Tavi mecxre

qveynierebis agebuleba da RvTaebaTa panTeoni

yvela ganviTarebuli miTologiuri sistemis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia
kosmogonia _ samyaros Seqmna. kosmogoniuri miTebi miTologiis Camoyalibebis
SedarebiT gviandel safexurze iqmneboda. amis mizezi is aris, rom adreul xanaSi
adamianis mier aRqmuli samyaro imTaviTve kosmiur masStabebs ver swvdeboda.
yoveli sazogadoebisTvis kosmosi misi empiriuli codnis zrdisa da cnobierebis
ganviTarebis mixedviT farTovdeboda.
msoflios

xalxTa

SemoqmedebaSi

vxvdebiT

samyaros

Seqmnis

mravalferovan variantebs, magram kavkasiur miTologiaSi kosmogoniuri ambavi ar

dasturdeba. ara marto saerTo kavkasiuri miTologiis doneze, romelic Soreuli
warsulis kuTvilebaa, aramed kavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxebis miTologiebis bevrad
ufro gviandel safexurzec ar Cans miTi-ambavi, romelSic moTxrobili iqneboda, Tu
rogor warmoiSva samyaro, ra Zalebi CaerTvnen mis SeqmnaSi da rogori saxe
misces mas. yvelaferi, rasac mogviTxroben kavkasielebi, ukve Seqmnil samyaroSi
xdeba da kiTxvac ar Cndeba amis Taobaze. kosmogoniuri miTosis ararseboba
kavkasiuri miTologiis niSnadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.
qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi gxvdeba bibliuri Sesaqmes gaxalxurebuli versiebi,
romlebic gviandelia da aSkarad wignieri warmomavlobisaa.
svanuri gadmocemiT, RmerTma jer Seqmna ca, wamoiyvana eqvsdRiani
wvima. ramdeni wveTic daeca, imdeni angelozi gaCnda. mere Seqmna miwa da
adamianebi _ adami da eva. Casva isini kidobanSi da mgeli miuCina darajad,
TviTon caze wavida. zogi angelozi ar daemorCila, amitom Camoyara miwaze da
demonebad aqcia. erT-erTi SeZvra gvelis tyavSi da acduna adamiani da eva. roca
eva mSobiarobis tkivilebiT itanjeboda, adams daexmara eSmaki pirobiT: `yvela
Seni memkvidre Cems xelSi iqneba, sanam daubadebeli ar daibadeba da ukvdavi
ar mokvdeba. amgvarad gadavidnen adamis Zeni samalis (eSmakis) xelSi.
magram RmerTma qriste gaaCina (daubadebeli da mokvdavi) da samalis
batonoba daemxro.
noRaeli mTqmelisgan samyaros Seqmnaze aseTi teqstia Cawerili XIX
saukuneSi: Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna wyali da cecxli. wyali cecxlis qveS
iyo, amitom Zalian duRda. roca duRilisgan warmoqmnili qafi sqel fenad iqca
uswormasworo zedapiriT, maSin RmerTma mospo cecxli da qafisgan Seqmna
1

miwa masSi arsebul yvela mineraliT. qafis buStulebisgan warmoiqmnen mTebi

xeobebiTa da dablobebiT.
miwa eyrdnoba uzarmazar Tevzs, romelic qafis qveS wyalSi darCa. wyali
qvazea, qva ki isev wyalze. imis iqiT gaSlilia Seumecnebeli sivrce, romlis
Sesaxebac, Semoqmedis nebiT, adamianur gonebas ar SeuZlia icodes raime
garkveuli.
cecxlisgan RmerTma Seqmna CvenTvis xiluli sinaTle da yvela mnaTobi.
zeciuri sinaTlisagan ki Seqmna uamravi angelozi, romelTa movaleobaa, usityvod
daemorCilos RvTis nebas.
RmerTma miwisgan Seqmna adamiani, magram is carieli iyo, rogorc Tixis
qoTani. RmerTma STabera suli da es qmnileba namdvil adamianad iqca. RmerTma
gamoucxada angelozebs, rom man miwis batoni Seqmna da maT unda Tayvani
ecaT adamianisTvis. erTma angelozma Tavisi amaliT uari ganacxada; `ar
ekadrebaT naTlisgan SeqmnilT, eTayvanon miwisgan Seqmnils~. ganrisxebulma
RmerTma isini eSmakebad aqcia da qvesknelSi Cayara, yvela qmnilebaze ufro
dabla moaqcia. amitom gandevnili angelozebi _ eSmakebi mtroben adamians,
radgan igi miaCniaT TavianTi ubedurebis mizezad da cdiloben SemoqmedTan mis
damcirebas.
es teqstebi sanimuSod movixmeT imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor icvleba
wignieri warmomavlobis siuJeti, rodesac gadadis xalxur sityvierebaSi da ara im
azriT,

