Toan THCS

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS
PHN I: BI
1. Chng minh 7 l s v t.
2. a) Chng minh : (ac + bd)2 + (ad bc)2 = (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
b) Chng minh bt dng thc Bunhiacpxki : (ac + bd)2 (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
3. Cho x + y = 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : S = x2 + y2.
4. a) Cho a 0, b 0. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy :
b) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng :
ab
ab .
2
bc ca ab

abc
a
b
c
c) Cho a, b > 0 v 3a + 5b = 12. Tm gi tr ln nht ca tch P = ab.

5. Cho a + b = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : M = a3 + b3.
6. Cho a3 + b3 = 2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : N = a + b.
7. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh : a3 + b3 + abc ab(a + b + c)
8. Tm lin h gia cc s a v b bit rng : a b a b
9. a) Chng minh bt ng thc (a + 1)2 4a
b) Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh : (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8
10. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2)
b) (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
11. Tm cc gi tr ca x sao cho :
a) | 2x 3 | = | 1 x |b) x2 4x 5
c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1.
2
2
12. Tm cc s a, b, c, d bit rng : a + b + c2 + d2 = a(b + c + d)
13. Cho biu thc M = a2 + ab + b2 3a 3b + 2001. Vi gi tr no ca a v b
th M t gi tr nh nht ? Tm gi tr nh nht .
14. Cho biu thc P = x2 + xy + y2 3(x + y) + 3. CMR gi tr nh nht ca P
bng 0.
15. Chng minh rng khng c gi tr no ca x, y, z tha mn ng thc sau :
x2 + 4y2 + z2 2a + 8y 6z + 15 = 0
16. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : A
1
x 4x 9
2
17. So snh cc s thc sau (khng dng my tnh) :

a) 7 15 v 7
b) 17 5 1 v 45
c)
23 2 19
v
3
27
d)
18. Hy vit mt s hu t v mt s v t ln hn
3 2 v 2 3
2 nhng nh hn
19. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 6x 7 5x 2 10x 21 5 2x x 2 .

20. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = x2y vi cc iu kin x, y > 0 v 2x
+ xy = 4.
1
1
1
1
.
....
...
1.1998
2.1997
k(1998 k 1)
1998 1
1998
.
Hy so snh S v 2.
1999
21. Cho S
Trang: 1
22. Chng minh rng : Nu s t nhin a khng phi l s chnh phng th

a l s v t.
23. Cho cc s x v y cng du. Chng minh rng :
x y
2
y x
x 2 y2 x y
b) 2 2 0
x y x
y
a)
x4
y4 x 2
y2 x
c) 4 4 2 2 2 .
x y
x y x
y
24. Chng minh rng cc s sau l s v t :
a)
1 2
b) m
3
vi m, n l cc s hu t, n 0.
n
25. C hai s v t dng no m tng l s hu t khng ?

26. Cho cc s x v y khc 0. Chng minh rng :
27. Cho cc s x, y, z dng. Chng minh rng :
x y
x 2 y2
2 4 3 .
2
y
x
y x
x 2 y2 z2 x y z

.
y2 z 2 x 2 y z x
28. Chng minh rng tng ca mt s hu t vi mt s v t l mt s v t.

29. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2)
b) (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
c) (a1 + a2 + .. + an)2 n(a12 + a22 + .. + an2).
30. Cho a3 + b3 = 2. Chng minh rng a + b 2.
31. Chng minh rng : x y x y .
32. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : A
33. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A
1
.
x 6x 17
2
x y z
vi x, y, z > 0.

y z x
34. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = x2 + y2 bit x + y = 4.

35. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) vi x, y, z 0 ; x +
y + z = 1.
36. Xt xem cc s a v b c th l s v t khng nu :
a
l s v t.
b
a
b) a + b v l s hu t (a + b 0)
b
a) ab v
c) a + b, a2 v b2 l s hu t (a + b 0)
37. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh : a3 + b3 + abc ab(a + b + c)
38. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh :
a
b
c
d
2
bc cd da ab
Trang: 2
39. Chng minh rng 2x bng 2 x hoc 2 x 1

40. Cho s nguyn dng a. Xt cc s c dng : a + 15 ; a + 30 ; a + 45 ; ; a
+ 15n. Chng minh rng trong cc s , tn ti hai s m hai ch s u tin
l 96.
41. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :
A= x 2 3
1
x 4x 5
2
1
x 2x 1
1
1 x 3
2
E x
2
2x
x
G 3x 1 5x 3 x 2 x 1
42. a) Chng minh rng : | A + B | | A | + | B | . Du = xy ra khi no ?

b) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau : M x 2 4x 4 x 2 6x 9 .
c) Gii phng trnh : 4x 2 20x 25 x 2 8x 16 x 2 18x 81
43. Gii phng trnh : 2x 2 8x 3 x 2 4x 5 12 .
44. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :
A x2 x 2
1
2x 1 x
45. Gii phng trnh :
1
1 3x
C 2 1 9x 2
x
x2
x 4
1
x 2 5x 6
H x 2 2x 3 3 1 x 2
x 2 3x
0
x 3
46. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A x x .

47. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : B 3 x x
3 1
; b) 5 13 4 3 v
2
n+1 n (n l s nguyn dng)
48. So snh : a) a 2 3 v b=
3 1
c) n 2 n 1 v
49. Vi gi tr no ca x, biu thc sau t gi tr nh nht :
A 1 1 6x 9x 2 (3x 1) 2 .
50. Tnh :
a)
42 3
b)
11 6 2
c)
d) A m 2 8m 16 m 2 8m 16
27 10 2
e) B n 2 n 1 n 2 n 1
(n > 1)
51. Rt gn biu thc : M
8 41
45 4 41 45 4 41
52. Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn ng thc :

(2x y) 2 (y 2)2 (x y z) 2 0
53. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P 25x 2 20x 4 25x 2 30x 9 .

54. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
Trang: 3
a) x 2 x 2 x 2 0
b) x 2 1 1 x 2
d) x x 4 2x 2 1 1
e)
c) x 2 x x 2 x 2 0
x 2 4x 4 x 4 0
h) x 2 2x 1 x 2 6x 9 1
g) x 2 x 3 5
i) x 5 2 x x 2 25
k) x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 1
l) 8x 1 3x 5 7x 4 2x 2
55. Cho hai s thc x v y tha mn cc iu kin : xy = 1 v x > y. CMR:

x 2 y2
2 2.
xy
56. Rt gn cc biu thc :

a) 13 30 2 9 4 2
b) m 2 m 1 m 2 m 1
c) 2 3. 2 2 3 . 2 2 2 3 . 2 2 2 3
57. Chng minh rng
2 3
6
2
.
2
2
58. Rt gn cc biu thc :

a) C
62
d) 227 30 2 123 22 2
6 3 2 62
6 3 2
b) D
96 2 6
3
.59. So snh :
a)
6 20 v 1+ 6
b)
17 12 2 v 2 1
c)
28 16 3 v 3 2
60. Cho biu thc : A x x 2 4x 4

a) Tm tp xc nh ca biu thc A.
b) Rt gn biu thc A.
61. Rt gn cc biu thc sau : a) 11 2 10
c)
b)
9 2 14
3 11 6 2 5 2 6
2 6 2 5 7 2 10
62. Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a, b, c 0. Chng minh ng thc :

1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2
2
a
b c
a b c
63. Gii bt phng trnh : x 2 16x 60 x 6 .

64. Tm x sao cho : x 2 3 3 x 2 .
65. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x2 + y2 , bit rng :
x2(x2 + 2y2 3) + (y2 2)2 = 1 (1)
66. Tm x biu thc c ngha:
a) A
1
x 2x 1
67. Cho biu thc : A
b) B
16 x 2
x 2 8x 8 .
2x 1
x x 2 2x
x x 2 2x
x x 2 2x
x x 2 2x
a) Tm gi tr ca x biu thc A c ngha.

Trang: 4
b) Rt gn biu thc A. c) Tm gi tr ca x A < 2.

68. Tm 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca s : 0,9999....9 (20 ch s 9)
69. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca : A = | x - 2 | + | y 1 | vi | x | +
|y|=5
70. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x4 + y4 + z4 bit rng xy + yz + zx = 1
71. Trong hai s : n n 2 v 2 n+1 (n l s nguyn dng), s no ln
hn ?
72. Cho biu thc A 7 4 3 7 4 3 . Tnh gi tr ca A theo hai cch.
73. Tnh : ( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5)( 2 3 5)
74. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3 5 ; 3 2 ; 2 2 3
75. Hy so snh hai s : a 3 3 3 v b=2 2 1 ;
76. So snh
2 5 v
5 1
2
4 7 4 7 2 v s 0.
2 3 6 84
.
2 3 4
77. Rt gn biu thc : Q
78. Cho P 14 40 56 140 . Hy biu din P di dng tng ca 3

cn thc bc hai
79. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc x2 + y2 bit rng : x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 1.
80. Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca : A 1 x 1 x .
81. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : M
a b
vi a, b > 0 v a + b 1.
82. CMR trong cc s

2b c 2 ad ; 2c d 2 ab ; 2d a 2 bc ; 2a b 2 cd c t nht hai s d-
ng (a, b, c, d > 0).

83. Rt gn biu thc : N 4 6 8 3 4 2 18 .
84. Cho x y z xy yz zx , trong x, y, z > 0. Chng minh x = y =
z.
85. Cho a1, a2, , an > 0 v a1a2aan = 1. Chng minh: (1 + a1)(1 + a2)(1 +
an) 2n.
86. Chng minh :
a b
2 2(a b) ab
(a, b 0).
87. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt

tam gic th cc on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt
tam gic.
(x 2) 2 8x
2
x
x
2
a 2
89. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, ta u c :
2 . Khi no c
a2 1
88. Rt gn : a) A
ab b2
a
b
b
b) B
ng thc ?
Trang: 5
90. Tnh : A 3 5 3 5 bng hai cch.

3 7 5 2
v 6,9
b)
5
2 3
2 3
92. Tnh : P
.
2 2 3
2 2 3
91. So snh : a)
13 12 v
7 6
x 2 3 2x 5 x 2 2x 5 2 2 .
1.3.5...(2n 1)
1
94. Chng minh rng ta lun c : Pn
; n Z+
2.4.6...2n
2n 1
93. Gii phng trnh :
a2
b2
.
a b
b
a
95. Chng minh rng nu a, b > 0 th

96. Rt gn biu thc :
A=
x 4(x 1) x 4(x 1)
1
.1
.
2
x 1
x 4(x 1)
a bb a
1
:
ab
ab
a b
97. Chng minh cc ng thc sau : a)
(a, b >
0 ; a b)
14 7
15 5
1
b)
2
:
1
2
1
3
7
5
a a a a
c) 1
1
1 a
a
1
a
1
(a > 0).
98. Tnh : a)
5 3 29 6 20
; b) 2 3 5 13 48 .
c) 7 48
99. So snh : a) 3 5 v 15
c)
28 16 3 . 7 48 .
b) 2 15 v 12 7
16
d)
v 5. 25
2
18 19 v 9
100. Cho hng ng thc :

a a2 b
a a2 b
(a, b > 0 v a2 b > 0).

2
2
a b
p dng kt qu rt gn :
a)
c)
2 3
2 2 3
2 3
2 2 3
32 2
; b)
17 12 2
3 2 2
17 12 2
2 10 30 2 2 6
2
:
2 10 2 2
3 1
101. Xc nh gi tr cc biu thc sau :

a) A
xy x 2 1. y2 1
xy x 2 1. y 2 1
vi x a , y b
2
a
2
b
Trang: 6
(a > 1 ; b > 1)

a bx a bx
2am
b) B
vi x
, m 1.
b 1 m 2
a bx a bx
2x x 2 1
102. Cho biu thc P(x) 2
3x 4x 1
a) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x P(x) xc nh. Rt gn P(x).

b) Chng minh rng nu x > 1 th P(x).P(- x) < 0.
103. Cho biu thc A
x24 x2 x24 x2
.
4 4
1
x2 x
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc A l mt
s nguyn.
104. Tm gi tr ln nht (nu c) hoc gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca cc biu
thc sau:
a) 9 x 2
b) x x (x 0)
e) 1 2 1 3x
c) 1 2 x
g) 2x 2 2x 5
d) x 5 4
h) 1 x 2 2x 5
i)
1
2x x 3
105. Rt gn biu thc : A x 2x 1 x 2x 1 , bng ba cch ?

