Giao din v tuyn

Mc Lc
Giao din v tuyn....................................................................
1. Gii thiu..........................................................................
2. n nh ph tn s GSM.............................................
3. K thut a truy cp.....................................................
4. Cc knh giao din v tuyn......................................
4.1 Cc knh vt l..............................................................
4.2 Cc knh logic................................................................
4.3 Cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung v siu
siu khung...........................................................................
4.4 c im ca sng mang BCCH..................................
5. Th tc Tm gi..............................................................
5.1 Cc loi bn tin tm gi.................................................
5.2 Truyn bn tin tm gi.................................................
5.3 Tm gi v thu gin on (DRX)...................................
6. Sm nh thi.................................................................
7. o lng knh giao din v tuyn...............................
7.1 Mc ch......................................................................
7.2 o lng knh ch Idle............................................
7.3 o lng knh ch Dedicated.................................
8. Cell selection/ reselection...........................................11
8.1 Cell selection...............................................................11
8.2 Cell Reselection...........................................................12
9. Chuyn giao..................................................................13
9.1 Mc ch....................................................................13
9.2 Nguyn nhn chuyn giao..........................................13
9.3 Khi u chuyn giao................................................14
10. iu khin cng sut.................................................15
10.1 iu chnh cng sut thch ng...............................15
10.2. Truyn dn gin on (DTX)....................................15
10.3 Thu gin on (DRX).................................................16
11 Nhy tn........................................................................16

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

Giao din v tuyn

1. Gii thiu
Giao din v tuyn l giao din gia trm di ng (MS) v
trm thu pht gc (BTS). Tn hiu truyn qua giao din ny
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: gii tn s c hn, kh
quyn, khong cch, cng sut pht, mt thu bao trn
mt n v tn s trong mt vng,... s dng hiu qu ti
nguyn v tuyn v m bo cht lng thng tin, chng ta s
tm hiu cc vn giao din v tuyn.
Trong phn ny s nghin cu cc ch sau:
n nh ph tn s GSM
Phng php truy cp v tuyn
Cc knh v khung giao din v tuyn
Th tc tm gi
Sm nh thi
o lng knh giao din v tuyn
Cell Selection/Reselection
Chuyn giao
iu khin cng sut
Nhy tn
2. n nh ph tn s GSM
GSM s dng phng thc song cng FDD (Frequency Division
Duplexing), trong ng ln v ng xung ca mi knh
hot ng hai di bng tn s khc nhau:
GSM 900 s dng: 890 915 MHz cho ng ln
935 960MHz cho ng xung
Khong cch gia cc sng mang l 200kHz. C 124 knh
mi ng ln v ng xung, khong cch gia hai sng thu
v pht l 45MHz. Tn s sng mang ng xung v ng
ln c xc nh nh sau:
Tn s ng ln: Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2n (MHz) (1 <= n <=
124)
Tn s ng xung: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45 (MHz)
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

GSM 1800 s dng: 1710 1785 cho ng ln
1805 1880 cho ng xung.
Khong cch gia cc sng mang l 200kHz, nh GSM 900. C
374 knh mi ng ln v ng xung, khong cch gia
hai sng thu v pht l 95MHz. Tn s sng mang ng
xung v ng ln c xc nh nh sau:
Tn s ng ln: Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n- 512) (MHz)
Tn s ng xung: Fd(n) = Fu(n) +95 (MHz)
3. K thut a truy cp
C ba phng php a truy nhp: a truy nhp phn chia
theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
(TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m( CDMA).
Phng php FDMA c s dng ch yu trong thng tin di
ng th h th nht, mi MS c dnh ring mt knh vi
mt cp tn s truy nhp ti trm BTS. c im: tc
truyn thp, kh p dng cc dch v phi thoi, hiu qu
s dng tn s thp, c bao nhiu knh trong mt cell th
phi c by nhiu my thu - pht, kt cu BTS phc tp.
Phng php TDMA c s dng hu ht trong h thng di
ng th hai, cc MS s dng chung mt knh tn s nhng
ch c thm nhp n trm BTS trong cc khong thi
gian khc nhau. c im: d dng m cc dch v phi
thoi, tc truyn cao, hiu qu s dng tn s cao hn
FDMA.
GSM s dng kt hp cc phng php FDMA v TDMA.
4. Cc knh giao din v tuyn
GSM nh ngha hai loi knh c bn l:

