Gii thiu mng GSM

MC LC
1 Cu trc v thnh phn ca mng GSM.................................................2
1.1 Cu trc tng th.............................................................................. 2
1.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng................................................................3
1.3 Cu trc a l ca mng.................................................................8
2 Chia ph sng................................................................................... 10
3 Ti s dng tn s................................................................................ 13
4 Ch tiu k thut v cht lng mng..................................................14
4.1 Nhiu ng knh (Co-channel Interference)..................................14
4.2 Nhiu k knh C/A (Adjacent-channel interference).......................15
4.3 Truyn dn trong GSM...................................................................16
4.4 Suy hao ng truyn v phadinh..................................................25
4.5 Cc phng php phng nga suy hao do pha inh......................25
4.6 Cht lng mng............................................................................ 27

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

CHNG I : TNG QUAN MNG GSM

1 Cu trc v thnh phn ca mng GSM
Cng ngh GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) l cng ngh
thng tin di ng s ton cu do Vin tiu chun Vin thng chu u
(ETSI) a ra nm 1991, hot ng di tn 900, 1800, 1900 MHz. Hin
ti GSM c pht trin nhanh chng v c tiu chun ho, p
dng cng ngh s m bo cht lng thoi v s dng hiu qa ti
nguyn h thng. Ngy nay, cc mng in thoi di ng s dng cng
ngh GSM c mt ti khong 135 nc trn th gii.
1.1 Cu trc tng th
Mng thng tin di ng s thc cht l mng di ng mt t cng cng
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). Mt cch tng qut th PLMN hp tc
vi cc mng c nh thit lp cuc gi, qua cc giao din PLMN tip xc
vi bn ngoi, th gii ny bao gm cc mng ngoi, nh khai thc v ngi s
dng nh hnh v di y :

GSM

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Gii thiu mng GSM

Nh vy, mt h thng GSM c chia thnh nhiu h thng con nh sau:
- Phn h chuyn mch NSS (Network Switching Subsystem )
- Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
- Phn h bo dng v khai thc OSS (Operation Subsystem)
- Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station)
1.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng
S m hnh ca h thng GSM c m t nh hnh 2 di y :

SS
AUC
ISDN
VLR

HLR

EIR

PSPDN
MSC
CSPDN
BSS

PSTN

OSC

BSC
BTS

PLMN
MS

--------

: Truyn bo hiu
: Truyn lu lng

Hnh 2 : M hnh mng GSM

Cc k hiu :
AUC
: Trung tm nhn thc
VLR
: B ghi nh v tm tr
BTS
: Trm thu pht gc
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

SS
ISDN
HLR
EIR
BSC
MS
BSS
OSS
PSPDN
PSTN
CSPDN
PLMN
MSC

: H thng con chuyn mch

: Mng lin kt s a dch v
: B ghi nh v thng tr
: B ghi nhn dng thit b
: B iu khin trm gc
: Trm di ng
: H thng con trm gc
: Trung tm khai thc v bo dng
: Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi
: Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng
: Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch theo mch
: Mng di ng cng cng mt t
: Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng

1.2.1 Phn h chuyn mch SS

Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca
GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di
ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng
ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc.
SS bao gm cc thit b :
* Tng i MSC
Trong SS, chc nng chuyn mch chnh c MSC thc hin, nhim v
chnh ca MSC l iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng
mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip vi h thng con BSS, mt khc giao tip
vi mng ngoi. MSC lm nhim v giao tip vi mng ngoi c gi l MSC
cng GMSC.
kt ni MSC vi cc mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im
truyn dn GSM vi cc mng . Cc thch ng ny c gi l cc chc nng
tng tc IWF ( Interworking funtions ). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng
giao thc v truyn dn. IWF cho php kt ni vi cc mng PSTN, ISDN,
PSPDN, CSPDN v c th c thc hin kt hp trong cng cc chc nng
MSC hay trong thit b ring.
SS cng cn giao tip vi mng ngoi s dng cc kh nng truyn ti
ca cc mng ny cho vic truyn ti s liu ca ngi s dng hoc bo hiu
gia cc phn t ca mng GSM.
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V d, mng bo hiu knh chung s 7(SS7) bo m hp tc, tng tc
gia cc thit b ca SS trong mt hay nhiu mng GSM. MSC thng l mt
tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s b iu khin trm gc BSC. Mt
tng i MSC thch hp cho mt vng th v ngoi dn c vo khong mt
triu (vi mt thu bao trung bnh).
* B ng k nh v thng tr HLR
Ngoi MSC, SS cn bao gm cc c s d liu. Bt k v tr ca thu bao,
mi thng tin lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng u c lu
gi trong HLR, k c v tr hin thi ca MS. HLR thng l mt my tnh
ng ring c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao nhng khng c kh
nng chuyn mch. Mt chc nng na ca HLR l nhn dng thng tin nhn
thc AUC, m nhim v ca trung tm ny l qun l s liu bo mt v tnh
hp php ca thu bao.
* B ng k nh v tm tr VLR
VLR l mt c s d liu c ni vi mt hay nhiu MSC v c nhim
v lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng
phc v ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu gi s liu v v tr ca cc thu
bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR.
Cc chc nng VLR thng c lin kt vi cc chc nng MSC.
*Tng i cng GMSC
SS c th cha nhiu MSC, VLR v HLR. thit lp mt cuc gi lin
quan n GSM m khng cn bit n v tr hin thi ca thu bao MS, trc
ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n mt tng i cng GMSC ly thng
tin v v tr ca thu bao v nh tuyn cuc gi n MSC no hin ang qun l
thu bao . thc hin vic ny, trc ht cc tng i cng phi da trn s
thoi danh b ca thu bao tm ng HLR cn thit v hi HLR ny. GMSC
c giao din vi cc mng bn ngoi kt ni mng bn ngoi vi mng GSM.
Ngoi ra, tng i cng GSM cn c giao din vi mng bo hiu s 7 c th
tng tc vi cc phn t khc ca NSS. Do tnh kinh t cn thit ca mng nn
khng bao gi tng i cng GSM ng ring m thng c kt hp vi
GSM.
*Mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS7)
Nh khai thc mng GSM c th c mng bo hiu CCS7 ring hay
chung ph thuc vo quy nh ca tng nc. Nu nh khai thc c mng bo
hiu ny ring th cc im chuyn bo hiu STP (Signalling Transfer Point) c
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Gii thiu mng GSM

