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Lien Ket Hoa Hoc PDF
Lien Ket Hoa Hoc PDF
MC LC
Trang ph ba
Li cm n
Trang
Mc lc: ..................................................................................................................... 1
Danh mc cc cm t vit tt: .................................................................................... 4
PHN I: M U
1. L do chn ti:.................................................................................................... 5
2. Mc tiu nghin cu: .............................................................................................. 5
3. Nhim v nghin cu: ............................................................................................ 6
4. Cc phng php nghin cu: ................................................................................ 6
5. i tng v phm vi nghin cu:.......................................................................... 6
PHN II: NI DUNG
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V LIN KT HO HC CU TRC HNH HC
PHN T
1.1. Cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ho hc: .......................................................... 7
1.1.1. Khi nim lin kt:...................................................................................... 7
1.1.2. Nng lng lin kt:.................................................................................... 8
1.1.3. di lin kt:............................................................................................ 9
1.1.4. Gc lin kt:................................................................................................ 9
1.2. Lin kt cng ho tr:......................................................................................... 10
1.3. Thuyt VB v s gii thch cc vn v lin kt:............................................. 10
1.3.1. C s l thuyt:........................................................................................ 11
1.3.2. S to thnh phn t H2 t hai nguyn t H: ............................................. 11
1.3.3. Ni dung c bn ca thuyt VB: ............................................................... 12
1.3.3.1. Nguyn l xen ph cc i:............................................................ 13
1.3.3.2. Tnh bo ho ca lin kt cng ho tr: .......................................... 13
1.3.3.3. Tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr: .................................... 14
Chng 3: MT S KT QU BAN U
3.1. Kt qu kho st: ............................................................................................... 46
3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st: ................................................ 46
3.1.2. K hoch kho st: ................................................................................. 46
3.1.3. Thng k s liu:................................................................................... 46
3.1.4. th:.................................................................................................... 48
3.1.5. Nhn xt: ............................................................................................... 49
3.2. Mt s gio n ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc: ...................................... 50
PHN III: KT LUN
1. Kt lun chung: .................................................................................................... 64
2. kin xut: ..................................................................................................... 64
2.1. i vi sinh vin trng s phm:..................................................................... 64
2.2. i vi gio vin trng THPT: ........................................................................ 64
TI LIU THAM KHO: ....................................................................................... 65
PH LC
Ph lc 1: Mu phiu phng vn gio vin v thc trng dy v hc ni dung lin kt
ho hc trng THPT.
Ph lc 2: kim tra 10 pht dng bi tp trc nghim khch quan v lin kt ho
hc cho hc sinh lp 10 nng cao.
Ph lc 3: Mu phiu hc tp bi 17 Lin kt cng ha tr
Ph lc 4: H thng mt s bi tp trc nghim hon thin kin thc lin kt ho hc
cu to phn t
DANH MC CC CM T VIT TT
1. CHLT: C hc lng t
2. GV: Gio vin
3. HS: Hc sinh
4. THPT: Trung hc ph thng
5. SGK: Sch gio khoa
PHN I: M U
1. L do chn ti
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca cc ngnh khoa hc, ho hc
ni ring bc sang mt trang mi, c rt nhiu cc thnh tu ton hc, vt l, trit
hc c vn dng vo trong ho hc gip hiu su sc hn v bn cht ca ho
hc cng nh a ra cc nh lut mi v ho hc. Do vic nhn thc mt cch
ng n v y cc thnh tu khoa hc ho hc l mt iu rt quan trng.
i tng ca ho hc l cht, lin kt gia cc nguyn t, phn t, do vn
v bn cht lin kt ca cc cht, cu to phn t c nghin cu t rt lu.
Tuy nhin, kt qu t c vn cn rt hn ch. Bc ngoc ln nht lm thay i
din mo ca khoa hc ni chung v ho hc ni ring l khi vn dng CHLT vo ho
hc, di nh sng ca khoa hc hin i xut hin nn nhng l thuyt mi gii
thch mt cch tng i tha ng cc vn ho hc.
T nhng lun im trn ta thy rng vic ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc
l v cng quan trng. Tuy nhin, thc trng hin nay GV ph thng cng nh sinh
vin s phm ni ring vn cn m h v cc l thuyt lin kt, v ngha thc tin v
vai tr ca n trong vic ging dy, do mt b phn khng nh GV ng lp dy
cc bi lin quan n vn lin kt ho hc vn gii thch cho HS mt cch chung
chung, khng hiu r ngun gc, bn cht ca vn t lm cho HS cm thy bi
hc ri rc khng lin tc thng nht, khng bit hc phn ny ng dng lm g
Xut pht t nhng l do trn, ti quyt nh chn ti Ging dy mt s
ni dung lin kt ha hc trng THPT lm ti kha lun tt nghip.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
H thng mt s c s l thuyt v lin kt ho hc, cu to phn t ca cc hp
cht trong chng trnh ho hc 10, 11 ( SGK nng cao).