4.1 Cc knh vt l
Mi sng mang c chia nh thnh 8 Timeslot (TS). Mt khung
gm 8 TS. Mi TS c pht 156,25 bit bng vi thi gian ca
mt
TS l 0.577ms. Mi khung TDMA c lp li trong NB
4.615
3 57 Data Bits 31 26 Training 1 57 Data Bits 3 8.25
ms. Cc TS c gi l cc
Bitsknh vt l.
Thng tin c pht i mt TS c gi l mt cm (burst). C
3
142 fixed bits
3 8.25
FB
5 loi
cm:
3 39 Data Bits

64 Training Bits
Sync Sequence

39 Data Bits 3

8.25

SB

3
26 Training Bits
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

8.25

DB

3 48 Training
Bits

36 Data Bits

68.25

AB

Giao din v tuyn

Cm bnh thng (NB): c s dng mang thng tin v

cc knh lu lng v cc knh iu khin, tr cc knh RACH,
SCH, FCCH.

Khi d liu: gm hai khi 57 bit mang thng tin

thoi/d liu.

Bit ly cp: cho bit cm c b ly cp cho bo

hiu FCCH hay khng.

Chui hng dn: gm 26 bit c t gia

phn nh knh.

Bit ui: gm hai khi 3 bt c gi tr bng

0,0,0.

Khong bo v: 8.25 bit. S d cn khong bo

v v mi mt sng mang c th c s dng cho 8
MS khc nhau, do cn khong bo v m
bo thi gian truyn tin trong cc TS khng b chng
ln nhau BTS do chnh lnh v khong cch ti MS
v do s lnh ng b. Nu ng b hon ho th
GP bng 0, nhng khng th t c iu ny do s
di chuyn ca MS, nn nht thit cn phi c GP.
Cm hiu chnh tn s (FB): c s dng ng b tn
s cho MS. Khi cm ny c truyn, n tng ng nh mt
sng mang khng b iu ch vi mt dch tn xc
nh. S lp li ca cm ny c gi l knh FCCH. Cc MS
khi thu knh FCCH s thu c sng mang khng b iu ch
v dng n nh tn hiu (quy chiu) iu chnh sng
mang ca mnh.
Cc bit c nh c gi tr bng 0, v th b iu
ch s cho ra mt sng mang khng b iu ch.
Cc bit ui v khong bo v nh cm bnh thng.
Cm ng b (SB): c s dng ng b thi gian cho
MS.
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

Cc bit d liu gm hai khi 39 bit mang thng tin
v v s
khung TDMA v BSIC.
Chui hng dn: gm 64 bit ng b thi gian
gia MS v
BTS.
Cc bit ui v khong bo v ging nh cm bnh
thng.
Cm thm nhp (AB): c s dng thm nhp ngu
nhin v thm nhp chuyn giao.
Khi d liu: gm 36 bit. Thng tin gi trn RACH
gm 8 bit. Trong 8 bit ny, 6 bit dnh cho BSIC v mt
vi thng tin khc (2 bit), c m ha chng nhiu
thnh 36 bit.
Khong bo v: gm 68.25 bit phc v vic
truyn cm truy
cp t MS do khng bit trc thi gian sm nh thi
(timing advance) ti ln truy cp u tin ( hay sau
chuyn giao). Khi MS xa BTS, c ngha l cm truy
cp ny ti BTS s chm, trnh gy nhiu sang TS
khc trn cng mt sng mang th GP ca cm ny
phi ln hn GP ca cc cm khc. Bn knh ln nht
ca mt cell l 35km, thi gian i-v ca mt tn
hiu v tuyn MS t ra ca cell n BTS v ngc li
s l 0.233ms. Chnh lnh thi gian ti BTS ca cc tn
hiu t hai MS ang lm vic trn hai khe thi gian
cnh nhau, cng mt sng mang khi mt MS nm
ra cell v mt MS nm ngay ti BTS s l 0.233ms.
trnh chng thng tin ln nhau gy can nhiu th
GP trong cm truy cp c xc nh bng 68.25bit =
0.252ms.