5 3 5 48 10 7 4 3
106. Rt gn cc biu thc sau : a)

b)
4 10 2 5 4 10 2 5
c)
107. Chng minh cc hng ng thc vi b 0 ; a

a)
a b a b 2 a a2 b
a b
94 42 5 94 42 5 .
b
b)
a a2 b
a a2 b
2
2
108. Rt gn biu thc : A x 2 2x 4 x 2 2x 4

109. Tm x v y sao cho : x y 2 x y 2
a 2 b 2 c2 d 2
110. Chng minh bt ng thc :
a c
b d .
a2
b2
c2
abc
111. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
.
bc ca ab
2
112. Cho a, b, c > 0 ; a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :

a)
a 1 b 1 c 1 3,5
113. CM :
c 2 b 2 c 2
b)
ab bc ca 6 .
d 2 b 2 d 2 (a b)(c d)
vi a, b, c, d > 0.
114. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A x x .
115. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A
(x a)(x b)
.
x
116. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = 2x + 3y
Trang: 7
bit 2x2 + 3y2 = 5.

117. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x + 2 x .
118. Gii phng trnh : x 1 5x 1 3x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2
119. Gii phng trnh :
120. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 21x 18 2 x 2 7x 7 2

121. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 6x 7 5x 2 10x 14 4 2x x 2
122. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3 2
;
2 2 3
123. Chng minh x 2 4 x 2 .
124. Chng minh bt ng thc sau bng phng php hnh hc :
a 2 b 2 . b 2 c 2 b(a c) vi a, b, c > 0.
125. Chng minh (a b)(c d) ac bd vi a, b, c, d > 0.
126. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt
tam gic th cc on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt tam
gic.
(a b) 2 a b
a b b a vi a, b 0.
2
4
a
b
c
128. Chng minh
2 vi a, b, c > 0.
bc
ac
ab
127. Chng minh
129. Cho x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 1 . Chng minh rng x2 + y2 = 1.

130. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A
131. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A
134. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca :
a) A 2x 5 x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
1 x 1 x .
x 2 1 x 2 2x 5
x 2 4x 12 x 2 2x 3 .
b) A x 99 101 x 2
135. Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn
a b
1
x y
(a v b l hng s dng).
136. Tm GTNN ca A = (x + y)(x + z) vi x, y, z > 0 , xyz(x + y + z) = 1.
xy yz zx
vi x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1.

z
x
y
x2
y2
z2
138. Tm GTNN ca A
bit x, y, z > 0 ,
xy yz zx
137. Tm GTNN ca A
xy yz zx 1 .
139. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : a) A
b)
B
a b
a c
a d
a b
b c
Trang: 8
vi a, b > 0 , a + b 1
b d
c d
vi a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1.
140. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = 3x + 3y vi x + y = 4.
141. Tm GTNN ca A
b
c
cd ab
vi b + c a + d ; b, c > 0 ; a, d 0.

a) x 2 5x 2 3x 12 0
d) x 1 x 1 2
b) x 2 4x 8 x 1
e) x 2 x 1 x 1 1
g) x 2x 1 x 2x 1 2
h) x 2 4 x 2 x 7 6 x 2 1
l) 2x 2 8x 6 x 2 1 2x 2
m) x 2 6 x 2 x 2 1
x 1 x 3 2
x x 1 x 1
i)
k) 1 x 2 x x 1
o)
c) 4x 1 3x 4 1
n) x 1 x 10 x 2 x 5
x 1 x 2 3x 5 4 2x
p) 2x 3 x 2 2x 2 x 2 1 2 x 2 .
q) 2x 2 9x 4 3 2x 1 2x 2 21x 11
143. Rt gn biu thc : A 2 2 5 3 2
18 20 2 2 .
144. Chng minh rng, n Z+ , ta lun c :

1
1
1
....
2
2
3
n
n 1 1 .
145. Trc cn thc mu : a)
1
1 2 5
b)
1
x x 1
146. Tnh :
5 3 29 6 20
a)
b) 6 2 5 13 48
147. Cho a 3 5 . 3 5
148. Cho b
32 2
17 12 2
c)
3 2 2
17 12 2
3 1 x x 4 3 0
5 x
5 x x 3 x 3
5 x x 3
5 3 29 12 5
10 2 . Chng minh rng a l s t nhin.
. b c phi l s t nhin khng ?

a)
c)
b)
2
3 1 x 2
3 1 x 3 3
d) x x 5 5
150. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc :

M 12 5 29 25 4 21 12 5 29 25 4 21
1
1
1
1
...
.
1 2
2 3
3 4
n 1 n
1
1
1
1
152. Cho biu thc : P
...
2 3
3 4
4 5
2n 2n 1
151. Rt gn : A
a) Rt gn P.
b) P c phi l s hu t khng ?
Trang: 9

1
1
1
1
153. Tnh : A
.
...
2 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4
100 99 99 100
1
1
1
154. Chng minh : 1
...
n.
2
3
n
155. Cho a 17 1 . Hy tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = (a5 + 2a4 17a3 a2 +
18a 17)2000.
156. Chng minh :
a a 1 a 2 a 3 (a 3)
1
157. Chng minh : x 2 x 0 (x 0)
2
158. Tm gi tr ln nht ca S x 1 y 2 , bit x + y = 4.
3
1 2a
1 2a
: A
.
4
1 1 2a 1 1 2a
159. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau vi a

160. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
10 6 4 15 2
5 3 5 10 2 8 d)
a) 4 15
c) 3
b) 4 2 2 6
7 48
2
2
3 1
3 1 e) 17 4 9 4 5 5 2
161. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :

5 5 5 5
10 0
5 5 5 5
5 1
5 1
1
c)
2 0,2 1,01 0
3 4
3
1 5 3 1 3 5
2 3 1
2 3
3
3 1
d)
3 2 0
2 6
2 6 2 6 2 6
2
27 6 48
a)
22
e)
h)
b)
2 1
5
2 2
2 1 1,9
g)
3 5 7 3
162. Chng minh rng : 2 n 1 2 n
i)
17 12 2 2 3 1
2 2 3 2 2
0,8
4
1
2 n 2 n 1 . T suy ra:
n
1
1
1
...
2005
2
3
1006009
2 3 4
163. Trc cn thc mu : a)
2 3 6 84
3 2
3 2
v y=
164. Cho x
.
3 2
3 2
2004 1
b)
3
.
2 2 3 4
3
Tnh A = 5x2 + 6xy + 5y2.
165. Chng minh bt ng thc sau :
2002
2003
2002 2003 .
2003
2002
Trang: 10

x 2 3xy y 2
166. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : A
vi
xy2
x 3 5 v y 3 5 .
6x 3
3 2 x x2 .
x 1 x
168. Gii bt cc pt : a)
3 3 5x 72
b)
1
10x 14 1 c) 2 2 2 2x 4 .
4
169. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :

a) A 5 3 29 12 5
c) C
b) B 1 a a(a 1) a
x 3 2 x2 9
d) D
a 1
a
x 2 5x 6 x 9 x 2
2x 6 x 2 9
3x x 2 (x 2) 9 x 2
1
1
1
1
E
...
1 2
2 3
3 4
24 25
1
170. Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc A
.
2 3 x2
2
1
vi 0 < x < 1.
1 x x
172. Tm GTLN ca : a) A x 1 y 2 bit x + y = 4 ;
b)
y2
x 1
x
y
173. Cho a 1997 1996 ; b 1998 1997 . So snh a vi b, s no ln

hn ?
174. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca : a) A
175. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
176. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
177. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca
178. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca
1
52 6x
b) B x 2 2x 4 .
A x 1 x2 .
A = | x y | bit x2 + 4y2 = 1.
A = x3 + y3 bit x, y 0 ; x2 + y2 = 1.
A x x y y bit
x y 1.
1 x x 2 3x 2 (x 2)
x 1
3.
x2
180. Gii phng trnh : x 2 2x 9 6 4x 2x 2 .

1
1
1
1
...
2.
2 3 2 4 3
(n 1) n
1
1
1
1
182. Cho A
. Hy so snh A v
...
1.1999
2.1998
3.1997
1999.1
181. CMR, n Z+ , ta c :
1,999.
183. Cho 3 s x, y v
u l s hu t
x y l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s
Trang: 11
x; y

3 2
2 6 ; b 3 2 2 6 4 2 . CMR : a, b l cc s
184. Cho a
3 2
hu t.
2 a
a 2 a a a a 1
.
.
a
a 2 a 1 a 1
185. Rt gn biu thc : P
(a > 0 ; a 1)
a 1
a 1
1
4 a a
a 1
a
a 1
186. Chng minh :
x 2
4a .
(a > 0 ; a 1)
8x
(0 < x < 2)
2
x
x
b ab
a
b
ab
188. Rt gn : a
a b ab b
ab a
ab
5a 2
2
2
189. Gii bt phng trnh : 2 x x a 2 2 (a 0)
x a
1 a a
1 a a
190. Cho A 1 a 2 :
a
a 1
1 a
1 a

187. Rt gn :
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tnh gi tr ca A vi a = 9.
c) Vi gi tr no ca a th | A | = A.
191. Cho biu thc : B
a b 1
a b
b
b
.
a ab
2 ab a ab a ab
a) Rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tnh gi tr ca B nu a 6 2 5 .
c) So snh B vi -1.
ab
192. Cho A
: 1
a ab
ab
a ab
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm b bit | A | = -A.
c) Tnh gi tr ca A khi a 5 4 2 ; b 2 6 2 .
a 1
a 1
1
4 a a
a 1
a
a 1
193. Cho biu thc A

a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm gi tr ca A nu a
2 6
c) Tm gi tr ca a A A .
a
1 a a a a
194. Cho biu thc A
.
a 1
2 2 a a 1
Trang: 12
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm gi tr ca A A = - 4
1 a
1 a 1 a
1 a
1 a 1 a
1 a
1 a
2 3
2 3
196. Thc hin php tnh : B

2 2 3
2 2 3
195. Thc hin php tnh : A
x y 1 1
1
a) A
: .
xy xy x y x y 2 xy
1
1
.

3
x
y
x y
vi x 2 3 ; y 2 3 .
b) B
c) C
x x 2 y2 x x 2 y2
2(x y)
2a 1 x 2
1 x2 x
d) D (a b)
e) E
1 1 a
a
2 a
1 a
vi x
1 b 2 1
c2 1
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
x
0<a<1
vi a, b, c > 0 v ab + bc + ca = 1
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
198. Chng minh :
vi x > y > 0
. 2x 1
x2 4
x2 4
2x 4
x
x
vi x 2.
1 2
1 2
,b
. Tnh a7 + b7.
2
2
200. Cho a 2 1
a) Vit a2 ; a3 di dng m m 1 , trong m l s t nhin.
199. Cho a
b) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, s an vit c di dng trn.

201. Cho bit x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0
vi cc h s hu t. Tm cc nghim cn li.
1
1
1
...
2 n 2 vi n N ; n 2.
2
3
n
202. Chng minh 2 n 3

203. Tm phn nguyn ca s
6 6 ... 6 6
(c 100 du cn).
204. Cho a 2 3. Tnh a) a 2

b) a 3 .
205. Cho 3 s x, y, x y l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s
u l s hu t
206. CMR, n 1 , n N :
1
1
1
1
...
2
2 3 2 4 3
(n 1) n
Trang: 13
x, y
207. Cho 25 s t nhin a1 , a2 , a3 , a25 tha k :

1
1
1
1
...
9 . Chng minh rng trong 25 s t nhin tn
a1
a2
a3
a 25
ti 2 s bng nhau.
208. Gii phng trnh
2 x
2 2 x
209. Gii v bin lun vi tham s a
2 x
2.
2 2 x
1 x 1 x
a.
1 x 1 x
x 1 y 2y
210. Gii h phng trnh y 1 z 2z
z 1 x 2x
211. Chng minh rng :
a) S 8 3 7
b) S 7 4 3
c 7 ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
10
c mi ch s 9 lin sau du phy.