rom

isini

maincadamainc

Zveli

kavkasiuri

miTologiis

kuTvnilebas

warmoadgenen.
rogorc iTqva, kosmogoniuri miTebis kvali kavkasiur miTologiaSi ar Cans,
magram religiur-miTologiur SexedulebebSi vlindeba warmodgenebi qveynierebis
agebulebis Sesaxeb. sivrcis organizaciis yvelaze adreuli da martivi formaa misi
dayofa `Sina~ da `gare~ nawilebad.
ojaxis (an ufro mozrdili socialuri jgufis) gansaxleba garkveul teritoriaze
TavisTavad qmnida pirobas sivrcis nawilebis dapirispirebisTvis. ramdenadac ukve
arsebobda damorCilebuli, miwa (romlis erT-erTi qarTuli saxelia `daba~ 1), e. i.
arsebobda sxva, auTvisebeli sivrcec, romelic gareT, `Sinas~ miRma imyofeboda.

1 termini `daba~ momdinareobs indoevropuli da semituri saerTo fuZisgan (dam//dom),

rac erTdroulad niSnavs moxnul, aTvisebul miwasac da colad SerTul qalsac. amasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. m. WirWaZe, `nasoflaris~ terminologiuri velis SedgenilobisaTvis qarTul
arqeologiaSi krebulSi `SuasaukuneTa xanis qarTuli sofeli arqeologiuri masalebis
mixedviT~ (II konferencia, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi), Tb., 2003 w.

dasaxlebis safuZvels calkeul ojaxTa saxl-kari warmoadgenda Tavisi centriT

(keriT) da mis garSemo organizebuli sivrciT (saxli da ezo-kari). dasaxlebis ufro
mozrdili formaa ramdenime ojaxisgan Semdgari jgufuri dasaxleba, romlis
parametrebi imeorebs ojaxis struqturas, oRond ufro did teritoriaze. jgufuri formis
dasaxlebebi ukve arsebobda qarTlis barSi Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulSi (imiris gora,
Sulaveris gora, aruxlo...).
rogorc ojaxi, ise jgufuri dasaxleba ganfenili iyo horizontalur sivrceSi.
analogiurad warmoidgenda adamiani qveynierebis agebulebasac, romelic, misi
azriT, orad iyofoda: rac aq aris (`SinaSi~) da rac iq aris (`gareSi~), amitom
horizontalurad
terminebiT

ganlagebuli

`saaqao~

da

samyaros
`saiqio~.

struqturul
qveynierebis

nawilebs
ori

aRniSnavdnen

nawilis

horizontalur

ganlagebas adasturebs termini `ukanaskneli~, romelic gulisxmobs `wina (aqauri)

sknelis~ arsebobasac (mogvianebiT am sityvis semantika Seicvala). Znelia imis
Tqma, rogor warmoidgenda Zveli adamiani sivrceebis sazRvars, arsebobda Tu ara
am dros zRurblisa da karis simbolo, rasac religiuri azrovnebis ufro maRal
safexurze vxvdebiT.2
ufro gvian yalibdeba warmodgenebi samyaros vertikalur RerZze ganlagebis
Sesaxeb da igi sam ganzomilebaSia warmodgenili _ zeskneli, Suaskneli da
qveskneli. amgvari struqturis Camoyalibebas albaT xeli Seuwyo sacxovreblis
centris _ keris da masTan dakavSirebuli atributebis da saxlis Sida sivrcis
vertikalurma ganlagebam. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs keraze zemodan CamoSvebuli
sakidliani jaWvi da gumbaTovani gadaxurvis centrSi erdo, romelic ormagi
mniSvnelobis elementia: igi oTaxis centrSi arsebuli keridan asuli kvamlis
gasasvlelia da WerSi datanebuli saSuqia.
samive sferos Tavisi Sesatyvisi binadari hyavs, rac gamoxatulia e. w.
sicocxlis xis, igive samyaros RerZis (Axis Mundi) simbolikiT. xis fesvebi qvesknelSia,
iqve

