Chapter 1: Matter, Energy,

and the Origins of the Universe

Chapter 1 Homework
1. Read Chapter 1 & Appendix 1: Mathematical Procedures
2. All in-chapter Sample & Practice Exercises
Answers in chapter & Blue Appendix
Use the COAST problem solving method (Chpt 1 sec 5)
3. End-of-Chapter Problems -- Not Collected, Odd # Ans in Blue Appendix
Practice: 1, 3, 4, 9, 13, 15, 21, 37, 47, 49, 51, 63, 69, 75, 77, 81
Think: 11, 27, 43, 46 (ans=1955), 55, 61, 64 (ans=50.kg), 67, 71, 85, 87
4. Master the topics in ALEKS Objectives: Chapter 1 pt 1, Chapter 1 pt 2
Due dates in ALEKS & Canvas
Do your work in your General Chemistry Journal!

Chapter 1 Concepts
What is Chemistry
Matter
Measurements & Units
Uncertainty & Sig Figs
Problem Solving

What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure,
and properties of matter, the changes matter
undergoes and of the energy consumed or given off
during those changes
Understand the behavior of matter by studying
the behavior of atoms and molecules
Properties of matter are determined by the
atoms and molecules that compose it

4 4

Matter
Matter: Anything that has mass & occupies space

Made of simpler substances in fixed proportions:

it has a composition
Characterized by physical & chemical properties
and changes
Exists in one of three physical states: Solid, Liquid, Gas

Composition of Matter
Element: Smallest particle that retains a substance's chemical
identity. Elements are made up of atoms of one type
Molecule: Aggregate of 2+ atoms (can be same element) in a
definite composition & arrangement held together by special
forces called chemical bonds
Compound: Molecule made of two or more different elements
Mixture: Combination of pure substances in variable composition

Chemical Formulas
A chemical formula (molecular formula) contains
element symbols and subscripts showing the type
and number of each atom in a compound
A structural formula shows the type & numbers
of atoms and a representation of the bonding
between them

Chemical

Classification of Matter
Matter is made of pure substances and mixtures

Separated
by physical
processes
Separated
by chemical
processes

Solution

Separation of Mixtures

Properties of Matter
Matter is characterized by physical & chemical
properties and changes
Physical properties are
inherent to the substance;
makes substance
recognizable
Measured without
changing the substance
Mass, color, density,
smell, etc

Chemical properties
describe the ability to form
new substances
Measured by chemically
changing the substance
Flammability, corrosivity,
chemical reactivity, etc

Properties are extensive (depends on quantity present)

or intensive (independent)
10

11

Physical or Chemical Changes?

12

Three States of Matter

State depends on the strength of forces between the particles
Solids:
Very close together, little
particle motion, fixed
volume & shape
Liquids:
Close together, some
particle motion, fixed
volume but not fixed shape
Gases:
Far apart, compressible,
rapid motion, expand to
occupy shape & volume of
container
13

Three States of Matter

Convert between states by adding energy to overcome
forces holding the particles together...

14

Scientific Notation Review

Science routinely uses very large & very small numbers.
How can we handle a wide range of numbers?
All numbers can be written in terms of factors of 10

N x 10n
where

N is a number between 1 & 9.999999

n is a positive or negative integer (exponent)

To write a number in scientific notation: N x 10n

1) Find the number N
2) Count the number of places (n) to move the decimal point
so N becomes a number between 1 & 10
500. = 5.00 x 102
3) If move to the left, n = +
4) If move to the right, n = -

0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

15

Measurements
Numbers are abstract representations
Example: Counting 1,2,3...

Measurements have both numbers & units

Example: A basketball player is six ten
Six ten what?
Hours & minutes late?
Games won & lost?
Feet & inches tall?

Units have scale

Example: 5 miles vs 5 microns

Measurements are affected by uncertainty

Example: Class average was 77 +/- 5
16
Must be specific in how communicate information!