Rn luyn cho hc sinh k nng gii thch ng bn cht lin kt ho hc, hnh
hc phn t mt s cht.
Cung cp t liu cho gio vin dng tham kho, h tr vic ging dy cc
bi, cc mc c lin quan n vic gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt v dng hnh hc
phn t ca mt s cht.
Kho st thc t HS v kh nng vn dng kin thc gii thch lin kt ho hc,
hnh hc phn t. Tham kho kin ca GV v vic ging dy ni dung ny trng
THPT hin nay.
3. Nhim v nghin cu
- Nghin cu, h thng c s cc l thuyt v lin kt ha hc
- Nghin cu chng trnh SGK ho hc 10,11, ti liu gio khoa chuyn ho hc.
- Kho st thc t GV v HS trng THPT TP Cao Lnh v thc trng dy v
hc ni dung lin kt ho hc ca cc hp cht cng ho tr.
- Vn dng h thng cc l thuyt lin kt vo vic ging dy cc bi, mc trong
chng trnh ho hc trng THPT.
- Tin hnh kho st s phm, nh gi mt s kt qu ban u.
4. Cc phng php nghin cu
Phng php nghin cu cc ti liu l lun nh: Nghin cu SGK ho hc 10,
11 v cc ti liu tham kho.
Phng php nghin cu thc tin: Tham kho kin GV v kho st HS cc
lp khi 10.
Mt s phng php khc: Test, thng k ton hc, nhn xt nh gi.
5. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
H thng c s l thuyt v mt s dng bi tp v ni dung lin kt ho hc v
hnh hc phn t cc hp cht cng ho tr.
Trng tm ca ti l gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt v dng hnh hc phn
t ca cc hp cht cng ho tr.
Tin hnh tham kho kin gio vin v kho st hc sinh trng THPT TP
Cao Lnh, cha thc hin c trn din rng hn.
1.1.2. Nng lng lin kt (E) Lin kt c c trng bi bn hay nng lng
lin kt.
Qu trnh hnh thnh phn t t cc nguyn t lun lun gn lin vi s gii
phng nng lng (thng tnh vi du tr). Nng lng ny c gi l nng lng
hnh thnh phn t.
Ngc li, s ph v phn t thnh nhng nguyn t ring r lun lun gn lin
vi s thu nhn nng lng (thng tnh vi du +). Nng lng ny c gi l nng
lng nguyn t ho phn t
V d:
4H
CH4
Nguyn t ho phn t
V tr s tuyt i, nng lng nguyn t ho bng nng lng hnh thnh phn
t.
Nng lng cn thit ph v lin kt A B c gi l nng lng phn li
lin kt A B. V tr s tuyt i, nng lng ny chnh l nng lng hnh thnh lin
kt A B. T s tng hp cc d liu thc nghim ngi ta xc nh mt gi tr trung
bnh v nng lng phn li lin kt cho mi loi lin kt A B xc nh v thng gi
l nng lng lin kt A - B (i vi cc phn t nhiu nguyn t)
Bng 1.1. Nng lng lin kt (kJ/mol)
Lin kt A B
Lin kt A B
CH
418,4
CF
439,3
CC
343,4
C Cl
328,5
C=C
597,7
C Br
276,1
CC
811,7
NH
389,1
CO
351,1
NN
159,0
C=O
761,5
NN
418,4
T bng trn ta thy nng lng lin kt gia hai nguyn t xc nh tng cng
bc lin kt (n, i, ba)
Th d: Khi ta tnh nng lng nguyn t ho ca benzen da vo cng thc kinh in:
E A = 3EC C + 3EC =C + 6 EC H = 3.343,4 + 3.597,7 + 6.418,4 = 5333,7kJ / mol
CC
C=C
CC
E (kJ/mol)
343,4
597,7
811,7
d (A0)
1,54
1,34
1,2
10
11
Muliken, Hund. Trong phn ny chng ta ch tin hnh xem xt lin kt cng ho tr
theo phng php ca Heitler, London.
