data is commodity basis and
is net of imports.
Non-Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by Federal

agencies other than defense agencies.
Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by Federal
defense agencies.
investment was part of the defense and non-defense expenditures.
Non-education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase of
commodities by non-educational state and local government agencies.
Education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase of commodities by
educational (primary, secondary and higher-education) state and local government
agencies.
data sets. Before 1996 investment was part of the education and non-education
expenditures.
366
Commodity Trade - report #EA040:
Foreign Exports: commodities shipped to outside of the U.S. by local producers.

Domestic Exports: exports by the region to the rest of the U.S. It equals net commodity
supply time the quantity: one minus the regional sales coefficient.
Total Exports: all regional exports equal to foreign plus domestic exports.
Intermediate Imports: imports of specific commodity by all local industries.
Institutional Imports: imports of specific commodity by all local non-industry
institutions
Total Imports: imports of specific commodity by all regional sources. It is the sum of
intermediate plus institutional imports.
Foreign Export Proportion: proportion of total exports representing foreign exports.
367
Industry Summary - report #EA050:
Industry Outlay: distribution of all income by industry. It is the sum of gross

intermediate outlay plus total value added. It is also equal to total industry output.
Gross Intermediate Outlay: payment by industry for all goods and services
(commodities), both local and imported.
Total Value Added: value added during production to all purchased intermediate goods
and services. It is the sum of employee compensation plus proprietors income plus other
property income plus indirect business taxes.
Total Imports: imports of all commodities by the given industry from all sources,
foreign and domestic.
Total Foreign Imports: imports of commodities by the given industry from foreign
sources.
Absorption Adjustment: the ratio required to make the national intermediate
coefficients plus Regional Factor add to 1.0. the adjusted National coefficients become the
regional intermediate input coefficients. This rebalancing is required as value added
coefficients vary for each region. IMPLAN assumes that all local is correct and that
national relationships must adjust to the local conditions.
368
Industry Balance Sheet - report #EA060:
Commodity Production: value of each commodity produced by the industry of interest

i.e., the corresponding industry row of the make matrix.
Market Share Coefficient: the non-zero components from the corresponding industry
row of the market share matrix. Ones (1.0) indicate that this industry is the only
producer of that commodity.
By-product Coefficient: the non-zero components from the corresponding industry row
of the by-products matrix. Note that the sum of the column is 1.0.
RPC (regional purchase coefficients): the IMPLAN estimated fraction of the regions
commodity demand met by using locally produced commodities.
Total Commodity Export: domestic (to the rest of the U.S.) plus foreign commodity
export.
Gross Absorption Coefficeint: the corresponding industry column from the national
absorption matrix (if not modified by the user) as adjusted for the local value added
coefficients.
Gross Inputs: the industry of interests total purchase of the commodities (including
imported commodities).
369
Regional Absorption Coefficient: fraction of total outlay spent by the industry on

specific locally produced commodities. This is the product of the gross absorption
coefficient times the RPC.
Regional Inputs: the industrys local purchase of each commodity. This is the product of
gross inputs times the RPC.
Value-Added Coefficient: portion of total industry outlay going to each element of
value-added.
370
Commodity Balance Sheet - report #EA070:
Industry production: total production of the highlighted commodity by each industry

and institution producing the commodity.
Market Share Coefficient: the non-zero components from the corresponding industry
row of the market share matrix. Note that the sum of the column is 1.0.
By-product Coefficient: the non-zero components from the corresponding industry row
of the by-products matrix.
Gross Absorption Coefficient: the corresponding industry column from the national
absorption matrix (if not modified by the user) as adjusted for the local value-added
coefficients.
Gross Inputs: the industry of interests total purchase of the commodities (including
imported commodities).
371
Regional Absorption Coefficient: fraction of gross outlay spent by the industry on
specific locally produced commodities. This is the product of the total absorption
coefficient times the RPC.
Regional Inputs: the industrys local purchase of each commodity. This is the product of
gross inputs times the RPC.
The next two Social Accounts reports print only a text files as a series of records with five
fields (columns).
Industry Import Matrix - report # Text201: total, competitive and non-competitive

commodity imports by each industry.
Commodity Code: Commodity being imported.
Industry Code: Industry purchasing imported commodity .
Imports: Total value of import.
Competitive Imports: Value of imported commodity (this commodity is also produced
locally).
Non-Competitive Imports: Value of imported commodity (this commodity is not
produced locally).
Institution Import Matrix - report # Text202: total, competitive and non-competitive

commodity imports by each institution.
Commodity Code: Commodity being imported.
Type Code: Institution purchasing imported commodity (see appendix d for type codes).
Imports: Total value of import.
Competitive Imports: Value of imported commodity (this commodity is also produced
locally).
Non-Competitive Imports: Value of imported commodity (this commodity is not
produced locally).
372
IxC SAM Reports