Cc bt ui : gm mt khi 3 bit v mt khi 8

bit.
Traffi
c

Control

Tra (DB): Cm gi c pht i

Cot BTS trong mt s trng
Cm gi
TCH
BCH tin.
DCCH
ffic khng mang thng
ntr
CCCH
hp. Cm
ol

TCH/F

FCCH

PCH

SDCCH

4.2 Cc knh logic

Gm hai loi: knh lu lng v SCH
knh iuRACH
khin.SACCH
TCH/H

ttt
TT
TC
Trung tm in
H/ thoi Di ng
H

BCCH

AGCH
CBCH
NCH

FACCH

Giao din v tuyn

Knh lu lng
- Mt knh vt l ( 1TS ) c th c n nh l TCH/F
(Full rate) hoc TCH/H (Half rate).
- TCH/H: 13kb/s cho thoi, 9.6kb/s cho d liu
- TCH/F: 6.5kb/s cho thoi, 4.8kb/s cho d liu

Knh iu khin
- Knh iu khin chung BCH l knh ng xung
v c n nh TS0. Knh BCH gm:
FCCH: mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s cho
MS.
SCH: cha Frame Number (FN) v m nhn
dng trm gc (BSIC)
BCCH: c s dng ch yu ng xung
bo cho MS v cu hnh mng v tuyn
(thng tin lin quan n mng nh thng s ca
cell, cc bn tin iu khin, m vng nh v,...),
do BCCH l knh chun v c duy tr vi
mc nhiu thp nht.
- Knh iu khin chung CCCH

RACH: MS gi yu cu ti nguyn t
mng (yu cu knh
SDCCH khi to cuc gi)

AGCH: c s dng ng xung

bo cho MS khi
knh SDCCH c n nh cho MS

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

PCH: c s dng ng xung

tm gi MS

CBCH: c s dng ng xung

pht qung b mt
bn tin SMS.

NCH: s dng cho ng xung

thit lp dch v thoi
cho Phase 2 nh Voice Broadcast (VBS) v Voice
Group Calling (VGCS).
- Knh iu khin ring DCCH

SDCCH: c s dng c ng ln v
ng xung.
ng ln c s dng gi bn tin cp nht v
tr, bn tin yu cu dch v, bn tin thit lp
cuc gi v bn tin SMS. ng xung c s
dng n nh knh lu lng, gi bn tin thit
lp cuc gi v SMS.

SACCH: hot ng ch
Dedicated v s dng
ng ln v ng xung. ng ln c dng
gi cc kt qu o lng cc BTS ln cn, BTS
ang phc v n. ng xung mang thng tin
sm nh thi v lnh iu khin cng sut.

FACCH: l knh lin kt vi knh TCH.

FACCH lm vic
ch ly cp bng cch lm thay i lu lng ting hay s liu bng bo hiu. Trong trng
hp, chuyn giao cc bn tin bo hiu c gi
trn FACCH.

4.3 Sp xp cc knh logic ln cc knh vt l

V mt thi gian cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t
chc theo cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung v siu
siu khung.Cc khung TDMA c nh s FN (Frame Number)
trong siu siu khung t 0 n 2715647. Mt siu siu khung
c chia thnh 2048 siu khung. Mi siu khung c chia
thnh cc a khung. C hai loi a khung:
- a khung lu lng: a khung 26 khung (51 siu khung trn
mt siu siu khung) c lu 120ms v cha 26 khung.
- a khung iu khin: a khung 51 khung (26 siu
khung trn mt siu siu khung) c lu 235,4ms v cha
51 khung.
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

a khung lu lng: gm 26 TS, sp xp cc knh logic TCH,
SACCH, FACCH, c cu trc nh sau:
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
T = TCH, S = SACCH, I = Idle.
Khi thi gian I c dng c BSIC ca cc BTS ln cn,
phc v qu trnh bo co kt qu o lng . Khe thi gian S
gi thng tin v kt qu o gia MS v BTS.
FACCH khng c n nh trong a khung, n ly cp
Timeslot TCH khi c yu cu bng cch dng c ly cp trong
Normal Burst.
a khung iu khin
TS 0 ca knh iu khin c tp hp thnh cu trc gm 51
TS. Cu trc ca a khung iu khin nh sau:
ng xung:
F S 4
B