1.3.1. C s l thuyt
Mt cch gn ng coi cu to electron ca nguyn t vn c bo ton khi
hnh thnh phn t t nguyn t, ngha l trong phn t vn c s chuyn ng ca cc
e trong AO, tuy nhin khi 2 OA ha tr ca nguyn t xen ph nhau to lin kt ha
hc th vng xen ph l vng chung ca hai nguyn t.
Mi lin kt ho hc gia hai nguyn t c bo m bi 2 e spin i song m
trong trng hp chung, trc khi tham gia lin kt mi nguyn t c mt e c
thn trong mt AO ha tr ca nguyn t, mi lin kt ha hc c to thnh l
mt lin kt hai tm ( 2 nguyn t). Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp lin kt cng
ha tr c m bo bi cp electron ca mt nguyn t (lin kt cho nhn) th d nh
trng hp ion NH4+ v nhiu phn t , ion khc na.
Lin kt khng th hnh thnh t mt e (thiu e) hoc t 3e tr ln (tnh bo
ha ca lin kt cng ha tr). Theo thuyt VB khng th c h H2+ (1e) hoc ( 3e). S
xen ph gia 2 AO c 2e ca hai nguyn t cng mnh th lin kt to ra cng bn
(nguyn l xen ph cc i)
Lin kt ha hc c phn b theo phng c kh nng ln v xen ph cc AO
( thuyt ha tr nh hng )
1.3.2. S to thnh phn t H2 t hai nguyn t H:
Nm 1927 hai nh bc hc Heitler v London p dng CHLT gii bi ton
tnh nng lng lin kt trong phn t H2, kt qu cho thy:
- Lin kt gia hai nguyn t H c hnh thnh khi 2 electron ca 2 nguyn t H c
spin ngc du (cp electron ghp i c spin i song)
- Khi hnh thnh lin kt, mt my electron khu vc khng gian gia hai ht nhn
tng ln. Do in tch m ca my electron s c tc dng ht hai ht nhn v lin
kt chng li vi nhau.
12
Xen ph dng
13
- Khi hai my electron xen ph nhau cng mnh th lin kt cng bn ( xen ph cng
mnh khi cc my electron tham gia xen ph c nng lng cng xp x nhau).
1.3.3.1. Nguyn l xen ph cc i:
Lin kt gia hai nguyn t cng bn nu mc xem ph ca cc orbitan cng
ln. V vy s xen ph cc orbitan tun theo mt nguyn l c gi l nguyn l xen
ph cc i. Theo nguyn l xen ph cc i th: Lin kt s c phn b theo phng
hng no m mc xen ph cc orbitan c gi tr ln nht.
Nh vy, theo nguyn l xen ph cc i th:
- i vi lin kt H Cl, tm ca nguyn t H phi nm trn trc ca orbitan p
- i vi lin kt Cl Cl, trc ca hai orbitan pz phi trng nhau.
S hnh thnh cc lin kt theo nguyn l xen ph cc i c m t nh sau:
pz
AO s
z
AO p
AO p
AO p
14
15
2H
3s
3p
Cc obitan S
Cc obitan H
16
y
x
orbitan s
y
x
x
orbitan p
y
x
17
x
orbitan p
y
x
orbitan s
x
orbitan p
x
orbitan p
x
orbitan s
orbitan p
x
orbitan p
18
19
20
A: l nguyn t trung tm
X: l phi t
n: l s lng phi t
21
n =3
TH 3: n = 4 phn t c dng AX4, bn i electron c phn b bn nh ca
hnh t din u, tm ca hnh t din l nguyn t trung tm A, phn t tn ti dng
khng gian ba chiu. Gc lin kt XAX bng 109029. Th d nh phn t CH4,
NH4+,SiX4+
n=4
22
cu v ha tr nh sau: Th d PCl5
- Ba i electron cng vi ht nhn nguyn t trung tm A nm trong mt mt phng,
ba i electron ny hng v ba nh ca mt tam gic u v ht nhn A l trng tm
ca tam gic u . Ba i electron ny to nn lin kt xch o.
- Hai i electron cn li c phn b trn hai u ca on thng vung gc vi mt
phng tam gic u trn ti tm A. Hai i electron ny to nn lin kt trc.
Nh vy ta c: Lin kt trc s c di ln hn lin kt xch o ( di lin
kt xch o l 202 pm, di lin kt trc l 214 pm. Kt qu ca s sp xp a
n mt lng thp tam gic. Xut hin 2 loi gc ha tr: Gc = 1200 , = 900 .