th l mt b phn ca NSS v c th c thc hin cc im nt ring hay
kt hp trong cng mt MSC tu thuc vo iu kin kinh t. Nh khai thc
GSM c th dng mng ring nh tuyn cc cuc gi gia GMSC v MSC
hay thm ch nh tuyn cuc gi ra n im gn nht trc khi s dng mng
c nh. Lc ny cc tng i qu giang TE (Transit Exchange) c th s l mt
b phn ca mng GSM v c th c thc hin nh mt nt ng ring hay
kt hp vi MSC.
1.2.2 Phn h trm gc BSS
BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS thng qua giao din v
tuyn nn n bao gm cc thit b pht v thu ng v tuyn v qun l cc
chc nng ny. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i NSS. Tm
li BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i, tc l kt ni thu bao di ng
MS vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. Do vy, BSS phi phi ghp vi
NSS bng thit b BSC. Ngoi ra, do BSS cng cn phi c iu khin nn n
c u ni vi OSS. BSS gm hai thit b : BTS giao din vi MS v BSC
giao din vi MSC.
* i v tuyn gc BTS
Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b pht, thu, anten v khi x l tn hiu c
th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc Modem v tuyn phc tp c
thm mt s chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l khi chuyn
i m v thch ng tc TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit). TRAU thc
hin qu trnh m ha v gii m ting c th cho GSM. ng thi y cng
thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b
phn ca BTS nhng cng c th c t xa BTS, chng hn t gia BSC v
MSC.
* i iu khin trm gc BSC
BSC c nhim v qun l tt c cc giao din v tuyn thng qua cc
lnh iu khin t xa ca BTS v MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l cc lnh n nh,
gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c ni vi
BTS cn pha kia c ni vi MSC ca NSS. Trong thc t, BSC l mt tng
i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Vai tr ch yu ca n l qun l cc
knh giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao. Mt BSC trung bnh c th qun l
hng chc BTS, to thnh mt trm gc. Tp hp cc trm gc trong mng gi

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

l phn h trm gc. Giao din quy nh gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn
giao din gia BSC v BTS l giao din Abis.
1.2.3 Trm di ng MS
MS l mt thit b phc tp,c kh nng nh mt my tnh nh. N bao
gm hai thit b : thit b di ng ME v module nhn dng thu bao SIM. SIM
c dng nh mt card thng minh hoc c chia nh hn gn trn gi, n nh
mt loi kho, c th tho khi MS mt cch d dng. Khng c SIM, trm di
ng khng th gi c tr trng hp khn cp c mng cho php. SIM
lu gi thng tin lin quan n thu bao v n c th c phn bit qua ch s
nhn dng IMSI.
Ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v
tuyn, MS cn phi cung cp cc giao din vi ngi s dng (nh micro, loa,
mn hin th, bn phm qun l cuc gi) hoc giao din vi mt s thit b
u cui khc nh giao din vi my tnh c nhn, Fax ...
Nh vy ta nhn thy MS c 3 chc nng chnh nh sau :
- thit b u cui : thc hin cc dch v ngi s dng (thoi, fax, s
liu...)
- kt cui di ng : thc hin truyn dn giao din v tuyn vo
mng.
- thch ng u cui : lm vic nh mt ca ni thng thit b u cui
vi kt cui di ng.
1.2.4 Phn h khai thc v bo dng OSS
Hin nay OSS c xy dng theo nguyn l ca mng qun l vin
thng TMN(Telecommunication Management Network). Lc ny, mt mt h
thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng
(cc MSC, BSC, HLR v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS v thm nhp n
BTS c thc hin qua BSC). Mt khc h thng khai thc v bo dng li
c ni n mt my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi my. OSS thc hin
ba chc nng chnh l : khai thc v bo dng mng, qun l thu bao v tnh
cc, qun l thit b di ng.
Di y ta xt tng qut cc chc nng ni trn:
* Chc nng khai thc v bo dng mng

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

Khai thc l cc hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi
ca mng nh : ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai
... nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng ca dch v
m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi x l cc s c. Khai thc cng bao
gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin
thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai, tng vng ph sng. Vic
thay i mng c th c thay i mm qua bo hiu (chng hn thay i
thng s handover thay i bin gii tng i gia hai ) hoc c thc
hin cng i hi can thip ti hin trng (chng hn b sung thm dung
lng truyn dn hoc lp t thm mt trm mi). cc h thng vin thng
hin i, vic khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp trung mt
trm.
Bo dng c nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng
hc. N c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b mng vin thng hin
i c kh nng t pht hin mt s s c hay d bo s c thng qua s kim
tra. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta d phng cho thit b khi c s c c
th thay th bng thit b d phng. S thay th ny c th c thc hin t
ng, ngoi ra vic gim nh s c c th c ngi khai thc thc hin bng
iu khin t xa. Bo dng cng bao gm c cc hot ng ti hin trng
nhm thay th thit b c s c.
* Chc nng qun l thu bao
Chc nng qun l thu bao c bt u t vic nhp v xo thu bao ra
khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v
khc nhau v cc chc nng b sung. Nh khai thc phi c kh nng xm nhp
vo cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh
cc cuc gi. Cc ph phi c tnh v gi n thu bao. Qun l thu bao
mng GSM ch lin quan n HLR v mt s thit b OSS ring, chng hn
mng ni HLR vi cc thit b giao tip ngi - my cc trung tm giao dch
vi thu bao. Sim card cng ng vai tr nh mt b phn ca h thng qun l
thu bao.
* Chc nng qun l thit b di ng
Qun l thit b di ng c thc hin bi b ng k nhn dng thit b
EIR (Equipment Identity Register). EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n
trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh
hp l ca thit b. GSM, EIR c coi l thuc h thng con SS.
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