Aggregate IxC SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated Rows) - report # SAM001:
industries are aggregated to a single sector and institutions are limited to the same
categories as the columns. Values are in millions of dollars.
The following three reports are available only in text form and are in the following
format:
Rows, Columns, Value
Ind x Com SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail) - report # Text301: industries
are aggregated to a single sector. The institution rows are as detailed as IMPLAN allows.
This gives more detail for indirect business taxes and government receipts. Values are in
millions of dollars.
Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows) - report # Text302: complete
industry detail; therefore, if this report is to pulled into Excel it is necessary to aggregate
the model to less than 225. Excel has a limit to the number of colums (for a pivot table) of
254. The institution rows are aggregated. Values are in millions of dollars.
Ind x Com SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail) - report # Text303: complete industry
detail, therefore if this report is to pulled into Excel it is necessary to aggregate the
model to less than 225. Excel has a limit to the number of colums (for a pivot table) of
254. The institution rows are as detailed as IMPLAN allows. This gives more detail for
indirect business taxes and government receipts. Values are in millions of dollars.
CGE Format- report # Text304: 26 text files are generated by this file and are intended as
input into a GAMS CGE model. Values are in millions of dollars.
373
Structural Matrices
All reports are text files only with the format of : Rows, Cols, Value
Regional Use - report # Text401:

Rows commodity
Columns Industry
Value purchase of a local commodity by local industry (millions of dollars)
Regional Make
- report # Text402
Rows Industry
Columns Commodity
Value production of commodities by local industry (millions of dollars)
Gross Absorption
- report # Text403
Rows commodity
Columns Industry
Value proportion of total industry outlay used to purchase local and imported
commodities (coefficient)
Regional Absorption
- report # Text404
Rows commodity
Columns Industry
Value proportion of total industry outlay used to purchase local commodities
(coefficient)
By-products - report # Text405:

Rows Industry
Columns Commodity
Value the commodity composition of each industrys total output (coefficient row sum
equals 1.0).
Market Shares
- report # Text406
Rows Industry
Columns Commodity
Value the portion of the regions total supply of each commodity produced by a given
industry or institution (coefficient column sum equals 1.0).
375
Industry-by-Industry Reports
Institution Industry Demand - report # II030: (otherwise known as final demands) all
purchases are from industries or institutions (industry basis) and is net of imports.
Households: purchase from industries by individuals for personal use. This is a

Federal Gov: purchase from industries by all categories of Federal government.
State & Local: purchase from industries by all categories of State and Local
governments.
Capital: purchase from industries for investment purposes by private entities.
Foreign Exports: shipment from industries to destinations outside of the U.S.
376
Household Industry Demand - report # II031: contains detail of the household final
demand (PCE) summarized in the Institution Industry Demand Report. It represents
purchases from industries or institutions (industry basis) by individuals for personal use,
and are net of imports. The 9 categories of households (1996 to 1999) are based on total
annual household income as described by the column headers. For 1995 and earlier data
sets the three categories are:
1992-1995
1977-1991
Low
$0-20,000
$0-15,000
Med
$20,000-50,000
$15,000-30,000
High
$50,000+
$30,000
377
Government Industry Demand - report # II032: contains detail of the administrative

government purchases from industries or institutions (industry basis) and are net of
imports.
Non-Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase from industries by