4
C

F S 4
C

4
C

F S 4
C

4
C

F S 4
C

4
C

F S 4
C

4
C

ng ln:
RACH

4.4 Cu trc khung, a khung, siu khung v

siu siu khung
1 TS =

0.577
1 frame = 8 TS ms
=4.615 ms

0
1

Multirame

Superframe

Hyperfram
e

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

7
=26 TCH Frames
(120ms)
or
= 51 BCCH
Frames(235ms)
=26 BCCH Frames
(6.12s)
or
= 51 TCH
Frames(6.12s)
2048

Superf
rames
3h28min53.7
6s

Giao din v tuyn

4.5 c im ca sng mang BCCH

Mi BTS ch s dng mt sng mang cho knh iu khin,
sng mang ny c gi l sng mang BCCH. BCCH l sng
mang quan trng ca GSM, n phi c pht lin tc pht
thng tin v cu hnh mng phc v vic truy cp ngu
nhin ca MS v vic o cng tn hiu cc trm BTS ln
cn. Khe thi gian TS 0 ca sng mang BCCH, ng xung
dnh cho knh iu khin FCCH, SCH, CCCH; ng ln dnh
cho knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH. Khe thi gian TS1 ca
sng mang BCCH thng dnh cho knh iu khin dnh
ring SDCCH v knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH. ng
ln ca knh ny trt chm so vi ng xung 3TS.
Cc khe thi gian TS2 TS7 ca sng mang BCCH v cc khe
thi gian khc ca cc sng mang khc trong BTS u
dnh cho cc knh lu lng v knh iu khin lin kt
chm SACCH tng ng.
5. Th tc Tm gi
Tm gi l th tc nhn dng v tr cell hin ti ca MS
nh tuyn cuc gi ti MS.

5.1 Cc loi bn tin tm gi

Bn tin tm gi c pht trn knh PCH. C ba loi bn tin
tm gi:
- Loi 1: c th tm gi 2 MS s dng hoc IMSI hoc
TMSI.
- Loi 2: c th tm gi 3 MS, 1 MS dng IMSI v 2 MS
dng TMSI
- Loi 3: c th tm gi 4 MS ch dng TMSI.

5.2 Truyn bn tin tm gi

TMSI l do nh cung cp n nh, n c kch thc gm 4
octets. Yu cu tm gi cho mi MS c gi t MSC ti BSS.
gim ti trn knh bo hiu, BSS s lu cc yu cu mt cc tm
thi cho ti khi c 1, 2 hoc 3 bn tin hoc cho ti khi b
ghi thi gian (do nh cung cp t) kt thc. Ni dung ca
bn tin tm gi c gi trn knh PCH.

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

Giao din v tuyn

5.3 Tm gi v thu gin on (DRX)

tit kim ngun c th p dng chc nng thu gin on.
Trong trng hp ny, MS c n nh mt khi tm gi CCCH
ring (trong nhm tm gi) v n c yu cu ch nghe trn
khi tm gi ny thay v phi nghe trn c nhm CCCH trong
a khung iu khin. MS ch phi thu v gii m bn tin
tm gi trong khi tm gi ca n.
6. Sm nh thi
Trong mt trm, MS c c ly n BTS l khc nhau. Nn thi
gian tr truyn dn ca cc cm t cc MS n BTS s
khc nhau, c ch "sm nh thi" l b chnh lnh
tr ny. Sau khi cuc ni thit lp, BTS lin tc o
s lnh nh thi cc cm pht i t MS so vi nh thi
gc chun. Trn c s , BSS quy nh sm nh thi
cho cc MS 2 ln/1 giy v thng bo bng SACCH. S
sm nh thi c gi tr t 0 n 233 s tng ng vi c
ly n MS t 0 n 35km (m ho t 0 63). Mi bc
trong gi tr sm nh thi tng ng vi khong cch t
MS n BST l 550 m.
7. o lng knh giao din v tuyn

7.1 Mc ch
o lng knh phi c thc hin c hai ch Idle v
Dedicated. Cc kt qu o ny l tiu chun quyt
nh:
- ch Idle: cell selection/ reselection
- ch tch cc: chuyn giao/ duy tr cuc gi/
iu khin cng sut
Khi MS ch Idle di chuyn trong mng, vic la chn
cell tip theo di chuyn da trn cng tn hiu trong
bn tin o lng t tt c cc cell ln cn.
Khi MS ch tch cc, MS phi tip tc o mc cng
sut ca cc cell ln cn, mc tn hiu v cht lng tn hiu
ca sng mang BCCH v knh lu lng c n nh cell
ang phc v n. ch tch cc, BSC a ra quyt nh
chuyn giao da trn bo co o lng t MS.