i vi mng Vinaphone khng c chc nng ny.
1.3 Cu trc a l ca mng
Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc a l nht nh nh tuyn cc
cuc gi vo n tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. Trong mt
mng di ng, cu trc ny rt quan trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao
trong mng.
Vi mng GSM, cu trc a l c phn thnh cc vng sau :
* Vng mng
Tt c cc cuc gi vo mng s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng
i v tuyn cng (GMSC). GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho
mng GSM. y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi cho cc
cuc gi kt cui di ng, n cho php h thng nh tuyn n mt tng i v
tuyn cng.
* Vng phc v MSC
Mt mng c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC. Vng
phc v MSC l b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt
cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s ni n MSC
vng phc v MSC ni thu bao ang . C th ni, vng phc v nh l mt
b phn ca mng c nh ngha l vng lin lc vi MS do v tr hin thi
ca MS c lu li trong VLR.
* Vng nh v LA (Location Area)
Mi vng phc v MSC c chia thnh mt s vng nh v, vng nh
v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC m mt trm di ng c th chuyn
ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC iu
khin vng nh v ny. Khi c mt cuc gi n, h thng s pht qung b
mt thng bo tm gi trong vng nh v tm thu bao di ng b gi. Vng
nh v c th c mt s v tu thuc vo mt hay vi BSC nhng n ch
thuc MSC v n c nhn dng bng ch s nhn dng vng nh v LAI
( Location Area Identity). Vng nh v c h thng s dng tm mt thu
bao ang trng thi hot ng.
* (Cell)
Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s . l n v nh nht ca mng,
l mt vng bao ph v tuyn c mng nhn dng bng ch s nhn dng

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Gii thiu mng GSM

ton cu CGI (Cell Global Identity). Trm di ng t nhn dng mt bng
cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identity Code).
Quan h gia cc vng a l ca mng GSM c minh ha nh sau :

Vng phc v GSM

(tt c cc nc thnh vin)
Vng phc v PLMN
(mt hay nhiu vng mt nc)
Vng phc v MSC
(vng c iu khin bi
mt MSC)
Vng nh v
(vng tm gi )
(cell)

Hnh 4. Cu trc a l ca mng GSM

2 Chia ph sng
Do tnh lu ng ca MS trn mt vng kh rng nn vic phn chia
vng ph sng thnh cc t bo l cn thit. Hnh dng ca cc ph thuc
vo kiu anten v cng sut ra ca tng trm gc. Hai dng anten thng s
dng l anten v hng pht ng hng v anten c hng tp trung nng
lng ti cc r qut.
Vic b tr cc trm v i pht sao cho bao qut c ton b vng phc
v gi l quy hoch cell, vng phc v ca GSM l tp hp cc cell v cn c
gi l mng t ong.
Thng thng, quy hoch cell c da trn c s xem xt cht lng
phc v GOS, lu lng thng tin v d kin v tr t i trm. ng thi, vic
quy hoch phn b cell phi tnh n nhiu giao thoa v nhiu ng knh khi ti
s dng tn s. Quy hoch cell trong thc t cn phi xt n vn truyn
sng v tuyn rt ph thuc vo a hnh, cc tnh cht khng ng nht ca b
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10

Gii thiu mng GSM

mt mt t. Chnh v vy, cc hnh lc gic l m hnh ht sc n gin nhng
hiu qu ca cc hnh mu ph sng v tuyn.
Nguyn l c s khi thit k cc h thng t ong l cc mu c gi l
cc mu s dng li tn s. Theo nh ngha s dng li tn s l s dng cc
knh v tuyn cng mt tn s mang ph cho cc vng a l khc nhau.
Cc vng ny phi c cch nhau c ly ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng
knh (c th xy ra) chp nhn c.
C ba kiu mu s dng li tn s : 3/9, 4/12 v 7/21.
- Mi i u c ba (ba r qut). Cc anten ca c gc phng v
phn cch nhau 1200, v cc c t chc vi cc anten hng v pha mt
trong cc v tr i gn nht, nh vy to nn cc hnh c ba l.
- Mi s dng cc anten pht 60 0 v hai anten thu phn tp 60 0 cho mt
gc phng v.
- Mi c xp x ho bng hnh lc gic
Lu lng phn b c coi l ng nht tt c cc .
Bnh thng, kch thc c xc nh nh l khong cch gia hai i
trm ln cn. Bn knh R (bng cnh ca lc gic) lun lun l mt phn ba
khong cch gia hai trm. Tu theo mt s mu di y, nhm cc cnh
nhau c gi l cm.
S 3/9 s dng cc nhm 9 tn s, trong mt mu s dng li tn s 3
i.

A3

C1

B3

A1

C2

A1

A2
B1

B2

A3

A1

C3
B2

C1

C3
B2

C1

C3

B1

A3

B3

A2

B3

B1

A2

B1

C2
A1

C2

A3

C2

C3

C1

A3

C1

B2

C3

C1
C3

B1

A2

B3

A2

B3

B1

C2

A3

C1

C2

A3

A1

B2

B3

B2

C3

B1

A3

C1
C3

C1

A2

A3

C3

B1

C2

C3

A2

A3

C2
A1

A3

C2

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Hnh 5. M hnh s dng li tn s 3/9.

B3
A2

B1

C3

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Gii thiu mng GSM

Vi mt di tn cho trc, s sng mang c th s dng trong cng mt
cell l tng i ln, tuy nhin khong cch di tn gia cc sng mang l nh
do mu 3/9 c xc sut xut hin nhiu ng knh C/I v nhiu knh ln cn
C/A tng i ln. Mu ny thng p dng cho nhng vng c mt thu
bao ln, kch thc cell nh nhng vng ph sng phi r rng trnh cc
nhiu pha inh. M hnh ny ph hp phc v INDOOR cho cc nh cao
tng.Khong cch gia hai ng knh trong trng hp ny l : D = 5,2 R
Mu 4/12 s dng nhm 12 tn s trong mt mu s dng li tn s 4 i.
Vi m hnh ny, s knh trong mt cell nh hn do , m hnh ny cho php
m rng kch thc cell ph hp vi mt trung bnh v t nh cao tng, v c
th phc v cho c INDOOR v OUTDOOR. u im chnh ca m hnh ny
l cc vn v nhiu ng knh v nhiu k knh l khng ng ngi.