Federal agencies other than defense agencies.
Defense Federal Government Expenditures: purchase from industries by Federal
defense agencies.
investment was part of the defense and non-defense expenditures.
Non-education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase from
industries by non-educational state and local government agencies.
Education State and Local Government Expenditures: purchase from industries by
educational (primary, secondary and higher-ed) state and local government agencies.
378

data sets. Before 1996 investment was part of the education and non-education
expenditures.
379
Industry Output/Outlay Summary- report # II050:
Total Outlay: distribution of all income by industry. It is the sum of intermediate outlay
plus total value added plus imports. It is also equal to total industry output.
Intermediate Outlay: payment by industry for all goods and services produced by local
industries.
Institutional Outlay: payment by industry for all goods and services produced by local
institutions (non industy sectors).
Value Added: value added during production to all purchased intermediate goods and
services. It is the sum of employee compensation plus proprietors income plus other
property income plus indirect business taxes.
Imports: imports of all commodities by the given industry from all sources, foreign and
domestic. It is the sum of intermediate outputs plus final demands.
Total Output: total production by the given industry for the year of data.
Intermediate Output: sales by industries to all other local industries.
Final Demand: sales by industries to all local institutions and exports.
380
Aggregate IxI SAM (Aggregated Industries, Aggregated Rows) - report # II060:

Industries are aggregated to a single sector and institutions are limited to the same
categories as the columns. Values are in millions of dollars.
The following four IxI reports print only a text files as a series of records with Three
fields (columns).
Industry Import Matrix - report # Text506: total, competitive and non-competitive

commodity imports by each industry.
Rows: Industry products being imported
Cols: Industry purchasing imported products
Value: Total value of import
Institution Import Matrix - report # Text507: total, competitive and non-competitive

commodity imports by each institution.
Rows: Industry products being imported
Cols: Institution purchasing imported commodity (see appendix d for type codes)
Value: Total value of import
381
Regional IxI Direct Coefficients - report # Text501:

Rows: Producing Industry
Cols: Purchasing Industry
Value: A-matrix coefficient
Regional IxI Transactions - report # Text502:

Rows: Producing Industry
Cols: Purchasing Industry
Value: Transaction in millions of dollars
The following two IxI SAM print only a text files as a series of records with many fields
(columns) representing a complete SAM.
Ind x Ind SAM (Aggregated Industries, Row Detail) - report # Text503

Industries are aggregated to a single sector. The institution rows are as detailed as
IMPLAN allows. This gives more detail for indirect business taxes and government
receipts. Values are in millions of dollars.
Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Aggregated Rows) - report # Text504:

Complete industry detail, therefore if this report is to pulled into Excel it is necessary to
aggregate the model to less than 225. Excel has a limit to the number of colums (for a
pivot table) of 254. The institution rows are aggregated. Values are in millions of dollars.
Ind x Ind SAM (Industry Detail, Row Detail) - report # Text505:

Complete industry detail, therefore if this report is to pulled into Excel it is necessary to
aggregate the model to less than 225. Excel has a limit to the number of colums (for a
pivot table) of 254. The institution rows are as detailed as IMPLAN allows. This gives
more detail for indirect business taxes and government receipts. Values are in millions of
dollars.
382
Multiplier Reports
Output Multipliers - report # MR010:
Direct: direct change in output (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in final
demand.
Indirect: indirect change in output (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in final
demand resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from local industries.
Induced: induced change in output (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in final
demand resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated with additional
effects of households.
Total: sum of direct, indirect and induced effects.
Type I: direct plus indirect divided by the direct effect.
Type II or Type SAM: direct plus indirect plus induced divided by the direct effect.
383
Employment Multipliers - report # MR020:
Direct: direct change in employment (jobs) per million dollar change in final demand.
Indirect: indirect change in employment (jobs) per million dollar change in final demand
resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from local industries.
Induced: induced change in employment (jobs) per million dollar change in final demand
resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated with additional effects of
households.
384
Labor Income Multipliers - report # MR030:
These multipliers are based on employee compensation plus proprietor income. In