*
n nht (n N ), v d :
1 1 a1 1 ;
2 1, 4 a 2 1 ;
3 1,7 a 3 2 ;
1 1 1
1
Tnh :
...
.
a1 a 2 a 3
a1980
212. K hiu an l s nguyn gn
4 2 a4 2
213. Tm phn nguyn ca cc s (c n du cn) :

a) a n 2 2 ... 2 2
b) a n 4 4 ... 4 4
c) a n 1996 1996 ... 1996 1996
214. Tm phn nguyn ca A vi n N : A 4n 2 16n 2 8n 3
215. Chng minh rng khi vit s x =
3 2
200
di dng thp phn, ta c
ch s lin trc du phy l 1, ch s lin sau du phy l 9.

216. Tm ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca
3 2
250
217. Tnh tng A 1 2 3 ... 24

218. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x2(3 x) vi x 0.
219. Gii phng trnh : a) 3 x 1 3 7 x 2
b)
3
x 2 x 1 3.
220. C tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b khng nu : a) a b 2
a b 42.
221. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : a) 3 5
b) 3 2 3 4
Trang: 14
b)

abc 3
222. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m :
abc .
3
a
b
c
d
223. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Bit
1 . Chng minh rng :

1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
1
abcd .
81
x 2 y2 z2 x y z
224. Chng minh bt ng thc : 2 2 2 vi x, y, z > 0
y
z
x
y z x
225. Cho a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ; b 2 3 3 . Chng minh rng : a < b.

n
1
226. a) Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta c : 1 3 .
n
n
b) Chng minh rng trong cc s c dng n (n l s t nhin), s
3 c
gi tr ln nht
227. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 .
228. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x2(2 x) bit x 4.
229. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A x 2 9 x 2 .
230. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x(x2 6) bit 0 x 3.
231. Mt ming ba hnh vung c cnh 3 dm. mi gc ca hnh vung ln,
ngi ta ct i mt hnh vung nh ri gp ba c mt ci hp hnh hp
ch nht khng np. Tnh cnh hnh vung nh th tch ca hp l ln
nht.
a) 1 3 x 16 3 x 3
c)
e)
x 1 x 1 5x
3
x 3 3x x 2 1 x 2 4
2 x x 1 1
d) 2 2x 1 x 3 1
3
b)
h)
(x 1) 3 (x 1)2 3 x 2 1 1
k)
1 x2 4 1 x 4 1 x 3
7x 3 x 5
6x
3
7 x 3 x 5
3
2 3
g)
i)
l)
x 1 3 x 2 3 x 3 0
a x 4 b x 4 a b 2x (a, b l
tham s)
233. Rt gn A
a 4 3 a 2b2 3 b4
3
a 2 3 ab 3 b 2
234. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1

235. Xc nh cc s nguyn a, b sao cho mt trong cc nghim ca phng
trnh : 3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0 l 1 3 .
236. Chng minh 3 3 l s v t.
237. Lm php tnh : a) 3 1 2 . 6 3 2 2
238. Tnh : a 3 20 14 2 3 20 14 2 .
239. Chng minh : 3 7 5 2 3 7 2 5 2 .
Trang: 15
b)
9 4 5. 3 2 5 .
240. Tnh : A
7 48 4 28 16 3 . 4 7 48 .
241. Hy lp phng trnh f(x) = 0 vi h s nguyn c mt nghim l :

x 33 39.
242. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : M = x3 + 3x 14 vi
1
x 3 75 2
75 2
243. Gii cc phng trnh : a)

b)
x 2 3 25 x 3 .
x 9 (x 3)2 6
x 2 32 2 4 x 2 32 3
c)
244. Tm GTNN ca biu thc : A x 3 2 1 x 3 1 x 3 2 1 x 3 1 .

245. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d. Chng minh : a + b + c + d
246. Rt gn : P
8x
2 3 x
x2
:2
2 3 x
3
23 x
x 3
3
x
2
4 4 abcd .
3
x2 4
; x>0
x 2 2 x
,x 8
247. CMR : x 3 5 17 3 5 17 l nghim ca phng trnh x3 - 6x + 10
= 0.
1
248. Cho x
4 15
3 4 15 . Tnh gi tr biu thc y = x - 3x + 1987.
a 2 5.
249. Chng minh ng thc :

3
2 5.
94 5
3 a 1.
9 4 5 3 a2 3 a
250. Chng minh bt ng thc : 3 9 4 5 3 2 5 . 3 5 2 2,1 0 .

1 23 1
a a b b
4b
b
.
a) A 3 2
3
3 2
3
1
3
a ab b
b 2 1 2.
3
a 3 a 2a 3 b 3 a 2 b 2 3 a 2 b 3 ab 2 1
c) C
3
. 2 .
3
3 2
3
3a
a
b
a
ab
b)
b8
24
b8
252. Cho M x 2 4a 9 x 2 4x 8 . Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M bit

rng:
x 2 4x 9 x 2 4x 8 2 .
253. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : P x 2 2ax a 2 x 2 2bx b 2 (a < b)
254. Chng minh rng, nu a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic th :
abc (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)
255. Tm gi tr ca biu thc | x y | bit x + y = 2 v xy = -1
256. Bit a b = 2 + 1 , b c = 2 - 1, tm gi tr ca biu thc :
Trang: 16
A = a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca.
257. Tm x, y, z bit rng : x y z 4 2 x 2 4 y 3 6 z 5 .
258. Cho y x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 . CMR, nu 1 x 2 th gi tr ca y l

mt hng s.
259. Phn tch thnh nhn t : M 7 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 1 (x 1).
260. Trong tt c cc hnh ch nht c ng cho bng 8 2 , hy tm hnh
ch nht c din tch ln nht.
261. Cho tam gic vung ABC c cc cnh gc vung l a, b v cnh huyn
l c. Chng minh rng ta lun c : c
ab
.
2
262. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, a, b, c. Chng minh rng :

Nu
aa' bb ' cc' (a b c)(a ' b ' c') th
a b c
.

a' b ' c '
263. Gii phng trnh : | x2 1 | + | x2 4 | = 3.

264. Chng minh rng gi tr ca biu thc C khng ph thuc vo x, y :
C
xy
x y
xy 2 x y
xy
x y
1
x y
4xy
vi x > 0 ; y > 0.
265. Chng minh gi tr biu thc D khng ph thuc vo a:

2 a
a 2 a a a a 1
D
vi a > 0 ; a 1
a
a 2 a 1 a 1
c ac
1
266. Cho biu thc B a
.
a
c
a
c
a
ac c
ac a
ac
a) Rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc B khi c = 54 ; a = 24
c) Vi gi tr no ca a v c B > 0 ; B < 0.
267. Cho biu thc : A= m+
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
2mn
2mn
1
m
1 2
2
2
1+n
1 n
n
vi m 0 ; n 1
b) Tm gi tr ca A vi
m 56 24 5 .
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca A.
268. Rt gn
1
1 x
1 x
1 x
x
D
2
x 1 x 1 x2
1 x 2 1 x x
1 x 1 x
1
2 x
2 x
269. Cho P
: 1
vi x 0 ; x 1.
x 1 x x x x 1 x 1
a) Rt gn biu thc P.
b) Tm x sao cho P < 0.
Trang: 17

x2 x
2x x
1
270. Xt biu thc y
.
x x 1
x
a) Rt gn y. Tm x y = 2.
b) Gi s x > 1. Chng minh rng : y |y|=0
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca y ?
PHN II: HNG DN GII
m2
m
1. Gi s 7 l s hu t 7
(ti gin). Suy ra 7 2 hay 7n 2 m 2
n
n
2
(1). ng thc ny chng t m 7 m 7 l s nguyn t nn m 7. t m =
7k (k Z), ta c m2 = 49k2 (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra 7n2 = 49k2 nn n2 = 7k2

(3). T (3) ta li c n2 7 v v 7 l s nguyn t nn n 7. m v n cng chia
ht cho 7 nn phn s
m
khng ti gin, tri gi thit. Vy
n
7 khng phi l
s hu t; do 7 l s v t.
2. Khai trin v tri v t nhn t chung, ta c v phi. T a) b) v (ad
bc)2 0.
3. Cch 1 : T x + y = 2 ta c y = 2 - x. Do : S = x2 + (2 - x)2 = 2(x - 1)2 +
2 2.
Vy min S = 2 x = y = 1.
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi a = x, c = 1, b = y, d = 1,
Ta c :(x + y)2 (x2 + y2)(1 + 1) 4.2(x2 + y2) = 2S S.2 mim S = 2
khi x = y = 1
4. b) p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc cp s dng
bc
ca bc
ab ca
ab
, ta ln lt c:
v
;
v
;
v
a
b a
c b
c
bc ca
bc ca
bc ab
bc ab
ca ab
ca ab
2
. 2c;
2
. 2b ; 2
. 2a cng
a
b
a b
a
c
a c
b
c
b c
tng v ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c.

c) Vi cc s dng 3a v 5b , theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c :
3a 5b
2
2
3a.5b (3a + 5b) 4.15P (v P = a.b) 12 60P
2
12
12
P
max P = .
5
5
Du bng xy ra khi 3a = 5b = 12 : 2 a = 2 ; b = 6/5.

5. Ta c b = 1 - a, do M = a3 + (1 - a)3 = -(3a2 + 3a) . Du = xy ra khi a
= .
Vy min M = a = b = .
6. t a = 1 + x b3 = 2 - a3 = 2 - (1 + x)3 = 1 - 3x - 3x2 -x3 = -(1 + 3x + 3x2
+x3 = -(1 + x)3.
Suy ra : b 1 x. Ta li c a = 1 + x, nn : a + b 1 + x + 1 x = 2.
Vi a = 1, b = 1 th a3 + b3 = 2 v a + b = 2. Vy max N = 2 khi a = b = 1.
7. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)2(a + b).
Trang: 18
8. V | a + b | 0 , | a b | 0 , nn : | a + b | > | a b | a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 2ab

+ b2 4ab > 0 ab > 0. Vy a v b l hai s cng du.
9. a) Xt hiu : (a + 1)2 4a = a2 + 2a + 1 4a = a2 2a + 1 = (a 1)2 0.
b) Ta c : (a + 1)2 4a ; (b + 1)2 4b ; (c + 1)2 4c v cc bt ng thc ny c
hai v u dng, nn : [(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)]2 64abc = 64.1 = 82. Vy (a +
1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8.
10. a) Ta c : (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2). Do (a b)2 0, nn (a + b) 2
2(a2 + b2).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)2 + (a b)2 + (a c)2 + (b c)2. Khai trin v rt gn, ta c :
3(a2 + b2 + c2). Vy : (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2).
2x 3 1 x
11. a) 2x 3 1 x
2x 3 x 1
3x 4
x 2
x 3
x 2
b) x2 4x 5 (x 2)2 33 | x 2 | 3 -3 x 2 3 -1 x 5.
c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1 (2x 1)2 0. Nhng (2x 1)2 0, nn ch c th : 2x 1
=0
Vy : x = .
12. Vit ng thc cho di dng : a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ab ac ad = 0 (1).
Nhn hai v ca (1) vi 4 ri a v dng : a2 + (a 2b)2 + (a 2c)2 + (a 2d)2 = 0
(2). Do ta c :
a = a 2b = a 2c = a 2d = 0 . Suy ra : a = b = c = d = 0.
13. 2M = (a + b 2)2 + (a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + 2.1998 2.1998 M 1998.
a b 2 0
Du = xy ra khi c ng thi : a 1 0
Vy min M =1998a = b= 1.
b 1 0
14. Gii tng t bi 13.

