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02 Terms & Definitions 30-03-07 PDF
02 Terms & Definitions 30-03-07 PDF
02 Terms & Definitions 30-03-07 PDF
A Weld:
______________________________________________________
A Union of Materials Caused by Heat and/or Pressure
i.e. The Process of Welding_
_______________________
A Joint:
______________________________
A Configuration of Members
In this sense To be Welded
_________________________
2.1
Butt Welds
Fillet Welds
Spot/Seam Welds
Plug/Slot Welds
Edge Welds
2.2
Butt Joints
T Joints
Lap Joints
Weld Preparations
When welding, we need to fully fuse the entire width of the faces of both members.
Mostly, we need to prepare or remove metal from the joint to allow access for the
process, for full fusion of the faces. Grinding, flame/arc cutting, or machining for this
operation, but grinding back 1 or 2 mm may be required after flame/arc cutting.
Bevel angle
Root face
Included angle
Root gap
Root radius
Root landing
The purpose of a weld preparation is to allow access for the welding process, penetration
and fusion through the complete area of the joint and its faces. The function of the root
gap is to allow penetration. The function of the root face is to remove excess heat and act
as a heat sink. The higher the arc energy of the process, then generally the wider is the
root face.
The simple rule is this: The more taken out then the more must be replaced.
Welding Inspection of Steels WIS 5
Section 02 Terms & Definitions
Rev 30-03-07 Copyright 2007 TWI Middle East
2.4
Single Bevel
Single V
Single J
Single U
Single sided preparations are normally made on thinner materials, or when access from
both sides is restricted.
The selection may be also influenced by the capability of the welding process and the
position of the joint, or the positional capability of available welding consumables, or the
skill level available.
2.5
Double V
Double J
Double U
Double sided preparations are normally made on thicker materials, and when access from
both sides is unrestricted. They may also be used to control the effect of distortion, and
in controlling economics, by reducing weld volume when welding thicker sections.
It should be noted that it is not uncommon to find weld preparations that are of a
compound or asymmetrical nature. Values & applications given below are only typical:
60
a.
60
35 20
1/3
2/3
b.
c.
35
15
a)
b)
A compound angle preparation, used to reduce weld metal costs in thicker section.
c)
2.6
2.7
Welded T Joints
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
Weld Face
Actual Throat Thickness
Weld Width
B
HAZ
Fusion Boundary
Or Weld Junction
Weld Root
Fusion Zone
2.12
Weld Face
2.13
2.14
____________________
Mitre
ATT = DTT
____________________
Convex
ATT
DTT
Concave
____________________
ATT = DTT
In joints that are to be loaded with cyclic stresses concave fillet welds are the preferred profile as
this will minimise stress concentration and reduce possible sites for fatigue crack initiation.
In critical applications it may be a requirement of the welding procedure that the toes are lightly
ground or may also be flushed in (dressed) using a TIG arc (without additions of filler material) to
remove any notches that may be present.
Welding Inspection of Steels WIS 5
Section 02 Terms & Definitions
Rev 30-03-07 Copyright 2007 TWI Middle East
2.15
Welding Positions: (As extracted from BS 499: Part 1: 1991 Figure 38)
Graphical Representation for Butt Welds
2G
UK (USA)
ISO/BS EN
1G
PA
2G
PC
Flat Position 1G
2G
PF
PF
Vertical up
3G
PG
3G
PG
Vertical down
Vertical Position
3G
4G
4G
PE
Overhead Position
(Pipe axis fixed horizontal)
PF
Vertical up
PF
5G
PG
5G
PG
Vertical down
Vertical Position
6G
H-LO45
45
6G
2.16
UK (USA)
ISO/BS EN
1F
L-45/PA
1FR
L-45/PA
2F
PB
2FR
PB
45
45
(Weld throat vertical)
1F Flat Position
2F
2F
Pipe Rotated
2FR
2FR
PF
Vertical up
PF
3F
PG
Vertical down
4F
PD
PG
3F
Vertical Position
3F
4F
Overhead Position
(Pipe axis horizontal)
PF
4F
PF
PF
Vertical up
5F
PG
5F
PG
PG
Vertical down
Vertical Position
5F
2.17
A Joint:
A weld preparation:
Types of weld:
Types of joint:
Weldment terms:
Weld face
Weld root
Fusion zone
Fusion boundary
Heat affected zone (HAZ)
Weld toes
Weld width
2.18
P __
PA
P__
P__
PB
PC
P__
PD
PE
P__
PF
PG
P __
P__
2.19
B
or Weld Junction
A+B=
Identify and list 4 more types of common welds and joints:
Types of Weld
1) Butt Weld
2)
3)
4)
5)
Types of Joint
1) Butt Joint
2)
3)
4)
5)
1)
A joint containing more than one type of weld is termed a _______________welded joint
2)
A joint containing two of the same type of weld is termed a ______________welded joint
2.20
Insert the remaining terms that may be used in the sizing of a fillet weld:
Weld Face
2.21