IMPLAN Pro 1.1 and in the DOS software this was known as personal income.
Direct: direct change in labor income (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in
final demand.
Indirect: indirect change in labor income (millions of dollars) per million dollar change
in final demand resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from local
industries.
Induced: induced change in labor income (millions of dollars) per million dollar change
in final demand resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated with
additional effects of households.
Value Added Multipliers
- report # MR040
385
Direct: direct change in value added (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in
final demand.
Indirect: indirect change in value added (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in
final demand resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from local
industries.
Induced: induced change in value added (millions of dollars) per million dollar change in
final demand resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated with
386
Employee Compensation Multipliers - report # MR050:
Direct: direct change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) per million dollar
Indirect: indirect change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) per million
dollar change in final demand resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing
Induced: induced change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) per million
dollar change in final demand resulting from interaction of institutions usually
associated with additional effects of households.
387
Proprietors Income Multipliers - report # MR060:
Direct: direct change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) per million dollar
Indirect: indirect change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) per million dollar
change in final demand resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from
local industries.
Induced: induced change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) per million dollar
change in final demand resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated
with additional effects of households.
388
Other Property Type Income Multipliers - report # MR070:
Direct: direct change in other property type income (millions of dollars) per million
dollar change in final demand.
Indirect: indirect change in other property type income (millions of dollars) per million
Induced: induced change in other property type income (millions of dollars) per million
389
Indirect Business Taxes Multipliers - report # MR080:
Direct: direct change in indirect business taxes (millions of dollars) per million dollar
Indirect: indirect change in indirect business taxes (millions of dollars) per million
Induced: induced change in indirect business taxes (millions of dollars) per million
The following 2 reports are available only in text form and are in the following format:
Rows, Columns, Value
Type I Multipliers
- report # Text601
Rows: Industry
Columns: Industry
Value: multiplier representing interactive effects of industries buying from industries
Induced Multipliers: - report # Text602:

Rows: Industry
390
Columns: Industry
Value: multiplier representing additional interactive effects institutions traditionally it
includes the additional effects of households.
391
Impacts Reports
Output
- report #IM010
Direct: direct change in output (millions of dollars) per change in final demand specified
by the users scenario.
Indirect: indirect change in output (millions of dollars) ) per change in final demand
specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing
Induced: induced change in output (millions of dollars) per change in final demand
specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of institutions usually
392 Appendix F: Sample Reports
Employment - report #IM020:
Direct: direct change in employment (jobs) ) per change in final demand specified by the
users scenario.
Indirect: indirect change in employment (jobs) ) per change in final demand specified by
the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local industries purchasing from local
industries.
Induced: induced change in employment (jobs) per change in final demand specified by
the users scenario, resulting from interaction of institutions usually associated with
Labor Income - report #IM030:

These multipliers are based on employee compensation plus proprietor income. In
IMPLAN Pro 1.1 and in the DOS software this was known as personal income.
Direct: direct change in labor income (millions of dollars) per change in final demand
specified by the users scenario.
Indirect: indirect change in labor income (millions of dollars) ) per change in final
demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local industries
purchasing from local industries.
Induced: induced change in labor income (millions of dollars) per change in final
demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of institutions
usually associated with additional effects of households.
393
Total Value-Added - report #IM040:
Direct: direct change in total value added (millions of dollars) per change in final
demand specified by the users scenario.
Indirect: indirect change in total value added (millions of dollars) ) per change in final
Induced: induced change in total value added (millions of dollars) per change in final
395
Employee Compensation - report #IM050:
Direct: direct change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) per change in final
Indirect: indirect change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) ) per change in
final demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local
industries purchasing from local industries.
Induced: induced change in employee compensation (millions of dollars) per change in
final demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of institutions
Proprietors Income - report #IM060:
Direct: direct change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) per change in final
Indirect: indirect change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) ) per change in final
Induced: induced change in proprietors income (millions of dollars) per change in final
397
Other Property Type Income - report #IM070:
Direct: direct change in other property type income (millions of dollars) per change in
final demand specified by the users scenario.
Indirect: indirect change in other property type income (millions of dollars) ) per change
in final demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local
Induced: induced change in other property type income (millions of dollars) per change
in final demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of institutions
Indirect Business Tax - report #IM080:
Direct: direct change in indirect business tax (millions of dollars) per change in final
Indirect: indirect change in indirect business tax (millions of dollars) ) per change in
final demand specified by the users scenario, resulting from interaction of local
Induced: induced change in indirect business tax (millions of dollars) per change in final
399
Project Impact Description - report #IM091:

This report describes the current values associated with the groups and events combined
to create the chosen project. This report needs to be created at the time the impact
analysis is run in order to capture the values directly associated with that impact run.
Group Impact Description - report #IM092:

This report describes the current values associated with the events combined to create
the chosen group. This report needs to be created at the time the impact analysis is run
in order to capture the values directly associated with that impact run.
401
Tax Impacts - report #IM100:

This report describes taxes related to the chosen impact analysis. These estimates are
based strictly on the same data underlying the region SAM data. These values are based
on the average for all industries within the model; the average taxes associated with each
household income class; the average taxes and transfers associated with each of the
government institutions defined by the model.
Appendix G: Text Files 403
A P P E N D I X
Exporting/Importing Text Files