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

10

Giao din v tuyn

7.2 o lng knh ch Idle
- Neighbouring cell
MS qut tt c cc sng mang c trong danh
sch BCCH v tm ra 6 sng mang mnh nht.
Sau tnh mc tn hiu trung bnh trong 5
giy v lu trong thng s RxLev(n).
MS phi gii m sng mang BCCH ca 6 sng
mang mnh nht trong 30 giy.
- Serving cell
o lng c thc hin trong sut thi gian n
nh khi tm gi
Kt qu o c tnh trung bnh trong thi
gian ca 5 khi tm gi lin tip hoc trong 5
giy.
7.3 o lng knh ch Dedicated
- Neighbouring cell
Mc tn hiu thu sng mang BCCH c lu
trong thng s Rx_Lev(n).
- Serving cell
Mc tn hiu thu sng mang BCCH c lu
trong thng s Rx_Lev_Full.
Cht lng tn hiu thu c sng mang BCCH
c lu trong thng s Rx_Qual_Full.
Mc tn hiu thu Idle TCH c lu trong thng
s Rx_Lev_Sub.
Cht lng tn hiu thu Idle TCH c lu trong
thng s Rx_Qual_Sub.
- MS gi bn tin bo co o lng v BSC trn SACCH
theo chu k 4 a khung TCH.
- BSC o cng tn hiu v cht lng tn hiu ca
MS ng ln Rx_Lev v Rx_Qual.
Cc mc o lng RxLev v RxQual
ch Idle, qu trnh o v bo co kt qu o ch do
MS thc hin. ch dedicated, MS v BTS ln lt o
RxLev, ng ln v ng xung, RxLev c gi tr trong
khong 110dBm ti 48dBm.

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

11

Giao din v tuyn

Received Signal Level

From

To

RXLEV_0

-110 dBm

RELEV_1

-110 dBm

-109 dBm

RXLEV_2

RXLEV_62

-49 dBm

-48 dBm

RXLEV_63

-48 dBm

RxQual c MS v BTS o ch Dedicated ln lt ng

ln v ng xung. RxQual l % t s li bt c gi tr t 0.2
n 12.8 v c chia thnh 8 mc nh sau:
Level

From

To

RXQUAL_0

0.2%

REQUAL_1

0.2%

0.4%

RXQUAL_2

0.4%

0.8%

RXQUAL_3

0.8%

1.6%

RXQUAL_4

1.6%

3.2%

RXQUAL_5

3.2%

6.4%

RXQUAL_6

6.4%

12.8%

RXQUAL_7

12.8%

Cc thng s ny chnh l cc gi tr ngng phc v cho qu

trnh chuyn giao.
8. Cell selection/ reselection

8.1 Cell selection

Cell selection c thc hin khi MS ang bt my. C hai phng php la chn cell ph hp vi 'camping-on', s dng thng
s C1.
8.1.1 Danh sch cc sng mang BCCH khng c lu
trong SIM_card
Ln u bt my, MS qut tt c cc tn s GSM, tnh cng
trung bnh cho cc tn s v bt u vi tn s mnh
nht, kim tra xem c phi sng mang BCCH hay khng,
Trung tm in thoi Di ng

12

Giao din v tuyn

thng qua vic tm burst FCCH. Sau khi tm c burst FCCH
trn sng mang ph hp, n ng b vi s khung TDMA bng
cch s dng FN v BSIC t knh SCH. Sau tin hnh:
- c thng tin ca mng trn BCCH
- Nghe cc khi tm gi dnh cho n
- Gim st cc sng mang BCCH ca cc cell ln cn
chun b cho vic la chn li cell (cell reselection).
Th tc la chn cell
- MS bt my.
- MS bt u o mc cng sut thu c ca sng
mang BCCH ca cc cell.
- MS tnh mc cng sut trung bnh thu c cho mi
cell v lu vo thng s RxLev(n).
- MS tnh thng s C1 cho mi sng mang o c da
trn thng s RxLev(n).
- MS so snh cc cell c gi tr C1 > 0 trong 6 cell v
camps-on ti cell c gi tr C1 ln nht.
8.1.2 Danh sch cc sng mang BCCH c lu trong
SIM_card
Khi bt my, MS qut tt c cc sng mang BCCH trong BA
list (danh sch cc sng mang BCCH s dng trong mt vng
a l) ca n thay v phi qut tt c tn s ca GSM. Khi
tm c sng mang BCCH ph hp, MS s camp-on trong cell
v thc hin cc th tc miu t trn.
Tiu chun la chn cell C1
C1(n) = (RXLEV(n) RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) max (0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH P)))
Trong :
RXLEV(n): Gi tr mc thu trung bnh current cell v
neighbouring cell
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN (-98dBm to 106dBm): mc cng sut
thu ti thiu
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH (31dBm to 39dBm): mc cng sut
cc i cho php pht trn RACH trc khi c lnh sm nh
thi.
P: cng sut pht cc i ca MS .

