1.

T ng ngha trong ting Anh (English synonyms)

1.1.nh ngha
T synonym l kt hp ca 2 t Hy Lp, trong syn c ngha l cng nhau v onym l gi tn. Do ,
c th hiu synonym l gi tn cng mt s vt.
Theo J.I.Saeed (2003) th T ng ngha l nhng t mang m v khc nhau c cng ngha hoc ngha tng
t nhau.
Trong cun An Introduction to Semantics, G.S Nguyn Ha a ra nh ngha v t ng ngha c th nh
sau:
T ng ngha l nhng t cng t loi c ngha tng t nhau nhng khng ging ht nhau. Chng c th
ging hoc khc nhau v ngha biu vt (denotation meaning) hoc ngha biu thi (connotation meaning).
V d: father v dad l hai t ng ngha khc nhau v ngha biu thi. Trong khi , cc t misfortune,
accident v catastrophe l nhng t ng ngha khc nhau v ngha biu vt.
Nh vy, t quan im ca cc nh khoa hc k trn, ta c th hiu t ng ngha l nhng t cng t loi
mang ngha ging nhau hay tng t nhau. Chng c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau v ngha biu vt hay
ngha biu thi. Do vy, nhng t ny c thay th c cho nhau hay khng phi cn c vo ng cnh c th
m t xut hin.
Cc v d v t ng ngha trong ting Anh:
house dwelling- residence
gather- collect assemble
to end to finish to complete
fright fear terror dread
to eat to gobble to peck to wolf
1.2.Phn loi
T ng ngha trong ting Anh c th phn chia thnh cc loi nh sau:
1.2.1.T ng ngha tuyt i (Absolute/ Total synonyms)
T ng ngha tuyt i l nhng t mang ngha v nhng c im tu t hon ton ging ht nhau. Do vy,
ta c th thay th chng cho nhau trong mi ng cnh. V d: fatherland, motherland..
Loi t ny rt him trong ting Anh v c l vi cc ngn ng khc cng vy. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th tm
c mt vi v d v hin tng ng ngha ny, gm c: noun/ substantive, functional/ affix, flexion/
inflexion, semantics/ semasiology.
1.2.2.T ng ngha ng ngha (Semantic synonyms)
y l nhng t ng ngha khc nhau v ngha biu vt nn chng hu nh khng thay th c cho nhau.
Nhng t ny to nn mt s lng ln cc t ng ngha trong ting Anh.
V d: stare look gaze glance
Chng ta u bit rng t look l t trung tnh nht trong nhm v c ngha l nhn (turn ones eyes in a
particular direction in order to see). stare l nhn chm chm do t m, cn gaze l nhn ai chm chm do
ngc nhin hay ngng m, trong khi glance l lic nhn nhanh ai hay ci g.
1.2.3.T ng ngha tu t (Stylistic synonyms)
Loi t ng ngha ny c ngha biu thi (connotation meaning) khc nhau. Trong mt nhm t ng ngha
loi ny lun c mt t trung tm (central word) hay trung tnh (neutral word). Nhng t cn li c chung khi
nim nhng ngha biu thi th khc nhau.
V d: policeman- bobby cop
Trong nhm t ng ngha trn, t policeman mang ngha trung tnh. Dng cop km thi khng tn trng
hay khinh mit, cn t bobby thng c dng trong khu ng.
Di y l mt vi v d v hin tng ng ngha tu t:
before ere; father dad; fellow - chap - lad
1.2.4. T ng ngha ng ngha tu t (Semantic-stylistic synonyms)
T ng ngha loi ny khc nhau v c ngha biu vt v ngha biu thi. Ni cch khc, chng khc nhau c
v sc thi ngha v cc kha cnh tu t.
V d: to dismiss to fire to sack
Trong nhm t ng ngha trn, to dismiss l t trung tnh, ngha l cho php i.
The class was dismissed at 4. (Lp hc tan lc 4h)
The duchess dismissed her servant. (B n cng tc cho ngi hu i)
Tuy nhin, to fire c ngha p buc i.
He was fired for stealing money from the till. (N b sa thi v b bt qu tang tht kt)
Cn to sack l ui, khng cho lm thng v thiu nng lc. (be sacked for incompetence)

