:

= W = PU
W
. n
p e :
n

e =1

i =1

= ( e ) PiU i


:

( e ) =
:
:

AE 2
(U i 2U iU j + U 2j ) AET (U i + U j )
2L

E=20(106) N/cm2

T=10oC

=11(10-6)/ oC
A=24 cm2

A=15 cm

20000 N

10000 N
75 cm
U1, P1

(1)

75 cm
U2, P2

(1)

(2)

60 cm
U3, P3

U4, P4

(3)

U1= U4=0 , P1= P4=0,

P2= 10000 N, P3= - 20000 N.
:

= (1) + ( 2) + (3) P2U 2 P3U 3

(2)

:
e
1
2
3

i
1
2
3

j
2
3
4

A (cm2)
15
15
24

L(cm)
75
75
60

AE/2L
2(106)
2(106)
4(106)

AET
33000
33000
52800

 (1)
:

(1) = 2(10 6 )(U 12 2U 1U 2 + U 22 ) 33000(U 1 + U 2 )

( 2 ) = 2(10 6 )(U 22 2U 2U 3 + U 32 ) 33000(U 2 + U 3 )
( 3) = 2(10 6 )(U 32 2U 3U 4 + U 42 ) 52800(U 3 + U 4 )
U1= U4=0 :

(1) = 2(10 6 )U 22 33000 U 2

( 2 ) = 2(10 6 )(U 22 2U 2U 3 + U 32 ) 33000(U 2 + U 3 )

(3)

( 3) = 2(10 6 )U 32 + 52800 U 3
(2) :
= 2(10 6 )U 22 33000 U 2 + 2(10 6 )(U 22 2U 2U 3 + U 32 ) 33000(U 2 + U 3 )
+ 2(10 6 )U 32 + 52800 U 3 10000U 2 + 20000U 3

= 4(10 6 )U 22 + 4(10 6 )U 2U 3 + 6(10 6 )U 32 10000U 2 + 39800U 3

U2 U3
, :

= 8(10 6 )U 2 4(10 6 )U 3 10000 = 0

U 2

= 4(10 6 )U 2 + 12(10 6 )U 3 + 39800 = 0

U 3
:
U2 = - 0,00049 U3 = - 0,00348
:

S ( e ) = xx A
:

xx = E xx
S ( e ) = EA xx

xx =
u=(

Xj x
L

du
T
dx
)U i + (

x Xi
)U j
L

Ui +U
du
=
dx
L
S (e) =

EA
(U j U i ) EA T
L

(4)

(4)
.
:

S (1) =

S ( 2) =

EA
(U 2 U 1 ) EA T = 4(10 6 )(-0,00049 - 0) - 33000 = 34960 N
L

EA
(U 3 U 2 ) EA T = 4(10 6 )(-0,00348 + 0,00049) - 33000 = 44960 N
L

S ( 3) =

EA
(U 4 U 3 ) EA T = 8(10 6 )(0 + 0,00348) - 52800 = 24960 N
L

, Fx=0 , ,
.
10000 N
34960 N
44960 N
34960 N
34960 N
(2)
(1)
(1)

44960 N
(2)

24960 N
(3)

34960 N

44960 N

44960 N

(2)

(3)

24960 N

20000 N

24960 N

10000 N

20000 N

24960 N

Metod na Ritz
Princip na virtuelna rabota:
se razgleduva edna prosta greda na elasti~na podloga

F1

a)

F2

Fm

EI = const

modul na elasti~nost K

b)

D2

F1

F2

Dm

q
B

D1

Fm

-q=ky - reakcija na podlogata

q* = q q = q ky
v)

dDm
dD2

dD1

dy - virtuelno pomestuvawe

Rabota na nadvore[nite sili

m

j =1

dW = F j dD j + q * dydx

Rabota na nadvore[nite sili

Md - promena na energija
d2y
d2y
M = EI 2
d = 2
dx
dx
d2y
M 2y
2
dU = M
EI
=

dx 2
dx
Vkupna rabota

d2y
F j dD j + q * dydx = EI 2 dx

dx
j =1
A
B
m

ako pomestuvaweto se pretstavi kako:

nx
y = an sin
l
n =1
nx
dy = da1 sin
l

i za EI=const
l
m
D j l
d2y
nx
Fj
dx = an EI 2 dx - Vkupen potencijal
+ q * sin

l
dx
an 0
j =1
0
Edinstvena nepoznata e koeficientot an
an =

2l 3
n 4 4 EI

m
D j l
nx
Fj
+
q
*
sin
dx

a
l
=
1
j
n
0

Primer 1
P

EI=const
l

nc
D1
= sin
l
an

F1 = P

q* = 0

2 Pl 3
nc
sin
4 4
n EI
l
pomestuvaweto e:
nx
nc
2 Pl 3 1
y = 4 4 sin
sin
l
l
EI n=1 n
an =

l
n =1
2
x
2 Pl 3
y = 4 sin
EI
l

za c =

Primer 2

F1

EI=const

F2

ds = dx 2 + dy 2
1 dy
ds
=1+
2 dx
dx

/ : dx
2

Binomna formula so 2 ~lena

so integrirawe
l

1 dy
ds
0 dx dx = 0 dx + 2 0 dx dx
2

1 dy
s l = dx
2 0 dx

ako e y = an sin
n =1

s - dol`ina na krivata AV
nx
l
2

a 2 n 2 2
nx
1 n
D2 = s l = an
cos
dx = n
l
l
2 n=1 0
4l
n =1
l

D2 an n 2 2
=
2l
an

So zamena vo osnovnata ravenka

nc
D1
= sin
;
l
an

D2 an n 2 2
=
;
an
2l

q* = 0

nc
l
an =

F l2
n 2 4 EI n 2 22
EI

2 F1l 3 sin

pomestuvaweto e:
nc
nx
sin
2F l
l
l
y = 41
2
EI n=1 2 2
Fl

n n 2 2
EI

l
za n = 1 i c =
2
3

sin

x
sin sin
3
2 F1l 3
l = 2 F1l
2
y= 4
4
EI
F2l 2 EI
1 2
EI

sin

F2l 2
1 2
EI

Primer 3

EI=const

q* = ky = k an sin
n =1

k - modul na elasti~nost

nx
l

l
nc
rx
nx
2l 3

an = 4 4 P sin
sin
k ar sin
dx
n EI
l
l
l
0 r =1

za r 0
0

a
l
=

n za r = n
r

an l
nc

P sin l k 2
nc
sin

2 Pl 3
nx
l
;
=
sin
y
a
an = 4

n
EI 4
l
kl 4
n =1
n + 4
EI

nc
nx
sin
3 sin
2 Pl
l
l
y= 4
4
kl
EI n=1
n4 + 4
EI
2l 3
an = 4 4
n EI

za n = 1

an =

c=

l
2

2 Pl 3
1

4
EI
kl 4
1 + 4
EI