16

20
25

2.2
2.8
3.5

1.9
2.3
1.8

2.9

4.4

1.8
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.5
4.2
4.8

2.3
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.1
6.3
7.1

3.7
4.6
5.8
6.8
8.2
10.0
11.4

5.5
6.9
8.6
10.3
12.3
15.1
17.1

32

2
3

40
50
63
75
90
110
125

1.8
1.9
2.2
2.7
3.1

1.8
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.9

140

3.5

4.3

5.4

8.0

12.7

19.2

12

160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
400

4.0
4.4
4.9
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
8.7
9.8

4.9
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
8.6
9.7
10.9
12.3

6.2
6.9
7.7
8.6
9.6
10.7
12.1
13.6
15.3

9.1
10.2
11.4
12.8
14.2
15.9
17.9
20.1
22.7

14.6
16.4
18.2
20.5
22.7
25.4
28.6
32.2
36.3

21.9
24.6
27.4
30.8
34.2
38.3
43.1
48.5
54.7

13

450

11.0

13.8

17.2

25.5

40.9

61.5

22

500
560
630
710
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
Dn [mm]

12.3
13.7
15.4
17.4
19.6
22.0
24.5
26.9
29.4
34.4
39.2
2 1/2

15.3
19.1
28.4
45.4
17.2
21.4
31.7
50.8
19.3
24.1
35.7
57.2
21.8
27.2
40.2
64.5
24.5
30.6
45.3
27.6
34.4
51.0
30.6
38.2
56.7
33.7
42.0
62.4
36.7
45.9
68.0
42.9
53.5
49.0
61.2
3.2
4
6
10
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]

68.3

23

6
7
8
9
10
11

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

16

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

120

140

160

STD

XS

XXS

2.77

3.73

7.47

2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74

3.91
4.55
4.85
5.08
5.54
7.01
7.62
8.08

7.82
9.09
9.7
10.15
11.07
14.02
15.24

2
3

Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION

5
6

Size

dext

10

20

30

40

60

80

2.11

2.77

100

1/ 2

21.3

1.65

2.41

3.73

4.78

3/ 4

1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
2 1/ 2
3
3 1/ 2

26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73
88.9
101.6

1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.11
2.11
2.11

2.11
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.05
3.05
3.05

2.41
2.9
2.97
3.18
3.18
4.78
4.78
4.78

2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74

3.91
4.55
4.85
5.08
5.54
7.01
7.62
8.08

0
0

0
0

5.56
6.35
6.35
7.14
8.74
9.53
11.13

13.49 6.02

10
11
12
13
14
15

16

114.3

2.11

3.05

4.78

6.02

8.56

11.13

17

5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

141.3
168.3
219.1
273
323.8
355.6
406.4
457
508
559
610
660
711
762
813
864
914
965
1016

2.77
2.77
2.77
3.4
3.96
3.96
4.19
4.19
4.78
4.78
5.54
6.35
-

3.4
3.4
3.76
4.19
4.57
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
-

6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.53
9.53
9.53
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
-

7.04
7.8
8.38
9.53
9.53
11.13
12.7
12.7
14.27
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
-

6.55
7.11
8.18
9.27
10.31
11.13
12.7
14.27
15.09
17.48
17.48
17.48
19.05
-

10.31
12.7
14.27
15.09
16.66
19.05
20.62
22.23
24.61
-

9.53
10.97
12.7
15.09
17.48
19.05
21.44
23.83
26.19
28.58
30.96
-

15.09
18.26
21.44
23.83
26.19
29.36
32.54
34.93
38.89
-

12.7
14.27
18.26
21.44
25.4
27.79
30.96
34.93
38.1
41.28
46.02
-

20.62
25.4
28.58
31.75
36.53
39.67
44.45
47.63
52.37
-

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

15.88
18.26
23.01
28.58
33.32
35.71
40.49
45.24
50.01
53.98
59.54
-

8.56 17.12

6.55 9.53 19.05

7.11 10.97 21.95
8.18 12.7 22.23
9.27 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
-

36

39

42
44
46
48

1067
1118
1168
1219

9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53

12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7

Index
1.- Air blown line

Input data, equations and calculation table

Schema of blower line
2. Nozzle and Wye DP

Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with cental angle
Pressure loss in a nozzle
Expansion in a diverging nozzle
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.
Expansion from Node 7 to 8
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.
Crane equations
3.- K-expansion

Abrupt and gradual expansion

4.- SG

Specific gravity
5.- Nm3

Real flow rate to normal flow rate

6. K-value of gas valve

Pressure los in a valve with gas as a flow media

7. Blower

Blower discharge temperature

References

ental angle <= 45

branch to main.

main to main.