Version 2.0 allows you to export and import groups of events and RPCs. Importing must
be done carefully since any deviation from the Excel template included on your software
CDROM will cause the data to not import correctly. This feature will be useful if you
have a large number of changes you want to make to a group of events or RPCs or you
want to build your groups in a spreadsheet instead of the IMPLAN Pro software.
Exporting Impact Groups of Events:

1. From the Impact Screen select the Groups/Events tab, click on Import/Export on
the main menu bar. Click on Export and then Group to Text File.
2. Click on the group you want to export, then click Export. A dialog box will be
displayed allowing you to give your export file a name. Give it a name that will
remind of the groups contents, then click Save.
3. The file will be comma separated and will import easily into Excel. You will need to
select Comma as the field separator.
Importing Impact Groups of Events:

1. Build a model through multipliers.
2. Open the Import CSV-Group Import Template.xls in Excel. This template has all
information necessary to create the import file. There are example records in the
template. Before changing this template, SAVE IT UNDER A DIFFERENT NAME.
You can enter your information in the template.
3. If you have margins, you can specify all information including the margin value,
margin deflator, and margin local purchases proportion (formerly LPC). If you want
margins but dont know what the margin value, deflator or LPC is, then simply leave
the margin value as zero, the margin deflator as one, and the margin local purchases
as zero and they will be filled in when imported.
4. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT YOU DO NOT HAVE COMMAS IN THE
VALUE FIELD. THE FILE WILL NOT IMPORT CORRECTLY WITH ANY
FORMATING IN THE VALUE FIELD.
404
Appendix G: Text Files
5. After youve entered information into your Excel template, save the template.. Then
do a File/Save As and select Comma Separated Value (CSV) from the Save As
Type drop down box. Click Ok when it tells you that it cannot save multiple sheets.
6. Back to the IMPLAN Pro software and from the Impacts screen, click Import.
Select Text File. Select your carefully crafted file and click Open. Your file should
import.
7. If it doesnt, go back to your spreadsheet and make sure the data is correctly
formatted.
8. Be careful not to leave any extraneous lines at the end of the import sheet as the
software will try to import this.
Appendix G: Text Files 405
Exporting Regional Purchase Coefficients

You can save your models RPCs. You might use this if you have made significant
changes to your models RPCs and you want to build a new model with similar trade flow
calculations.
1. Click the Edit button from the Model Control Center. Click on Regional
2. From the RPC edit screen, click Edit on the main menu. You the click Export Text
File RPCs.
3. Give it a name, the default is TEXT RPC (St Joseph IN.iap).csv. Click Save.
Importing Regional Purchase Coefficients

1. Once the model is built through social accounts, you can import new RPCs into your
model.
2. Open the Import CSV-RPC Import Template.xls in Excel. This template has all
information necessary to create the import file and contains example records. Before
changing this template, SAVE IT UNDER A DIFFERENT NAME. You can enter
your information in the template.
3. Edit the template to add your own RPCs.
4. After youve entered your information into your Excel template, save the template
youve created. Then do a File/Save As and select Comma Separated Value (CSV)
from the Save As Type drop down box. Click OK when it tells you that it cannot
save multiple sheets.
5. Go back to IMPLAN Pro.
4. Click the Edit button from the Model Control Center. Click on Regional
6. Click on Edit from the menu. Then click on Import Text file RPCs. Select the file
you saved. This will import the new RPCs. HOWEVER, IT WILL STILL TEST YOUR
NEW RPCs AGAINST THE S/D POOLING RATIO! You can allow it to exceed, but
your model might be unbalanced.
7. You will then need to rerun the model from the RPC point on.
Appendix H: Construction 407
A P P E N D I X
IMPLAN Construction to Census