Standard Units
SI Units: 7 basic units from which all other units are derived
Base unit designates
type of quantity
7 SI units = base units
of science (French:
Systeme International)
All SI base units are
precisely defined with
a physical quantity
1 meter is the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 s

All other units are derived from these seven

17

SI Units & Chemistry

1. SI unit of length is the meter (m)

1 meter approx 3 feet

1 atom has a diameter of about 0.0000000005 m
(5x10-10 m or 0.5 nanometers)

2. SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)

1 liter of water has a mass of about 1 kilogram (kg)

Usually chemists use grams (g) for convenience

3. SI unit of time is the second (s)

Measure chemical reactions to 10-15 s (1 fs = 1 femtosec)

18

SI Units & Chemistry

4. SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K)
Temperature is how hot or cold a body is
relative to another

Measure of the average amount of kinetic energy

Intensive property: it does not depend on amount of
substance present

Heat is the energy flow that results between

two bodies at different temperatures
Heat is extensive because more heat will
flow out of a larger object

19

Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit scale
Body temp (100 F) -- Freezing pt of salt water (0 F)

Celsius scale (commonly used in the lab)

Pure water boiling pt (100 C) -- Freezing point (0 C)
Different divisions and different zero point from F

Kelvin scale (SI unit)

Same as Celsius scale with zero pt (0 K) moved to lowest
theoretical temperature (absolute zero)
Same divisions as C, but different zero point
All Kelvin temperatures are positive

20

21

Converting Between Temperature Scales

Converting C to K

K = C + 273.15
Converting bet C & F

(F 32)
C =
1.8
Must convert
both zero pt
& degree size
22

Example
Q. Convert 40.00 C into K and F
A. Find the equation that
relates the given quantity to
the quantity you want to find

Given:
Find:
Equation:

Substitute and compute

A. Find the equation that

relates the given quantity to
the quantity you want to find
Solve the equation for the
quantity you want to find
Substitute and compute

40.00 C
K
K = C + 273.15
K = C + 273.15
K = 40.00 + 273.15
K = 313.15 K

Given:
Find:
Equation:

40.00 C
F
C =

(F - 32 )
1.8

1 .8 C = (F - 32 )
1 .8 C + 32 = F
1 .8 40 .00 + 32 = F
104.00 F = F

23

SI Units & Chemistry

5. SI unit of volume is cubic meter (m3)

3-D space occupied by substance

SI unit is cubic meter (m3)

Chemistry: cm3, mL, and L

Derived unit:
Product of other SI units
m3 = m x m x m
cm3 = cm x cm x cm

1 m = 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm

3
6
3
= 1,000,000 cm = 10 cm
3

24

SI Units in Chemistry
Volume:

Liquids: Liters (L) and milliliters (mL)

1dm3 = 1 Liter

1 cm3 = 1 cc = 1 milliliter (mL)

Measured with a graduated cylinder

25

Prefixes
Prefixes used before units to match the scale of the
quantity. Units may be scaled up or down.
1 millimeter = one thousandth of a meter
1 kilometer = one thousand meters

Example: Lengths in various scales

26

Common Decimal Prefixes

1 kilogram
= 1 kg
= 1000 grams
= 1 x 103 g
1 centimeter
= 1 cm
= 0.01 meters
= 1 x 10-2 m

27

Uncertainty in Measurement
Cannot measure perfectly because measuring devices
have limited specifications
For a balance with 1 g increments, we measure a
mass of 1.2 g. But we're not certain about the 2
For a balance with 0.1 g increments, we measure
mass of 1.27g. But we're not certain about the 7

Imagine &
estimate the 2

Imagine &
estimate the 7

28

Uncertainty in Measurement
All measurements have some uncertainty

Amount of uncertainty determined by the measuring device

Significant figures represent the uncertainty!

The more significant digits, the smaller the uncertainty

123 has 3 sig figs uncertainty in the ones digit
123.0 has 4 sig figs uncertainty in the tenths digit
29

2.28 cm

Significant Figures
Chemists measure & calculate things all the time

Must know degree of uncertainty in each measurement!

Rules for counting significant figures:

Any non-zero digit is significant
123.456 all significant

Zeros between non-zero digits ARE significant

100.203 all significant

Leading zeros are NOT significant

0.00123, 00123. only 123 significant

Trailing zeros ARE, if written with decimal point

123.0, 123.00, 1230. all significant
12300 only 123 significant

32

Significant Figures
Q. How many sig figs in:
300.0 , 300. , 300 ?
1.204, 12.040, 0.001304?

478 cm, 6.01 g, 0.825 m, 0.043 kg, 1.310x1022 atoms, 7000 mL?

