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Basic Principle of Radar TX PDF
Basic Principle of Radar TX PDF
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 1
Physical Basics
Classification:
INTERNAL
03/27/2008
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 2
RADAR Basics
Measuring Principle I
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 3
t c
d=
2
transceiver
distance
time
reflective surface
RADAR Basics
Measuring Principle II
t c
D=
2
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 4
L=ED
Distance D
Level L
Empty Distance E
RADAR Basics
Air:
=0.001
DK=1
Change
of
impedance
Classification:
INTERNAL
Medium:
=1.0
DK=2
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 5
RADAR Basics
Classification:
INTERNAL
overspeed monitoring
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 6
military
RADAR Basics
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 7
RADAR Basics
Electromagnetic Waves
Usage of electromagnetic waves for level measurement
Wave consists of a electrical and a magnetic field
Wave travels in vacuum with the speed of light:
1
c =
( )
0
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 8
c
=
f
wavelenght (meter)
frequency (Hertz)
RADAR Basics
Electromagnetic Waves
Propagation speed in medium is slower than in vacuum
Speed depends on the material properties:
c' =c'
( )
relative permeability
Medium
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 9
Air
CO2
O2
N2
SO2
1.000594
1.000985
1.000486
1.000528
1.009900
1.000000
1.000000
1.000002
1.000000
0.999991
299792458
299644919
299719335
299713344
298320756
r 1
for non - magnetic media the
influence of r is negligible
r is the most important factor
for RADAR measurement
RADAR Basics
r
bar
Temperature
Measured error in %
as a function of temperature
(air at 1 barabs)
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 10
le
b
i
g
i
l
g
ne
Pressure
Measured error in %
as a function of static pressure
(air at 20C)
le
b
i
g
i
l
g
ne
RADAR Basics
Solid
DC (r )
Examples [DC]
DC (r )
Examples [DC]
1,4 1,9
1,4 1,9
1,9 2,5
1,9 4
2,5 4
4 10
47
> 10
>7
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 11
Fluid
RADAR Basics
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency of RADAR technology is in the range of microwaves
(500MHz to approx. 30GHz)
E+H uses 6GHz and 26GHz for RADAR level measurement
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 12
RADAR Basics
microwave oven
mobile
RADAR level
measurement device
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 13
Measuring Conditions
Intensity
inside:
approx. 1W/cm2
approx. 0.005W/cm2
at transmitting power
of 2W:
approx. 0.0001W/cm2
pulse:
approx. 0.00015W/cm2
average:
approx. 0.000000021W/cm2
RADAR Basics
Reflections of microwaves
depends on a change of the
wave impedance
Change in wave impedance
occurs at the interface between
two different media
Characteristic for the reflection is
the degree of reflection r
r is the ratio between
transmitted and reflected wave
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 14
Z1 1 1
Z2 2 > 1
1: DC of the air
2: DC of the medium
ECHO
Reflection I
RADAR Basics
Reflection II
Wave impedance of air:
Z =
0
377
Z =
Degree of reflection r:
Interpretation of r:
1
Z Z
r=
Z +Z
+1
0
r=0
no reflection
r=1
full reflection
Example:
Air: 1
r=
Classification:
INTERNAL
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 15
Oil: 1 =
20% reflected
2 1
0.2
2 +1
80% transmitted
RADAR Basics
Reflection III
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
RADAR Basics
amplitude
2009
Endress+Hauser, PCM
Slide 17
r = 81
r = 2
water
oil
distance
distance
Classification:
INTERNAL
amplitude
Shift caused by
slower microwave
propagation speed in
oil