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Main page
Schema

Page
1 of 8
2 of 8
3 of 8
4 of 8
5 of 8
6 of 8
7 of 8
8 of 8

Air Blown

Blower air line between blower silencer exit (Node 1) and a discharge point (Node 25). The system
The system is considered isothermic, since the total duct length is relatively short.
Height above sea level

H=
Patm =

2600

m.a.s.l.

73.75

kPa

Blower discharge pressure

Pblower_out =

70

kPa(g)

(at silencer exit. Node 1)

Pblower_out =

143.7

kPa

Qblower =

39,000
Qblower * 2

Local atmospheric press. [Eq.1]

Flow per blower (2 + 1 ) at

blower discharge
Qblower =
650

Pblower_out =

143,749

Pa

Qtotal =

Maximum allowed pressure drop

Pmax =

1.5

kPa

Qtotal =

1,300.0

Minimum required pressure

Pdisc_min =

142.2

kPa

Qtotal =

78,000

Pdisch_min =

68.5

kPa(g)

(at ring inlet. Node 25 )

Equation
Eq. 1

Eq. 4

Eq. 7

Local atmospheric temperature

Kinematic pressure

Reynolds number

Patm = 101.325* (1 -0.0000225577 * E4)^5.25588

hv =

(/2) * v^2

(Pa)

Re =

(kPa)
Eq. 2
Air density
=
P / (R * T)

(kg/m)

Eq. 5
Kinematic viscosity
=
/

Eq. 8
Friction factor
(m/s)

f=

Eq. 3

Eq. 6

Eq. 9

Inside duct diameter

di =
dn * 25.4 - 2*s

Relative rugosity

Friction pressure loss

Pf =

(m)

Rrel =

Rabs / d

(-)

Calculation table for the nod

Eq.2
Qact
Description
Enlargement (24x36)
Pipe
V. Butterfly
Pipe
Curve 45 (5 D)
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Branc
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Main
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)

Node
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Node
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

m3/h
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
78,000
78,000
78,000

m3/s
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
21.7
21.7
21.7

Pin

Pa
143,749
144,273
144,273
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

kg/m3
1.24
1.25
1.25
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000

21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

25 . Discharge point
16

25
23

14

24

17
18

22

19

21
20

15

Schema of blower line

1: Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (lbatery limit)

8-9: Pipe with elbow 90|

1 -2: Enlargement 24" a 36"

9-10: Pipe with elbow 90

2-3: Butterfly valve

10-11: Pipe with elbow 9

3-4: Elbow

11-12: Pipe with elbow 9

4-5: Pipe with T branch

5-5:

12-13: Pipe with elbow 9

13-14: Pipe with elbow 9

6-7: Manifold with tee straight

14-15: Pipe

7-8: Manifold wit5h elbow 90

Return to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Air Blown Line

Node 25). The system has three blowers with two operating at a time.

ower (2 + 1 ) at

Air properties
R=

m /min

Blower discharge temperature

286.9

J/(kg*K)

tblower_out =

129.6

T=

402.7

Absolute rugosity

m /h

Rabs =

Rabs =
m /min
3

0.15

mm

[3]

Since the temperature is constant, the

0.00015 m

absolute viscosity will be constant.

Air absolute viscosity
=
AirAbsoluteViscosity_t

Galvanized steel sheet thickness

m /h

selected Gauge :

s=

2.0

(Sheet 7)

14
mm

[4]

#VALUE! Pa s

Equations
Reynolds number
v*d/

Eq. 10

Eq 13

Singular pressure drop coefficient

Total pressure change

Pf+Ps
P =

Ksing =

SUMPRODUCTO(range_A*range_B)

Eq.11
Singular pressure drop
Ps = Ksing * hv

Friction factor
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re

(Pa)

Eq.12
Friction pressure loss

Average value of the friction factor

fave =
0.0133 -

Pk: Pressure increment due to deceleration

f * (L/d) * hv

(Pa)

