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Biology Biology: Cell Communication
Biology Biology: Cell Communication
Biology Biology: Cell Communication
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
11
Cell
Communication
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cellular Messaging
Cells can send, receive, interpret and respond
Universal cell signaling mechanisms
Receptor-ligand activation depends on:
type of ligand
receptor presence and #
target cell
The yeast,
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, is eukaryotic,
single cell
factor
Receptor
1 Exchange
of mating
factors
2 Mating
3 New a/ cell
a/
Pathway similarities suggest that ancestral signaling molecules that
evolved in prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes were adopted for
use in their multicellular descendants
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hydrophilic or lipid-fearing
Autocrine / Paracrine
Long distance
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.4
Plasma membranes
Gap junctions
between animal cells
(a) Cell junctions
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
between plant cells
to an electric signal
Figure 11.6-1
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
1
Reception
Receptor
Signaling
molecule
CYTOPLASM
Plasma membrane
Figure 11.6-2
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
1
CYTOPLASM
Plasma membrane
Reception
Transduction
Receptor
1
2
Relay molecules
Signaling
molecule
Figure 11.6-3
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
1
CYTOPLASM
Plasma membrane
Reception
Transduction
Response
Receptor
1
2
Relay molecules
Signaling
molecule
Activation
of cellular
response
Receptor-Ligand Interactions
Types of ligands:
Agonists mimics action of natural ligand
Insulin, erythropoietin, L-dopa
Non-covalent
Receptor expression (# receptors/cell) dictate cell
response
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.8ba
G protein-coupled
receptor
Plasma membrane
GDP
CYTOPLASM
G protein
(inactive)
Enzyme
1
Signaling
molecule
Activated
receptor
GTP
GDP
GDP
GTP
Inactive
enzyme
Figure 11.8bb
Activated
enzyme
GTP
Cellular
response
GDP
Pi
4
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.8ca
Signaling molecule
(ligand)
helix in the
Ligand-binding site
membrane
Tyrosines
CYTOPLASM
1
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Receptor tyrosine
kinase proteins
(inactive monomers)
Figure 11.8cb
Signaling molecule
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Dimer
Figure 11.8cc
Tyr
Tyr
P Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
P Tyr
Tyr P
Tyr P
Tyr
Tyr
P Tyr
Tyr P
ATP
Activated tyrosine
kinase regions
(unphosphorylated
dimer)
3
6 ADP
Fully activated
receptor tyrosine
kinase (phosphorylated dimer)
Figure 11.8cd
Activated relay
proteins
P Tyr
Tyr P
P Tyr
Tyr P
P Tyr
Tyr P
Inactive
relay proteins
4
Cellular
response 1
Cellular
response 2
Figure 11.8d-1
Signaling
molecule
(ligand)
Gate
closed
Ligand-gated
ion channel receptor
Ions
Plasma
membrane
Figure 11.8d-2
Signaling
molecule
(ligand)
Gate
closed
Ligand-gated
ion channel receptor
Ions
Plasma
membrane
Gate open
Cellular
response
Figure 11.8d-3
Signaling
molecule
(ligand)
Gate
closed
Ligand-gated
ion channel receptor
3
Ions
Gate open
Cellular
response
Plasma
membrane
Gate closed
Intracellular Receptors
Intracellular receptor proteins are found in the
cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells
Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers
steroid and thyroid hormones of animals
Figure 11.9
Hormone
(aldosterone)
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormonereceptor
complex
DNA
mRNA
New
protein
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Transduction:
Cascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptor to target
Signal transduction usually involves multiple steps
Amplify a signal
Provide more opportunities for coordination and
regulation of the cellular response
Figure 11.10a
Signaling molecule
Receptor
Inactive
protein kinase
1
Activated relay
molecule
Active
protein
kinase
1
Figure 11.10b
Phosphorylation
cascade
Inactive
protein kinase
1
Active
protein
kinase
1
Inactive
protein kinase
2
ATP
ADP
Pi
Active
protein
kinase
2
PP
Inactive
protein kinase
3
ATP
ADP
Pi
PP
Active
protein
kinase
3
Figure 11.10c
Inactive
protein kinase
3
ATP
ADP
Pi
Active
protein
kinase
3
PP
Inactive
protein
ATP
ADP
PP
i
Regulation???
Active
protein
Cellular
response
Cyclic AMP
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is one of the most widely
used second messengers
Adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme in the plasma
membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to
an extracellular signal
Figure 11.11a
Adenylyl cyclase
Pyrophosphate
ATP
cAMP
Figure 11.11b
Phosphodiesterase
H2O
cAMP
AMP
Figure 11.12
First messenger
(signaling molecule
such as epinephrine)
Adenylyl
cyclase
G protein
GTP
G protein-coupled
receptor
ATP
cAMP
Second
messenger
Protein
kinase A
Cellular responses
Figure 11.13
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Plasma
membrane
ATP
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ca2+
pump
ATP
CYTOSOL ATP
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Key
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
High [Ca2+]
Low [Ca2+]
Figure 11.14-1
Signaling molecule
(first messenger)
G protein
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
GTP
CYTOSOL
G protein-coupled
receptor
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
lumen
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Ca2+
Nucleus
DAG
Phospholipase C
PIP2
IP3
(second messenger)
Figure 11.14-2
Signaling molecule
(first messenger)
G protein
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
GTP
CYTOSOL
G protein-coupled
receptor
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
lumen
DAG
Phospholipase C
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Ca2+
Nucleus
Ca2+
(second
messenger)
PIP2
IP3
(second messenger)
Figure 11.14-3
Signaling molecule
(first messenger)
G protein
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
GTP
CYTOSOL
G protein-coupled
receptor
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
lumen
DAG
Phospholipase C
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Ca2+
Nucleus
Ca2+
(second
messenger)
PIP2
IP3
(second messenger)
Various
proteins
activated
Cellular
responses
Figure 11.15a
Growth factor
Receptor
Phosphorylation
cascade
Reception
Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Inactive
transcription
factor
NUCLEUS
Figure 11.15b
Phosphorylation
cascade
Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Inactive
transcription
factor
Active
transcription
factor
P
Response
DNA
Gene
NUCLEUS
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
mRNA
Figure 11.16a
Response
Glycogen
Glucose 1-phosphate
(108 molecules)
Figure 11.16b
Transduction
Inactive
G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)
Inactive
adenylyl cyclase
Active adenylyl cyclase (102)
ATP
Figure 11.16c
Transduction
Figure 11.17a
Signaling
molecule
Receptor
Relay
molecules
Response 1
Response 2
Response 3
Cell B: Pathway
branches, leading to
two responses.
Figure 11.17b
Activation
or inhibition
Response 4
Cell C: Cross-talk
occurs between two
pathways.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Response 5
Cell D: Different
receptor leads to a
different response.
Figure 11.18
Signaling
molecule
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
Three
different
protein
kinases
Scaffolding
protein