33

Significant Figures
Q. How many sig figs in:
300.0 , 300. , 300 ?
4

1 sig figs

1.204,

12.040,

5
1.2040x101

0.001304?
4 sig figs
1.304x10-3

It's easy to tell if a digit is significant when

it's written in scientific notation!
478 cm, 6.01 g, 0.825 m, 0.043 kg, 1.310x1022 atoms, 7000 ml?
3

1 sig fig
34

Exact Numbers
Some numbers are exact
They do NOT limit the # of sig figs
Infinite number of sig figs
1. Counting
13 people, 6 game pieces
Exact numbers because they are integers
2. Defined quantities (prefixes, some conversions)
Kilo (k) is defined as 1000
1 km = 1000 m: k = 1000.0000...
1 in = 2.54 cm (exactly)
3. Integers in equations

r = d / 2 2 is exact: 2.0000....
35

Rounding in Calculations
Your final answer must be rounded to the correct number of
sig figs

Round up if extra digit is > 5,

or = 5 followed by extra non-zero digits

Round down if extra digit is less than 5

Round to nearest even number if digit = 5
Try to avoid rounding until end
If necessary to round, work with 1 or more significant
figures than the final answer

Round 5.46, 5.45, 5.44, 5.449, 5.451 to 2 sig figs

Hmm???

36

Rounding in Calculations

Round up if extra digit is > 5

or = 5 followed by extra non-zero digits
Round down if extra digit is less than 5
Round to nearest even number if digit = 5

Round 5.46, 5.45, 5.44, 5.449, 5.451 to 2 sig figs:

5.46 = 5.5 to 2 sig figs

5.45 = 5.4 to 2 sig figs
5.44 = 5.4 to 2 sig figs
5.449 = 5.4 to 2 sig figs
5.451 = 5.5 to 2 sig figs
37

Significant Figures & Math Operations

Multiplication and Division
Answer contains same number of significant figures
as the measurement with the fewest sig figs
12.1 x 1.014 = 12.2694 = 12.3

3 sig
figs

4 sig
figs

3 sig
figs
38

Significant Figures & Math Operations

Addition and Subtraction
Answer contains same number of decimal places as
the measurement with the fewest decimal places
12.01
+

1.0014

2 decimal places
4 decimal places

13.0114
13.01

2 decimal places
39

Significant Figure Calculations

To determine the sig figs in a mixed calculation,
follow precedence rules from algebra and work out
the sig figs for each step:
1.3 + 23.44 / 1.78334
Division
before
!
addition

1) Division step: 4 sig figs in the answer

13.1438760977 becomes 13.144
1.3 + 13.144
2) Addition step: 1.3 has 1 digit after decimal point
1.3 + 13.144 = 14.443 becomes 14.4
The answer has
3 sig figs overall!

40

Example
How many significant figures in the answer?
What's important here # of sig figs or # of decimal places???

a) 11,254.1 g + 0.1983 g
b) 66.59 L 3.113 L
c) 8.16 m x 5.1355 m
d) 0.0154 kg / 88.3 mL
e) 2.64 x 103 cm + 3.2 x 102 cm
41

Example
How many significant figures in the answer?
a) 11,254.1 g + 0.1983 g = 11,254.3 g

SIX

b) 66.59 L 3.113 L = 63.48 L

FOUR

c) 8.16 m x 5.1355 m = 41.9 m

THREE

d) 0.0154 kg / 88.312 mL = 1.74 x 10-4 kg/mL

THREE

e) 2.64 x

103

cm + 3.2 x

2640
+ 320
2960

102

cm = 2.96 x 10 cm

THREE

42

Uncertainty in Measurements

Accuracy: How close measurements are to the

accepted or true value
Precision: How close measurements are to
each other (how repeatable)
Systematic errors produce values either too
high or too low

Accurate measurements have low systematic errors

Random errors produce some values higher

and some lower than true value

Precise measurements have low random errors

43

Accuracy and Precision

Measurements may be accurate, precise, both or neither

How would poor precision and good accuracy look?

44

Uncertainty in Measurements
Measurements may be accurate, precise, both or neither

Accurate?
Precise?

Accurate?
Precise?

Random error?
Systematic
error?

Random error?
Systematic
error?
45

Problem Solving in Chemistry

Dimensional Analysis and Unit Conversion Factors
Process of tracking units and unit conversions at
each step in a problem
Units are manipulated just like numbers
Units obey rules of math (multiply = square, divide = cancel)
Example: What is the area of a 5.0 inch by 3.0 inch
photograph?