A3

C1

B3

A1

C2

B1

A3
B1

A1

D2

B1

C3
B2

C1

C3
B2

C1
C3

B1

A3

B3

A2

B3

B1

C2

D3

C2

A3

D1

B2

C2

C3

C1

A3

C1

B2

C3

A2
C3

B1

A2

B3

A2

B3

A1

C2

C1

D2

C2

A3

A1

B2

B3

B2

C3

B1

A3

C1
C3

C1

A2

A3

C3

B1

C2

C3

A2

A3

C2
A1

A3
C2

B3
A2

B1

C3

Hnh 6. M hnh mu s dng tn s 4/12

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Gii thiu mng GSM

Bn cnh hai m hnh 3/9 v 4/12 trnh by trn, cn c m hnh ti
s dng tn s 7/21, tc l s dng nhm 21 tn s trong mt mu s dng li
tn s 7 i. M hnh ny c th hin trong hnh 7 di y : iiVII
Vi m hnh ny, s lng knh trong mt cell l nh do c th phc v cho

D1

A2

A3

D3

E1

G3

C1

G1

B3

G2

F1
F3

D2

G1

G3

G1

C2

D3

D2

G3

D1

E2

C1

E2

C3

E1

D3

C1

A2

E3

B2

E3

A1

F2

E1

B2

A3

B1

D2

D3

B1

G2

F3

C1

F2

B3

F1

C2

C3

D2

G1

E2

E3

F3

F2

B1

B3

G2

B2

C3

Hnh 7. M hnh s dng li tn s 7/21

cc vng mt thp. Tuy nhin, khong cch di tn ca cc knh ln cn v

cc knh cng cell tng i ln (D=7,9R), cc cell ng knh cch xa nhau do
khng c hin tng nhiu ng knh v nhiu knh ln cn nn cht lng
cho cc vng kh ph sng c m bo. Do vy, m hnh ny c s dng
khi chia nh cc cell thch ng vi mt my di ng ngy cng tng v
nhng vng kh ph sng c kch thc cell tng i nh.
Trong thc t i vi mng Vinaphone, mng Vinaphone c quyn s
dng cc knh tn s t 1 n knh 40 trong tng s 124 knh tn s song cng.
Do vy, vic ti s dng tn s c xem xt k lng, da vo nhiu yu t
khc nhau c s khai thc trit cc bng tn c s dng.

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13

Gii thiu mng GSM

3 Ti s dng tn s
Ti s dng tn s l mt trong nhng th mnh ca cc h thng thng
tin v tuyn kiu t bo. Khi t chc thng tin theo tng nh v mi vng mt
trm pht, cc khong cch xa, cc tn hiu b suy gim n mc no m
coi nh khng cn tc dng na, khi cc tn s dng c th c s dng
li nh mt mng khc v v th, s thu bao c phc v chc chn s tng
ln.
Trong quy hoch , ngi ta gn ng cc bng mt hnh lc gic v
vng phc v c chia thnh mt mng t ong. Trn mt v tr, ngi ta t
cc anten thu pht cho ba hng cch nhau 1200.
i vi mt mng di ng c th, tu theo di tn s, a hnh,... m
ngi ta chn theo mt trong ba mu ti s dng tn s trnh by trn. Mt
khc, trong thc t, cc my pht BTS v MS u thc hin t ng iu chnh
cng sut pht my thu lun nhn c cng sut tn hiu cn thit d MS
bt k v tr no trong cell. Nh vy, nhiu ln nhau do vic ti s dng tn s
c gi mc ti thiu.

4 Ch tiu k thut v cht lng mng

4.1 Nhiu ng knh (Co-channel Interference)
Nhiu ng knh do hai b phn pht pht tn hiu cng mt tn s
hoc cng mt knh. Do vy, bn thu nhn c c hai tn hiu ca bn pht
vi mc mnh yu khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr ca my thu vi c hai my
pht.
T l sng mang trn nhiu C/I c biu din bi quan h gia ln
ca sng mong mun v sng khng mong mun :

P
C
10 lg c
I
Pi
trong :
Pe:Cng sut tn hiu ca sng pht mong mun
Pi : Cng sut tn hiu ca sng pht gy nhiu
Mi quan h gia C/I v v tr ca trm gc v trm gy nhiu c biu
din nh trong hnh 8 :

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14

Gii thiu mng GSM

Tx2

Tx1

Trm gc

C/I =0dB

Trm gy nhiu

Vi gi thit c hai trm gc bc x cng cng sut v cc ng lai

truyn sng l tng ng
nhau th
im
0 dB
(khipht
, tn
Hnh8.Mi
quan
h gia
gia s
C/Ic
v C/I
v tr= cc
trm
hiu v nhiu l cn bng nhau). Nu di chuyn li gn trm gc phc v hn
th t l C/I > 0dB, ngc li, C/I < 0 dB. Khi C/I thp th t l li bit BER l
khng th chp nhn c v m ho knh s khng th cung cp k thut hiu
chnh li chnh xc. T l C/I c quan h mt thit n vic quy hoch v s
dng tn s. Ni chung, vic s dng li tn s lm tng dung lng ca h
thng nhng lm gim C/I.
Trong thng tin di ng s GSM, t l nhiu ng knh c nh gi qua
bng gi tr sau :
C/Ic > 25 dB
Rt tt
20 dB C/Ic 25 dB

Tt

15 dB C/Ic 20 dB

C hiu qu

C/Ic < 15 dB

Khng hiu qu

4.2 Nhiu k knh C/A (Adjacent-channel interference)

Nhiu k knh xy ra khi bn thu chu nh hng nhiu ca cc knh lin
k vi n ngoi tn hiu thu mong mun. T l gia sng mang trn nhiu ca
knh lin k c biu din bng cng sut ca knh mong mun trn cng sut
ca knh lin k :

P
C
10 lg c
A
Pa
vi :
Pe: Cng sut nhn c bi knh mong mun
Pa: Cng sut nhn c bi knh lin k
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15