axlos

binadrobs

gveli

_ xTonuri

samyaros

yvelaze

ufro

TvalsaCino

gamoxatuleba. xis tani SuasknelSi anu miwier samyaroSia da masTan arian

Cliqosani cxovelebi (aq variantebic uxvadaa sxva cxovelebis saxiT), xolo totebi
zemoT, zesknelSia da iqve zis frinveli _ zeciuri samyaros simbolo. es aris
samyaros vertikaluri struqturis gamoxatuleba, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom
sicocxlis xis motivi ar aris kavkasiuri warmodgenebisTvis organuli, amitom man
maincdamainc ver moikida fexi kavkasiur miTossa da xelovnebaSi. samyaros
2 zRurblisa da karis simbolikaze ix. n. abakelias statia `zRurblisa da karis simbolikisaTvis
qarTul tradiciaSi~ _ masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXV, Tb., 2005, gv. 22-31.

RerZis funqcia ikisra dedaboZma, romelic upiratesad kerasTan iyo aRmarTuli da

masze datanebuli gamosaxulebebi Tavisi simboluri datvirTviT mTeli sazogadoebis
msoflmxedvelobas gamoxatavda.3
samyaros samganzomilebian sistemad warmogvidgens erTi kaxeli moxucis
naTqvami (masala Cawerilia XIX saukuneSi):
Cveni samyaros garda arsebobs kidev ori, adamianebiT dasaxlebuli
samyaro. erTi Cvens maRlaa, meore _ dabla, e. i. Cven varT Sua samyaroSi,
amitom qamars welze vikeTebT. qveda samyaros xalxs TeZoebze aqvT sartyeli,
zedas _ mkerdze an yelze. Cveni samyaro Zalian didi xania, rac arsebobs da kidev
didxans iarsebebs.
raWvelebis azriT, arsebobs sami samyaro. zeda Zalian baraqiania, amitom
mis mcxovrebT ar sWirdebaT didi garja. qveda Zalian unayofoa, xolo Cvens
samyaros Sualeduri adgili uWiravs.
miwa wris formisaa. misi kideebi emTxveva cis kideebs, magram sadac
erTdeba ca da miwa, iq veravin miva.
ca myari agebulebisaa, romelzec eyrdnobian mnaTobebi. masze cxovrobs
ufali uricxvi angelozebiT, aqvea samoTxe da jojoxeTi.
msgavsi rwmena hqondaT afxazebsac. maTi azriT, Cveni samyaros garda
arsebobs ramdenime samyaro, zogi Cvens qvemoTaa ganlagebuli, zogi _ Cvens
zemoT. Cven SuaSi varT da amitom welze vikeTebT qamars.
aseTive martivia ramdenime Tqmuleba samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. erTi
qarTuli gadmocema mogviTxrobs, rom Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna miwa _
uzarmazari da brtyeli. misTvis unda Seeqmna uzarmazari saxuravi _ ca, romelic
miwis

kideebsa

da

zRvis

napirebs

daeyrdnoboda.

eSmakmac

moindoma

monawileobis miReba, raTa Semdeg emefa miwaze. amitom moqsova bade,

romliTac RmerTi cis naklul adgilebs Seavsebda, magram RmerTma Seqmna
Tagvebi, romlebmac gadaRrRnes bade da gamousadegari gaxades. Semdeg
RmerTma eSmakis rCeviT Tavisi Ronieri xelebi mouWira miwas dasaviwroeblad,
rom ca morgeboda. ase gaCnda uswormasworoba miwaze (mTebi, xevebi,
napralebi da sxva).
RmerTi

aseTi

SedegiT

ukmayofilo

darCa.

amitom

eSmaks

miuCina

napralebi, gamoqvabulebi, xevebi, wylis napirebi, sadac adamiani xvdeba kidec

avsulebs. TviTon ki angelozebTan erTad caSi dasaxlda.
3 dedaboZis gamosaxulebaTa simbolikaze ix. ir. surgulaZis wigni `qarTuli xalxuri
ornamentis simbolika~, Tb., 1986.