IMPLAN Sector Name
Census Short Description
33 New residential 1-unit structures, nonfarm
Single-family houses
34 New multifamily housing structures, nonfarm
All other residential buildings
34 New multifamily housing structures, nonfarm
Apartment buildings, condos, & coops
35 New residential additions and alterations, nonfarm
35 New residential additions and alterations, nonfarm
36 New farm housing units and additions and alterations
37 Manufacturing and industrial buildings
Mfg & light industrial buildings
37 Manufacturing and industrial buildings
Mfg & light industrial warehouses
38 Commercial and institutional buildings
All other commercial buildings
Amusement, social, & rec buildings
Commercial warehouses
Educational buildings
Farm buildings, nonresidential
Health care & institutional buildings
Hotels & motels
Office buildings
Other building construction
Public safety buildings
Religious buildings
39 Highway, street, bridge, and tunnel construction
Airport runways & related work
Bridges, tunnels, & elevated highways
Highways, streets, & related work
Private driveways & parking areas
40 Water, sewer, and pipeline construction
Sewers, water mains, & related fac
41 Other new construction
Billboards
Blast furnaces, petrol ref, chem comp
Conservation & development construction
Dam & reservoir construction
Dry/solid waste disposal
Fencing
Harbor & port facilities
Heavy military construction
Marine construction
Mass transit construction
408
Appendix H: Construction
IMPLAN Sector Name
Oilfields
Other nonbuilding construction
Outdoor swimming pools
Pipeline constr other than sewer & water
Power & communication trans lines
Power plants
Recreational facilities
Sewage & water treatment plants
Ships
Tank storage facilities other than water
Water storage facilities
42 Maintenance and repair of farm and nonfarm residential

structures
42 Maintenance and repair of farm and nonfarm residential
structures
43 Maintenance and repair of nonresidential buildings
Amusement, social, & rec buildings
Commercial warehouses
Educational buildings
Farm buildings, nonresidential
Health care & institutional buildings
All other commercial buildings
Hotels & motels
Mfg & light industrial buildings
Mfg & light industrial warehouses
Office buildings
Other building construction
Public safety buildings
Religious buildings
44 Maintenance and repair of highways, streets, bridges, and

tunnels
tunnels
tunnels
tunnels
tunnels
45 Other maintenance and repair construction
Airport runways & related work
Billboards
Blast furnaces, petrol ref, chem comp
Bridges, tunnels, & elevated highways

Highways, streets, & related work
Private driveways & parking areas
Sewers, water mains, & related fac
Conservation & development construction
Dam & reservoir construction
Dry/solid waste disposal
Fencing
Appendix H: Construction 409

IMPLAN Sector Name
Harbor & port facilities
Heavy military construction
Marine construction
Mass transit construction
Oilfields
Other nonbuilding construction
Outdoor swimming pools
Pipeline constr other than sewer & water
Power & communication trans lines
Power plants
Recreational facilities
Sewage & water treatment plants
Ships
Tank storage facilities other than water
Water storage facilities
Index
411
Index
%Local ..............................................................53
1977 Multi-Regional Input-Output Accounts.....275
A
A Matrix ..........................................................101
About IMPLAN Professional..............................84
Absorption matrix ............................................271
Absorption table.................................................99
Advanced Byproducts.........................................39
Advanced Institutional Transfers.........................42
Advanced Model Building ..................................37
Advanced Multipliers .........................................43
Advanced Production Function ...........................39
Advanced Trade Flows .......................................40
Aggregation ................................................. 32, 80
Aggregation Error ............................................182
Agriculture.......................................................235
B
Backward linkage.............................................116
Balancing.............................................24,153, 269
Basis..................................................................50
Benchmark I/O study........................................271
Benchmark Input-Output Study.........................228
Byproducts Library.............................................29
Byproducts Matrix........................... 18, 98, 99, 271
Commodity-Table View .....................................30

Compacting Models............................................87
Constant returns to scale ...................................103
Construct Model.................................................12
Construction.....................................................237
Converting Models .............................................86
County Business Patterns..................................232
Creating a model ................................................. 8
Creating Groups .................................................56
Crosshauling ....................................................185
Current Model ....................................................90
Customizing .......................................................17
D
Database Validation..........................................277
Default Directories .............................................89
Default model directory ....................................... 9
Default Toolbar ..................................................84
Deflator Button...................................................80
Deflators ..............................18, 105, 111, 124, 274
Deleting Groups .................................................57
Descriptive model...............................................14
Descriptive Model ........................................14, 96
Direct effects....................................................102
Direct Effects .....................................................81
Domestic commodity exports............................148
Domestic services.............................................230
E
C
Calculator ..........................................................88
Capital .............................................................258
Capital Formation.............................................129
CEW................................................................233
CGE Modeling .................................................154
Change All................................................... 50, 51
Choosing a Sector...............................................90
Commodity ........................................................98
Commodity by Industry......................................31
Commodity Detail ..............................................30
Edit ....................................................................12
Edit Commodity Sales ........................................20
Editing a Production Function.............................27
Editing Region Data ...........................................19
Employee compensation ........................... 125, 249
Employment............................................. 125, 231
Employment multiplier .....................................173
Enterprises .......................................................150
ES-202 .............................................................233
e-Update.............................................................85
Event Defaults....................................................54
Event Name........................................................48
412
Index
Event Options ....................................................55