Gii thiu mng GSM

Nh vy, nh hng ca nhiu ph thuc phn ln vo chn lc my
thu v rng ph cc bng bn ngoi bng ca cc sng nhiu. Tuy nhin, cc
k thut hin i ngy nay cho php ch to cc my thu c chn lc
tng i cao v gim nh cc bng bn cc u pht. Bi vy, nguyn nhn
sinh ra nhiu thng do s suy gim nhy my thu hoc tp m pht ch
khng phi do nhiu knh ln cn.
4.3 Truyn dn trong GSM
4.3.1 Truyn dn thng tin t u cui ny n u cui kia ca mng
GSM
* Truyn dn ting (thoi)
T lu, dch v truyn thoi tr nn ph bin bi cc mng cng cng.
Qu trnh truyn thoi gia mt thu bao di ng v mt thu bao PSTN c th
c m t nh sau :
Tn hiu m thanh pht ra t ming ca thu bao di ng c bin i
thnh tn hiu in thanh v tn hiu in thanh ny c chuyn i thnh dng
s tc 13kb/s. Dng s ny c iu ch thnh tn hiu tng t cao tn
v pht vo khng trung, c thu li anten BTS v c x l khi phc
li tn hiu s ban u. Sau , nh b chuyn i m ting, n c bin i
sang tn hiu s 64kb/s ph hp vi tng i s, v c chuyn mch n
thu bao PSTN, c bin i vo tn hiu tng t v cui cng c bin i
ngc li thnh m thanh n tai ngi nghe.
Phng thc truyn dn tc 13kb/s l nt c trng ca GSM. Bin
gii GSM v bn ngoi c xc nh bng hai im chun :
- gia ming ca thu bao di ng v micro
- gia tng i MSC v tng i hay mng truyn dn ca mng cng
cng c nh PSTN.
*Fax
Fax c coi l dch v quan trng cho vic Marketing GSM, tuy nhin
y cng chnh l nguyn nhn ca nhiu tr ngi k thut. Mt s tr ngi xut
pht t tr truyn dn ng v tuyn v v th khng ph hp vi cc giao
thc ca nhm Fax 3. Ngoi ra, do khng c mt tiu chun giao tip u cui
no khc ngoi tiu chun u ni hai dy tng t vo mng PSTN nn cn c
cc chc nng thch ng c bit c pha trm di ng v pha tng thch
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16

Gii thiu mng GSM

mng IWF. pha trm di ng, ngoi chc nng thch ng chung TAF (dnh
cho kh nng mng ng b) cn c mt b thch ng c bit gia Fax v TAF.
Giao din gia b thch ng Fax v TAF l giao din s gia u cui v
modem, h tr cho yu cu chn s v tr li t ng, v cc tc d liu
khc nhau c s dng Fax3. Giao din gia bn thn thit b u cui v b
thch ng Fax l giao din in thoi tng t hai dy cho php u ni vi cc
my Fax hin c. Trong thng tin Fax c nh, giao thc c nh ngha
khuyn ngh T.30 cho php cc u cui Fax phi hp vi nhau qun l cc
chc nng nh : chn la tc iu ch, nhn dng tng h, phn nh trang,
qun l bn song cng v.v... Giao thc ni trn c sao li TAF v IWF
trnh cc vn ny sinh do tr ca truyn dn ng di.
4.3.2 Truyn dn bn trong GSM
Truyn dn bn trong ca GSM c gii hn bi TAF v IWF do phn
truyn dn bn trong ca mng truyn dn GSM nm gia mt im no bn
trong trm di ng v im tng tc gia GSM vi cc mng bn ngoi.
a/Truyn dn ting
ng truyn dn ting bn trong GSM c th c chia thnh cc on
sau y :
- Trm di ng
- T trm di ng n trm gc
- T trm gc BTS n b chuyn i m ring (TRAU)
- T TRAU n MSC (hay IWF)
Lu l TRAU c th c t cc v tr khc nhau.
*M ho ting trm di ng
Mc tiu hng u ca vic thit k phng tin truyn dn v tuyn l
hiu sut s dng ph cao. Hin nay m ho ting cho php : truyn thoi tc
13kb/s (ton tc) v 6,5kb/s (bn tc). M ho bn tc s c s dng giai
on hai ca GSM. Trong phn ny ta xt m ho ton tc.
S m ho ting GSM tc 13 kb/s c gi l kch thch xung
u - tin nh thi gian di RPE-LTP(Regular Pulse Excitation -Long Term
Prediction).
M ho ny cho php nhn c cht lng nh mng c nh nhng i
hi rng ph tn v tuyn hp hn.

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17

Gii thiu mng GSM

LPF

A/D

B m ho

BTS

K hiu : LPF : B lc thng thp ; A/D : B bin i A/D ;

1 : Micro
Hnh 9 . Qu trnh m ho ting ni GSM.

Tn hiu ting MS c a qua b lc thng thp, qua b bin i AD

c m ho PCM ng u vi tn s ly mu 8kHz v 13bit m ho cho
mt mu sau tn hiu ny c a ln b bin i tng t/s (A/D). Ti
u ra ca b A/D, ta c cc khi 20ms m ho 260bit lm cho tc ca
lung ra l 13kbit/s nh hnh 9.
Nu tn hiu u vo mng GSM ly t mng PSTN th trc ht tn hiu
8bit PCM lut A c bin i thnh 13 bit PCM ng u ri sau a ln
b m ho bin i thnh 13kb/s :
Ti u thu, qu trnh c thc hin theo hng ngc li :
Vi k hiu :
1: ng nghe ; 2: M PCM 8bit/lut A,8000mu/bit ;

8bit/lut A vo
13 bit ng u

B m ho

MS

K hiu : 2: M PCM 8bit/lut A,8000mu/bit

Hnh 10. Qu trnh m ho ting ni t mng PSTN
LPF : b lc thng thp ; D/A : B bin i D/A ;
S khi ca b m ho c m t trong hnh 13 :

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18

Gii thiu mng GSM

B gii m

D/A

LPF

BTS

Hnh 11. Qu trnh gii m ting ni GSM MS.

B gii m

13bit ng u
vo 8bit/lut A

MS

Hnh 12.Qu trnh gii m ting ni GSM t mng PSTN

Phn on

B
lc
phn tch
LPC

Lc thng
thp

Chn
li
RPE

B lc phn
tch LTP

Ghp 13kb/s
knh

Phn tch LPC

Hnh 13. S khi b m ho ting GSM

Tn hiu m ho PCM ng u 13bit/8000mu/s c nhn mnh trc
(Pre-emphasis) ri c chia thnh cc on 20ms/160 mu/13bit a vo u
vo ca b m ho.
Nguyn l chung ca b m ho da trn c s tit kim bng thng,
ngi ta s ch gi i cc thng s cn thit nht c th khi phc li c
ting ni u thu : thng s v c quan pht m v xung kch thch b phn
ny. Mun vy, ngi ta s dng hai kiu m ho kt hp l m ho kiu pht
m (Vocoder) v m ho dng sng (PCM ng u). thc hin m ho kiu
pht m, ngi ta cho cc on ting 20ms trn qua b lc m ho tin nh
tuyn tnh LPC(Linear Prediction Coding) o so vi c quan pht m ca con
ngi nhn c cc xung kch thch. Cc thng s ca b lc tuyn tnh
LPC thay i t khi ny n khi khc v c gi i khung ting. Mt
khc, do cc on lin tip ca ting ni l kh ging nhau nn thc t ch cn
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19