15. a ng thc cho v dng : (x 1)2 + 4(y 1)2 + (x 3)2 + 1 = 0.
16. A
1
1
1
1
. max A= x 2 .
2
x 4x 9 x 2 5 5
5
2
17. a) 7 15 9 16 3 4 7 . Vy 7 15 < 7
b) 17 5 1 16 4 1 4 2 1 7 49 45 .
c)
23 2 19 23 2 16 23 2.4
5 25 27 .
3
3
3
d) Gi s
3 2 2 3
3 2
2 3
Bt ng thc cui cng ng, nn :

18. Cc s c th l 1,42 v
3 2 2 3 18 12 18 12 .
3 2 2 3.
2 3
2
19.Vit li phng trnh di dng :

3(x 1)2 4 5(x 1)2 16 6 (x 1)2 .
Trang: 19
V tri ca phng trnh khng nh hn 6, cn v phi khng ln hn 6. Vy

ng thc ch xy ra khi c hai v u bng 6, suy ra x = -1.
20. Bt ng thc Cauchy
ab
ab
vit li di dng ab
ab
2
2
(*)
(a, b 0).
p dng bt dng thc Cauchy di dng (*) vi hai s dng 2x v xy
Ta c :
2
2x xy
2x.xy
4
2
Du = xy ra khi : 2x = xy = 4 : 2 tc l khi x = 1, y = 2. max A = 2

x = 2, y = 2.
21. Bt ng thc Cauchy vit li di dng :
p dng ta c S > 2.
1
2
.
ab a b
1998
.
1999
22. Chng minh nh bi 1.

x y
x y
x 2 y 2 2xy (x y) 2
2
2
0 . Vy
y x
xy
xy
y x
x 2 y2 x y x 2 y2 x y x y
b) Ta c : A 2 2 2 2 2 .
x y x y
x y x y x
y
23. a)
x 2 y2
x y
x
y
Theo cu a : A 2 2 2 2 1 1 0
x
y x
y x
y
x 4 y4 x 2 y2
x y
c) T cu b suy ra : 4 4 2 2 0 . V 2 (cu a).
y x
x y
x
y
x 4 y4 x 2 y2 x y
4 2 2 2.
4
x y
x y x
y
d) Do :
24. a) Gi s 1 2 = m (m : s hu t)
t (v l)
b) Gi s m +
3
= a (a : s hu t)
n
2 =m 1
3
=a m
n
2 l s hu
3 = n(a m)
3 l s hu t, v l.
2 (5 2) 5
x y
x 2 y2
x 2 y2
26. t a 2 2 2 a 2 . D dng chng minh 2 2 2 nn
y x
y
x
y
x
25. C, chng hn
a2 4, do
| a | 2 (1). Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi : a2 2 + 4 3a
a2 3a + 2 0 (a 1)(a 2) 0 (2)
T (1) suy ra a 2 hoc a -2. Nu a 2 th (2) ng. Nu a -2 th (2)
cng ng. Bi ton c chng minh.
27. Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
Trang: 20

x 4 z 2 y 4 x 2 z 4 x 2 x 2 z y 2 x z 2 y xyz
0.
x 2 y2 z2
Cn chng minh t khng m, tc l : x3z2(x y) + y3x2(y z) + z3y2(z x) 0.

(1)
Biu thc khng i khi hon v vng x y z x nn c th gi s x l
s ln nht. Xt hai trng hp :
a) x y z > 0. Tch z x (1) thnh (x y + y z), (1) tng ng vi :
x3z2(x y) + y3x2(y z) z3y2(x y) z3y2(y z) 0
z2(x y)(x3 y2z) + y2(y z)(yx2 z3) 0
3
D thy x y 0 , x y2z 0 , y z 0 , yx2 z3 0 nn bt ng thc trn ng.
b) x z y > 0. Tch x y (1) thnh x z + z y , (1) tng ng vi :
x3z2(x z) + x3z2(z y) y3x2(z y) z3y2(x z) 0
z2(x z)(x3 zy2) + x2(xz2 y3)(z y) 0
D thy bt ng thc trn dng.
Cch khc : Bin i bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
2
x y z x y z
1 1 1 3 .
y z x y z x
28. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s tng ca s hu t a vi s v t b

l s hu t c. Ta c : b = c a. Ta thy, hiu ca hai s hu t c v a l s hu
t, nn b l s hu t, tri vi gi thit. Vy c phi l s v t.
29. a) Ta c : (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)2 + (a b)2 + (a c)2 + (b c)2. Khai trin v rt gn ta c :
3(a2 + b2 + c2). Vy : (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
c) Tng t nh cu b
30. Gi s a + b > 2 (a + b)3 > 8 a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) > 8 2 +
3ab(a + b) > 8
ab(a + b) > 2 ab(a + b) > a3 + b3. Chia hai v cho s dng a + b : ab
> a2 ab + b2
(a b)2 < 0, v l. Vy a + b 2.
31. Cch 1: Ta c : x x ; y y nn x + y x + y. Suy ra x + y l
s nguyn khng vt qu x + y (1). Theo nh ngha phn nguyn, x y l

s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x + y (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra : x + y
x y .
Cch 2 : Theo nh ngha phn nguyn : 0 x - x < 1 ; 0 y - y < 1.

Suy ra : 0 (x + y) ( x + y ) < 2. Xt hai trng hp :
- Nu 0 (x + y) ( x + y ) < 1 th x y = x + y (1)
- Nu 1 (x + y) ( x + y ) < 2 th 0 (x + y) ( x + y + 1) < 1 nn
x y = x + y + 1 (2). Trong c hai trng hp ta u c : x +
y + x y
Trang: 21
32. Ta c x2 6x + 17 = (x 3)2 + 8 8 nn t v mu ca A l cc s dng ,

suy ra A > 0 do : A ln nht
Vy max A =
1
nh nht x2 6x + 17 nh nht.
A
1
x = 3.
8
33. Khng c dng php hon v vng quanh x y z x v gi s x

y z.
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng x, y, z :
A
x y z
x y z
33 . . 3
y z x
y z x
Do min 3 x y z
y z x
y z x
x y z x y y z y
x y
. Ta c 2 (do x,
y z x y x z x x
y x
x y z
y z y
y > 0) nn chng minh 3 ta cn chng minh: 1 (1)
y z x
z x x
Cch 2 : Ta c :
(1) xy + z2 yz xz (nhn hai v vi s dng xz)

xy + z2 yz xz 0 y(x z) z(x z) 0 (x z)(y z) 0 (2)
(2) ng vi gi thit rng z l s nh nht trong 3 s x, y, z, do (1) ng.
T tm c gi tr nh nht ca
x y z
.
y z x
34. Ta c x + y = 4 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 16. Ta li c (x y)2 0 x2 2xy + y2

0. T suy ra 2(x2 + y2) 16 x2 + y2 8. min A = 8 khi ch khi x = y = 2.
35. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
1 = x + y + z 3. 3 xyz
(1)
2 = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) 3. 3 (x y)(y z)(z x) (2)
Nhn tng v ca (1) vi (2) (do hai v u khng m) : 2 9. 3 A
2
A = max A = khi v ch khi x = y = z = .

3
9
9
36. a) C th. b, c) Khng th.
37. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)2(a + b).
1
4
vi x, y > 0 :
xy (x y) 2
a
c
a 2 ad bc c 2 4(a 2 ad bc c 2 )
bc da
(b c)(a d)
(a b c d) 2
b
d
4(b 2 ab cd d 2 )
Tng t
cd ab
(a b c d) 2
38. p dng bt ng thc
(1)
(2)
Cng (1) vi (2)

a
b
c
d
4(a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ad bc ab cd)
= 4B
bc cd da ab
(a b c d) 2
Trang: 22

1
Cn chng minh B
, bt ng thc ny tng ng vi :
2
2B 1 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + ad + bc + ab + cd) (a + b + c + d)2

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 2ac 2bd 0 (a c)2 + (b d)2 0 : ng.
39. - Nu 0 x - x < th 0 2x - 2 x < 1 nn 2x = 2 x .
- Nu x - x < 1 th 1 2x - 2 x < 2 0 2x (2 x + 1) < 1 2x =

2 x + 1
40. Ta s chng minh tn ti cc s t nhin m, p sao cho :
96000...00
a + 15p < 97000...00
m chso0
Tc l 96
< 10k
a
15p
m < 97
m
10
10
m chso0
(1). Gi a + 15 l s c k ch s : 10k
a + 15
1
a
15
a 15p
k k 1 (2). t x n k k . Theo (2)
10 10 10
10 10
15
Ta c x1 < 1 v k < 1.
10
Cho n nhn ln lt cc gi tr 2, 3, 4, , cc gi tr ca xn tng dn, mi ln

tng khng qu 1 n v, khi x n s tri qua cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, n mt
a
15p
lc no ta c x p = 96. Khi 96 xp < 97 tc l 96
< 97. Bt
10k 10k
ng thc (1) c chng minh.
42. a) Do hai v ca bt ng thc khng m nn ta c :
| A + B | = | A | + | B | | A + B |2 = ( | A | + | B | )2
A2 + B2 + 2AB = A2 + B2 + 2| AB | AB = | AB | (bt ng thc

ng). Du = xy ra khi AB = 0.
b) Ta c : M = | x + 2 | + | x 3 | = | x + 2 | + | 3 x | | x + 2 + 3 x | = 5.
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi (x + 2)(3 x) 0 -2 x 3 (lp bng xt du)
Vy min M = 5 -2 x 3.
c) Phng trnh cho | 2x + 5 | + | x 4 | = | x + 9 | = | 2x + 5 + 4 x |
(2x + 5)(4 x) 0 -5/2 x 4
x 1
43. iu kin tn ti ca phng trnh : x2 4x 5 0

x 5
t n ph x 2 4x 5 y 0 , ta c : 2y2 3y 2 = 0 (y 2)(2y + 1) = 0.
45. V nghim
46. iu kin tn ti ca x l x 0. Do : A = x + x 0 min A = 0
x = 0.
47. iu kin : x 3. t 3 x = y 0, ta c : y2 = 3 x x = 3 y2.
B = 3 y2 + y = - (y )2 +
13
4
13
13
11
. max B =
y= x=
.
4
4
4
48. a) Xt a2 v b2. T suy ra a = b.
Trang: 23
b) 5 13 4 3 5 (2 3 1) 4 2 3 3 1 . Vy hai s ny bng
nhau.
c) Ta c :
n 2 n 1
n 2 n 1 1 v
n+1 n
n 1 n 1.
M n 2 n 1 n 1 n nn n+2 n 1 n 1 n .
49. A = 1 - | 1 3x | + | 3x 1 |2 = ( | 3x 1| - )2 +
.
T suy ra : min A = x = hoc x = 1/6
51. M = 4
52. x = 1 ; y = 2 ; z = -3.
53. P = | 5x 2 | + | 3 5x |
| 5x 2 + 3 5x | = 1. min P = 1
2
3
x .
5
5
54. Cn nh cch gii mt s phng trnh dng sau :

A 0 (B 0)
a) A B
A B
B 0
d) A B A B
A B
b)
B 0
A B
2
A B
A 0
c) A B 0
B 0
A 0
.
e) A B 0
B 0
a) a phng trnh v dng : A B .

b) a phng trnh v dng : A B .
c) Phng trnh c dng : A B 0 .
d) a phng trnh v dng : A B .
e) a phng trnh v dng : | A | + | B | = 0
g, h, i) Phng trnh v nghim.
k) t x 1 = y 0, a phng trnh v dng : | y 2 | + | y 3 | = 1 . Xt du
v tri.
l) t : 8x 1 u 0 ; 3x 5 v 0 ; 7x 4 z 0 ; 2x 2 t 0 .
u v z t
Ta c h :
2
2
2
2
u v z t
. T suy ra : u = z tc l :
8x 1 7x 4 x 3 .
55. Cch 1 : Xt
x 2 y 2 2 2(x y) x 2 y 2 2 2(x y) 2 2xy (x y 2) 2 0 .
x 2 y2
x 2 y2
2 2
8
Cch 2 : Bin i tng ng
2
xy
x y
2
(x2 + y2)2 -8(x- y)2 0 (x2 + y2)2 - 8(x2 + y2 ) 0

(x2 + y2)2 - 8(x2 + y2) + 16 0 (x2 + y2+ 4)2 0.
Cch 3 : S dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
x 2 y 2 x 2 y2 2xy 2xy (x y) 2 2.1
2
1
(x y)
2 (x y).
xy
xy
xy
xy
xy
(x > y).
Trang: 24

6 2
6 2
Du ng thc xy ra khi x
;y
hoc
2
2
6 2
6 2
x
;y
2
2
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2(c b a
62. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
abc
a b c a b c
ab bc ca a b c
1 1 1
= 2 2 2 . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
a b c
x 6
x 2 16x 60 0
(x 6)(x 10) 0
63. iu kin :
x 10 x 10 .
x
6
x
x 6
Bnh phng hai v : x2 16x + 60 < x2 12x + 36 x > 6.

Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho : x 10.
64. iu kin x2 3. Chuyn v : x 2 3 x2 3 (1)
t tha chung :
x 2 3 .(1 -
x2 3 )
x 2 3 0
0
1 x 2 3 0
x 3
x 2
x 2
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh : x = 3 ; x 2 ; x -2.

65. Ta c x2(x2 + 2y2 3) + (y2 2)2 = 1 (x2 + y2)2 4(x2 + y2) + 3 = - x2 0.
Do : A2 4A + 3 0 (A 1)(A 3) 0 1 A 3.
min A = 1 x = 0, khi y = 1. max A = 3 x = 0, khi y = 3 .
66. a) x 1.
b) B c ngha
4 x 4
x 4 2 2
1
x 42 2 .
2
x 4 2 2
x 1
2
2
x 2x 0
x(x 2) 0
x 2
67. a) A c ngha
2
2
2
x 0
x x 2x
x x 2x
4 x 4
16 x 2 0
(x 4)2 8
2x 1 0
2
1
x 8x 8 0
x
b) A = 2 x 2 2x vi iu kin trn.
c) A < 2 x 2 2x < 1 x2 2x < 1 (x 1)2 < 2 - 2 < x 1 <
2 kq
68. t 0,999...99
= a. Ta s chng minh 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca

20chso9
a l cc ch s 9. Mun vy ch cn chng minh a <

2
a < 1. Tht vy ta
c : 0 < a < 1 a(a 1) < 0 a a < 0 a < a. T a2 < a < 1 suy ra a <
a < 1.
Trang: 25

Vy 0,999...99
0,999...99
.
20chso9
20chso9
69. a) Tm gi tr ln nht. p dng | a + b | | a | + | b |.

A | x | + 2 + | y | + 1 = 6 + 2 max A = 6 + 2 (khi chng hn x = 2, y = - 3)
b) Tm gi tr nh nht. p dng | a b | | a | - | b .
A | x | - 2 | y | - 1 = 4 - 2 min A = 4 - 2 (khi chng hn x = 2, y =
3)
70. Ta c : x4 + y4 2x2y2 ; y4 + z4 2y2z2 ; z4 + x4 2z2x2. Suy ra :
x4 + y4 + z4 x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2 (1)
Mt khc, d dng chng minh c : Nu a + b + c = 1 th a2 + b2 + c2
1
.
3
1
(2).
3
3
1
x=y=z=
T (1) , (2) : min A =
3
3
71. Lm nh bi 8c ( 2). Thay v so snh n n 2 v 2 n+1 ta so snh
Do t gi thit suy ra : x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2
n 2 n 1 v n 1 n . Ta c :
n 2 n 1 n 1 n n n 2 2 n 1 .
72. Cch 1 : Vit cc biu thc di du cn thnh bnh phng ca mt tng

hoc mt hiu.
Cch 2 : Tnh A2 ri suy ra A.
73. p dng : (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2.
74. Ta chng minh bng phn chng.
a) Gi s tn ti s hu t r m 3 5 = r 3 + 2 15 + 5 = r2
r2 8
15
. V tri l s v t, v phi l s hu t, v l. Vy
2
3 5 l s
v t.
b), c) Gii tng t.
75. a) Gi s a > b ri bin i tng ng :
3 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 2 2 2 27 8 4 8 2 15 8 2 225 128 . Vy a > b

l ng.
b) Bnh phng hai v ln ri so snh.
76. Cch 1 : t A = 4 7 4 7 , r rng A > 0 v A2 = 2 A =
Cch 2 : t B = 4 7 4 7 2 2.B 8 2 7 8 2 7 2 0
B =0.
Trang: 26
77
2 3 2.3 2.4 2 4
2 3 4
.
78. Vit
2 3 4 2
2 3 4
2 3 4
40 2 2.5 ; 56 2 2.7 ; 140 2 5.7 . Vy P =
2 5 7.
79. T gi thit ta c : x 1 y2 1 y 1 x 2 . Bnh phng hai v ca ng

thc ny ta c : y 1 x 2 . T : x2 + y2 = 1.
80. Xt A2 suy ra : 2 A2 4. Vy : min A = 2 x = 1 ; max A = 2
x = 0.
81. Ta c : M
a b
a b
a b
2a 2b 2 .
a b
1
max M 2
ab .
2
a b 1
82. Xt tng ca hai s :
2a b 2 cd 2c d 2 ab a b 2 ab c d 2 cd a c =
= a c a b c d a c 0 .
2
83. N 4 6 8 3 4 2 18 12 8 3 4 4 6 4 2 2 =
=
32 2 2 2 32 2
3 2 2
2 3 2 2.
84. T x y z xy yz zx
x y
y z
z x
0.
Vy x = y = z.
85. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 1 v ai ( i = 1, 2, 3, n ).
86. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi hai s a + b 0 v 2 ab 0, ta c :
a b 2 ab 2 2(a b) ab hay
a b
2 2(a b) ab .
Du = xy ra khi a = b.
87. Gi s a b c > 0. Ta c b + c > a nn b + c + 2 bc > a hay
b c
a
2
Do : b c a . Vy ba on thng a , b , c lp c thnh mt
tam gic.
88. a) iu kin : ab 0 ; b 0. Xt hai trng hp :
* Trng hp 1 : a 0 ; b > 0 : A
* Trng hp 2 : a 0 ; b < 0 : A
b.( a b)
a
a b
a
1.
b
b
b. b
b
ab b 2
b
Trang: 27
a
a
a
a
1
1 2
.
b
b
b
b
(x 2) 2 8x 0
x 0
b) iu kin : x 0
. Vi cc iu kin th :
x
2
x
0
(x 2) 2 8x
(x 2) 2 . x x 2 . x
.
B
2
x2
x2
x
x
Nu 0 < x < 2 th | x 2 | = -(x 2) v B = Nu x > 2 th | x 2 | = x 2 v B = x

a 2
2
89. Ta c :
a2 1
x.
a2 1 1
a2 1
a2 1
1
a2 1
. p dng bt ng thc
Cauchy:
a2 1
1
a2 1
a 2 1.
1
a2 1
2 . Vy
a2 2
a2 1
2 . ng thc xy ra
khi :
a2 1
93. Nhn 2 v ca pt vi
1
a2 1
a 0.
2 , ta c : 2x 5 3
2x 5 1 4 x 5/2
94. Ta chng minh bng qui np ton hc :

1
1
(*) ng.
2
3
1
1.3.5...(2k 1)
1
b) Gi s : Pk
2.4.6...2k
2k 1
2k 1
a) Vi n = 1 ta c : P1
(1)
c) Ta chng minh rng (*) ng khi n = k + 1 , tc l :

1
1.3.5...(2k 1)
1
(2)
2.4.6...(2k 2)
2k 3
2k 3
2k 1
2k 1
(3)
Vi mi s nguyn dng k ta c :
2k 2
2k 3
Pk 1
Nhn theo tng v cc bt ng thc (1) v (3) ta c bt ng thc (2). Vy

n Z+
Ta c Pn
1.3.5...(2n 1)
2.4.6...2n
1
2n 1
a2
b2
a 3 b3
95. Bin i tng ng : a b
a b
b
a
ab
2
( a b)(a ab b)
a b
ab a ab b a b 0
ab
(ng).
Trang: 28

x 4(x 1) 0
1 x 2
x 4(x 1) 0
96. iu kin :
x 2
x 2 4(x 1) 0
x 1 0
Xt trn hai khong 1 < x < 2 v x > 2. Kt qu : A
2
2
v A=
1 x
x-1
105. Cch 1 : Tnh A 2 . Cch 2 : Tnh A2

Cch 3 : t 2x 1 = y 0, ta c : 2x 1 = y2.
y 2 1 2y
y 2 1 2y y 1 y 1
2x 2 2x 1
2x 2 2x 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Vi y 1 (tc l x 1), A
(y 1 y 1) 2 .
2
1
2y
1
x < 1), A
Vi 0 y < 1 (tc l
(y 1 y 1)
y 2 4x 2 .
2
2
2
108. Nu 2 x 4 th A = 2 2 . Nu x 4 th A = 2 x 2 .
109. Bin i : x y 2 2 x y . Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta
A
c :
2(x y 2) xy . Li bnh phng hai v ri rt gn : (2 y)(x 2) = 0.
p : x = 2 , y 0 , x 0 , y = 2.
110. Bin i tng ng :
(1) a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2
b2 c2 d2 ac + bd
b2 c2 d2 a + c + 2ac + b + d + 2bd
2
(2)
* Nu ac + bd < 0, (2) c chng minh.

* Nu ac + bd 0, (2) tng ng vi :
(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2) a2c2 + b2d2 + 2abcd a2c2 + a2d2 + b2c2 + b2d2 a2c2 + b2d2
+ 2abcd
(ad bc)2 0 (3). Bt ng thc (3) ng, vy bt ng thc (1) c chng
minh.
111. Cch 1 : Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
a2
b c
a2 b c
a
a2
b c
.
2
.
2. a
a
b c
4
b c 4
2
b c
4
b2
a c
c2
a b
b
;
c
.
Tng t :
a c
4
a b
4
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc :

a2
b2
c2
a b c a b c
a b c
b c c a a b
2
2
Cch 2 : Theo BT Bunhiacpxki : (a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) (ax + by +

cz)2. Ta c :
Trang: 29

a 2 b 2 c 2
2
2
2

X
b
b c c a a b
b
c
a
. b c
. c a
. a b
c a
a b
b c
2
2
2
2
2
a
b
c
a
b
c2
a b c
2
.
2(a
c)
(a
c)
b c c a a b
2
b c c a a b
.
112. a) Ta nhn tng a + 1 di dng mt tch 1.(a + 1) v p dng bt
Cauchy : xy
xy
2
(a 1) 1 a
1
2
2
b
c
Tng t : b 1 1 ; c 1 1
2
2
a b c
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc : a 1 b 1 c 1
3 3,5 .
2
a 1 1.(a 1)
Du = xy ra a + 1 = b + 1 = c + 1 a = b = c = 0, tri vi gi thit a +
b + c = 1.
a 1 b 1 c 1 3,5 .
Vy :
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki vi hai b ba s :
1.
a b 1. b c 1. c a
(1 1 1)X
a b b c c a
a b
b c
2
c a
3(a + b + b + c + c + a) =
6 a b b c c a 6
113. Xt t gic ABCD c AC BD, O l giao im hai ng cho.
OA = a ; OC = b ; OB = c ; OD = d vi a, b, c, d > 0. Ta c :
C
B
AB a c ; BC b c ; AD a d ; CD b d
2
b
c
2
A
AC = a + b ; BD = c + d. Cn chng minh : AB.BC + AD.CD AC.BD.

Tht vy ta c : AB.BC 2SABC ; AD.CD 2SADC. Suy ra :
Suy ra : AB.BC + AD.CD 2SABCD = AC.BD.
Vy :
c2 b2 c2
d2 b2 d2 (a b)(c d) .
Ch : Gii bng cch p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :

(m2 + n2)(x2 + y2) (mx + ny)2 vi m = a , n = c , x = c , y = b ta c :
(a2 + c2)(c2 + b2)
Tng t :
(ac + cb)2
d2 d2 b2
c2 c2 b2
ac + cb (1)
ad + bd (2) . Cng (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.
114. Li gii sai : A x x x . Vay minA .