Mt s v d khc v hin tng ng ngha ny:

to reduce to axe to cut back
betrayal sell out
house shack slum - pad
1.2.5.T ng ngha thnh ng (Phraseological synonyms)
Nhng t ny khc nhau v kh nng kt hp vi cc t khc.
V d: do make (to do exercises but to make money)
Mt s v d cho thy s khc nhau trong kt hp ca make v do.
To make
To do
tea, coffee
business
an error
exercises
a fire
homework
money
painting
Trong cc cm t trn, ngha ca make l to ra, ch to hay to thnh. Cn ngha ca do l tin
hnhhoc thc hin.
Sau y l mt vi v d khc v t ng ngha thnh ng thng gp:
language tongue (native language, but to know languages)
to lift to raise ( to raise or lift a finger but to raise prices, wages, questions)
meaning sense (the word has 2 senses or 2 meanings but a man of sense)
1.2.6. T ng ngha lnh th (Territorial synonyms)
y l nhng t c s dng cc vng khc nhau nh Anh, Canada, Australia hay M.
V d: sidewalk c dng thng dng M, trong khi t pavement li c dng ph bin pha bn kia
i Ty Dng.
Di y l bng mt s t, cm t thuc nhm t ng ngha ny.
British English
American English
autumn
fall
vest
undershirt
toilets
rest room
waistcoat
vest
car park
parking lot
trainers
sneakers
cinema
movie theatre
jumper
sweater
1.2.7. Uyn ng /M t (Euphemism)
Uyn ng hay M t l cch ni nh nhng, gin tip khi cp n cc vn kh chu, gy bi ri hay khng
mong mun.
V d: redundant be out of job /unemployed
Trong nhm t ng ngha trn, t redundant khng cp trc tip v tnh trng mt vic lm nh t
unemployed hay be out of job. Do , khi s dng t ny s trnh c s khim nh, thiu t nh hay bt
lch s.
Chng ta c th gp mt vi v d khc v Uyn ng nh:
the underprivileged the poor
die - be no more be gone lose ones life breath ones last join the silent majority
WC - the rest room - bathroom
1.3.Ngun gc ca t ng ngha
1.3.1.T vay mn (Borrowings)
G.S Nguyn Ha, trong cun An Introduction to Semantics, ch ra rng ngun gc ca phn nhiu cc t
ng ngha trong ting Anh l do vay mn, trong ch yu vay mn t ting Hy Lp, ting Latin v ting
Php. Chng tr thnh t ng ngha vi t gc (native words) to nn nhng nhm ng ngha, trong t
gc thng l t trung tnh. Nhng t ting Php thng dng trong vn hc cn t Latin v t Hy Lp dng
trong khoa hc v nhng vn bn mang tnh cht nghi thc.
V d: to ask to question to interrogate
belly stomach abdomen
to end to finish to complete

1.3.2.S chuyn i ngha (n d v hon d)