adre ca ar iyo am simaRleze. zogjer saqonlisTvis moqneuli maTraxic ki

wamoedeboda. maSin adamians da RmerTs erTmaneTis laparakic esmodaT da
kacic adioda RmerTTan sasaubrod.
erTxel erTi qali lavaSebs acxobda. iqve bavSvebi TamaSobdnen. erTma
pataram Caisvara. sxva rom araferi hqonda, dedam lavaSiT gawminda. arsobis
puris Seuracxyofam ganarisxa RmerTi. maSin pirvelad gavarda mexi da am
xmaurSi ca aiwia.
cisa da miwis dava avarul gadmocemaSi imeorebs kavkasiaSi gavrcelebul
motivs. ca da miwa SekamaTdnen, romeli ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. cam uTxra: me
Senze mniSvnelovani var, Senze lamazi, radgan Cemzea ganlagebuli mze,
mTvare, varskvlavebi. Cemi brZanebiT gadmodis miwaze wvima da Tovli.
amaze miwam upasuxa: Tqven yvelani CemTvis xarT Seqmnilni, yvelaferi,
rac Sengan modis, Cems wiaRSi lpeba, radgan me ufro mniSvnelovani var.
mnaTobebi
erTgvarovani warmodgenebi aqvT kavkasielebs mnaTobTa wamoSobasa da
urTierTobaze.
erTmaneTs.

amitom
qarTvelTa

sxvadasxva
gadmocemiT,

xalxis
adre

monaTxrobi
mze

da

bevri
mTvare

ramiT

hgavs

adamianurad

dadiodnen. maT SeuyvardaT qvrivis vaJi da xSirad dadiodnen masTan. deda

Zroxas wvelida. dainaxa mze da mTvare Semosulebi ezoSi. aiRo funa da orives
esrola. mze maSinve rZeSi Caxta da gaiwminda, mTvarem zRvisken gaswia.
misvlamde funa Seaxma, veRar CamoiSora da sinaTlec daaklda. orive cisken
afrinda. jer mze, mas mihyva mTvare. amitomaa megrulSi mze da rZe erTi sityviT
gamoxatuli _ `bJa~.
noRaelebSi aseTi warmodgena iyo gavrcelebuli: mze da mTvare col-qmari
iyvnen. mze ojaxis saqmes akeTebda. erTxel ToneSi acxobda lavaSs. mTvare
miesiyvarula. mzem cxobis dros aseTi ram miuReblad CaTvala, comis gunda
esrola da gaiqca. mTvare dasasjelad gamoudga, magram ver eweva, yovel Tve
mTvare xelaxla ibadeba, raTa ganaxlebuli ZaliT aRivsos da mzes gamoekidos.
mze ki dinjad midis Tavis gzaze, ar icvleba. adre mTvare sjobda mzes, magram
am SemTxvevis mere daaklda mSveniereba.
noRaelTa gadmocemiT, mze da mTvare cecxlovani burTebia, mzem unda
anaTos da gaaTbos dedamiwa dRisiT, mTvarem ki RamiT gaanaTos. rogorc mzis,
aseve mTvaris dabnelebiT RmerTi afrTxilebs adamianebs, rom isini codvebiT
5

damZimdnen, amitom cota xniT ufaravs mnaTobebs imis niSnad, rom SeuZlia
saerTod Seuwyvitos sinaTle codvil adamianebs.
daRestnelebs aseTi warmodgena hqondaT: mTvare biWia, mze _ gogo. isini
da-Zma arian, sanam patarebi iyvnen, caze ar gamodiodnen, roca moizardnen,
SekamaTdnen, vis rodis unda evlo. kenWisyriT mzes mouwia dRisiT yofna caze.
amiT is ukmayofilo darCa, radgan bevri datkbeboda misi silamaziT da motacebac
ki Caifiqres. amitom amoiRo grZeli nemsebis kona da Tvalebs Cxvlets yvelas, vinc
mas Sexedavs.
CeCnebisa da inguSebis warmodgeniT, mzes da mTvares dedebi hyavT.
mzis dedas hqvia aza, xolo mTvarisas _ kinCi. diliT mze zRvidan amodis da
saRamos isev zRvaSi Cadis. roca horizontze adis, zRvis qafi ewveTeba tanidan.
maSin is grilia da SeiZleba kacma uyuros, jer ar aris gavarvarebuli. zafxulobiT da
zamTrobiT mze dedasTan midis stumrad, mere isev eqvsi Tve mogzaurobs. mze
da mTvare Zmebi arian. maT hyavT da, saxelad moJi, romelmac yvela naTesavi
Sesansla caze da axla mzesa da mTvares dasdevs SesaWmelad. roca daeweva
xolme, maSin xdeba dabneleba.
rogorc

vxedavT,

mnaTobebze

SemorCenilia

rogorc

Zveli

animisturi

warmodgenebi, ise gvian SeTxzuli primitiuli ambebi.