2 4
4
4
Trang: 30

1
Phn tch sai lm : Sau khi chng minh f(x) - , chia ch ra trng hp xy
4
1
ra f(x) = 4
1
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi x . V l.
2
Li gii ng : tn ti x phi c x 0. Do A = x + x 0. min A = 0
x = 0.
(x a)(x b) x 2 ax + bx + ab
ab
x (a b) .
x
x
x
ab
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : x 2 ab nn A 2 ab + a + b =
x
ab
2
2
x
a b .min A = a b khi v chi khi
x x ab .
x 0
115. Ta c A
116. Ta xt biu thc ph : A2 = (2x + 3y)2. Nh li bt ng thc

Bunhiacpxki :
(am + bn)2 (a2 + b2)(m2 + n2)
(1)
Nu p dng (1) vi a = 2, b = 3, m = x, n = y ta c :
A2 = (2x + 3y)2 (22 + 32)(x2 + y2) = 13(x2 + y2).
Vi cch trn ta khng ch ra c hng s m A2 . By gi, ta vit A2 di
dng :
2. 2x 3. 3y
A2
A2 =
ri p dng (1) ta c :
2
3 x 2

2
y 3 (2 3)(2x 2 3y 2 ) 5.5 25
x y
x y 1
2x 3y 5
Do A2 25 nn -5 A 5. min A = -5
x y
x y 1
2x 3y 5
max A = 5
117. iu kin x 2. t 2 x = y 0, ta c : y2 = 2 x.
2
1 9 9
9
1
7
a 2 y y y max A = y x
2 4 4
4
2
4
118. iu kin x 1 ; x 1/5 ; x 2/3 x 1.

Chuyn v, ri bnh phng hai v : x 1 = 5x 1 + 3x 2 + 2 15x 2 13x 2
(3)
Rt gn : 2 7x = 2 15x 2 13x 2 . Cn c thm iu kin x 2/7.
Bnh phng hai v : 4 28x + 49x2 = 4(15x2 13x + 2) 11x2 24x + 4 = 0
(11x 2)(x 2) = 0 x1 = 2/11 ; x2 = 2.
C hai nghim u khng tha mn iu kin. Vy phng trnh cho v
nghim.
119. iu kin x 1. Phng trnh bin i thnh :
Trang: 31

x 1 1 x 1 1 2 x 1 x 1 1 1
* Nu x > 2 th : x 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 1 x 2 , khng thuc khong

ang xt.
* Nu 1 x 2 th : x 1 1 x 1 1 2 . V s nghim 1 x 2
Kt lun : 1 x 2.
2
120. iu kin : x + 7x + 7 0. t x 2 7x 7 = y 0 x2 + 7x + 7 = y2.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : 3y2 3 + 2y = 2 3y2 + 2y 5 = 0 (y
1)(3y + 5) = 0
y = - 5/3 (loi) ; y = 1. Vi y = 1 ta c x 2 7x 7 = 1 x2 + 7x + 6 =
0
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0. Cc gi tr x = - 1, x = - 6 tha mn x2 + 7x + 7 0 l
nghim ca (1).
121. V tri : 3(x 1)2 4 5(x 1)2 9 4 9 5.
V phi : 4 2x x2 = 5 (x + 1)2 5. Vy hai v u bng 5, khi x = - 1. Vi
gi tr ny c hai bt ng thc ny u tr thnh ng thc. Kt lun : x = - 1
122. a) Gi s
3 2 = a (a : hu t) 5 - 2 6 = a
5 a2
.
2
V phi l s hu t, v tri l s v t. V l. Vy 3 2 l s v t.
b) Gii tng t cu a.
123. t x 2 = a, 4 x = b, ta c a2 + b = 2. S chng minh a + b 2.
Cng tng v bt ng thc : a
a2 1
b2 1
; b
.
2
2
124. t cc on thng BH = a, HC = c trn mt ng thng.

b
K HA BC vi AH = b. D thy AB.AC 2SABC = BC.AH.
c
a
B
125. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta c bt ng thc tng
ng : (ad bc)2 0. Ch : Cng c th chng minh bng bt ng thc
Bunhiacpxki.
126. Gi s a b c > 0. Theo bi : b + c > a. Suy ra : b + c + 2 bc > a
b c
a
2
b c a
Vy ba on thng c di b , c , a lp c thnh mt tam gic.

127. Ta c a, b 0. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
(a b)2 a b a b
1
1
a b ab a b
2
4
2
2
2
Cn chng minh : ab a b a b b a . Xt hiu hai v :

2
Trang: 32

1
1
ab a b - ab a b = ab a b a b =
2
2
2
2
1
1
= ab a b 0
2
2
1
Xy ra du ng thc : a = b =
hoc a = b = 0.
4
b c
b c a
b c
128. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
.1
.
1 : 2
a
2a
a
a
2a
b
2b
c
2c
. Tng t :
b c a b c
a c a b c
a b a b c
a
b
c
2(a b c)
Cng tng v :
2.
b c
c a
a b
a b c
a b c
Xy ra du ng thc : b c a a b c 0 , tri vi gi thit a, b, c > 0.

c a b
Do :
Vy du ng thc khng xy ra.

129. Cch 1 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki. Ta c :
x 1 y2 y 1 x2
x 2 y 2 1 y 2 1 x 2 .
t x2 + y2 = m, ta c : 12 m(2 - m) (m 1)2 0 m = 1 (pcm).

Cch 2 : T gi thit : x 1 y 2 1 y 1 x 2 . Bnh phng hai v :
x2(1 y2) = 1 2y 1 x 2 + y2(1 x2) x2 = 1 2y 1 x 2 + y2
0 = (y - 1 x 2 )2 y = 1 x 2 x2 + y2 = 1 .
130. p dng | A | + | B | | A + B | . min A = 2 1 x 2 .
131. Xt A2 = 2 + 2 1 x 2 . Do 0 1 x 2 1 2 2 + 2 1 x 2 4
2 A2 4. min A = 2 vi x = 1 , max A = 2 vi x = 0.
132. p dng bt ng thc :
23)
a2 b2 c2 d2 (a c)2 (b d)2 (bi
A x 2 12 (1 x)2 22 (x 1 x)2 (1 2)2 10

1 x
1
minA 10
2 x .
x
3
2
(x 2)(6 x) 0
x 4x 12 0
133. Tp xc nh : 2

1 x 3
(x 1)(3 x) 0
x 2x 3 0
(1)
Xt hiu : (- x2 + 4x + 12)(- x2 + 2x + 3) = 2x + 9. Do (1) nn 2x + 9 > 0 nn
A > 0.
Xt : A 2
(x 2)(6 x) (x 1)(3 x) . Hin nhin A 0 nhng du =
khng xy ra (v A > 0). Ta bin i A2 di dng khc :
Trang: 33

A2 = (x + 2)(6 x) + (x + 1)(3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x) =
= (x + 1)(6 x) + (6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) (3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x)

= (x + 1)(6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) - 2 (x 2)(6 x)(x 1)(3 x) + 3
=
(x 1)(6 x) (x 2)(3 x)
3.
A2 3. Do A > 0 nn min A = 3 vi x = 0.
134. a) iu kin : x2 5.
* Tm gi tr ln nht : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
A2 = (2x + 1. 5 x 2 )2 (22 + 11)(x2 + 5 x2) = 25 A2 25.
x 0
x
2
A 2 25 2
x 2 4(5 x 2 ) x 2 .
x 2 5
x2 5
Vi x = 2 th A = 5. Vy max A = 5 vi x = 2.
* Tm gi tr nh nht : Ch rng tuy t A2 25, ta c 5 x 5, nhng khng
xy ra
A2 = - 5. Do tp xc nh ca A, ta c x2 5 - 5 x 5 . Do : 2x 2 5 v
5 x 2 0. Suy ra :
A = 2x + 5 x 2 - 2 5 . Min A = - 2 5 vi x = - 5
b) Xt biu thc ph | A | v p dng cc bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki v
Cauchy :
A x
99. 99 1. 101 x 2 x (99 1)(99 101 x 2 ) x .10. 200 x 2
x 2 200 x 2
1000
2
x 2 101
99
99
A 1000
x 10 . Do : - 1000 < A < 1000.

2
1
101 x
x 2 200 x 2
10.
min A = - 1000 vi x = - 10 ; max A = 1000 vi x = 10.

a
ay
bx
135. Cch 1 : A = x + y = 1.(x + y) = x y a b .

x
y
x y
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s dng :
Do A a b 2 ab
ay bx
ay bx
2
.
2 ab .
x
y
x y
a b .
Trang: 34

ay bx
x y
2
x a ab
a b
min A a b vi 1
x y
y b ab
x, y 0
Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :

2
a b
a
b
A (x y).1 (x y) x. y.
x
y
x y
a b .
T tm c gi tr nh nht ca A.
136. A = (x + y)(x + z) = x2 + xz + xy + yz = x(x + y + z) + yz
2 xyz(x y z) 2
min A = 2 khi chng hn y = z = 1 , x =
2 - 1.
xy yz
xy yz
2
.
2y .
z
x
z x
137. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
yz zx
zx xy
2z ;
2x . Suy ra 2A 2(x + y + z) = 2.
x
y
y
z
1
min A = 1 vi x = y = z = .
3
2
2
2
x
y
z
xyz
138. Theo bi tp 24 :
. Theo bt ng thc
xy yz zx
2
Tng t :
Cauchy :
xy yz zx 1
xy
yz
zx
x+y+z
xy ;
yz ;
zx nn
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
min A =
xyz .
2
3
139. a) A
a b
a b
a b
2a 2b 2 .
1
a b
max A 2
ab
2
a b 1
a b a b 2(a b 6ab)
a c 2(a c 6ac) ; a d 2(a d 6ad)
Tng t : b c 2(b c 6bc) ; b d 2(b d 6bd)
c d 2(c d 6cd)
b) Ta c :
a b
Suy ra : B 6(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2ad + 2bc + 2bd + 2cd) = 6(a + b

+ c + d)2 6
Trang: 35

1
a b c d
max B 6
a bcd
4
a b c d 1
140. A 3x 3y 2. 3x.3y 2 3x y 2. 34 18 . min A = 18 vi x = y = 2.

141. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a + b c + d. T gi thit suy ra :
abcd
.
2
b
c
bc c
c abcd cd cd
A
cd ab cd cd ab
2(c d)
cd ab
bc
t a + b = x ; c + d = y vi x y > 0, ta c :
A
xy y y x 1
y x y 1
x y 1
1

1
2.
. 2
2y
y x 2y 2
x 2y x 2
2y x 2
2
1
min A 2 d 0 , x y 2 , b c a d ; chng hn khi
2
a 2 1, b 2 1,c 2,d 0
142. a) (x 3)2 ( x 3)2 0 . p s : x = 3.

b) Bnh phng hai v, a v : (x2 + 8)(x2 8x + 8) = 0. p s : x = 4 +
2 2.
c) p s : x = 20.
d) x 1 2 x 1 . V phi ln hn v tri. V nghim.
x 2 x 1 1 x 1 . Bnh phng hai v. p s : x = 1.
1
g) Bnh phng hai v. p s :
x 1
2
h) t x 2 = y. a v dng y 2 y 3 = 1. Ch n bt ng thc :
e) Chuyn v :
y 2 3 y y 2 3 y 1. Tm c 2 y 3. p s : 6 x 11.
i) Chuyn v : x 1 x 1 x , ri bnh phng hai v. p : x = 0 (ch

loi x =
16
)
25
k) p s :
16
.
25
l) iu kin : x 1 hoc x = - 1. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn :

2 2(x 1)2 (x 3)(x 1) x 2 1.
Bnh phng hai v : 8(x + 1)2(x + 3)(x 1) = (x + 1)2(x 1)2 (x + 1)2(x
1)(7x + 25) = 0; x
25
loi. Nghim l : x = 1.
7
m) V tri ln hn x, v phi khng ln hn x. Phng trnh v nghim.

n) iu kin : x - 1. Bnh phng hai v, xut hin iu kin x - 1. Nghim
l : x = - 1.
Trang: 36
o) Do x 1 nn v tri ln hn hoc bng 2, v phi nh hn hoc bng 2. Suy

ra hai v bng 2, khi x = 1, tha mn phng trnh.
p) t 2x 3 x 2 y ; 2x 2 x 2 z (1). Ta c :
y 2 z 2 1 2 x 2 ; y z 1 2 x 2 . Suy ra y z = 1.
T z x 2 (2). T (1) v (2) tnh c x. p s : x = 2 (ch loi x =

- 1).
q) t 2x2 9x + 4 = a 0 ; 2x 1 b 0. Phng trnh l : a 3 b a 15b .
Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn ta c : b = 0 hoc b = a. p s :
144. Ta c :
1
2
2
k 2 k
k k 1
k 1 k
k 1 k
k 1 k
1
;5
2
k 1 k .
Vy :
1
1
1
1
...
2( 2 1) 2( 3 2) 2( 4 3) ... 2( n 1 n ) =
2
3
n
= 2( n 1 1) (pcm).
150. a cc biu thc di du cn v dng cc bnh phng ng. M = -2

151. Trc cn thc mu tng hng t. Kt qu : A = n - 1.
1
152. Ta c :
a a 1
( a a 1) P ( 2 2n 1) .
P khng phi l s hu t (chng minh bng phn chng).

