Professional Documents
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IIE Quick Reference Guide PDF
IIE Quick Reference Guide PDF
2016
Table of Contents
General Guidelines.................................................................................................... 3
Basic information ................................................................................................... 3
Missing information regarding date, place of publication or publisher..................... 3
United States of America (USA) State Abbreviations................................................. 4
USA State .............................................................................................................. 4
Commonwealth/ Territory ....................................................................................... 5
Military "State" ....................................................................................................... 5
General Referencing ................................................................................................. 6
Source integration (multiple sources) ..................................................................... 6
Secondary referencing ........................................................................................... 6
Dictionaries and online dictionaries ........................................................................ 7
Course material (IIE manuals and/ or assessments referring to these) .................. 8
In-house publication (no author) ............................................................................ 8
Books ........................................................................................................................ 9
One author............................................................................................................. 9
Two authors ........................................................................................................... 9
Three or more authors ......................................................................................... 10
Same author, multiple publications ...................................................................... 11
Book (not first edition) .......................................................................................... 12
Editor(s) ............................................................................................................... 13
Chapter of edited book ........................................................................................ 14
Journal Articles........................................................................................................ 15
Journal article ...................................................................................................... 15
Journal available on the Internet .......................................................................... 15
Newspaper and Magazine Articles .......................................................................... 17
Newspaper or magazine article............................................................................ 17
Internet/ Electronic Sources .................................................................................... 17
Website ............................................................................................................... 17
The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2016
Page 1 of 27
2016
2016
General Guidelines
Basic information
If you use a quote that contains an error in the original (i.e. a spelling
error), indicate the error as follows:
o
the thinking of pervious [sic] years.
o
sic: Latin (meaning thus, so, used or spelled as given).
o
Insert in square brackets, after a copied or quoted word.
You must indicate which sources you consulted in two (2) places:
o
In the text itself in round brackets after each idea/ fact/ opinion that
you have taken from a source;
o
And, in your Bibliography and/ or reference list at the end of your
study.
Source
No date of publication
s.a. (sine anno: without
year)
In Text
Paraphrased
and/ or
Direct Quote
According to Smith
([s.a.])
According to Smith
([s.a.], p.16)
No place of publication
s.l. (sine loco: without place)
No publisher
s.n. (sine nomine: without a
[printers] name)
2016
Abbreviation
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
2016
USA State
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Abbreviation
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Commonwealth/ Territory
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Federated States of Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Abbreviation
AS
DC
FM
GU
MH
MP
PW
PR
VI
Military "State"
Armed Forces Africa
Armed Forces Americas
Armed Forces Canada
Armed Forces Europe
Armed Forces Middle East
Armed Forces Pacific
Abbreviation
AE
AA
AE
AE
AE
AP
2016
General Referencing
Source
Source
integration
(multiple
sources)
In-text
Paraphrased
Ferraz (2005) and Simon (2007)
both claim that celebrities names
and pictures are often used in the
pre-promotion of special events.
Celebrities names and pictures
are often used in the prepromotion of special events
(Ferraz, 2005; Simon, 2007).
Secondary
referencing
In-text
Direct Quote
Please note: When we make use
of source integration, we cannot
make use of direct quotes.
Please note: When we use
source integration in brackets,
the sources are ordered from
eldest and then in alphabetical
order and separated by a semicolon.
Hardwig (1991, p.698, cited in
Bartlett & Miller, 2011) calls this
the novice/ expert problem.
This is also referred to as the
novice/ expert problem
(Hardwig, 1991, p.698, cited in
Bartlett & Miller, 2011).
Source
Dictionaries and
online dictionaries
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
According to the Oxford English
Dictionary (2000), etymology can
be defined as ...
In-text
Direct Quote
Etymology can be defined as a
chronological account of the birth
and development of a word
(Dictionary.com, s.a.).
Source
Course material
(IIE manuals and/
or assessments
referring to these)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Mitchell (2011) posits that a
change in leadership in a
democracy can have an effect on
media freedom.
In-text
Direct Quote
Mitchell (2011, p.27) posits that
... a change in leadership in a
democracy can make the word
free a relative term.
In-house
publication (no
author)
Source
One author
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In a study by Seedhouse (1997),
coping with illness was
investigated
Coping with illness has many
challenges (Seedhouse, 1997).
In-text
Direct Quote
Books
According to Seedhouse (1997,
p.27), [c]oping with illness
presents many challenges.
Coping with illness presents
many challenges (Seedhouse,
1997, p.27).