warmodgenebi suleTze
kavkasiaSi

Zalian

adre

Camoyalibda

warmodgenebi

imaze,

rom

micvalebulebi sabolood ar tovebdnen TavianT STamomavlebs, garkveuli gavlenis

moxdena SeeZloT maT cxovrebaze da periodulad saiqiodanac modiodnen
sagangebo dResaswaulebze dasaswrebad. saamisod ki maTTvis tardeboda rituali,
keTdeboda

Sesawiravi

mosamadliereblad,

raTa

saiqios

wesebSi

gaTviTcnobierebulebs (maT xom ukve icodnen, ra xdeboda `iq~) daxmareba

gaewiaT saaqaos darCenilebisTvis.
micvalebulebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili `galeniSi orTas~ locva samegreloSi
(`galeniSi~ niSnavs gareT myofs _ is, vinc ganagebs gare sivrcis mkvidrT),
`lifanali~ _ svaneTSi. Zveli rwmeniT, am dResaswaulis dros micvalebulTa sulebi
axloblebis ojaxebs estumrebian. mzaddeba sxvadasxva sakurTxi da sruldeba
magiuri ritualebi. xalxis azriT, sulebs moswondaT zRaprebi da vinc ki icoda, im
dReebSi usaTuod yveboda. sikvdili rom aryofnas ar niSnavda da micvalebuli
mxolod adgils icvlida, amas qarTuli sityva `gardacvalebac~ mowmobs. adgilis
6

gamocvlas, gare anu sxva sivrceSi gadasvlas garegnobis an arsis Secvlac

mosdevda.

am

warmodgenis

gamoxatulebas

vxedavT

lezgiuri

(daRestani)

datirebis teqstebSi, sadac micvalebulze arasdros ar ambobdnen `gardacvlili~,

`mkvdari~. mas metaforuli gamoTqmebiT moixseniebdnen, rogoricaa `saxlis
ufrosi~, `Tvalis sinaTle~, `cxovrebis wamali~ da sxva.
saaqao moSinaurebuli garemoa, sadac Camoyalibebulia cxovrebisa da
urTierTobebis wesi da rigi. `gare~ imdenad aris saSiSi, ramdenadac ucnobia da
moulodnelobebiT aRsavse. vinc iq xvdeboda (monadire nadiris mosapoveblad
xom gare sivrceSi gadis; saiqioSi mogzauri gmirebi), aRmoaCenda, rom saaqaos
msgavsad, iqac aris Taviseburi wesrigi, saiqiosac aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romelTa
dacva aucilebelia, rom adamiani iqidan uvnebeli dabrundes da iqneb ramec
wamoiyolos (nadiri, ganZi, codna). sazogadod, qaosi imdenad aris `qaosi~
(sibnele da uwesrigoba), ramdenadac ucnobia, Torem Tavisi wes-gangeba masac
aqvs.
rogorc Cans, saaqaosa da saiqios Soris mimosvlas aadvilebda maTi
horizontaluri mdebareoba. imis Semdeg, rac samyarom vertikalur RerZze
ganlagebuli samganzomilebiani struqturis saxe miiRo, `suleTis qveyanam~ am
RerZis qveda boloze gadainacvla. saiqiodan cocxlad dabrunebulebis `ricxvma
iklo~, radgan is mxolod micvalebulTa samyarod iqca, romelSic gardacvlilTa sulebi
Sediodnen, magram iqidan gamosvla ki aRar SeeZloT.
am warmodgenebs asaxavs daRestnelTa natirlebis teqsti, sadac saiqios
aseT suraTs xataven:
`im sofelSi midixar, gza rom ar aqvs,
im saxlSi Sedixar, kari rom ar abia~.

Tan micvalebuls `arigebdnen~, araferi eTqva miwier samyaroze, samzeos

cxovrebaze, rac imis niSania, rom saaqao da saiqio ukve mkveTrad gamijnuli
sivrceebia.
araCveulebrivi emociuri datvirTviT mogviTxrobs saiqioSi gmiris Sesvlaze
xevsuruli xalxuri leqsi:
`suleT Savida wiqai, xeliT SaaRa karia.
sworebm gaicna erTuci, dasxda qorebis jaria.
samgloviaroT imReres, amod Samaxkres zaria.

