2

1.
1.

2.

3.
4. x+1=2
2.
.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3. p 0
q 6
0 6

1. pq T
2. pq F

2. pq
T

3. pq F

4.
1.

2. 3 3

3. [(pq)r](ps) p q r

4. [(~p)(rp) p q r
5. (pq) (pr)
p , q , r
1. T,T,T

2. T,F,F

3. T,F,T

4. T,T,F

6. p , q , r pq
qr [~q(pr)]
~r
1.

2.

3.

4.

7. (pq)~p

1. pq

2. q~p

3. ~pq

4. ~pq

8. p , q , r , s [p(qr)]sr
~ps

1. pq

2. qr

3. rs

4. sp

9. p , q r

. q~r [p(qr)]~q

. ~pq (pq)r
q~r


1. . .
2 . .
3. . .

4. .

.
10. (pq)r
1. (pr)(qr)

2.

(pr)(qr)
3.
~(pq)r

4.

~(pq)r
11. (pr)(qr)
1.
(pq)~r

2.

(pq)r
3.
~(pq)r

4.

~(pq)r
12. ~p(q(rp))

1.
(~p)qr

2.

p(~q)r
3.
pq(~r)

4.

p(~q)(~r)
13. 4 4

1. 4 4
2. 4 4
3. 4 4
4. 4 4
14.

1.
2.
3.

4.
15.

1. (pq)(p~q)

2.

(p~q)(~pq)
3. ((~pq)r)(p~r)

4.

(~p~q)(~p~q)
16.
1. (pq)(p~q)

2.

(pq)(~pq)
3. [(pq)r][p(qr)]

4.

(pq)(pq)(~p~q)
17. p q
. p(pq)
. (pq)p
. (pq)(pq)
. (p~p)q
-
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
18.

1. (pq)~(pq)

2.

(pq) (~qp)
3. [p(pq)]q

4.

[(pq)~q]p
19.
1. (pq)p
2. (pq)~(pq)
3. x y

p , q , r (px)(qy)
p
4. 1 4
20. p , q , r
1.


2. [(pq)r](~rq)
3. (pq)(pq)
4. (pq)(pq)

 3
1.

.
.

.
.

1.

3
2.

2.
4.

3.

p , q

, r

1. (~p q) r

2. (~p v

q) ~r
3.

~p (q ~r)

4.

~p

(q ~r)
3.

5+8 = 40 8 > 5

1.

4.

2. v

3.

4.

(p q) (r s)

p ~r

p,q,r s
1.

T,T,T,T

2.

T,T,T,F

3.

T,T,F,T

4.

5.

v p) q

(~r
1.

T,T,F,F

(r v ~p) v q

2.

(r

~p) v q
3.
(r v ~p)

~q (~r

p)

4.

~q

6.

1.

~p v ~q

~(p v q)

2.

q ~(p v q)
3.

x y

p (q r)

7.

x ~y

4.

(p q) r

1.

4
2.

3.

4.

2.

1.

8.

4.

3.

a 0 b 0

ab 0
1.

a = 0 b = 0 ab 0

(a = 0 b = 0) ab 0

2.

3.

a 0 b 0 ab = 0

4.

(a 0 b 0) ab = 0
9.

q
1.

q p

2.
4.

~p ~q

~q ~p

3.

~(~p v q)

10. (p q) r
1.
2.

(p ~q) ~r

(p v ~q) v ~r
3.

(~p v q) ~r

4.

(p ~q) v ~r
11.

1.

2.
3.
4.
12.

.
p

. p

1.

2.

4.

3.

13.

~p (q (r v p))

1.

(~p) v q v r

2.

p v q v (~r)

4.

p v (~q) v r
3.

p v (~q) v (~r)
14.

x + y = 5

{ 1,2 } { 3,4 } = {

1.

2.

2
3.

4.

3
15.
.

x x = y

1.

3.

2.

4.

16.

p q p ~(q

p)
1. ~p v (~p
q)

2.

~p v (p v q)

3. p (~p v
q)
q)

4.

p ~(p

17.
1. (p q) ~r
2. (p q) r

r (p ~q)

(~p v q) (~q v r)

3. (p q) v ~r

r (~p q)

4. (~p q) v r

(~p q) r

18. p,q r ~[(p q) (~q

v r)]
1. p ~(q
r)

2.

~q v (~p

r)
3. ~(p q) (q r)
4. ~(p q) (q ~r)
19.

x (y z)
1.

x ( z

y)

2.

y (x

z)
3.
x)

y (z
4. z (x

y)
20.
r)

(p r) (q

1. (p q) v
2. (p v q)

~r
~r
3.
r
r

~(p v q) v
4.

~(p v q)

 3
1.

2. 3

~p

~r

3.

~p (q ~r)

5+8 = 40

( F )

8 > 5

( T )

5+8 = 40 8 > 5

4.

p ~r
p r
(p q) (r s)

p q r
s
p r

 p,q,r,s,
T,T,T,F
5.

(~r v p) q
~(~r v p) v q
(r ~p) v q

6.

p (q r)
~p

v (~q v r)
(~p
v ~q) v r

~(~p v ~q) r

(p

q) r
7.

p 4

1.

p q

(T)

2. ~p r

(F)

3. s ~r

(T)

4. ~q
8.

p a 0
q b 0
r

ab 0

a 0 b 0
ab 0
(p q) r

(p q ) r

~(p

q) v r
~p v ~q vr
~p v ~q v r a = 0 b =
0 ab 0
9.

q ~(p q)

 ~(~p v q)
10. 3

(p q) r

~[(p

q) r]
(p q) ~r
( ~p v q) ~r
11.

p
q

p q
p q
q)
~(~p v q)

~(p

 p ~q
12. 1

p (x v y) z
.

~z (~x ~y)

~z (~x ~y)
.

~p ~[(x v y) z]
~[~( x v y) v z]

(x v y)

 (x v y ) ~z
(x v y) ~z

13.

~p (q (r v p))
p v ( ~q v(r v p))
(p v p) v (~qvr)
p v (~q) v r

14.

3
.

ax + by +c

= 0 a,b

15.

( )

16.

p ~(q p) ~p v ~(q p)
~p

v ( q ~p)
~p
v ( ~p q)
17.

1
(p q) ~r

r (p

~q)
~(p q) v ~r

~r v (p

~p v ~q v~r

~r v ~p

~q)

v~q
18.

~[(p q) (~q v r)]

(p q)

~(~q v r)

(p q) (q ~r)
(p q ~r)

p ~(qr)

p (q ~r)
p q ~r

19.

x ( y z)

~x v ( y z)

~x v (~y v z)

~x v ~y v z
2

y (x z)

~y v ~x v z
~

x v ~y v z
20.

(p r) ( q r)

(~p v r) (~q v

r)

(~p ~q) v r

~(p v q) v r