Events................................................................48
Example Analysis.............................................177
Expenditure value...............................................49
F
Factor Distribution ...........................................151
Factor Exports..................................................151
Factor Imports..................................................151
Federal Government .........................................239
Federal Government purchases .........................257
Federal Government Sales ................................128
Federal Military Purchases................................128
Federal Non-military Purchases ........................128
Final demand table .............................................99
FIPS.................................................................120
Fixed field..........................................................23
Foreign Export edit screen ..................................20
Foreign Exports........................................ 129, 258
Forest products.................................................229
Forward linkage ...............................................117
Full time equivalents ........................................246
Functional economic area .................................115
IMPLAN Sectoring...........................................229
Importing Groups ...............................................57
Importing/Exporting Groups ...............................59
Income multipliers............................................172
Indirect business taxes .............................. 126, 249
Indirect effects....................................................97
Indirect effects..................................................102
Indirect Effects ...................................................81
induced effects ...................................................97
Induced effects .................................................102
Induced Effects........................................... 81, 185
Industry..............................................................98
Industry output .................................................125
Industry x Industry Reports.................................76
Input-output analysis ..........................................95
Institution demand ............................................257
Institution Exports ............................................151
Inter-Institutional Transfers................149, 151, 263
Internet Connectivity ..........................................84
Inventory purchases..........................................257
Inventory Purchases..........................................128
Inventory Sales.................................................129
Inventory valuation adjustment .........................230
IxI....................................................................161
L
G
Government Investment....................................128
Gross regional commodity demand ........... 139, 142
Groups ...............................................................55
Groups/Events Analysis......................................61
H
Help System.......................................................83
Household consumption ...................................127
Household consumption expenditures ...............257
I
Impact analysis......................................... 104, 175
IMPACT Analysis..............................................47
Impact Reports ...................................................79
Impacts ..............................................................12
Labor market areas ...........................................120

Leakage...................................................... 97, 118
Leontief inverse.......................................... 97, 102
Library Maintenance...........................................61
Local Expenditures...........................................112
Local Purchase Coefficients................................53
Location Quotients ................................... 101, 143
LPC ...................................................................53
M
Main menu .......................................................... 7
Make..................................................................99
make matrix .....................................................271
Margin types ......................................................24
Margins................................. 18, 52, 105, 109, 124
MARGINS .......................................................273
Market shares assumption .................................160
Market shares matrix .................................. 99, 271
Memo Field........................................................88
Index
Metropolitan Statistical Areas ...........................120
Model Control Center.........................................12
Model status.......................................................14
Modifying Byproducts........................................29
Modifying Deflators ...........................................22
Modifying Margins.............................................23
Modifying Production Functions.........................24
Modifying Trade Flows ......................................30
Multiple Models.................................................90
Multiplier Reports ..............................................78
Multipliers ............................................18, 96, 101
N
National absorption ..........................................123
National byproducts..........................................124
National Value Added Estimates.......................250
Net Commodity Supply ....................................134
New Model ..........................................................8
Non-comparable imports ..................................230
Non-disclosure rules.........................................231
Non-education Purchase ...................................128
413
Proprietary income ................................... 125, 249