1
1
1
9
A
10
(n 1) n n n 1
n
n 1
1
1
1
1
1
154. 1
...
.n n .
2
3
4
n
n
155. Ta c a + 1 = 17 . Bin i a thc trong ngoc thnh tng cc ly tha
153. Ta hy chng minh :
c s a + 1
A = [(a + 1)5 3(a + 1)4 15(a + 1)3 + 52(a + 1)2 14(a + 1)]2000
= (259 17 - 225 17 - 34 17 - 1)2000 = 1.
156. Bin i :
a a 1
1
a a 1
; a 2 a 3
2
1
.
a 2 a 3
2
1
1
1
1
1
157. x x x 2 x x x x x 0 .
2
4
4
2
2
1
1
Du = khng xy ra v khng th c ng thi : x v x .
2
2
2
168. Trc ht ta chng minh : a b 2(a 2 b2 ) (*) (a + b 0)

p dng (*) ta c : S x 1 y 2 2(x 1 y 2) 2
Trang: 37

3
x 2
x 1 y 2
max S 2
x y 4
y 5
* C th tnh S2 ri p dng bt ng thc Cauchy.

180. Ta phi c A 3 . D thy A > 0. Ta xt biu thc :
B
1
2 3 x 2 . Ta c :
A
0 3 x2 3 3 3 x2 0 2 3 2 3 x2 2 .
1
min B 2 3 3 3 x 2 x 0 . Khi max A
2 3
2 3
1
max B 2 3 x 2 0 x 3 . Khi min A =
2
2x 1 x
181. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta xt biu thc : B
.
1 x
x
Khi :
2x 1 x
(1)
2x 1 x
2 2 . B 2 2 1 x
B2
.
x
1 x x
0 x 1 (2)
Gii (1) : 2x2 = (1 x)2 x 2 = 1 x . Do 0 < x < 1 nn x 2 = 1 x
1
2 1.
2 1
Nh vy min B = 2 2 x = 2 - 1.
x=
By gi ta xt hiu :
1 2x 1 x 2 2x 1 1 x
2
AB

2 1 3
x 1 x
x
1 x x 1 x
Do min A = 2 2 + 3 khi v ch khi x = 2 - 1.
182. a) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm gim

mt tng :
ab
ab . y ta mun lm tng mt tng. Ta dng bt ng thc :
2
a b 2(a 2 b2 )
A x 1 y 2 2(x 1 y 3) 2
x 1 y 2
x 1,5

max A 2
x y 4
y 2,5
Cch khc : Xt A2 ri dng bt ng thc Cauchy.

b) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm tri mt tch :
ab
ab
2
Trang: 38

Ta xem cc biu thc x 1 , y 2 l cc tch :
x 1 1.(x 1) , y 2
2(y 2)
2
x 1 1.(x 1) 1 x 1 1
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
x
x
2x
2
y2
2.(y 2) 2 y 2
1
2
y
4
y 2
2y 2
2 2
x 1 1
x 2
1
2 2 2
max B

2 4
4
y 2 2
y 4
1
1
. Ta thy
,b
1997 1996
1998 1997
1997 1996 1998 1997
183. a
Nn a < b.
184. a) min A = 5 - 2 6 vi x = 0. max A =
b) min B = 0 vi x = 1
5 . max B =
1
vi x =
5
5 vi x = 1
185. Xt 1 x 0 th A 0. Xt 0 x 1 th A x 2 (1 x 2 )
max A
6.
x 2 (1 x 2 ) 1
.
2
2
x 2 1 x 2
1
2

x
2
2
x 0
186. A = x y 0, do A ln nht khi v chi khi A2 ln nht. Theo bt

Bunhiacpxki :
2
1
5
1
A (x y) 1.x .2y 1 (x 2 4y 2 )
2
4
4
2
2 5
2 5
1
2y
x
x
5 hoc
5
max A =
x

2
2
x 2 4y 2 1
y 5
y 5
10
10
187. a) Tm gi tr ln nht : T gi thit :

x 3 x 2
0 x 1
3
x 3 y3 x 2 y 2 1
2
y y
0 y 1
x 3 x 2
max A 1 3
x 0, y 1 V x 1, y 0
2
y y
b) Tm gi tr nh nht : (x + y)2 2(x2 + y2) = 2 x + y

Do :
Trang: 39
xy
1.
2

x 3 y3 x y
3
3
. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(x 3 y3 )(x y) x 3 y3 x y x 3 . x y3 . y = (x
+ y2) = 1
min A
1
2
xy
2
2
188. t x a ; y b , ta c a, b 0, a + b = 1.
A = a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2) = a2 ab + b2 = (a + b)2 3ab = 1 3ab.
Do ab 0 nn A 1. max A = 1 a = 0 hoc b = 0 x = 0 hoc x = 1, y =
0.
Ta c ab
(a b) 2 1
1
1
1
1
ab 1 3ab . min A x y
4
4
4
4
4
4
189. iu kin : 1 x 0 , 2 x 0 nn x 1. Ta c :
x 1
3
x2
1 x (x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 2) 3 1 x 3 x 8 .
1 x (x 1)(x 2) x 2
190. Ta c : 6 + 4x + 2x2 = 2(x2 + 2x + 1) + 4 = 2(x + 1)2 + 4 > 0 vi mi x.

Vy phng trnh xc nh vi mi gi tr ca x. t x 2 2x 3 = y 0, phng
trnh c dng :
y 3 2
y2 - y 2 - 12 = 0 (y - 3 2 )(y + 2 2 ) = 0
y 2 2 (loai v y 0
Do x 2 2x 3 = 3 2 x2 + 2x + 3 = 18 (x 3)(x + 5) = 0 x =
3 ; x = -5 .
191. Ta c :
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
k.
k
(k 1)k
(k 1) k
k 1 k
k 1
k k 1
k
k 1
1
1
1
1
= 1
. Do :
.
k 1 k
k 1
(k 1) k
k 1
k
Vy :
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
...
2 1
2
... 2
2 3 2 4 3
(n 1) n
2 2
3
n 1
n
1
= 2 1
2 (pcm).
n 1
1
2
192. Dng bt ng thc Cauchy
(a, b > 0 ; a 0).
ab a b
193. t x y = a ,
x +
y = b (1) th a, b Q .
a) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, do
x ,
y Q.
Trang: 40

xy
a
a
b) Nu b 0 th
x y Q (2).
b
x y b
1
a
x b Q ;
2
b
T (1) v (2) :
199. Nhn xt :
2 x x a
2
x2 a2 x
1
a
y b Q.
2
b
x 2 a 2 x a 2 . Do :
5a 2
(1) 2 x x a
x2 a2
x2 a2 x
Do a 0 nn : x 2 a 2 x x 2 x x x 0 . Suy ra :
V vy : (1)
2 x a 5
2
x2 a2 x
x2 a2
x 2 a 2 x 0 , x.
x 0
x a x 5x 3 x a x 0
2
2
2
25x 9x 9a
2
x 0
3
x a .
3
0 x a
4
4
1 2a
207. c) Trc ht tnh x theo a c x
. Sau tnh 1 x 2 c
2 a(1 a)
1
.
2 a(1 a)
p s : B = 1.
d) Ta c a + 1 = a + ab + bc + ca = (a + b)(a + c). Tng t :
b2 + 1 = (b + a)(b + c) ; c2 + 1 = (c + a)(c + b). p s : M = 0.
2
2x 4
. Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
x
1
1 3
209. Ta c : a + b = - 1 , ab = - nn : a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab = 1 + .
4
2 2
9 1 17
a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2)2 2a2b2 =
; a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b) = - 1 4 9 8
3
7
4
4
7 17
1
239
Do : a7 + b7 = (a3 + b3)(a4 + b4) a3b3(a + b) = . 1
.
4 8 64
64
208. Gi v tri l A > 0. Ta c A 2
210. a) a 2 ( 2 1)2 3 2 2 9 8 .
a 3 ( 2 1)3 2 2 6 3 2 1 5 2 7 50 49 .
b) Theo khai trin Newton : (1 - 2 )n = A - B 2 ; (1 + 2 )n = A + B 2

vi A, B N
Suy ra : A2 2B2 = (A + B 2 )(A - B 2 ) = [(1 + 2 )(1 - 2 )]n = (- 1)n.
Trang: 41
Nu n chn th A2 2b2 = 1 (1). Nu n l th A2 2B2 = - 1 (2).

By gi ta xt an. C hai trng hp :
* Nu n chn th : an = ( 2 - 1)n = (1 - 2 )n = A - B 2 = A 2 2B2 . iu
kin
A2 2B2 = 1 c tha mn do (1).
* Nu n l th : an = ( 2 - 1)n = - (1 - 2 )n = B 2 - A = 2B2 A 2 . iu
kin
2B2 A2 = 1 c tha mn do (2).
211. Thay a = 2 vo phng trnh cho : 2 2 + 2a + b 2 + c = 0
2 (b + 2) = -(2a + c).
Do a, b, c hu t nn phi c b + 2 = 0 do 2a + c = 0. Thay b = - 2 , c = - 2a
vo phng trnh cho :
x3 + ax2 2x 2a = 0 x(x2 2) + a(x2 2) = 0 (x2 2)(x + a) = 0.
Cc nghim phng trnh cho l: 2 v - a.
1
1
1
.
...
2
3
n
a) Chng minh A 2 n 3 : Lm gim mi s hng ca A :
1
2
2
2 k 1 k .
k
k k
k 1 k
Do A 2 2 3 3 4 ... n n 1
212. t A
n 1 2 2 n 1 2 2 2 n 1 3 2 n 3 .
b) Chng minh A 2 n 2 : Lm tri mi s hng ca A :
1
2
2
2 k k 1
k
k k
k k 1
Do : A 2 n n 1 ... 3 2 2 1 2 n 2 .
213. K hiu a n 6 6 ... 6 6 c n du cn. Ta c :

a1 6 3 ; a 2 6 a1 6 3 3 ; a 3 6 a 2 6 3 3 ... a100 6 a 99 6 3 3
Hin nhin a100 > 6 > 2. Nh vy 2 < a100 < 3, do [ a100 ] = 2.

214. a) Cch 1 (tnh trc tip) : a2 = (2 + 3 )2 = 7 + 4 3 .
Ta c 4 3 48 nn 6 < 4 3 < 7 13 < a2 < 14. Vy [ a2 ] = 13.
Cch 2 (tnh gin tip) : t x = (2 + 3 )2 th x = 7 + 4 3 .
Xt biu thc y = (2 - 3 )2 th y = 7 - 4 3 . Suy ra x + y = 14.
D thy 0 < 2 - 3 < 1 nn 0 < (2- 3 )2 < 1, tc l 0 < y < 1. Do 13 < x <
14.
Vy [ x ] = 13 tc l [ a2 ] = 13.
b) p s : [ a3 ] = 51.
215. t x y = a ; x y b (1) th a v b l s hu t. Xt hai trng hp
:
Trang: 42
a) Nu b 0 th
xy
a

x y b
x y
a
l s hu t (2). T (1) v (2)
b
Ta c : x b l s hu t ;
2
b
1
a
y b l s hu t.
2
b
b) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, hin nhin x , y l s hu t.
1
216. Ta c
1
n
1
1 1
1
1
1
(n 1) n n(n 1)
n 1 n
n 1
n n 1
n
n 1
1
1
1
1
2
. T ta gii c bi ton.
n
1
n
n
1
n
n
217. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s trong 25 s t nhin cho,

khng c hai s no bng nhau. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a1 < a2 < . <
a25. Suy ra : a1 1 , a2 2 ,
a25 25. Th th :
1
1
1
1
1
1
....
....
a1
a2
a 25
1
2
25
(1). Ta li c :
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
....
....
1
25
24
2
1
25 25
24 24
2 2
2
2
2
....
1 2 25 24 24 23 .... 2 1 1
24 24
23 23
2 2
T (1) v (2) suy ra :
25 1 1 9
(2)
1
1
1
....
9 , tri vi gi thit. Vy tn ti
a1
a2
a 25
hai s bng nhau trong 25 s a1 , a2 , , a25.