Cuam simRera iZaxa, Calxiam misca bania.

vaJebma Satilovnebma suleT gabedes Zalia.
sru gaamtvries karebi samzeos gasavalia.
imaT Samaswyra ufali: `aqiT ar dian sxvania~.4

rogorc vxedavT, aq xazgasmiT aris naTqvami, rom saiqiodan samzeoze

gasvla aRar SeiZleba. garda amisa, am leqsSi meordeba eTnografiasa da folklorSi
dadasturebuli warmodgena, rom samzeoSi erTi ojaxis wevrebi an erT geografiul
sivrceSi mcxorebni suleTSic erTmaneTis mezoblad arian. yvela micvalebuls iq
xvdeboda TavisianTa, naTesavTa jgufi, romelSic igi unda dabinavebuliyo. suleTi
samzeos anareklia, organizaciaa, oRond sxva sivrciT sartyelSi, sadac adamianis
suli unda damkvidrdes. suleTis agebulebis Sesaxeb xalxSi mravalferovani
warmodgenebia Semonaxuli, sadac sartyelTa uZvelesi horizontaluri ganlagebis
gverdiT TvalnaTliv Cans ufro gviandeli Sexedulebebi. am warmodgenebis uZvelesi
Sre adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebidan ikidebs fexs miTosSi da igi gamoxatulia
kvdoma-aRdgomis ideiT. nayofierebis RvTaeba midis saiqioSi, raTa ganaxlebuli
ZaliT kvlav aRdges da moitanos bunebis sicocxle da baraqianoba, rogorc Tesli,
romelic unda daimarxos, `mokvdes~, raTa axal sicocxles da xvavs misces
dasabami.
kavkasielTa warmodgeniT, suleTis qveyana samzeos anareklia, iq yvelaferi
isevea mowyobili, rogorc cocxlebis qveyanaSi, magram micvalebulebs cocxlebis
patronoba

sWirdebaT.

garda

imisa,

rom

saiqioSi

mimaval

micvalebuls

tansacmelsa da `sagzals~ gaatandnen, merec zrunavdnen, rom mas sakvebi ar

mohkleboda. micvalebulis saxelze klavdnen saklavs da urigebdnen xalxs. amiT
isini TavianT Tavzec zrunavdnen, radgan micvalebuls SeeZlo keTili an avi
zegavlena

moexdina

Tavisianebze

imis

mixedviT,

rogor

afasebdnen

isini

gardacvlili axloblis xsovnas.

inguSebis

warmodgeniT,

saiqio

miwis

qveSaa

da

mas

marTavs

miwisqveSeTis RmerTi eStri. inguSurad saaqaos hqvia `deli-malxl~ (mas RmerTi

sam wels agebda), saiqios _ `deli-aili~ (mis aSenebas RmerTi Svidi weli mounda).
saiqioSic gvarebis mixedviT cxovroben. samarxebSi atandnen yvelafers, rac
saaqaos sWirdeba cocxals.
Tu mTeli ojaxi amowydeboda, iqve debdnen qvabsa da keriis jaWvs. Tu erTi
wevri mainc rCeboda cocxali, maSin sakideli da qvabi ojaxSi rCeboda.
4 ak. SaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I, xevsuruli, Tb., 1931, gv. 217.
8

CeCnebis rwmeniT, adamiani saiqioSic agrZelebs cxovrebas, iq yvelaferi

isevea, rogorc amqveynad, mxolod mze im dros unaTebT, roca aq Ramea. ratom
ar aqvT TavianTi saWmeli da mxolod cocxlebis mocemuliT ikvebebian, es
auxsnelia. micvalebulebi inarCuneben cocxlebisadmi mtrobisa da megobrobis
grZnobas, amitom saaqaos darCenilebi msxverplSewirviT imadliereben maT.
RvTaebaTa panTeoni
droTa ganmavlobaSi erTiani kavkasiuri miTologiuri sistema daiSala. amis
umTavresi mizezi iyo is, rom man amowura Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da asparezi axal
miTo-religiur

warmodgenebs

dauTmo.