Cl
Cl
900
Cl
1200
n=5
Cl
Cl
n=6
F
F
F
23
chim khong khng gian ln. Do trong hai trng hp AXn vi AXnEm c cng s
i electron ha tr nhng hnh dng hai phn t khng hon ton ging nhau.
- AX2E phn t gm nguyn t trung tm A, 2 phi t X (c tng ng 2
cp electron lin kt), 1 cp electron ring (v m = 1). Ch trng hp ca phn t
AX2 va xt trn, ta thy hnh dng phn t thng, nhng trong trng hp ny phn
t c mt i electron t do khng tham gia lin kt. p dng l thuyt khng tng
ng gia cc cp electron lin kt v khng lin kt ta d on hnh hc ca phn t
s khng cn nm trn mt ng thng. Th d SO2, SnCl2-, NO2
i electron ring
A
1200
H
1070
ring nn hnh dng phn t khc vi phn t AX4 hay AX3E (cng c 4 i electron).
24
1070
25
26
Lin kt cng ho tr
27
Bi 18
Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc
Ho tr v s oxi ho
I. Ho tr
1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion
2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr
II. S oxi ho (4 quy tc xc nh s oxi ho)
28
29
Th d:
Phn t H2 c cu to H H. Vy trong nguyn t ny c mt i electron dng
chung gia hai nguyn t H
Phn t N2 c cu to N N . Vy trong phn t ny c ba i electron dng
chung gia hai nguyn t N
- Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc (hay khng c cc): Trong lin kt ny i
electron dng chung chnh gia khong cch hai ht nhn.
Th d: Phn t Cl2
Ta c: Cl : Cl hay Cl Cl. l phn t n cht (ca cc phi kim l ch yu).
Lu mt iu l do cc electron lun trng thi dao ng, nn i khi i electron
dng chung ny cng b lch sang mt nguyn t. chng hn, trong phn t H2, s lch
i electron ny chim khong 30%, tc l lin kt phn cc cng xut hin.
- Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (hay c cc)
Trong lin kt ny, i electron dng chung lch v pha nguyn t c m
in ln hn (hay nguyn t c tnh phi kim mnh hn)
Th d:
Xt phn t HX (X l cc nguyn t Halogen), cc nguyn t Halogen l nhng
phi kim c m in ln hn rt nhiu so vi nguyn t H. Nn trong trng hp
ny, i electron dng chung b lch v pha cc nguyn t Halogen X
Ch hc sinh: S phn loi lin kt nh trn l c tnh quy c, khng c ranh gii r
rt gia cc loi lin kt trn.
- Tiu chun v hiu s m in c p dng trong trng hp trn c th
phn loi lin kt mt cch i cng.
2.3.3. Cng thc cu to Lewis (s Lewis)
Mc d hin nay c cc thuyt hin i gii thch v lin kt ha hc, nhng
vic biu din mt cch trc quan gn ng cng thc cu to phn t gip cho ngi
c d dng hnh dung nht (i vi cc phn t phc tp) l mt iu rt cn thit.
30
NH 3
O
H
H
Hay
H
O
N
C
_H
NH 3
(NH3)
(CO2)
31
HOH
Khng phn cc
H
Phn cc
F
S
Cl
Cl
Cl
F
F
to ca Benzen phi
c dng nh sau
+ Khng gii thch c s hin din ca nhng phn t c cha mt s in t
l nh NO, NO2c bit vi cng thc Lewis, ngi ta khng th hnh dung ng
c tnh ca oxigen (trn thc t th O2 c tnh cht thun t v c electron c thn
trn phn t)
32
+ V cui cng cn nh rng, trc khi vit cng thc Lewis cho mt cht bt
k nh ni cc mc trc ta cn phi bit r th th t lin kt ca cc nguyn t
trong phn t cht , ngha l bit r cu to ha hc ca n.
Th d: ng vi cng thc phn t CHNO c n 2 cng thc Lewis ng vi 2 cht
khc nhau:
H O C
Hay
H N
Hay
O
N
(Axit xianic)
(Axit isoxianic)
in tch li
ca nguyn t
Tng s e ring
ca nguyn t
S lin kt
nguyn
t tham gia
in tch gii ta
trn mt nguyn t
S cu to cng
33
(a)
34
O C O
O C O
(b)
-1
+1
O C
(c)
-1
(0)
-1
O C O
O
-1
(d)
35
O C
O C
(d1 )
(d2 )
(d 3)
P Cl
(a)
Cl
P Cl
(b)
Cl
36
P Cl
(c)
Cl
T cng thc (c) ta tnh in tch hnh thc ca mi nguyn t trong phn t
P: 5 2 3 = 0
Cl: 7 6 1 = 0
Kt lun: Cng thc (c) trn l cng thc Lewis ng ca PCl3
2.4. Kho st hnh hc phn t mt s hp cht cng ho tr
d on hnh hc phn t, c th dng m hnh tng tc y VSEPR (quy
tc kinh nghim gilexpi). Chng ta c th h thng quy tc kinh nghim gilexpi trn
theo bng sau y, kt hp c hai loi phn t (AXn v AXnEm). Ch c bit n 2
khi nim hnh dng tng tc y v khi nim cu trc hnh hc phn t.