V d: T hand mang ngha l worker v n tr thnh t ng ngha vi t ny.
Ngoi ra, hand cn mang ngha l side, direction trong kt hp hand-side; ngha signature trong kt hp
hand-signature.
1.3.3.Cu to t
S dng ng t cm (Phrasal verbs)
S dng hay to ra cc ng t cm.
V d: to rise to get up
to get off the ground to take off the ground
Hnh thc chuyn i t
V d: laughter - laugh
Hnh thc rt gn
V d: popular pop
bicycle bike
microphone -mike
S dng t phi sinh
V d: deceptive deceitful
trader tradersman
2.Li thng gp khi s dng t ng ngha
Bng vic thu thp li thng qua cc bi vit v nhng bi hi thoi ca sinh vin trn lp, kt hp vi mt bi
kim tra ngn, c bit l thng qua nhng thng tin thu gom c t cuc phng vn vi khong 20 sinh vin
thuc 3 lp khng chuyn nm th nht trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, chng ti tm ra c mt vi li
thng gp ca sinh vin khng chuyn khi s dng t ng ngha trong ting Anh.
i a s sinh vin khi c phng vn u cho rng cc t ng ngha trong ting Anh c th thay th cho
nhau trong bt c ng cnh no. H khng th phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc t trong mt nhm t
ng ngha. iu ny l do sinh vin khng bit ht cc sc thi ngha ca cc t ng ngha nn khng th
dng ng t trong cc ng cnh hay kt hp khc nhau.
Mt vi li thng gp lin quan n t ng ngha s c xem xt c th sau y.
2.1.Li c php
y l loi li lin quan n cc quy tc ng php dng vi t, thng l do dng sai cu trc ng php gy ra.
V d: Trong bi kim tra kho st, phn ln sinh vin u chn t purport trong cu sau:
The author purports that tobacco is harmful.
Trn thc t, ng t purport c ngha t cho l, t ra l (to claim or pretend to be smt) v cu trc i vi
ng t ny l purport to be/have smt. Cc v d sau cho thy cch s dng ca ng t purport:
The document purports to be an official statement.
(Ti liu c v l li tuyn b chnh thc)
The book does not purport to be a complete history of the period.
(Cun sch khng th hin lch s trn vn ca thi k)
Chnh v vy , ta khng th dng ng t to purport trong cu trn m t cn dng y l to claim,mang
ngha qu quyt, khng nh hay tuyn b ci g v mu cu thng dng l claim smt / that. Chng ta hy quan
st cc v d di y:
She claims (that) she is related to the author.
(B y khng nh rng b ta c h vi tc gi)
After the battle, both sides claimed victory.
(Sau trn chin c hai u tuyn b chin thng)
2.2.Li kt hp
y l loi li ph bin m sinh vin thng mc phi. i vi sinh vin khng chuyn, tht khng d dng g
phn bit s khc nhau gia cc cp t big/large; firm/ hard; ask/ question; buy/ get khi chng xut hin
trong cc kt hp nh: big mistake/ large mistake; firm government/ hard government; ask somebody/ question
somebody hay buy the shirt/ get the shirt
V d: Sinh vin thng cho rng 2 cu sau l nh nhau:
She is making a big mistake v She is making a large mistake.
V mt ng php, cm a large mistake hon ton chp nhn c (an ajective + a noun) nhng khng dng
kt hp c vi nhau. Ta ch ni a big mistake ch khng ni a large mistake.
2.3.Li ng ngha
Li ny l do vic hiu sai ngha ca t dng trong cu.