Eq. 14
Pressure at the exit node
Pout =
Pin - P

(Sheet 7. Nozzle, sheet 2 Wye)

on table for the nodes of the blower line

Eq. 3

Eq. 4

Eq. 5

Eq. 6

Eq. 7

Eq. 8

dn

di

hv

Rrel

Re

in
24
36
36
36
36
36
36
40
40
40
40

m
0.61
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

m
0.0
4.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
40.0
0.0

m
0.288
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804

m/s
37.6
16.64
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
13.5
26.9
26.9
26.9

Pa
172.3
172.9
172.9
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

m/s
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

4.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
6.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
2.0

0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804

26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
fave =

Return to index

Number of blowers: 2 + 1

11
12
14

10

13

40in

9
8

36in

Blower 3

Blower 2

5
4
31
2
Pblower_out
batery limit

36
24in

in
Silencer 24"

Blower 1

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Blower 1

8-9: Pipe with elbow 90|

Aproximate equation for calculating the atmospheric

9-10: Pipe with elbow 90|

pressure as a function of the height above sea level

10-11: Pipe with elbow 90|

p=

101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

11-12: Pipe with elbow 90|

The Engineering Toolbox

12-13: Pipe with elbow 90|

13-14: Pipe with elbow 90|

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-pressure-d_462.html

14-15: Pipe

g=

9.80665

m/s

Unhide columns to see singular pressure

drop coefficients / Hide columns.

Selected valve: Norris Butterfly [2]

dn =
36
in
Cv =
126,000 (Sheet 6)
K=
#VALUE! (Sheet 6)
Nozzle Nodes 1 to 2
Change in pressure due to change velocities
Diverging nozzle . Pressure increment

Pkinem =

708

Pa

(Sheet. 2)

Diverging nozzle 24x36, with cental angle

=
30

Pressure loss coeffici

K2 =
1.068

(Sheet. 2)

Wye Nodes 7 to 8
Converging Wye 45 (branche to main)
Change in pressure due to change in velocities

36

x 40

Pkinem = #VALUE! Pa

(Sheet. 2)

Pressure loss coeffici

K2 =
1.133

(Sheet. 2)

Wye Nodes 9 to 10
Converging Wye 45 (main to main)
Change in pressure due to change in velocities

x 40
40
Pkinem = #VALUE! Pa

friction factor

(Sheet. 2)

Pressure loss coeffici

K2 =
0.129

(Sheet. 2)

Eq. 9

Eq. 10

Eq. 11

Eq. 12

Eq. 13

Eq. 14

Pf

Ksing

Ps

Pk

Pout

Pa
0.0
###
0.0
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
0.0

1.07
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.13
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00

Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
184
-708
-524
144273
0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
17
17
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

kPa(g)
70.52
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
#VALUE!

Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration

Applicable to any shape

Fitting with area sections change

The figure shown in the deduction
correspond s to the case of a round
nozzle, but the kinematic pressure
change is valid for any fitting with
a section change. That is, the kinematic
pressure increment or decrement
depends only on the inlet and outlet
sections of the fitting.
The pressure loss, although, will depend
on the shape of the fitting.

From Figure 1, a Bernouilli application gives

Z1

P1
v2
P
v2
1 Z 2 2 2 hLoss
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g

Since Z1 Z 2
P1
v2
P2
v2
1
2 hLoss
1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g
Considering

1 2
P1
v2
P
v2
1 2 2 hLoss
g 2 g g 2 g
multiplying by g

P1 v12 P2 v22 hLoss g

2
2
with
hLoss g PLoss

P1 v12 P2 v22 PLoss

2
2
2

P2 v2 PLoss P1 v12
2
2
2 2
P2 - P1 v1 - v 2 - PLoss
2
2

P2 - P1 v12 - v22 - PLoss

2
with

Pkinem v12 - v22

2
P2 - P1 Pkinem - PLoss

P2 - P1

2 v12
v2 2 - 1 - PLoss
2
v2

with
Q
A
and for a circular section
v

2
d
4

and
Q
2
d1
4
Q
v2
2
d2
4
v1

P2 - P1

2 v12
v2 2 - 1 - PLoss
2
v2

v12
1
4
2
v2
P2 - P1
where

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with

cental angle <= 45

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle

2 1
v2 4 - 1 - PLoss
2

T he pressure loss PLoss is calculated

according Crane 9 as

 2 1
v2 2 - 1 - PLoss
2
v2

P2 - P1
v12
1
4
2
v2

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle

2 1
v2 4 - 1 - PLoss
2

P2 - P1
where

2 1
v2 4 - 1 is the pressure increment
2

due to the decelerati on (kinematic)

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

and PLoss is the pressure loss in the fitting.