Public Education Purchases...............................128
Purchaser prices................................................104
R
Recent Models..................................................... 9
Region Data .......................................................17
Regional byproducts .........................................135
Regional commodity imports ............................146
Regional Economic Information System............228
regional market shares ......................................136
......................................... 18, 41, 100, 142, 274
Regional Purchase Coefficients Library...............32
REIS ................................................................240
Reports................................................... 12, 67, 68
Rest-of-world ...................................................230
Results ...............................................................62
Retrieving a Production Function ........................27
S
O
Open Existing Model............................................8
Other property type income....................... 126, 249
Owner occupied dwellings ..............................229
P
PCE .................................................................258
PCE activity database .......................................181
Personal Consumption Expenditures .................258
Predictive model...................... 14, 15, 96, 102, 166
Preview Model Information ..................................9
Primary commodity............................................98
Primary input-output ..........................................95
Print Options......................................................68
Producer prices.................................................104
Production Function Changes ...........................181
Production Function Library ...............................25
Production functions............................18, 101, 124
Project definition.............................................. 107
Projects..............................................................63
SAM Framework..............................................150
SAM Income ......................................................44
SAM Reports......................................................74
SAMs...............................................................263
Save Production Function ...................................26
Scrap................................................................230
Search on Help ...................................................84
Secondary commodities ......................................98
Secondary input-output.......................................96
Sector selection ..................................................48
Sectoring Schemes............................................227
Social Accounting ..............................................96
Social Accounts Reports .....................................72
Specific Disposable Income (%)..........................45
Standard Industrial Classification ......................228
State & Local Government................................237
State and local government purchases................257
State and Local Government Sales ....................128
State and local Investment.................................128
Structural matrices............................................271
Structural Matrices Version.................................87
Structural Matrix Reports....................................75
Study Area Reports.............................................70
Supply/Demand Pooling .............. 41, 100, 141, 142
414
Index
Used and second hand goods.............................230
T-Accounts ........................................................97
Tax Analysis ....................................................154
TIO..................................................................253
Tool Bar.............................................................90
Total ..................................................................81
Total Industry Output .......................................253
total regional commodity supply .......................135
Tourism expenditure.........................................181
Trade Flows ............................................... 96, 100
Transactions table.............................................164
Type I ................................................................15
Type I multiplier ..............................................102
Type II...............................................................15
Type II multiplier ..................................... 102, 169
Type SAM .........................................................15
Type SAM multiplier........................................103
Type SAM Multipliers......................................171
V
Value Added ....................................................249
Value Added Multipliers...................................172
Value added table ...............................................99
View Project Results...........................................65
View the study area data .....................................21
Y
Year...................................................................50
Z
ZIP code based study area.................................118
U
Use matrix ..........................................99, 271, 272

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User Guide

2nd Edition June, 2000

This volume contains 3 books:

Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part

Printed in the U.S.A.

Book 1: User Guide ..................................................... i

Whats New .......................................................................................... 4

Technical Support ............................................................................. 6

Model Building ........................................................... 7

Modifying Production Functions........................................................................... 24

Advanced Model Building ...................................... 37

Advanced Institutional Transfers................................................ 42

IMPACT Analysis ..................................................... 47

Groups/Events Analysis ................................................................. 61

View Project Results ............................................................................................. 65

Study Area Reports ......................................................................... 70

Social Accounts Reports ................................................................ 72

Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Reports .................................. 74

Structural Matrix Reports............................................................. 75

2. Household Industry Demand ............................................................................ 76

Other Features ......................................................... 83

Internet Connectivity ..................................................................... 84

Book 2: Analysis Guide............................................ 91

An Overview of Input-Output and Impact

Defining Input-Output Analysis................................................... 95

Project Definition .................................................. 107

Study Area Considerations .................................. 115

Predefined Study Areas ............................................................... 120

Database Elements ................................................ 123

Inventory ......................................................................................... 128

Regional Accounts Construction ........................ 131

Regional Commodity Imports..................................................... 146

Inter-institutional Transfers ............................... 149

Industry-by-Industry Accounts ........................... 159

Predictive Model Derivation ............................... 163

Employment Multipliers .............................................................. 173

Impact Analysis ...................................................... 175

Case Studies ............................................................ 189

Literature ................................................................ 215

Organizing the Data .............................................. 223

Regional Economic Information System (REIS) Sectoring ................................. 228

Employment ............................................................ 231

Special Sectors ............................................................................... 235

Regional Economic Information System.................................. 240

Full-Time Equivalents .................................................................. 246

Value-Added ............................................................ 249

Output ...................................................................... 253

National TIO/TCO.......................................................................... 254

State and County Distribution of TIO ...................................... 255

Institution Demand ............................................... 257

Inter-Institutional Transfers ............................... 263

Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Distribution..... 268

National Matrices and Tables.............................. 271

MARGINS ........................................................................................ 273

Database Validation .............................................. 277

Database Literature Citations............................. 279

Glossary ................................................................... 285

Exporting/Importing Text Files .......................... 403

IMPLAN Construction to Census........................ 407

The IMPLAN database, created by MIG, Inc., consists of two major

5. Production function editor -i.e., the tools and opportunity

IMPLAN Licensing Policies

DATABASE LICENSE AGREEMENT