Bng 2.1. Cu hnh khng gian ca mt s phn t
Phn t
Tng s
Hnh dng
S cp e
Cu trc hnh
Phn t in
cp e
tng tc y
lin kt
hc phn t
hnh
AX2
Thng
Thng
BeCl2, BeH2.
AX3
Tam gic u
BF3
AX2E
Ch V
SO2
AX4
T din
CH4
AX3E
NH3
AX2E2
Ch V
H2O
AX5
Song thp
PCl5
AX4E
SF4
AX3E2
Ch T
ClF3
Tam gic u
T din
Song thp
tam gic
37
AX2E3
Thng
XeF2
AX6
Bt din
SF6
AX5E
Hnh chp
BrF5
AX4E2
Vung phng
XeF4
Bt din
P Cl
Cl
38
109028'
Cl
Cl
109028'
Cl
vi nguyn t trung tm P)
- Vic xc nh s electron ha tr t do c th dng phng php n gin sau:
+ Tnh tng s electron ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (ion ban u)
(k hiu X)
+ Tnh s electron ha tr bo ha dnh cho cc nguyn t bin lin kt vi
nguyn t trung tm (k hiu Y), (bt t i vi mi nguyn t bin ni chung v 2
electron i vi mi nguyn t bin l nguyn t H).
39
Phn t, ion
Nguyn t
Trung tm
S cp e
t do
CO2
4 + 2.6
2.8
NO2+
5 + 2.6 1
2.8
BF3
3 + 3.7
3.8
CO32-
4 + 3.6 + 2
3.8
CCl4
4 + 4.7
4.8
NH4+
5 + 4.1 1
4.2
PCl5
5 + 5.7
5.8
SO2
3.6
2.8
NO2-
5 + 2.6 + 1
2.8
SO32-
4.6 + 2
3.8
SF4
6 + 4.7
4.8
TeCl4
Te
6 + 4.7
4.8
BrF5
Br
6.7
5.8
H2 O
2+6
2.8
ClF3
Cl
4.7
3.8
XeF4
Xe
8 + 4.7
4.8
XeF2
Xe
8 + 2.7
2.8
40
Nh vy, vic gii thch hnh hc phn t c gii quyt mt cch n gin
vi m hnh VSEPR ( hay cn c thm tn gi l m hnh tnh in hoc m hnh
Gilexpia)
2.5. Lai ho AO nguyn t
2.5.1. Lai ho sp3
Ta xt 2 hai trng hp in hnh nht l CH4, H2O
TH 1: phn t CH4 (ch phn t c dng AX4)
2s
2p
2s
trang thai kch thch
2p
C*
41
H
H
109029'
CH4
2s
2p
kch thch
2p
O*
104,50
H2O
42
Nh ni phn trc y, trong phn t H2O xut hin momen lng cc.
Mmen lng cc xut hin y khng phi ch do s phn cc ca H2O, m cn do
mmen lng cc ca cc cp in t t do, trng tm m my in t khng trng
vi ht nhn nguyn t trung tm. (ta tham kho thm mt s gio trnh khc)
Chnh v nhng l do trn m phn t nc khng c dng t din u m c
hnh dng gc.
2.5.2. Lai ho sp2
Ta xt trng hp phn t BCl3 (phn t c dng AX3)
2p
2s
kch thch
B*
Thc nghim cho bit rng gc lin kt trong phn t BCl3 bng 1200 c dng
gc ca tam gic u. Do , nguyn t B trong phn t BCl3 phi tham gia lai ha sp2
Qu trnh lai ha gii thch nh sau: Nguyn t B b kch thch c cu hnh electron v
ha tr l 2s1 2p2 v khi tham gia to lin kt vi cc nguyn t Cl n trng thi lai
ha sp2, ta s c hnh dng tng ng l hnh tam gic u (chng phn b trn cng
mt mt phng, 3 nh ca tam gic u l 3 nguyn t Cl)
M hnh ha nh sau:
Cl
Cl
B
B
Cl
120 0
Cl
Cl
Cl
(a)
(b)
43
2.5.3. Lai ho sp
Mt s trng hp nguyn t trung tm cho lai ha sp nh BeX2, ZnX2, CdX2
(X l cc nguyn t halogen)c bit l C2H2 (phn t ny ta s dy phn ankin). Khi
gc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t thng l 1800.