Thus
P2 - P1 Pkin - PLoss
with an increment in case of a decelerati on
Pkin

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

T he pressure loss PLoss is calculated

according Crane 9 as

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4
for a central angle 45

Total pressure increment in a diverging

nozzle for a central angle <= 45

P2 - P1 Pkin - PLoss
with the kinetic pressure increment due
to the deceleration

Kinematic pressure change

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

and the pressure loss in the diverging

nozzle with central angle <= 45

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4

Pressure loss in a nozzle, according [9]

If <= 45
Let

30

If 45 < <= 180

Let

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4

2 2

K2

K2 =
=
K2 =

=
K2 =

1.130

P =
K2 =

K2 * hv_2

hv_2 =
P =

150.0
169

P =
K2 =

1.130

hv_2 =
P =

Pa
Pa

Expansion in a diverging nozzle

24x36
Node 1 to 2

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.606

Pressure increment in a nozzle due to

area increment. Central angle ""

P1

din =
=

P2

v1

v2

z1
=

K2 =

(2.6 * ( seno(radianes(/2) ) * (1 - ^2)^2) /^4

min =
0.66
0.7

30

0.910
0.6652

Velocity in larger section

vlarge_sect =
Q / Alarge

z2

Q=
Alarge =

10.83

vlarge_sect =

16.64

0.651

Density in larger section

Since at this moment only the density in

Flow rate
Q=

10.83

m /s
3

(Sheet 1)

section 1 is known, it will be assumed

=

Pipes
dn_in =
s=
din =

24
2.0066

in

From sheet 1
=

1.24

1.24

Check:

605.5868

OK

mm

din =

0.6056

dn_out =

36

in

s=
dout =

2.0066
910.3868

dout =

0.9104

dlarge =

0.9104

Velocity pressure in larger section

hv_2 =
(/2) * v^2

mm

=
v2 =

16.64

hv_2 =

172

1.24

Area of larger section

Alarge =
(/4) * dlarge^2
Alarge =

0.651

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.

Node 7 to 8
Converging Wye (45) round
QA =

vA =

AA =

QC =

10.8

m/s

m/s

vC =

13.5

m/s

AC =

0.8

m/s

0.651

C
B

QB =

10.8

m/s

vB =

16.6

m/s

AB=

0.7

vB =

16.6

m/s

vC =

13.5

m/s

vB /vC =

1.24

Branch, BC
vB /vC =

AB /AC =

AB=

0.651

AC =

0.804

AB /AC =

0.809

From Fig. 6.2, [3], page 33.40

for:
vB /vC =
1.24
AB /AC =
0.81
one obtains with interpolation
Cc,b =
1.133

Expansion from Node 7 to 8

x
36
40

Diameters ratio
=
dout =

Pressure increment due to

area increment.

P1

din =
=

P2

v1

Velocity in larger section

vlarge_sect =

v2

Q=
Alarge =
vlarge_sect =

Flow rate
Q=

Pipes
dn_in =

10.83

m3/s

(Sheet 1)

Density in larger section

Since at this moment only th
section 1 is known, it will be
=
From sheet 1
=

36
2.0066

in

s=
din =

910.3868

din =

0.9104

dn_out =

40

in

s=
dout =

2.0066

=
Check:

mm

1011.9868 mm

dout =

1.0120

dlarge =

1.0120

Velocity pressure in larger se

hv_2 =
=
v2 =
hv_2 =

Area of larger section

Alarge =
(/4) * dlarge^2
Alarge =

0.804

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.