Gii thiu mng GSM

gi i s khc nhau gia cc on lin tip ny m thi. Do , chui kch thch
c chia thnh cc khi 5ms/40 mu a qua b lc LTP, b lc ny thc hin
tr on tn hiu hin thi vi on c tr Nr mu v c nhn vi h s br.
Cc gi tr ca Nr v br c truyn trong khung ting c 5ms mt ln. c
th tng thch vi tn s c bn ca ting ni (do mi ngi ni khc nhau)
nn tr Nr phi vo khong 40 n 120 mu (5 n 15ms). Phn d c a
qua b lc tn thp v c ly mu u (RPE:Regular Pulse Excitation) vi tn
s ly mu l 8/3kHz ly ra chui kch thch.
Vy theo nh lut ly mu, ch c thng tin ca chui kch thch c tn
s thp hn 1,3 kHz l c gi i. Tng ng ta c 13 mu trong cc khong
5ms. Pha ca cc mu 8/3kHz c gi i trong khung ting 5ms mt ln. Cc
mu c m ho iu xung m thch ng APCM(Adaptive Pulse Code
Modulation).
Trong dng m ho ny, bin l cc i v t s gia mu vi bin
cc i c m ho ring bit.
*Gii m ting
Gii m ting bao gm cc giai on sau :
- To li cc mu 8kHz bng cch b sung 27 mu khng vo 13 mu
ting trong cc khi 5ms.
- Lc LTP bao gm cc khi ca mu 5ms hin thi v ba khi trc .
- Lc LPC theo cc thng s c truyn.
- Kh nhn mnh (De-emphasis).
S m t qu trnh gii m ting nh sau :
Chui
kch thch Lc LTP

Lc LPC

De-emphasis

Ting

Hnh 14. S khi gii m ting

Trong hnh 14 trn, cc b lc LTP v LCP o so vi cc b lc tng
ng pha pht.
*Truyn ting on t trm di ng MS n trm gc BTS
Tn hiu sau khi m ho c a n b m ha knh to ra cc khi
456bit/20ms vi tc bit vo khong 22,8kbit/s, sau c ghp xen, mt
m ho v to thnh cc cm c th t vo khe thi gian dnh cho knh v
sau cng c iu ch ri pht vo khng trung di sng 900MHz.
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20

Gii thiu mng GSM

Ti u thu, qu trnh c thc hin ngc li nhn c tnh hiu
m ho nh u pht trc khi a vo b gii iu ch.
*Truyn ting trn on t BTS n TRAU
Trong on ny, nu TRAU t xa (v d nh t ti BSC), bo hiu s
c b sung vo ting (bo hiu trong bng) truyn cc thng tin iu khin
TRAU t b iu khin chuyn i m t xa RTH(Remote Transcoder Handle)
t BTS n TRAU t BSC. ng thi, c 60bit b sung vo 260bit ting
trong 20ms, nng tng s bit trong 20ms ln 320bit v tc ca lung s cho
mi knh s t 16kb/s. Trong s 60bit b sung c 4bit trng c tc dng
phn cch gia cc khung 20ms, nh vy trong mt khung 20ms ch c 316bit
mang thng tin.
*Truyn dn trn on TRAU t xa ( BSC) n MSC/IWF
on ny s dng cc ng truyn dn 64kb/s lut A theo tiu chun
G.711.
b/Truyn dn s liu
i vi truyn dn s liu bn trong mng GSM c th coi mng ny nh
l mt DTE phn b, cn mng bn ngoi nh l DCE. Cc giao din DTE/DCE
c thc hin cc TAF v TRAU v IWF. xy dng cc giao din ny,
GSM ci tin khuyn ngh V.110 dnh cho giao din DTE/DCE trong trng
hp DCE l mng ISDN. V vy, hiu c truyn dn s liu trong mng
GSm, trc ht ta xt n tiu chun V.110.
Tiu chun V.110 gii quyt cc vn nh sau:
- Truyn ti cc thng tin b sung
- Truyn ti s liu d b cc ng truyn ng b
- Truyn ti s liu ng b ng truyn ng b s dng cc ng
h c lp vi nhau.
4.3.3 Cu trc ca knh vt l
Cc knh vt l l mt khe thi gian mt tn s v tuyn dnh truyn
ti thng tin ng v tuyn ca GSM. Nh vy, bng tn m GSM s dng
l nh sau :
- ng ln (MS pht) : 890 - 915MHz
- ng xung (BTS pht) : 935 - 960 MHz.
Khong cch gia cc sng mang l 200kHz. m bo cc quy nh
v tn s, bn ngoi bng phi c mt khong bo v gia cc bin ca bng c
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21

Gii thiu mng GSM

rng l 200kHz. Vy GSM 900 c 124 knh tn s v tuyn bt u t tn s
890,2MHz.
Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung TDMA c 8
khe thi gian, thi gian ca mt khe l 577s, tc l thi gian ca mt khung
TDMA l 4,62ms. Ti BTS, cc khung TDMA cc knh tn s c ng ln
v ng xung u c ng b, tuy nhin khung ng ln tr 3 khe so vi
khung ng xung. Nh c tr ny m c th s dng mt khe thi gian c
cng s th t c ng ln ln ng xung truyn tin bn song cng.
V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo
cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung nh hnh v:
Mt siu siu khung=2048siu
khung=2715648khungTDMA(3h2853760ms)

0 1 2 3
4

2045 2046 2047

2048
1 siu khung=1326khung=6,12s

0 1 2
50

TCH

49

0
BCCH
25
1a khung=26khung=120ms

1 a khung=51 khung=235ms

0 1
25

0 1
50

TCH

24

TCH

49

1 khung= 8 khe

0
7

1khe =156,25bit = 577s

NB
FB
NB
AB
CB

TB3 57bit mt m
GP8,25

F 1 Chui hng dn 26bit

TB3
GP8,25
TB3 39bit mt m
GP8,25

F1 57bit mt m TB3

142bit c nh
Chui ng b 64 bit

TB3 Chui ng b 41bit

36bit mt m TB

TB3
39bit mt m

TB3
GP8,25

Mt siu khung c Hnh

di
pht v
53giy
15.lT3gi
chc28khung
cm 760ms. Cc khung
TB3 58bit hn hp
Chui hng dn 26bit
58bit hn hp TB3
TDMA c nh
s khung FN(Frame Number) trong mt siu siu khung t 0
GP8,25