Bng 2.3. Mi quan h gia cu hnh khng gian ABn (c cha cp electron ha tr t
Scp electron
Phn
nguyn t
S lin
e ha tr
kt
t do
AB3
AB2
AB2
Tng s
Cu hnh phn t
trung tm
sp2
Tam gic u
BF3,SO3, CO32
Gc
Gc
AB3
AB4
T din u
AB2
ng Thng
AB3
AB4
AB5
AB4
AB5
AB6
sp
Ch T
sp3d
XeF2
ClF3...
T din lch
SF4, TeCl4
Lng thp
tam gic
AsF5, PCl5
Vung phng
XeF4
Thp vung
CrF5
3 2
sp d
V d
Bt din u
SF6
44
AXn
C n i e lin kt
Khng c i e ring
AXnEm.
C n i electron lin kt
C m i e ring
Thng
Tam gic u
T din
Bt din
Hnh hc phn t
Dng lai ho
45
46
Chng 3: MT S KT QU BAN U
3.1. Kt qu kho st
3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st
nh gi kh nng nm vng kin thc lin kt ho hc ca HS cc lp 10,
11 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh.
So snh kt qu kho st gia cc lp, t nh gi s b vic dy v hc ni
dung lin kt ho hc ca GV v HS.
X l v phn tch kt qu, a ra nhn xt.
3.1.2. K hoch kho st
Xy dng mu phiu iu tra tham kho kin ca GV v vic ging dy cc
bi, mc c ni dung lin quan n khi nim lin kt ha hc
Xy dng mu trc nghim 10 pht kim tra mc nm vng kin thc
ca HS cc lp
3.1.3. Thng k s liu
Thng qua bi kim tra 10 pht cho HS cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh
(lp 10H, lp 10T, lp 10A1) ta c kt qu ban u nh sau:
Bng 3.1. im v s lng HS ca lp 10H (tng s hc sinh n = 37)
im
10
S lng
10
10
S lng
12
47
10
S lng
10
S lng
13
10H
10T
10L
10A1
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.42%
2.70%
0.00%
4.17%
12.50%
8.11%
5.41%
12.50%
18.75%
27.03%
32.43%
29.17%
16.67%
18.92%
24.32%
33.33%
27.08%
21.62%
13.51%
8.33%
12.50%
18.92%
16.22%
8.33%
2.08%
0.00%
5.41%
4.17%
0.00%
10
2.70%
2.70%
0.00%
0.00%
Tng
100%
100%
100%
100%
48
3.1.4. th
Da vo s liu trnh by trn ta c cc th v biu biu din nh sau:
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
10H
10T
20.00%
10L
15.00%
10A1
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Tn sut lu tch
10H
10T
10L
10A1
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
10.42%
2.70%
0.00%
4.17%
22.92%
10.81%
5.41%
16.67%
41.67%
37.84%
37.84%
45.84%
58.34%
56.76%
62.16%
79.17%
85.34%
78.38%
75.67%
87.5%
97.92%
97.3%
91.89%
95.83%
100%
49
97.3%
97.3%
100%
100%
10
100%
100%
100%
100%
Tng
100%
100%
100%
100%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
10H
10T
60.00%
10L
10A1
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
1
10
11
cn thp hn na l 58,34%.
Thng qua s liu thng k nh trn ta thy: T l HS t trung bnh tr xung
gn nh 50% tng s HS c kho st trong t thc tp s phm. Con s thc
nghim a ra nh trn phn nh mt phn mc nm vng kin thc ca cc em
vn cn hn ch. Do cn phi c phng php dy v hc ni dung ny hp l hn
cc em c th tip thu bi ch ng hn.
Thng qua vic ly kin ca cc GV trng THPT TP Cao Lnh ti nhn thy
hu ht cc GV lu nm u cho rng cc kin thc chng 3 (SGK ho hc 10 nng
50
cao) tru tng (nht l khi nim v lai ho). Nhng khi nim ny GV cm thy
kh truyn t cho HS, lm cho cc tit dy tr nn th ng.