Converging Wye (45) round . Nodes 9 to 10
QA =
vA =
AA =

QC =

21.7

m/s

m/s

vC =

26.9

m/s

AC =

0.804

10.8

m/s

13.5
0.804

C
B

QB =

10.8

m/s

vB =

16.6

m/s

AB=

0.7

vB =

16.6

m/s

vC =

26.9

m/s

vB /vC =

0.62

Main, AC
vB /vC =

AB /AC =
AB=

0.651

AC =

0.804

AB /AC =

0.809

From Fig. 6.2, [3], page 33.40. (Main)

for:
vB /vC =
0.62
AB /AC =
0.81
one obtains with interpolation
Cc,b =
0.129

Same data as
elbow 7-8

Crane equations [9]

Return to index

v1
v2

v1
v2

Q
2
d1
4

Q
2
d2
4
1
d2
1
1
d12

P1
v1

z1

v1 d 22

v2 d12
v12 d 42

v22 d14
v12
v22

d2
d1

Figure 1

Kinematic pressure change due to

velocity change between two sections
of a fitting

with the diameters ratio

d min
d max

Pkinem

d
1
d2
v12
1

v22 4
v12

v22
4

Return to index

rging nozzle with

rging nozzle

oss

P2

is calculated

An application of this pressure loss for a diverging nozzle

is shown in this sheet, Page 3 of 5.

2 2
v1 - v 2
2

rging nozzle

oss

is calculated

1 2

Pressure loss in a Round Converging Wie (45)

45
a diverging

PLoss

The singular pressure loss coeficient is obtained from a table from

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40
The table is shown in sheet Ref. 3
An application of the use of this table is shown in this sheet,
Page 4 of 5

1 2

Return to index

45 < <= 180

50

2 2

K2

(1 - ^2)^2/^4
min =

0.6600

0.7

1.679
K2 * hv_2
1.679
150.0
252

Pa
Pa

Return to index

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the equation
m

K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4

=
30

=
0.6652
K2 =
1.068
Note
The coefficient K2 corresponds to the

m3/s

conditions at the largest diameter, which

in this case is d2.

m/s

oment only the density in

wn, it will be assumed

Nozzle pressure loss

hv_2, refered to the common section
PLoss =

K2 * hv_2

K2 =

1.068

hv_2 =

172.3

Pa

PLoss =

184

Pa

Pressure decrement

kg/m
kg/m
(Equation from sheet 3)

re in larger section
[Pa]

PKinem

v22
2

kg/m

m/s
[Pa]

Pkinem =
=
v2 =
=
Pkinem =

(/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/^4 -1 )

1.24

kg/m3

16.64

m/s

0.6652
708

Pa

Pressure increment

Return to index

1.24

0.809

Return to index

iameters ratio
dmin / dmax

Singular fricction factor

0.910

1.012
0.8996

Circular Diverging Wye

K2 =
1.13292498 (sheet 2)

Note
The coefficient K2 corresponds to the conditions at

elocity in larger section

Q / Alarge
10.83

Pressure decrement

the largest diameter, which in this case is d 2.

m /s
3

0.804
13.47

m/s

ensity in larger section

nce at this moment only the density in
ection 1 is known, it will be assumed

rom sheet 1
#VALUE!

kg/m

#VALUE!
OK

kg/m

PKinem

elocity pressure in larger section

(/2) * v^2
#VALUE!
13.47
#VALUE!

v22
2

[Pa]
kg/m
m/s
[Pa]

Pkinem =
=
v2 =
=
Pkinem =

(/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/^4 -1 )

#VALUE!

kg/m3

13.47
0.8996

m/s

#VALUE!

Pa

Increment

Return to index

0.62

0.809

Return to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Page 1 of 8

P2

v2

z2

Figure 1

sure change due to

between two sections

2 2
v1 - v 2
2

Page 2 of 8

Page 3 of 8

Page 4 of 8

Page 5 of 8

[3]

Interpolation table
1
1.24
1.5

0.8
0.62
1.129
1.7

Page 6 of 8

0.809
1.133

1
0.69
1.213
1.8

Page 7 of 8

P2 - P1 Pkinem - PLoss
Kinematic pressure change due to
velocity change between two sections
of a fitting

Pkinem
Pkinem =
=
v1 =

2 2
v1 - v2
2

(/2) * (v1^2 - v2^2

#VALUE! kg/m
13.5

m/s

v2 =

26.9

m/s

Pkinem =

#VALUE!