Please note: No space should be
inserted between the page
abbreviation (p. or pp.) and the
actual number of the page(s).
Two authors
Source
Three or more
authors
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
First use
Benner, Brown and Jones (1996)
posit that companies ought to be
responsible to the community.
Companies ought to be
responsible to the community
(Benner, Brown & Jones, 1996).
After first use
Please note: Mention all the
authors the first time the
reference is used, thereafter you
may use the first authors
surname and the abbreviation et
al (and others). The first author
is then named and the rest are
referred to as et al.
In-text
Direct Quote
Benner, Brown and Jones (1996,
pp.3435) posit that companies
should behave like good citizens.
It is suggested that companies
should behave like good citizens
(Benner, Brown & Jones, 1996,
pp.3435).
Benner et al (1996, pp.3435)
(Benner et al, 1996, pp.3435)
Source
Same author,
multiple
publications
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Different years
Please note: When the same
author has more than one text but
in different years then arrange
these chronologically.
The archaeologist Martin Hall
(1994; 1995) has repeatedly
stated
Same year
Please note: When the same
author has more than one text in
the same year, then you must use
the letters a, b, c to distinguish
between them and arrange the
titles alphabetically.
In-text
Direct Quote
The archaeologist Martin Hall
(1994, p.16; 1995, pp.4547) has
repeatedly stated
Please note: If multiple
publications from the same author
make the same point and they
were published in different years,
then the references should be
cited in chronological order (from
earliest to latest).
The archaeologist Martin Hall
(1994a, p.16; 1994b, p.21; 1995,
pp.4547) has repeatedly stated
Source
Book (not first
edition)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
According to Robbins and Judge
(2011), workforce diversity is a
term that refers to the fact that
people are not homogenous.
In-text
Direct Quote
According to Robbins and Judge
(2011, p.12), workforce diversity
refers to the heterogeneous
nature of people.
Source
Editor(s)
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Papadakis (1990) says that
postmodernism deserves to be
studied in-depth.
In-text
Direct Quote
According to Papadakis (1990,
p.25) [p]ostmodernism deserves
to be examined critically.
Postmodernism deserves to be
examined critically (Papadakis,
1990, p.25).
Postmodernism deserves to be
studied in-depth (Papadakis &
Solomon, 1990).
Postmodernism deserves to be
examined critically (Papadakis &
Solomon, 1990, p.25).
Source
Chapter of edited
book
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Smith et al (2010) state that
accountability is important.
Accountability is important (Smith
et al, 2010).
In-text
Direct Quote
Smith et al (2010, pp.203204)
state that accountability is
imperative.
Accountability is imperative
(Smith et al, 2010, pp.203204).
Source
Journal article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Barker (2009) believes that a
realistic researcher designs
simple projects.
In-text
Direct Quote
Journal Articles
According to Barker (2009,
p.7), choosing a simple
design for research makes it
more realistic.
Journal available
on the Internet
In-text
Paraphrased
Abstract from Some peoples representation of
database
the self-online does not resemble
the actual person (Warren, 2008).
Source
E-journal
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
Warren (2008) maintains that
some participants interacted
with a self-representation that
bore no resemblance to
them.
Please note: When we make
use of source integration, we
cannot make use of direct
quotes.
Please note: When we use
source integration in brackets,
the sources are ordered from
most recent and then in
alphabetical order and
separated by a semi-colon.
Source
Newspaper or
magazine article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In-text
Direct Quote
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Drucker (2010, 2011) found that
Please note: Because this is a
relationships become more
form of source integration, we
satisfying when the quality of
cannot make use of direct
communication increases.
quotes.
Relationship satisfaction
increases when the quality of
communication increases
(Drucker, 2010, 2011).
Website
Source
YouTube (no date)
YouTube (date
available)
Blog article
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
The German coastguard video
(Morgan, s.a.) is a very good
example of what can happen if a
sharing of meaning does not take
place.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919)
is a German expressionist classic
film from the silent era.
Whitton (2009) proposes that
people should be assertive when
they communicate with others.
In-text
Direct Quote
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Jones (2011, personal
communication, 6 May)
believes separating
commitment from faithfulness
is necessary in modern
society.
In-text
Direct Quote
Separating commitment from
faithfulness might be necessary
in modern society (Jones, 2011,
personal communication, 6 May).