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

13

Giao din v tuyn

La chn li cell t c bng cch so snh C1 ca cell hin
thi vi C1 ca cell ln cn.
- Gia hai cell trong cng LA:
C1(new) > C1(old)
( for more than 5 second)
- Gia hai cell bin ca LA:
C1(new) > C1(old) + OFFSET
(for more than 5 second)
Da trn kt qu tnh ton ny, MS s chn cell tt nht
kt ni.

8.2 Cell Reselection

8.2.1 Nguyn nhn
Khi ang camp-on trong cell phc v, la chn li cell c
kch hot bi bt k cc nguyn nhn no trong cc nguyn
nhn di y:
- Thng s suy hao ng truyn C1 ch ra rng suy hao
ng truyn trong cell qu ln.
- C li bo hiu ng xung.
- Cell camp-on b chn.
- C cell tt hn (da trn thng s C2) trong cng LA
hoc LA khc.
Sau MS s chn li cell mi.
Tiu chun la chn li cell C2
- ngn chn chuyn giao lin tip khi MS di chuyn
nhanh.
- m bo cho mi MS camps-on trong cell c th trao
i thng tin tt nht.
Thng s C2 c tnh nh sau:
C2 = C1 + OFFSET TEMPORARY_OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME
T))

Nu Penalty_Time <> 1111 th

C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
-TEMPORARY_OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME T))

Trung tm in thoi Di ng

14

Giao din v tuyn

Nu Penalty_Time = 1111 th
C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET

Vi:
0 vi x < 0
H(x) =
1 vi x >= 0
Trong :
Cell_Reselection_offset: l thng s tu chn c th dng
hoc m, p dng cho mi cell khuyn khch hoc
khng khuyn khch MS chn li cell ny. Theo ti liu, ca
Nokia Cell_Reselection_offset c gi tr t 0126 dB.
Penalty_Time: l thi gian m cell ang cn trong danh
sch cc cell c sng mang mnh nht, thi gian ny do nh
khai thc t. Theo Nokia, Penalty_Time c gi tr t 20
640s. Khi MS trong cell ny, n bt u khi ng b
m thi gian (T) n di chuyn qua cell. Nu thi gian T >
Penalty_Time th khng nn chuyn giao sang cell ny.
Tempoary_offset: miu t cng trng gim nh th
no
trong
thi
gian
Penalty_Time,
theo
Nokia
Tempoary_offset c gi tr t 070dB
9. Chuyn giao
Chuyn giao c nh ngha l s thay i knh v tuyn
hin thi ti knh v tuyn khc trong sut thi gian tn ti v
kch hot kt ni gia MS v BTS.

9.1 Mc ch
Chuyn giao trong BSC lin quan ch mt BSC. duy tr
dung lng bo hiu, loi chuyn giao ny c qun l bi BSC
khng lin quan n MSC, tr vic thng bo cho MSC v
chuyn giao thnh cng.
Chuyn giao gia hai BSC (hoc intra hoc inter MSC) c
iu khin bi MSC lin quan.