Pa

Interpolation table
0.8
0.6

0.12

0.62
0.7

0.127
0.16

0.81

1
0.17

0.129

0.172
0.18

Page 8 of 8

Abrupt and gradual expansion [9]

d1

d2

d1
d2

If <= 45

If 45 < <= 180

2 . 6 seno
K 2=
K2 =

( ))

( 1 2 )
2

K 2=

K2 =

(2.6 * ( seno(radianes(/2) ) * (1 - ^2)^2) /^4

30

=
K2 =

0.665

min =

1.071

0.6

(See graphic, below)

Note. Coefficients refered to the velocity of larger pipe (Index 2)

Using the VBA function

K2 =
Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta
=
0.707
K2 =
#VALUE!

30

=
0.05
0.10
0.15
7.00
0.20
0.25
6.00
0.30
5.00
0.35

K2 =

4.00
3.00
2.00

Singular coefficient
68.80
34.53

=
K2 =

( 1 2 )

7.00
6.00

5.00

0.40
4.00
0.45
0.50
3.00
0.55
2.00
0.60
0.65
1.00
0.70
0.75
0.00
0.800.40
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

18.55
10.44
6.06
3.58
2.13
1.26
0.73
0.41
0.50
0.21
0.10
0.04
0.01
0.00

0.60

0.70

beta

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

Return to index

For enlargements with > 45

with >= 0.7
K2 =
(1 - b^2) / b^4

=
K2 =

0.7
2.1241

45 < <= 180

K 2=

( 1 2 )

(1 - ^2)^2/^4
0.665

Example
Expansion between two ducts
Inlet duct diameter
dn_in =
24
Outlet duct diameter
dn_out =
36
Center angle
=

30

in
in

Sheet thickness
s=
2.0066

mm

Inlet section
dn_in =

in

24
2

s=
din =

605.6

mm

din =

0.6056

Outlet section
dn_out =

36

in

s=
dout =

2.0066
910.3868

dout =

0.9104

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.910

mm

1.591

din =
=

0.606
0.6652

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the VBA function for = 30
K2 = Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta

=
K2 =

0.6652

#VALUE!

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Example
Expansion between two ducts
Inlet duct diameter
dn_in =
24
Outlet duct diameter
dn_out =
36
Center angle
=

25

in
in

Sheet thickness
s=
2.0066

mm

Inlet section
dn_in =

in

24
2.0066

s=
din =

605.5868

din =

0.6056

Outlet section
dn_out =

36

in

mm

s=
dout =

910.3868

dout =

0.9104

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.910

din =
=

2.0066

0.606
0.6652

mm

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the equation
K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4

=
=
K2 =

25
0.6652

0.893

4
Specific gravity

Steam specific gravity of gas at standard

operating conditions (1 atm, 60F)

Specific gravity

Air density at

Density at operating conditions

P=
P=
t=
T=

1
101325
15.6
288.7

atm
Pa
C
K

28.97

Gas general constat

Rg =
8314.41
Density
air_Std =
p=
M=
Rg =
T=
air_Std =

1.25

kg/m3

Specific gravity of air at operating

conditions
SG =

air_OC / air_Std

kg/kmol

air_OC =

1.25

kg/m3

J/kmol K

air_Std =
SG =

1.22
1.02

kg/m3
-

Molecular mass
M=

air_OC =

Note.
p*M / ( Rg *T )
101325
Pa
28.97
kg/kmol
8314.41 J/kmol K
288.7
K
1.22

kg/m3

The SG-value is required in Sheet 6, for the

calculation of the K-value for the selected
valve type.

Sheet 6, for the

the selected

Return to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Return to index
Real flow rate to normal flow rate
Real flow rate data
(Sheet 1)

Normal volumetric flow

Vn =

V=

10.83

m/s

V=
Pop =

39,000

m /h

1.4

bar

(Sheet 1)

Pn =

top =

130

(Sheet 1)

Tn =

Pop =

Top =
Normal conditions
Pn =
101,325
Tn =

273.15

Pa
K

Operation absolute temperature

Top =
top + 273.15
top =

129.6

Top =

402.72

Pop =

144,273

Pa

Kelv =

273.15

V=
Vn =

eturn to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

ormal volumetric flow rate

(Pop/Pn) * (Tn/Top) * V

144,273

Pa

101,325

Pa

273.15

402.72
39,000.0

37,665

m3/h
Nm3/h

Return to index
K value for gas valve

(singular pressure drop coefficient)

Pressure los in a valve with gas as a flow media, using the VBA function
K=
Pipe_Valve_K_Gas_PinBarAbs_SG_QNm3h_HvPascal_Cv_toutCelcius(PinBar, SG, QNm3h, hv, Cv,
Pin =
1.44
bar
(Sheet 1)
SG =
Q(Nm3h)=
hv =
Cv =
t=
K=

1.02
37,665
173
126,000
129.57
#VALUE!