am

procesSi

sxva

faqtorebic

monawilebodnen, magaliTad, ucxo tomebis SemoWra kavkasiis teritoriaze, didi

migraciebi da sxva CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebi. istoriuli procesebi ise warimarTa,
rom kavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxTa cxovreba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarda.
rogorc Cans, daiwyo folkloruli Semoqmedebis mZlavri aRmavloba, ramac yvelaze
TvalsaCino nayofi narTebis eposis saxiT gamoiRo. es aris CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
mosaxle xalxebis monawileobiT Seqmnili sagmiro eposis nimuSi, romelic msoflio
epikuri

ciklebis

gverdiT

dgas.

mis

SeqmnaSi

ar

miuRiaT

monawileoba

amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos,

saqarTveloSi narTebis eposi ar gavrcelebula. mxolod svaneTsa da mTian raWaSi
(anu CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebTan uSualo mezoblobaSi mcxovreb xalxSi) aris
dafiqsirebuli erTi-ori ambavi, magram es nawarmoebebi ara Tu zogadqarTuli,
aramed svanuri da raWuli folkloris wiaRSic ver damkvidrdnen. narTebis eposis
Camoyalibebis procesSi amierkavkasia sxva kulturul garemocvaSi trialebda da
qmnida narTebis eposs mijaWvuli amiranis Sesaxeb.
am

situaciaSi

sruliad

bunebrivia,

rom

iberiul-kavkasiurma

tomebma

Seqmnes gansxvavebuli miTo-religiuri sistemebi damoukidebeli panTeonebiT.

magram Semdeg, monoTeisturi religiebis gavrcelebiT safuZveli moeSala am
religiasac da mis kuTvnil panTeonsac.
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, rodesac dainteresebulma pirebma daiwyes
CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografiuli da folkloruli monacemebis dafiqsireba,
zogierTi Zveli RvTaebis saxeli da funqcia SemorCenili iyo. saqarTveloSi ki
warmarTuli RvTaebebi TiTqmis aRar axsovdaT, magram garkveul ritualebs tradiciis
ZaliT asrulebdnen. magaliTad, Wuris Tayvaniscemas, boslobas, axal wels yovel
sameurneo nagebobisTvis milocvasa da baraqis gamoTxovas da sxva.
9

XVIII saukunis bolos, roca CeCneTSi ibrZoda ekaterine II-is jari, zogi CeCnuri
gvari samxedro fics debda ara musulmanuri religiiT gaTvaliswinebuli formuliT,
aramed TavianTi Zveli RmerTebis saxliT. inguSeTSi islami sabolood XIX saukuneSi
damkvidrda.
rogorc miRebulia met-naklebad ganviTarebul religiebSi, kavkasiis xalxebsac
hyavdaT mTavari RmerTebi, romlebsac Tavis droze eTayvanebodnen. inguSebisa
da CeCnebis panTeonis saTaveSi idga diala (RmerTi, saerTokavkasiuri Ziris mqone
saxeli). daRestanSi _ zali, xolo adiReSi _ Txa (niSnavs `RmerTs~), mogvianebiT
TxaSxo. zepirsityvierebas ar SemorCa is miTebi, sadac moTxrobili iyo am
RmerTebis ambebi. amitom ver vityviT, raSi gamoixateboda maTi meTauroba, ra
urTierToba hqondaT daqvemdebarebul RvTaebebTan. folklorul-eTnografiuli masalis
safuZvelze ikveTeba SedarebiT dabali rangis RvTaebebis Suamdgomloba umaRles
RvTaebebTan. masalis uqonlobis gamo Znelia imaze saubari, ras efuZneboda
RvTaebaTa urTierTobebi.
bundovnad axsovdaT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dargobrivi RvTaebebis saxelebi,
romelTa Soris iyvnen mefutkreobis, miwaTmoqmedebis, mWedlobis mfarvelebi.
am RvTaebebs Soris mTel kavkasiaSi gamorCeuli adgili ekava Weqa-quxilis
RmerTs, romelic ciur cecxls ganagebda. adamianis bedic mis xelSi iyo da
mosavalic. qarTul miTologiaSi Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis funqciebi SeiTavses wminda
eliam (iliam) da wminda giorgim. afxazur penTeonSi am funqcias asrulebs afi,
romelic cidan isvris cecxlovan isrebs. adiReSi Weqa-quxilis RmerTia Sible. zogi
mecnieri mis saxels ganmartavs, rogorc fsible, rac wylis gvels niSnavs da masSi
SeiZleba gveleSapis uZvelesi kultis anareklic davinaxoT.
inguSebs Weqa-quxilis anu ciuri cecxlis RvTaebad sieli miaCndaT.
Weqa-quxilis