Area = Width Length

= 5.0 inches 3.0 inches
= ( 5.0 3.0 )( inches inches )
2
= 15. inches

46

Inter-converting Units
From definitions, we know the relationship between two units:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
(exactly)
Divide each side by 1 inch to get the conversion factor

1 inch 2.54 cm
=
1 inch
1 inch
2.54 cm
1=
1 inch

 

conversion
factor

The conversion factor = 1, so to convert between units,

simply multiply by the conversion factor!
Conversion Equivalencies: Appendix 2

47

Dimensional Analysis
Convert 8.70 inches to centimeters.
(1 inch = 2.54 cm, exactly)

2.54 cm
8.70 inches
= 22.1 cm
1 inch

 

conversion
factor

Units of the conversion factor cancel to give the desired units:

2.54 cm
8.70 inches
= 22.1 cm
1 inch
48

Dimensional Analysis
Conversion factors work both ways...
Convert from in to cm:

1 inch
22.1 cm
= 8.70 inches
2.54 cm
Invert the conversion factor
to go from cm to inches

49

Dimensional Analysis
Gives you the units of the answer
Q. How many kilometers in 2000. feet?
Givens:
Conversion Factors:
1 mile
1 mile = 5280 feet

5280 ft
1 mile = 1.61 km

A.

1 mile
1.61 km

1 mile 1.61 km
2000. ft

= 0.610 km
5280 ft 1 mile

50

Dimensional Analysis
Helps identifies mistakes in the set-up of the
calculation
Q. How many kilometers in 2000. feet?

1 mile 1 mile
2
2000. ft

= 0.235 mile / km
5280 ft 1.61 km
This is NOT how
many km in 2000 ft!
51

Units Raised to a Power

Note: Special care is needed for units involving
squared or cubed terms

1 inch = 2.54 cm

1 inch 2 = 1 inch 1 inch

= 2.54 cm 2.54 cm
2
= 6.45 cm

1 inch = 1 inch 1 inch 1 inch

= 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm
3
= 16.4 cm
3

Use the proper conversion!

52

Example
Q. Convert 5.70 L to in3:
A. What we know:
1 mL = 10-3 L

1 cm3 = 1 mL

1 in = 2.54 cm (exactly)

Apply the conversion factor, but remember to cancel

the units... ALL of the units.

1 mL 1 cm3
1 in
1 in
1 in
3
5.70 L -3

= 348 in
10 L 1 mL 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm
If you don't cube the conversion
your answer will be wrong!

53

Using Dimensional Analysis

Q. Racing cars routinely travel around the track at
an average speed of 225 miles/hour. What is
this speed in kilometers per hour? In yards per
week?
A. Start by getting our unit definitions:
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 yard = 3 ft (exactly)
1 week = 7 days (exactly)
1 day = 24 hours (exactly)
54

Using Dimensional Analysis

Q. Racing cars routinely travel around the track at an average speed of
225 miles/hour. What is this speed in kilometers per hour? In yards
per week?

Convert miles/hour to km/hour:

miles 1.609 km
225

= 362 km/hr
hour
mile

Convert miles/hour to yards/week:

miles 5280 ft 1 yds

5

= 3.960 10 yds/hr
225
3 ft
hour
mile
24 hrs 7 days
5 yds
7
3.960 10

= 6.65 10 yds/week
hr
day
week

55

Density
Density is the amount of a substance present in a
given volume

Mass
Density =
Volume

Fixed for each substance (varies w/ T&P)

Intensive property doesn't depend on how
much is present
Allows conversion between mass and volume

56

Density
Density is low for gases
and high for liquids &
solids (especially metals)

Gilbert Appendix 3.2

57

Working with Density

Q. The level of the tank is 3152 L. When Sally
jumps in the tank, the new level of the tank is
3187 L. Sally weighs 39.5 kg. Calculate the
density of Sally in g/mL.

58

Working with Density

Q. The level of the tank is 3152 L. When Sally jumps in the tank, the new
level of the tank is 3187 L. Sally weighs 39.5 kg. Calculate the density
of Sally in g/mL.

A. Volume by displacement:

3187 L
- 3152 L
35 L

Mass
Density =
Volume
-3
39.5 kg 1000 g 10 L
=

1 mL
35 L
1 kg
= 1.1 g/mL

Dimensional
Analysis!

59

Working with Density

Q. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3. What is the
mass of one cubic inch (16.4 cm3) of gold?

60

Working with Density

Q. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3. What is the
mass of 16.4 cm3 (1 inch3) of gold?

19.3 g
16.4 cm
= 316.5 g = 317. g
3
cm
3

Dimensional
Analysis!

61

End of Chapter!