9.2 Nguyn nhn chuyn giao

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C mt s l do gy ra chuyn giao trong GSM, chng c
gi l cc loi chuyn giao. Mi loi chuyn giao c khi u
khi cc thng s c trng vt gi tr ngng.
Cc loi chuyn giao:
- Chuyn giao c th c kch hot bi MS hoc MSC
- Quyt nh chuyn giao da trn cc thng s sau:
Cht lng tn hiu ng ln/ ng xung
Mc tn hiu ng ln/ ng xung
Nhiu
Qu cng sut
Khong cch t MS n BTS
- Mi thng s c nh khai thc xc nh trc mt gi
tr ngng
- Quyt nh chuyn giao c th da trn mt hay kt
hp cc thng s.
Ti liu ny ch nghin cu chuyn giao kha cnh v
tuyn, cc qu trnh bo hiu c th khng xt ay.
9.2.1 Cht lng tn hiu ng ln/ ng xung
Nu cht lng tn hiu o c trn knh hin thi gim di gi
tr ngng xc nh trc th loi chuyn giao do cht lng tn
hiu s c kch hot.Trng hp ny thng do s tc ng ca
nhiu trn knh v tuyn l cao.
9.2.2 Mc tn hiu thu c
Nu cng (mc) tn hiu o c trn cell hin thi gim
di gi tr ngng xc nh trc th loi chuyn giao do cng
tn hiu s c kch hot.
9.2.3 Nhiu
Nhiu t bn ngoi tc ng ln cell ang phc v v MS c
th kch hot chuyn giao n cell c cht lng tt hn cell
ang phc v.
9.2.4 Qu cng sut
Chuyn giao do qu cng sut xy ra khi cng tn hiu
ca cell phc v vt qu ngng qu cng sut ti thiu.
9.2.5 Khong cch
Chuyn giao do khong cch c khi u bi k thut nh
thi sm (Timing Advance TA) b cho tr truyn dn.
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9.3 Khi u chuyn giao

Trong ch Dedicate, MS lin tc gim st cht lng tn
hiu thu (BER) v cng tn hiu (dBm) ca knh lu lng
c n nh trn BTS ang phc v. N cng gim st cng
tn hiu ca cc cell ln cn. Sau bo co kt qu
ny cho BTS ang phc v n theo chu k.
C BTS v MS so snh kt qu o lng vi gi tr ngng c lu
trong c s d liu, nu c gi tr no vt ngng th chuyn
giao c kch hot.
10. iu khin cng sut
- Hn ch vic pht cng sut khng cn thit :
Tng tui th ca ngun
Gim nhiu
- Cn bng mc cng sut thu ti BTS
- Hiu chnh vng ph ca cell
- Gm:
iu chnh cng sut thch ng
Truyn dn gin on
Thu gin on

10.1 iu chnh cng sut thch ng

iu chnh cng sut thch ng dng cc tiu ho cng
sut yu cu bi MS hoc BTS trong khi vn duy tr cht lng
ng v tuyn. Bng cch gim mc cng sut pht, nhiu
ng knh cng gim. Ngoi ra, bng cch iu khin cng
sut pht ca thit b di ng, cng sut tiu th c th
gim v do tng tui th ca pin.
iu chnh cng sut thch ng cng bc cho tt c MS b
cho hiu ng 'xa- gn'. iu chnh cng sut ca BTS l tu
chn. Sng mang BCCH vn phi c duy tr mc cng sut
khng i o lng cng sut ca cell ln cn.
iu khin cng sut ca MS
Cng sut pht ca MS c iu khin thnh cc mc, mi
mc l 2dBm. MS o mc tn hiu thu c RxLEv v bo co
kt qu ny cho BTS BTS chuyn

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n BSC. MS cng gim st cng sut ca cell ln cn nhng
ch sng mang BCCH ca cc cell ny. BTS gi lnh thay
i mc cng sut ti MS trn SACCH.

10.2. Truyn dn gin on (DTX)

Trong ch thoi, hai ngi ni chuyn lun phin nhau, v
vy mi pha ch chim truyn dn 50%. DTX cho php ch
bt my pht cho cc khung cha thng tin c ch.
DTX c thc hin cc b iu khin DTX, gm cc chc
nng sau:
- B pht hin tch cc thoi VAD (Voice Activity
Detector) pha pht.
- nh gi tp m nn pha pht gi cc thng s
c trng n pha thu.
- To tp m d chu pha thu khi ngng pht.
VAD xc nh cc khi 20ms t b m ho ting c cha
ting hay khng. Nu VAD pht hin khng c ting MS
(hoc BTS) s pht i cc thng s tp m d chu dng
khung SID (Silence Descriptor Flag). ng xung, thng
bo l khung c phi l khung ting hay khng, c ting (SF
Speech Flag) c gi t BSC n BTS.