V d: Khi mun ni ai b thng trong mt tai nn xe hi, sinh vin thng vit cu nh sau:
I was badly damaged in the accident.
T damage thng dng vi cc t ch vt (collocates with words for things), mang ngha gy tn tht, h hi
(thng l v kinh t). Chng ta hy xem xt cc v d sau:
The vandals did a lot of damage to the car.
(S ph hoi lm chic xe h hi nhiu)
Millions of dollars worth of storm damage
(Bo gy tn tht hng triu la)
The shop tried to sell me a damaged sofa but I noticed it just in time.
(Ca hng c tnh bn gh hng cho ti, nhng ti kp pht hin ra)
V vy, ta khng dng damage trong cu trn m t ng y phi l injured. T ny thng i km vi
cc t lin quan n con ngi (collocates with words to do with people) ,c ngha l b thng trong mt tai
nn (trong mt chic xe hay trong th thao), b tn thng v th cht ( c th). Hy quan st v d sau y:
In the coacsh 10 people died and 18 were seriously injured.
(Trong nn xe, 10 ngi cht v 18 ngi b thng nng)
Three injured people aere taken to hospital after the accident.
(3 ngi b thng c a vo vin ngay sau khi v tai nn xy ra)
Phn bit t ng ngha trong ting Anh
Cng l "bt u", nhng khng phi lc no cng dng t "start", thay vo nn dng "begin".
Th ti nhanh mt v nh t ting Anh
Trong qu trnh hc ting Anh, i khi cc bn gp phi nhng t khc nhau trong ting Anh nhng li c ngha
tng ng nhau trong ting Vit. Nhng t ny lm bn thy kh khn khng bit trng hp s dng ca
chng sao cho ng v th hin ht mnh mun din t? Bi vit di y gip bn xc nh r ngha v mt
s v d v cch s dng ca mt s t.
1. Start vs Begin (bt u, khi u mt s vt- s vic no )
- Start: c s dng cho cc loi ng c v xe c. Khng dng "begin" trong nhng trng hp ny. E.g. It
was a cold morning and I could not start my car (Sng hm tri lnh qu nn t khng sao n my c).
- Begin: thng xut hin trong cc tnh hung trang trng v tru tng hn E.g. Before the universe began,
time and place did not exist (Trc bui s khai ca v tr, khng gian v thi gian cha h tn ti).
2. End vs Finish (kt thc, chm dt vic g )
- End: vi ngha quyt nh ngng/ chm dt ci g E.g. Theyended their relationship a year ago (H
chm dt mi quan h cch y mt nm ri).
- Finish: c th mang ngha "hon thnh". E.g. I haven't finished my homework yet (T vn cha lm xong
bi tp v nh).
3. Grow vs Raise (tng, lm tng thm ci g )
- Grow: thng xut hin vi cy trng, thc vt. E.g. In the south, the farmers grow crops (Nng dn min
Nam sng bng ngh trng cy).
- Raise: thng i vi ng vt v tr con. E.g. In the north, the farmers mostly raise cattle ( min Bc, nng
dn ch yu sng bng ngh chn nui gia sc).
4. Clever, Smart vs Intelligent: (thng minh- nhng sc thi khc nhau)
- Intelligent l t mang ng ngha thng minh nht. Intelligent ng ngha vi brainy, dng ch ngi c tr
tu, t duy nhanh nhy v c suy ngh logic hoc ch nhng s vt, s vic xut sc, l kt qu ca qu trnh
suy ngh.
Her answer showed her to be an intelligent young woman (Cu tr li ca c y cho thy c y l mt c gi
thng minh).
What an intelligent question! ( l mt cu hi thng minh y!)
- Smart l mt tnh t c rt nhiu ngha, trong cng c ngha gn gng vi intelligent. Tuy nhin,
intelligent ch kh nng phn tch, gii quyt vn mt cch khoa hc v hiu qu, cn smart li ch s nm
bt nhanh nhy tnh hnh hoc din bin ang xy ra.
The intelligent math students excelled in calculus (Nhng hc sinh gii ton hc mn tch phn tri hn nhng
hc sinh khc).
He found an intelligent solution to this problem (Anh y tm ra mt gii php hp l cho vn ny).
Smart lawyers can effectively manipulate juries (Nhng lut s gii c th tc ng ln c hi ng xt x).
That was a smart career move. ( l mt quyt nh nhy vic sng sut).

Vi ngha thng minh, smart cn c dng vi nhng v kh c kh nng t nh v mc tiu hoc c iu

khin bng my tnh nh smart weapon, smart bomb. Ngoi ra, smart cn c dng ch din mo bn
ngoi, thng l ch cch n mc ca mt ngi. Trong trng hp ny, smart mang ngha l sng sa, gn
gng, hay thi trang.
You look very smart in that suit (Cu mc b vest trng bnh lm!)
They are having lunch in a smart restaurant (H ang n tra mt nh hng sang trng).
- Clever li ch s lanh li hoc khn ngoan.
As a child, she was a clever girl (Ngay t b, n l mt c b lanh li).
She is clever to get what she wants (C y t c nhng g mnh mun mt cch khn ngoan).
Tuy nhin, clever thng c dng vi ngha lnh ngh, kho lo. Trong trng hp ny, clever ng ngha
vi skillful.
He is clever with his hands (Anh y rt kho tay).
The factory needs clever workers (Nh my cn nhng cng nhn lnh ngh).