3.2. Mt s gio n ging dy ni dung lin kt ha hc
Bi 17
(Tit 1)
I. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
- Hc sinh bit:
+ S to thnh cp electron chung l xu hng t cu hnh electron bn gia cc
nguyn t phi kim lin kt nhau. S phn cc ca lin kt cng ho tr.
+ Th no l lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt cho nhn.
+ Tnh cht ca hp cht cng ho tr.
- Hc sinh hiu:
+ Nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr.
+ nh ngha lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt cho nhn.
+ c im ca lin kt cng ho tr.
2. K nng:
+ Cng c k nng vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion.
+ Vit s minh ho s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr.
3. Thi : Nhn thc s a dng ca lin kt ho hc.
II. dng dy hc:
- Gio vin:
+ Gio n, k hoch ln lp.
+ My chiu, phiu hc tp, phim m t phn t Cl2 v HI.
- Hc sinh: Chun b bi trc nh.
III. Phng php dy hc: Hot ng nhm, trao i m thoi.
51
Hot ng ca hc sinh
Phn t n cht
Phn t n cht
HOT NG 1
- Yu cu HS xc nh:
+ Xu hng t cu hnh electron bn
ca cc nguyn t phi kim l g?
+ Hnh thc lin kt gia cc nguyn
t phi kim l nh th no?
HOT NG 1
- HS tr li:
+ Nhn thm electron vo lp ngoi
cng.
+ Gp chung electron to thnh cp
electron chung.
GV.
HOT NG 2
- Mi nguyn t H gp 1 electron, to
H. + .H H:H
- Cng thc H : H l c.thc electron.
Cng thc H H l c.thc cu to.
52
- Mi nguyn t O gp 2 electron, to
thnh 2 cp electron chung. Trong phn
t O2, mi nguyn t O c 8 electron.
O : + : O : O :: O :
- Cng thc electron l :O :: O:
Cng thc cu to l
O=O
- Lin kt c to bi 2 cp electron
chung gia 2 nguyn t l lin kt i.
2.3. S hnh thnh phn t N2:
- Nguyn t N c 5 electron lp ngoi
cng nn c xu hng nhn vo 3
electron c cu hnh electron bn ca
10Ne.
- Mi nguyn t N gp 3 electron, to
thnh 3 cp electron chung. Trong phn
.
t N2, mi nguyn t N c 8 electron.
N
53
Phn t hp cht
Phn t hp cht
HOT NG 3
HOT NG 3
Suy ra CTCT
3.1.2. S hnh thnh phn t H2O:
Hnh thnh cng thc electron
- Gi 1 HS nhm 4 ch r s phn cc
trong cc phn t trn.
Suy ra CTCT
3.1.3. S hnh thnh phn t CO2:
Hnh thnh cng thc electron
Suy ra CTCT
HOT NG 4
- Gi 1 HS nhm 5 tr li cu hi 1, 2
phiu 3.
- Nhn xt, chnh l.
Suy ra CTCT
- Lin kt cho nhn l lin kt cng
electron bn ca kh him.
+ Nguyn t nhn: phi c orbitan
trng.
3.2. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt
cng ho tr: (SGK./73)
54
Bi 17
(Tit 2)
HOT NG 1: GV n tp li ni dung kin thc ca tit trc:
- Lin kt cng ho tr l g?
- Lin kt cng ho tr c to thnh t nhng nguyn t ca nguyn t no?
- Lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba l g?
- Th no l lin kt cng ho tr khng cc? Lin kt cng ho tr c cc?
- Th no l lin kt cho nhn?
- Hp cht to bi lin kt cng ho tr c nhng tnh cht chung no?
Hot ng ca gio vin
Hot ng ca hc sinh
Cc phn t n cht:
HOT NG 2
HOT NG 2
- Tr li:
Cl
Cl-Cl
Cc phn t hp cht:
Cc phn t hp cht:
1 obitan s v 1 obitan p.
H
H-I
55
HOT NG 3
3.1. Cng c:
HOT NG 3
3.1. HS tr li
Cng c bi:
1. Chn cu ng nht v lin kt cng ha tr .
Lin kt cn ha tr l lin kt :
A. Gia cc phi kim vi nhau.
56
B. H2 ; HBr
C. SO2 ; HBr
D. H2 ; N2
B. Cl2
C. N2
D. B v C
57
Bi 18
(Tit 1)
I. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
- Hc sinh bit:
+ Khi nim v lai ho. Mt s kiu lai ho ph bin.
+ S xen ph trc, xen ph bn v cc lin kt ho hc to ra bi cc s xen ph
.