(Sheet 4)

Nm/h
Pa

(Sheet 5)
(Sheet 1)
(From Table)
(Sheet 1)
(VBA function)

Pressure loss
P =
K * hv
K=
#VALUE!
hv =
173
P =
#VALUE!
P =
#VALUE!

[2a] Norris butterfly valves

http://www.norriseal.com/files/comm_id_47/BV_HowTo_Brochure_120811.pdf

eturn to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Valve CV-value

(PinBar, SG, QNm3h, hv, Cv, tout)

Valve type: Butterfly, for 200 psi

Valve diameter (from sheet 1. Air blown line)
dn =
36
From table, for 200 psi valves
Fully open valve value
Cv =
126,000

Pa
Pa
bar

Kv-value
Relation Kv - Cv

Kvm 3 h ,bar 0.864972 Cv

Kvm3h,bar =
Cv =
Kvm3h,bar =

0.865972 * Cv
126,000
109,112

Note
For the deduction of equations relative to the use
of valves with gas as fluid, see
www.piping-tools
File: Valves_and_fittings_pressure_drop_coefficients.xlsm
Sheet: 14. Gas valves

CV-value

_coefficients.xlsm

Return to index

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Blower discharge tenmperature

Specific heat ratio

k=
Patm_loc =

73.7

tin =

10

Compressors efficiency

comp =

0.50

Discharge manometric pressure

Pdisch =

70

Local atmospheric pressure

Average ambient temperature

1.4
kPa
C
kPa(g)

Inlet temperature

Tin =

Intake pressure

Pin =

Discharge pressure

Pout =

Pin =

73.7

kPa

70.0

kPa(g)

Pout =

143.7

kPa

283.15

Pin =

73.7

kPa

Pout =
k=

143.7
1.4

kPa
-

Tdisch_s =

343

Tdesc =

Tin + (Tdesc_s - Tin) / c

Tin =

283.15

Tdisch_s =

343

comp =

0.50

Tdisch =

403

tdisch =

Otherwise

Tin * (Pout/Pin)^((k-1)/k)

Tin =

real compresin

Tdisch =

73.7
kPa
Patm_loc + Pdisch

Pdisch =

of isentropic compresin

Discharge temperature

Patm_loc =

Tdisch_s =

Discharge temperature

283.15
Patm_loc

129.6
C
Tin * ( 1 + ( ((Pdesc/Pin)^((k-1)/k) -1) / c ) )

Tin =

283.15

Pout =

143.7

kPa

Pin =
k=

73.7
1.4

kPa
-

c =

0.50

Tdisch =

403

Rev. cjc 05.04.2015

Singular pressure drop coefficient for a round, 45, converging wye

[3]

nverging wye

[3]

AB
vB

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40

Cross section to which coefficients is referenced: the common section (C)
[3], page 33.39.
hvC=

(/2) * vC^2

[Pa]

Pressure loss through the branch

PBC =
Cc,b * hvC

Pressure loss through the main (stright)

PAC =
Cc,s * hvC

[3], page 33.5

Galvanized steel, sheets, hot
dipped longitudinal seams
Rabs =
0.15
mm

mmon section (C)

vC
AC

Thickness of galvanized steel sheets

[4]

Galvanized Steel
Gauge
Thickness
in
20
0.04
19
0.046
18
0.052
17
0.058
16
0.064
15
0.071
14
0.079
13
0.093
12
0.108
11
1.123
10
0.138
9
0.153
8
0.168

mm
1.016
1.1684
1.3208
1.4732
1.6256
1.8034
2.0066
2.3622
2.7432
28.5242
3.5052
3.8862
4.2672

Galvanized steel sheet

Gauge
14
thickness
2.007

mm

[1]

www.piping-tools.net

[2]

Norris butterfly valves

http://www.norriseal.com/files/comm_id_47/BV_HowTo_Brochure_120811.pdf

[3]

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals

[4]

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gauge-sheet-d_915.html

[9]

Crane Co., Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Technical Paper No. 410M, 21

o. 410M, 21st printing. Crane Co., 300 Park Ave., New York (1982).