0.

14

N Nu =1.75

( )
w

N Pe D ( N Gr )1/ 3 ( N Pr )0.36
N Pe D
+ 0.12
4L
4L

0.8

N Nu =0.023 ( N ) ( N Pr )

1/3

0.14

( )

0.8

N Nu =0.023 ( N ) ( N Pr ) n
q=

2 L T

{
{

Nu= 0.825+
Nu= 0.60+

ln

( ))
r2
r1

0.387 Ra1/ 6

[ 1+ ( 0.492/Pr )9 /16 ]

0.387 Ra1/ 6

[ 1+ ( 0.559/Pr )9 /16 ]

}
}

8 /27

8 /27

q=UA ( T )
dq
dA= U ( T )
q=U o A o ( T 1T 4 )
U i A i ( T 1T 4 )
1
U=
1 x 1
+
+
hi k h o

C2
+C 3 ln T +C 4 T C 5 , PPa, T K
T
1
F= ma
gc
1
2
1lb f = 1 ( lb m ) 32.1740 ft / s
gc

ln P=C 1+

( lbm ) ( ft /s 2 )
gc =32.1740
( lb f )
F mg
=
A A
P=Po + gh
P=

W = dW= F dl

W = dW= F cos dl

0.88

1/ 3

V2

W = P dV t
V t1

1
E K = mv 2
2
E P=mgh
E K + E P =0
4S
1
1
m v 22 m v 21+ mg z 2mg z1 =0 d eq =d H =4 r H =
PW
2
2
q=UA ( T )lm
T T 1
( T )lm = 2
T2
ln
T1
1
1
Rd =

U dirty U clean
T R T overall
=
R
1/UA
R
R
1
1
1
x
1
=
=
+ d, i +
+
+ d, o
U dirty , o d o U dirty , i d i hi d i d i k d lm ho d o d o
T iT iw T i T o
=
1
1
hi di
U idi
T ow T o T iT o
=
1
1
ho d o
U i di
T iw =T i

T iT o
1
U i di

( )(

1
hi d i

T ow=T o +

T iT o
1
U i di

( )(

q r= ( A cp ) F ( T 4gT 4t )
( Energy of the sys )= EtK + EtP + U t
( Energy of the surr )=QW
t
t
t
E K + E P + U QW =0
EtK + E tP + U t =Q+ W
U t =Q+W
d U t=dQ+dW
( nU )=n U =Q +W
d ( nU )=ndU =dQ+ dW
U =Q+W
dU =dQ +dW

1
hodo

P2

dP=P2P1= P

P1
V2

dV =V 2V 1= V
V1

dQ =Q
dW =W
V2

W rev = P dV
V1

T T (P V +P V )
T = A B t A A Bt B
P A V A T B + PB V B T A
t
t
PA V A+ PBV B
P=
t
t
V A +V B
T =T A
P Vt
P= t A At
V A +V B
dQ
C
dT
U
CV
T V
H
CP
T P

( )
( )

T2

U = CV dT (const V )
T1
T2

H= C P dT (const P)
T1

dV =

( TV ) dT +( VP ) dP
P

1 V
V P

( )

dV
=dT dP
V
V
ln 2 = ( T 2T 1 ) ( P2 P 1)
V1

(PV )
T /K =273.16
(PV )t

cm 3
molK
3
22,711.8 cm mol
R=
=83.1447
273.16 K
PV
Z
RT
B C D
Z =1+ + 2 + 3 +
V V V
Z =1+ B' P+C ' P2 + D' P3 +
Z =1PV =RT
dU (T )
U
CV
=
=C V (T )
T V
dT
H U + PV =U ( T )+ RT =H (T )
dH (T )
H
CP
=
=C P (T )
T P
dT
dH dU
C P=
=
+ R=C V + R
dT dT
C PC V =R
dU =CV dT

( PV )
T/K
=
( PV )t 273.16 K

( )

( )

dH=C P dT

U =CV T
H=C P T

1 V
V T

( )

C ,
H ,T
T

C ,
H ,T
T

( UA )
C min
q

=0.40=
NTU

( 3427.5 )( 13070)
=0.40
( 830 ) A (13032)