10.3 Thu gin on (DRX)

- Cho php MS gim phn cng sut pht trong ch
idle
- MS trong mt vng nh v c chia thnh cc nhm
tm gi
- MS ch cn nghe yu cu tm gi trong nhm tm gi
ca n v v vy ko di thi gian sng ca pin.
11 Nhy tn
Truyn dn a ng v fading a ng ph thuc vo tn
s. m bo cht
lng tn hiu ca cc knh truyn l nh nhau, ngi ta a ra
khi nim nhy tn.
Nhy tn l thay i tn s sng mang trong sut qu trnh
kt ni. Nhy tn trong GSM l nhy tn chm, c ngha l
MS pht trn mt tn s trong thi TS ginh cho n, sau
nhy n tn s khc pht trn cng TS . Tc nhy
tn l 217 ln/ giy (1/4,616 = 217). Cc tn s pht v thu
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lun lun song cng ( cch nhau 45MHz), ngha l ng v
ln ng xung s dng cng mt chui nhy tn. Chui nhy
tn c MS tnh ton trn cc thng s nhn c t BTS mi
khi thay i knh nh sau:
- n nh cell (CA: Cell Allocation): danh sch cc knh
v tuyn ri trong cell
- n nh di ng ( MA: Mobile Allocation): danh sch
cc cell dnh cho MS nhy tn. MA l tp con ca CA; trng hp khng nhy tn danh sch ny ch c mt tn s.
- Ch s dch tn s di ng (MAIO): 6 bit s liu c
trng cho nhy tn i vi MS.
Tt c cc knh v tuyn u c th nhy tn
(TCH/SACCH/FACCH, SDCCH/SACCH), tr BCCH, SCH, FCCH.
C hai liu nhy tn l nhy tn bng gc (Baseband
Hopping) v nhy tn tng hp ( Synthesizer Hopping).
- Baseband Hopping
Khi Baseband Hopping s dng trong cell, tt c cc
Timeslot u nhy tn tr Timeslot BCCH. S chui nhy tn
HSN1 (TS0) c gi tr 0... 63; ( 0 =
cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom), HSN2 (TS 1..7) c gi tr
0 ...63; (0 = cyclic, 1...63 = pseudorandom).
RTSL

TRX1

7
f1

TRX2

TRX3
TRX4

f2

f3

f4

TS0 ca TRX 2-3-4 nhy tn

trn MA(f2,f3,f4). Nhm nhy
tn s dng HSN1

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TS 1..7 ca tt c TRX nhy tn

trn MA
( f1,f2,f3,f4). Nhm
nhy tn s dng HSN2

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- Synthesizer Hopping
Khi Synthesizer Hopping s dng trong cell, ch c cc
Timeslot trn cc TRX khng cha BCCH nhy tn. Loi ny
ch c mt nhm nhy tn duy nht l HSN1.
TRX 1

TRX 2

TRX 3

TRX khng nhy

tn

TRX khng cha

BCCH nhy tn trn
MA (f1,...,fn)

Mc ch chnh ca nhy tn l m bo s phn tp tn

s ( fading Reilay) v phn tp nhiu, nhy tn cng lm
gim nh hng ca nhiu ng knh, v vy ci thin cht lng v dung lng trong mng di ng; tuy nhin, n cn tng
vng ph ca cell.
Phn tp v tn s: Nhy tn gim nh hng ca fading
nhiu tia, v fading nhiu tia gy ra cc ch trng fading m
cc ch trng fading i vi hai tn s khc nhau l khc nhau
s thay i tn s tn hiu v tuyn khi cuc gi ang tin
hnh lm cho khng th mt nhiu bit tin.
Phn tp v nhiu: Nhiu th tu thuc vo thi gian, tn
s v v tr ca my di ng. Vi vic s dng nhy tn th
nhiu trn mt tn s s tri ra cho nhiu MS, dn n trung
bnh ho t s tn hiu trn nhiu C/I m bo t s
ny ln hn mc ngng.
Nhy trn nhiu tn s th t c gi tr trung bnh nhiu
v phn tp tn s tt hn so vi nhy trn t tn s.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Thng tin di ng V c Th- NXB Bu in 1999
2. GSM Technology for Engineering Aircom International

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