- Hc sinh hiu:
+ Nguyn nhn c s lai ho orbitan nguyn t.
+ Nguyn nhn s xen ph trc to lin kt bn hn xen ph bn.
2. K nng:Vn dng thuyt lai ho gii thch dng hnh hc ca 1 s phn t.
3. Thi : Nhn thc s a dng ca lin kt cng ho tr.
II. dng dy hc:
1. Gio vin: Gio n in t, k hoch ln lp, my chiu.
2. Hc sinh: Sch gio khoa, tp ghi bi.
III. Phng php dy hc ch yu: Trnh by minh ho, din ging, trao i m
thoi.
IV. Cc hot ng dy hc:
Hot ng ca gio vin
Hot ng ca hc sinh
HOT NG 1
- Trnh chiu, din gii trng thi nguyn t C - Nghe ging, nhn xt.
trong phn t CH4 HS thy rng theo l lun - Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt.
58
bnh thng, lin kt trong phn t CH4 c 2 loi - Tm hiu khi nim v nguyn
nhn lai ho cc orbitan ngt theo
Lai ho sp
HOT NG 2
HOT NG 2
- Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp2 cho HS nhn - Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp l s
xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to t hp (trn ln) gia 1 AO-s v 1
AO-px, to 2 orbitan lai ho thng
y
x
y
x
x
orbitan s
y
x
orbitan p
v 1 AO-2px, c lai ho sp
Be*
v thu nh)
+ Gc lai ho (gc ho tr 1800)
BeH2
59
Lai ho sp2
Lai ho sp2
HOT NG 3
HOT NG 3
- Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp2 cho HS nhn - Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp2 t
xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to AO-s v AO-px,y, to 3 orbitan lai
thnh, phn b ca cc orbitan sau khi lai ho.
ho phn b t tm ra 3 nh tam
ho ca nguyn t B.
x
orbitan p
y
x
orbitan s
x
orbitan p
Cl
Cl
B
Cl
1200
Cl
Cl
Cl
(b)
(a)
Lai ho sp3
HOT NG 4
- Trnh chiu m phng lai ho sp3 cho HS nhn
xt: AO tham gia lai ho, s orbitan lai ho to
thnh, phn b ca cc orbitan sau khi lai ho.
- Trnh chiu cc dng khng gian ca NH3, H2O
Lai ho sp3
HOT NG 4
- Xem v nhn xt: lai ho sp3 t
AO-s v AO-px,y,z, to 4 orbitan lai
ho phn b t tm ra 4 nh t din
u.
60
cho HS nhn xt v phn tch trng thi lai ho - Nhn xt: Nguyn t N, O t hp
AO-2s v 3 AO-2px,y,z, c lai ho
ca nguyn t N, O.
sp3
x
orbitan p
x
orbitan s
orbitan p
x
orbitan p
H
H
H
109 028'
CH4
O
H
104,50
H 2O
HOT NG 5
- Gii thch s ng nht v nng
lng ca AO khi to lin kt bn
v dng hnh hc ca phn t.
61
Bi 18
(Tit 2)
Hot ng ca gio vin
Hot ng ca hc sinh
HOT NG 6
- Trnh chiu cc hnh thc xen ph ca - Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt.
cc AOs v AOp cho HS thy th no
l xen ph trc v xen ph bn.
- Lu HS v hng ca trc orbitan v
ng ni tm.
- Yu cu HS pht biu nhn xt v xen - Pht biu:
ph trc v xen ph bn.
Xen ph trc
Xen ph bn
xen ph bn.
- Nghe ging.
- Xem trnh chiu, nhn xt.
bn.
+ Xen ph bn to lin kt pi ( ) km bn.
62
HOT NG 7
Lin kt n l lin kt .
HOT NG 8
- HS tr li cc cu hi.
+ Cc AO s v p xen ph nhau nh th
no?
+ Bn cht hnh thnh lin kt n, lin
kt i, lin kt ba?
- Yu cu HS n cc bi v lin kt v lai
ho. Tit 32 luyn tp.
Cng c bi:
1. Nhn xt no sau y l ng:
A. S lai ho obitan nguyn t c s orbitan khc nhau v c nh hng
khng gian khc nhau
63
B. BeF2
C. NH3
D. CH4.
3. Phn t H2O c gc lin kt bng 104,50 do nguyn t oxi trng thi lai ha :
A. sp
B. sp2
C. sp3
D. khng xc nh c.
B. sp2
C. sp3.
D. khng xc nh c
Hy chn p n ng
64
65
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