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22

Gii thiu mng GSM

n 2715647. Mt siu siu khung c chia thnh 2048 siu khung, mi siu
khung c di l 6,12giy. Mi siu khung li c chia thnh cc a khung.
C hai loi siu khung :
- Siu khung 26 a khung (mi a khung c 51 khung)
- Siu khung 51 a khung (mi a khung c 26 khung)
Trong hnh v , TB3 l 3 bit ui c tc dng phn bit u cui mu,
F1 : cc bit ch th cm ly ln ;
GP: khong bo v l mt khong trng
Ngi ta gi khun mu tin tc mt khe thi gian l mt cm (burst).
C 4 loi cm khc nhau :
- Cm bnh thng NB : mang cc knh thng tin v lu lng v kim
tra. i vi knh logic lu lng TCH c 144bit tin v 2bit c ly ln, 26bit
hng dn v khong thi gian bo v l 8,25 bit trong mt cm NB.
- Cm hiu chnh tn s FB : dng hiu chnh tn s cho MS theo tiu
chun h thng. FB c 142 bit c nh bng 0 to ra dch tn s 67,7kHz trn
tn s danh nh. FB c s dng cho knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH.
- Cm ng b SB c nhim v ng b thi gian cho MS, c dng
cho knh ng b SCH. SB c 78bit v s khung FN ca TDMA v BSIC,
chui hng dn ko di 64bit v khong bo v 8,25bit.
- Cm truy cp AB: phc v MS truy cp h thng (ngu nhin hoc
chuyn giao). AB c 36 bit tin, 8bit ui u, 3bit ui cui v khong bo v
di 68,25bit (tng ng vi 252s, s tr ngu nhin t 0 35km). AB dng
cho knh lu lng TCH v knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH. S d cn c
khong bo v di v khi MS truy nhp ln u hay sau khi chuyn giao, n
khng bit c trc thi gian, khong ny dnh cho khong cch 35km.
- Cm gi DB : c pht i t BTS trong mt s trng hp. Cm gi
khng mang thng tin nhng c cu trc ging nh NB nhng cc bit mt m
c thay th bng cc bit hn hp.
4.3.4 Cu trc cc knh logic
Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS v
c t vo knh vt l ni trn. C th chia cc knh logic thnh hai loi tng
qut : cc knh lu lng TCH v cc knh bo hiu iu khin.
Cc knh lu lng gm hai loi c nh ngha nh sau :

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23

Gii thiu mng GSM

- Bm hay TCH ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting hoc s
liu tc khong 22,8kb/s.
- Lm hay TCH bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin ting hoc s
liu tc khong 11,4kb/s.
Cc knh bo hiu iu khin c chia thnh ba loi : knh iu khin
qung b, knh iu khin chung v knh dnh ring. c tnh ca cc knh
iu khin c m t di y :
* Cc knh iu khin qung b : bao gm cc knh :
- Cc knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH : mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s
cho cc trm MS, cc knh ny ch s dng ng xung.
- Knh ng b SCH : mang thng tin ng b khung cho trm di
ng MS v nhn dng BTS, knh ny cng ch dng ng xung.
- Knh iu khin qung b BCCH : pht qung b cc thng tin chung
v . Cc bn tin ny gi l thng tin h thng. BCCH ch s dng cho ng
xung.
* Cc knh iu khin chung CCCH :
- Knh tm gi (PCH) : knh ny c s dng cho ng xung tm
gi my di ng.
- Knh thm nhp ngu nhin (RACH) : knh ny c MS dng yu
cu cung cp mt knh dnh ring SDCCH.
- Knh cho php thm nhp (AGCH): knh ny ch c s dng
ng xung ch nh mt knh SDCCH cho MS.
* Cc knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH)
- Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh (SDCCH) : knh ny ch
c s dng dnh ring cho bo hiu vi mt MS. SDCCH c s dng cho
cc th tc cp nht v trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi trc khi n nh knh
TCH. SDCCH s dng cho c ng ln v ng xung.
- Knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH) : knh ny lin kt vi mt
TCH hay mt SDCCH. y l mt knh s liu lin tc mang cc thng tin
lin tc nh : cc bn bo co o lng, nh trc thi gian v iu khin cng
sut. SACCH s dng cho c ng ln ln ng xung.
- Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh (FACCH) : knh ny lin kt vi mt
TCH. FACCH lm vic ch ly ln bng cch thay i lu lng ting hay
s liu bng bo hiu.
* Knh qung b (CBCH):
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

24

Gii thiu mng GSM

Knh CBCH ch c dng ng xung pht qung b cc bn tin
ngn (SMSCB) cho cc t bo CBCH s dng cng knh vt l nh knh
SDCCH.
4.4 Suy hao ng truyn v phadinh
Suy hao ng truyn l qu trnh m cht lng thu yu dn gia anten
pht (Tx) v anten thu trong trng hp gia chng khng c vt cn.
Trong khng gian t do, suy hao ng truyn t l vi bnh phng ca tn
s :
L = d 2 x f2
Nh vy, tn s cng cao th suy hao cng ln.
Do mt t l khng l tng, suy hao c tnh theo cng thc ca Hata
theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR nm 1982 :
L = 69,55 + 26,16logf(MHz) - 13,82logh1 - a(h2) + (44,9-6,55logh1) x logd(km)