Source
In-text
Paraphrased
Artworks
In-text
Direct Quote and/or Image
Reference
Picassos (1907) Les
demoiselles dAvignon (Figure 1)
is a seminal work in the history of
20th century art or As evident
in Figure 3, Picasso is relied
somewhat on Cubism ..
Source
Email/ Facebook/
Twitter
Or
Source
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
As evident in Figure 1, Picasso
used the muted tones and
different viewpoints
characteristic of Cubism since
early 20th century...
In-text
Direct Quote and/or Image
Reference
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
demoiselles dAvignon. Oil on
canvas. 243.9 x 233.9cm.
Museum of Modern Art, New
York. (Gardener, 2012:372)
Bibliography/Reference List
Source
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In-text
Direct Quote
Reference
Image
In-text
Paraphrased
Film (cinema, video, In the movie Avatar by director
DVD format)
James Cameron, the
character Jake Sully (played
NB: Both DVDs and
by Sam Worthington)
videos can contain
represents the colonialist
films; thus, rather
(Avatar, 2009).
state film unless
referring to a music
Please note: Film is from the
video.
British English vocabulary,
whilst movie is from the
American English vocabulary.
Broadcast/
TV In Little Britain (2005), the
series
character Vicky is used as a
parody for ...
Source
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
In the movie Avatar (2009) by
director James Cameron, the
character Selfridge states:
... we are supposed to be
winning the hearts and the
minds of the natives. Isnt
that the whole point of your
little puppet show? You
look like them and you talk
like them and they will start
trusting us.
Please note: Television (TV)
programmes are usually referred
to by their titles, in italics. The
name of the specific episode may
also be mentioned.
Source
Television
commercials
Newspaper,
magazine
journal
advertisement
Interviews
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
In the Venda commercial for
Liberty Life by producer Leo
Burnett (2000)
In-text
Direct Quote
Please note: TV commercials
should be referred to by the
name of the product or service.
The date and specific name of
the commercial should be given
where possible, as well as the
name of the producer (if known).
The date and TV channel on
which it was broadcast, must be
given.
Print Advertisements
The Land Rover (2002, p.12)
advertisement clearly
romanticises the notion of nature.
Personal Interviews
Nel (2011) states that there are
23 different forms of
government.
Please note: The person with
whom the interview was held
must be mentioned, as well as
their position (if known), the date
of the interviews, and whether the
interview was recorded
electronically [Recorded] or in
written format [Transcript].
Source
Conference
proceedings
2016
In-text
Paraphrased
Professional public relations
are becoming increasingly
important in both the public
and private sector (Anderson,
2011).
In-text
Direct Quote
Conference Papers
Anderson (2011) sees
professional public relations
becoming increasingly important
in both the public and private
sector.
2016
Source
Organisation
author
In-text
Direct Quote
Government Publications
as According to the Canadian
According to the Canadian
Department of Health (2011),
Department of Health (2011,
unmarried men are more likely p.24), Unmarried men are far
to die from cardiac arrest than
more likely to develop an
married ones are.
arrhythmia that can lead to
cardiac arrest ...
Unmarried men are more like
to die from cardiac arrest than
Unmarried men are far more
married ones are (Canadian
likely to develop an arrhythmia
Department of Health, 2011).
that can lead to cardiac arrest...
(Canadian Department of Health,
2011, p.24).
In-text
Paraphrased
2016
In-text
Direct Quote
Government Publications
Acts/ Bills/ White According to the Higher
University students have a right
and Green Papers Education Act (2004, Chapter
to privacy (Higher Education Act,
of parliament
8), university students have a
2004, Chapter 8, p.3).
right to privacy.
Source
In-text
Paraphrased
2016
Acknowledgements
(Example format of the Bibliography/ reference list consulted)
50states.com. 2012. State abbreviations. [online]. Available at:
http://www.50states.com/abbreviations.htm [Accessed 5 November 2012].
Anon. 2009. Format and reference techniques for written work. Faculty of
Humanities. Department of Drama. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
Anon. 2010. Harvard referencing guide HSL-DVC1. The University of Sheffield.
[online]. Available at: http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf [Accessed 25
March 2010].
Anon. 2010. Citing online and audio visual sources of information HSL-DVC2. The
University of Sheffield. [online]. Available at: http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/hsldvc2.pdf [Accessed 26 March 2010].
Anon. 2011. Guide to Harvard style referencing. 3rd edition. Anglia Ruskin University.
[online]. Available at:
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2011.pdf [Accessed
10 November 2011].
Ritter, RM. 2005. New Oxford dictionary for writers and editors. New York (NY):
Oxford.