RvTaebas

weliwadSi

erTi

dRe

ekuTvnoda,

roca

mis

sapativsacemod atarebdnen rituals, swiravdnen saklavs da sTxovdnen karg

aminds. magram Tu mexi moklavda adamians an cxovels, maSin specialuri rituali
imarTeboda. mexis mier mokluli wmindad iTvleboda, radgan igi RvTaebam airCia
da wminda cecxlis Rirsi gaxada. aseve wmindad iTvleboda mexiT mokluli cxoveli,
pirutyvi. rogorc adamianis, ise cxovelis garSemo asrulebdnen ferxuls, mRerodnen
specialur

simReras

micvalebulis

da

datireba

iqve
ar

marxavdnen,

SeiZleboda,

radgan

RmerTi

es

wminda

gawyreoda.

Tu

adgili
saxls

iyo.
mexi

daecemoda, cecxlis Caqroba ar SeiZleboda. is bolomde unda damwvariyo, rogorc

RmerTisTvis sasurveli msxverpli. iTvleboda, rom RmerTi ewvia saxls da es didi
wyaloba iyo.
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Weqa-quxilis RmerTis Tayvaniscema sayovelTao iyo mTel kavkasiaSi. mis

kultTan da mexiT moklulTan Sesrulebuli ritualebi erTmaneTis msgavsia yvela
xalxis sakulto praqtikaSi. es imaze metyvelebs, rom Weqa-quxilis RvTaebas
erTgvarovani niSnebi hqonda mTel kavkasiaSi da kultmsaxurebac msgavsi formiT
sruldeboda.

gansakuTrebuli

mowiweba

am

RmerTisadmi

cxadyofs,

rom

kavkasielTa religiuri sistemis arsebobis romeliRac etapze igi umaRles RvTaebas

warmoadgenda.
aseve saerTokavkasiur miTologiur saxed ikveTeba qarebis an qariSxlebis
deda, romelsac CeCnebsa da inguSebTan darZa-nianilgi hqvia, xolo noRaelebSi
ober-kurtka (jadosani dedaberi). darZa-nianilgi dasjili qalRmerTia. igi ver tovebs
yazbegis mTis mwvervals, radgan jadosnur wreSia moqceuli, magram qariSxlebis
warmoSla SeuZlia da amiT adamianebis dasja. is jer keTili iyo, magram mere
RmerTs aujanyda da borot arsebaTa rigSi gadainacvla. noRaelTa ober-kurtkas
Sualeduri adgili ukavia RvTaebasa da borot suls Soris. igi Tavisuflad moZraobs erTi
adgilidan meoreze. Tu sam dRes qris qari, es niSnavs, rom ober-kurtka asufTavebs
miwas Waobebidan mavne gamonaorTqlisgan. magram Tu qari met xans qris,
maSin is ganrisxebulia adamianze da qariSxlebiT bevr zians ayenebs maT.
am personaJTa rigSi arian ialbuzis mTaze msxdomi avsulTa ufrosebi rokapi
da tartarozi. yvela es saxe saerTokavkasiuri miTologiis wiaRidan modis.
kidev erTi momentia aRniSvnis Rirsi. kavkasiaSi uZvelesi miTo-religiuri
sistemebis RvTaebebi miwasa da bunebas ganasaxierebdnen. im dros SeiZleba jer
arc iyo sakulto nagebobani da Sida sivrceSi sakulto obieqts mxolod kera
wamoadgenda. amitom kultmsaxureba Ria cis qveS sruldeboda romelime wminda
adgilas (an iqneb nebismieri adgili iTvleboda wmindad, radgan RvTaebis
kuTvnileba iyo mTeli miwa), WalaSi, mTasTan an mTis ferdobze, mwvervalze.
aseve kardakar CamovliT, rac TviTon RvTaebis Camovla-stumrobas niSnavda.
eTayvanebodnen qvis gamosaxulebebs, romlebic Ria cis qveS idgnen, sadac arc ki
iyo SemosazRvruli sivrce.
sagulisxmoa,

rom

es

uZvelesi

ritualuri

praqtika

ise

Seisisxlxorces

kavkasielebma, rom ufro ganviTarebuli religiebis pirobebSi, roca RvTaebebs

samlocveloebic hqondaT da kultmsaxurebic hyavdaT, ritualebis umravlesoba
mainc bunebaSi, Ria cis qveS sruldeboda.

11