Tuy nhin, gia trm di ng v trm gc c cc chng ngi vt (to

nh, cy ci,...) dn n hiu ng che lp gy ra pha inh chun log. Loi ny c
dng phn b chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh nu ta ly logarith cng
tn hiu. Do s phn x sng ca cc to nh dn n hiu ng nhiu tia gy
nn pha inh Rayleigh. Pha inh Rayleigh thay i nhanh hn so vi pha inh
chun. C th ni , pha inh chnh l s thng ging ca tn hiu. Trong thc t,
do my pht BTS v MS thc hin t ng iu chnh cng sut pht lm
gim pha inh nhng pha inh vn tn ti. Cng tn hiu c ch gim mnh
c gi l ch trng pha inh. Ta bit, nhy my thu l gi tr cc tiu
ca tn hiu u vo bo m mt mc tn hiu ra quy nh. Nu mun c
truyn dn khng b gin on bi pha inh, th vic thit k h thng di ng
phi c d tr pha inh, ngha l gi tr trung bnh chung ln hn nhy my
thu mt lng bng ch trng pha inh su nht.
4.5 Cc phng php phng nga suy hao do pha inh
4.5.1 Phn tp (khng gian) Anten
Phn tp l s dng hai knh thu chu nh hng pha inh c lp. Thng
thng t c trng hp hai anten c ch trng pha inh su cng mt lc. Do
, hai anten thu cng mt tn hiu s chu nh hng bi ng bao pha inh

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khc nhau. Khi kt hp hai tn hiu t hai anten c th lm gim c mc
pha inh. Khong cch gia hai anten phi ln tng quan gia cc tn
hiu gia hai anten l nh.
4.5.2 Nhy tn
Vi pha inh Rayleigh, mu pha inh ph thuc tn s. Mt khc, ch
trng pha inh i vi hai tn s khc nhau l khng trng nhau. c im ny
l nguyn l nhy tn trong thng tin di ng. S thay i tn s tn hiu v
tuyn khi cuc gi ang tin hnh lm cho khng th mt nhiu bit tin, nh vy
c th khi phc ton b thng tin bng k thut m ho.
4.5.3 M ho knh
M ho knh c s dng pht hin v hiu chnh li trong lung bit
thu gim t s bit li BER nh vic b sung cc bit d vo lung thng tin.
M ha knh c hai loi khc nhau l m khi tuyn tnh v m xon. C hai
phng php m ho ny u c s dng trong GSM. Trc ht, mt s bit
c s dng m ha khi to ra cc khi thng tin vi cc bit chn l (kim
tra). Sau , cc bit ny c m ha xon to ra cc bit c m ha. M
ha xon c dng sa li nu c th, trong khi cc m khi c dng vi
mc ch kim tra xem liu thng tin b hng ti mc no.
* Cc m khi tuyn tnh
Vi loi m ny, lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng
nhau. Cc bit d c b sung vo khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc
vo loi m c s dng. Cc m khi tuyn tnh c xc nh bng ba thng
s : di khi n, di thng tin v khong cch cc tiu d. Cc m khi
tuyn tnh trong cc bn tin xut hin phn u ca khi c gi l m h
thng.
* Cc m xon
i vi m xon, b m ho to ra cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo
cc bit thng tin ca khi bn tin hin thi m cn ph thuc vo cc khi bn
tin pht trc .
4.5.4 Ghp xen
Trong thng tin di ng, li bit thng xy ra thnh cc cm, l do ch
trng pha inh su lu gy nh hng ti nhiu bit lin tip. Mt khc, m ha
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knh c bit l m ha xon ch hiu qu khi pht hin v sa cc li ngu
nhin n l v cc cm li khng qu di. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta
chia khi bn tin cn gi thnh cc cm ngn ri hon v cc cm ny vi cc
cm ca cc khi bn tin khc, nh vy khi xy ra cm li di, mi bn tin ch
mt i mt cm nh, phn cn li ca bn tin vn cho php cc dng m ha
knh khi phc li c bn tin ng sau khi sp xp li cc cm ca bn tin
theo th t nh pha pht. Qu trnh gi l ghp xen.
4.6 Cht lng mng
Cht lng mng l kh nng thit lp v kt cui cuc gi cho cc thu
bao di ng bao gm nhiu yu t nh : cp phc v, t l ri cuc gi, t l
li trn knh TCH...
4.6.1 Cp phc v GOS (Grade Of Service)
c th quyt nh s lng v v tr lp t cc trm gc sao cho thch
hp, cn xc nh xem c bao nhiu thu bao cn phc v v phn trm cc
cuc gi b nghn c th cho php. Phn trm cc cuc gi b nghn cho
php c xc nh bng cht lng phc v v c gi l mc phc v
GOS.
Lu lng ca mt thu bao bt k c xc nh bng cng thc :
A = n x T/3600 (Erlang)
vi :
n : s cuc gi trung bnh trong mt gi ca mt thu bao
T : thi gian trung bnh cho mt cuc gi (tnh bng giy)
A: lu lng thng tin trn mt ngi s dng c tnh bng n
v Erlang.
Theo cc s liu thng k cho thy, n v T thng nhn cc gi tr :
n =1, ngha l trung bnh 1 ngi c 1 cuc gi trong 1gi.
T =120s, tc l thi gian trung bnh ca mt cuc gi l 120s.
Nh vy, lu lng/ngi s dng l :
A = 1 x 120/3600 = 0,033 Erlang =33mErlang
Vy mt thu bao di ng cn mt lu lng l 33mErlang s chim
knh TCH trong khong 3,3% thi gian. Vi 30 thu bao, mi thu bao cn mt
lu lng l 33mErlang th n s chim 100% thi gian knh v tuyn, iu ny
c th dn n nghn mng mc cao khng th chp nhn c. gim
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nghn ny, cc knh phi ti vi mt lu lng t i hoc tng s knh khi tnh
ton phi hp s knh trn c s lu lng cn thit. Nghn chp nhn c
(hay GOS) thng l t 2% n 5%, y ta chn 2% l gii php ti u. Vi
mt mc GOS, ta c th tnh c s knh cn thit theo bng GOS.
4.6.2 T l li TCH (TCH failure rate)
T l li trn knh TCH ph thuc vo 3 yu t chnh nh sau :
- Tng s knh TCH khng th t n trm di ng trong th tc thit
lp thng thng khi trm di ng chuyn t knh SDCCH sang TCH.
- Tng s cc ln chuyn giao song khng thnh cng dn n trm di
ng quay li knh c hoc cuc gi b ri.
- Tng s cc cuc gi b ngt khi cc trm di ng t c n knh
TCH v khng lin quan n th tc chuyn giao nhng cuc gi b ngt do cc
nguyn nhn nh : pin ht nng lng, tt ngun, ngoi vng ph sng...
4.6.3 T l ri cuc gi (Dropped call rate)
T l ri cuc gi xy ra khi :
- chuyn giao khng thnh cng
- gp li trn TCH
T l ri cuc gi c o c ti giao din A.

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