218. iu kin : 0 x 4. t
2 x a 0 ; 2 x b 0.
a2
b2
2
2 a
2 b
2 (2 - b 2 + a 2 - ab)
Ta c : ab = 4 x , a2 + b2 = 4. Phng trnh l :
a2 2 - a2b + b2 2 + ab2 =
2 (a2 + b2 2 + ab) ab(a b) = 2(a b)
2 (2 + ab) = (a b)(2 + ab) (ch : a2 + b2 = 4)
a b = 2 (do ab + 2 0)
2
2
Bnh phng : a + b 2ab = 2 2ab = 2 ab = 1 4 x = 1. Tm c x = 3 .
219. iu kin : 0 < x 1 , a 0. Bnh phng hai v ri thu gn :
1 x2
a 1
.
a 1
Vi a 1, bnh phng hai v, cui cng c : x =
2 a
.
a 1
iu kin x 1 tha mn (theo bt ng thc Cauchy).
Trang: 43
Kt lun : Nghim l x =
2 a
. Vi a 1.
a 1
220. Nu x = 0 th y = 0, z = 0. Tng t i vi y v z. Nu xyz 0, hin

nhin x, y, z > 0
T h phng trnh cho ta c :
2y
2y
y.
1 y 2 y
Tng t y z ; z x . Suy ra x = y = z. Xy ra du = cc bt ng
thc trn vi x = y = z = 1. Kt lun : Hai nghim (0 ; 0 ; 0) , (1 ; 1 ; 1).
221. a) t A = (8 + 3 7 )7. chng minh bi ton, ch cn tm s B sao
1
v A + B l s t nhin.
10 7
Chn B = (8 - 3 7 )7. D thy B > 0 v 8 > 3 7 . Ta c 8 + 3 7 > 10 suy ra
cho 0 < B <

:
8 3 7
1
83 7
107
1
107
Theo khai trin Newton ta li c : A = (8 + 3 7 )7 = a + b 7 vi a, b N.

B = (8 - 3 7 )7 = a - b 7 . Suy ra A + B = 2a l s t nhin.
Do 0 B
1
v A + B l s t nhin nn A c by ch s 9 lin sau du
107
phy.
Ch : 10- 7 = 0,0000001.
b) Gii tng t nh cu a.
222. Ta thy vi n l s chnh phng th n l s t nhin, nu n khc s
chnh phng th n l s v t, nn n khng c dng ....,5 . Do ng vi
mi s n N* c duy nht mt s nguyn an gn n nht.
Ta thy rng, vi n bng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, th an bng 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, Ta
s chng minh rng an ln lt nhn cc gi tr : hai s 1, bn s 2, su s 3
Ni cch khc ta s chng minh bt phng trnh :
1
1
c hai nghim t nhin.
x 1
2
2
1
1
2 x 2
c bn nghim t nhin.
2
2
1
1
3 x 3
c su nghim t nhin.
2
2
1
1
Tng qut : k x k c 2k nghim t nhin. Tht vy, bt ng
2
2
1
1
thc tng ng vi : k2 k +
< x < k2 + k + . R rng bt phng trnh
4
4
1
ny c 2k nghim t nhin l : k2 k + 1 ; k2 k + 2 ;
Trang: 44
; k2 + k. Do :

1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
...
...
... 2.44 88
a1 a2
a1980 1
1
2
2
2
2
44
44
44
2
so
4 so
88 so
.
a) 1 < an < 2. Vy [ an ] = 1.
b) 2 an 3. Vy [ an ]
= 2.
c) Ta thy : 442 = 1936 < 1996 < 2025 = 452, cn 462 = 2116.
a1 = 1996 = 44 < a1 < 45.
Hy chng t vi n 2 th 45 < an < 46.
Nh vy vi n = 1 th [ an ] = 44, vi n 2 th [ an ] = 45.
224. Cn tm s t nhin B sao cho B A < B + 1. Lm gim v lm tri A
c hai s t nhin lin tip.
Ta c : (4n + 1)2 < 16n2 + 8n + 3 < (4n + 2)2 4n + 1 < 16n2 8n 3
< 4n + 2
2
2
4n + 4n + 1 < 4n + 16n2 8n 3 < 4n2 + 4n + 2 < 4n2 + 8n + 4
(2n + 1)2 < 4n2 + 16n2 8n 3 < (2n + 2)2.
Ly cn bc hai : 2n + 1 < A < 2n + 2. Vy [ A ] = 2n + 1.
225. chng minh bi ton, ta ch ra s y tha mn hai iu kin : 0 < y
< 0,1 (1).
x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2 (2).
Ta chn y =
3 2
200
3 2 < 0,3 nn 0 < y < 0,1.
. Ta c 0 <
iu kin (1) c chng minh.

By gi ta chng minh x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. Ta c :
xy
3 2
200
3 2
200
5 2 6
100
5 2 6
100
Xt biu thc tng qut Sn = an + bn vi a = 5 + 2 6 , b = 5 - 2 6 .

Sn = (5 + 2 6 )n = (5 - 2 6 )n
A v b c tng bng 10, tch bng 1 nn chng l nghim ca phng trnh X2
-10X + 1 = 0, tc l : a2 = 10a 1 (3) ; b2 = 10b 1 (4).
Nhn (3) vi an , nhn (4) vi bn : an+2 = 10an+1 an ; bn+2 = 10bn+1 bn.
Suy ra (an+2 + bn+2) = 10(an+1 + bn+1) (an + bn),
tc l Sn+2 = 10Sn+1 Sn , hay Sn+2 - Sn+1 (mod 10)
Do Sn+4 - Sn+2 Sn (mod 10) (5)
Ta c S0 = (5 + 2 6 )0 + (5 - 2 6 )0 = 1 + 1 = 2 ; S1 = (5 + 2 6 ) + (5 2 6 ) = 10.
T cng thc (5) ta c S2 , S3 , , Sn l s t nhin, v S0 , S4 , S8 , , S100 c tn
cng bng 2, tc l tng x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. iu
kin (2) c chng minh. T (1) v (2) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
226. Bin i
3 2
250
5 2 6
125
Phn nguyn ca n c ch s tn cng bng 9.
Trang: 45
(Gii tng t bi 36)

227. Ta c :
A 1 ... 3 4 ... 8 9 ... 15 16 ... 24
Theo cch chia nhm nh trn, nhm 1 c 3 s, nhm 2 c 5 s, nhm 3 c 7

s, nhm 4 c 9 s. Cc s thuc nhm 1 bng 1, cc s thuc nhm 2 bng 2,
cc s thuc nhm 3 bng 3, cc s thuc nhm 4 bng 4.
Vy A = 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + 4.9 = 70
x x
.(3 x). p dng bt
2 2
x x
x x
ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s khng m , , (3 x) ta c : . .(3 x)
2 2
2 2
3
x x
2 2 3 x
1.
3
228. a) Xt 0
3. Vit A di dng : A = 4. .
Do A 4 (1)
b) Xt x > 3, khi A
0 (2). So snh (1) v (2) ta i n kt lun :
x
3 x
max A 4 2
x 2.
x 0
229. a) Lp phng hai v, p dng hng ng thc (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a

+ b), ta c :
x 1 7 x 3. 3 (x 1)(7 x).2 8 (x 1)(7 x) 0 x = - 1 ; x = 7
(tha)
3
b) iu kin : x - 1 (1). t x 2 y ; x 1 z . Khi x 2 = y2 ; x +
1 = z2
nn z2 y3 = 3. Phng trnh cho c a v h :
y z 3 (2)
2 3
z y 3 (3)
z 0 (4)
Rt z t (2) : z = 3 y. Thay vo (3) : y3 y2 + 6y 6 = 0 (y 1)(y2 + 6) = 0

y=1
Suy ra z = 2, tha mn (4). T x = 3, tha mn (1). Kt lun : x = 3.
230. a) C, chng hn :
1
1
2.
2
2
b) Khng. Gi s tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b m
ng hai v :
a b 4 2 . Bnh ph-
a b 2 ab 2 2 ab 2 (a b) .
Trang: 46
Bnh phng 2 v : 4ab = 2 + (a + b)2 2(a + b) 2 2(a + b) 2 = 2 + (a +

b)2 4ab
V phi l s hu t, v tri l s v t (v a + b 0), mu thun.
m3
m
(phn s ti gin). Suy ra 5 = 3 . Hy
n
n
m
chng minh rng c m ln n u chia ht cho 5, tri gi thit
l phn s
n
231. a) Gi s
5 l s hu t
ti gin.
m
(phn s ti gin). Suy ra :
n
3
m3
m
6m
3 2 3 4 6 3. 3 8. 6
m3 6n3 6mn2 (1) m3 2 m 2
3
n
n
n
b) Gi s
2 3 4 l s hu t
Thay m = 2k (k Z) vo (1) : 8k3 = 6n3 + 12kn2 4k3 = 3n3 + 6kn2. Suy

ra 3n3 chia ht cho 2 n3 chia ht cho 2 n chia ht cho 2. Nh vy m v
n cng chia ht cho 2, tri vi gi thit
m
l phn s ti gin.
n
232. Cch 1 : t a = x3 , b = y3 , c = z3. Bt ng thc cn chng minh

x 3 y3 z3
a b c 3
xyz hay x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz
abc tng ng vi
3
3
0.
Ta c hng ng thc :
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz =
1
(x + y + z)[(x y)2 + (y z)2 + (z x)2]. (bi tp
2
sbt)
Do a, b, c 0 nn x, y, z 0, do x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz 0. Nh vy :
a b c 3
abc
3
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi a = b = c.

Cch 2 : Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy cho bn s khng m.
Ta c :
a b c d
1 a b c d 1
2 2
2 2
ab cd
ab. cd 4 abcd
a b c
a b c d
ta c :
abcd , t d
3
4
Trong bt ng thc
a b c
4
a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c
3

.
abc.
abc.
4
3
3
3
a b c
Chia hai v cho s dng
(trng hp mt trong cc s a, b, c bng
3
3
a b c 3
a b c
abc .
0, bi ton c chng minh) :
abc
3
3
Trang: 47

a b c
Xy ra ng thc : a = b = c =
a=b=c=1
3
b
c
d
a
1
233. T gi thit suy ra :
. p dng bt
b 1 c1 d 1
a1 a1
ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng :
1
b
c
d
bcd
. Tng t :
3. 3
a1 b 1 c1 d 1
(b 1)(c 1)(d 1)
1
acd
3. 3
b 1
(a 1)(c 1)(d 1)
1
abd
3. 3
c1
(a 1)(b 1)(d 1)
1
abc
3. 3
d 1
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1)
Nhn t bn bt ng thc : 1 81abcd abcd

234. Gi A
1
.
81
x 2 y 2 z2
. p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
y 2 z2 x 2
x 2 y 2 z2
x y z
3A 2 2 2 (1 1 1)
z
x
y z x
y
(1)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s khng m :

x y z
x y z
3. 3 . . 3
y z x
y z x
(2)
Nhn tng v (1) vi (2) :
x y z
x y z
x y z
3A 3 A
y z x
y z x
y z x
235. t x 3 3 3 3 ; y 3 3 3 3 th x3 + y3 = 6 (1). Xt hiu b3 a3 , ta c :

b3 a3 = 24 (x + y)3 = 24 (x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y)
Do (1), ta thay 24 bi 4(x3 + b3), ta c :
b3 a3 = 4(x3 + y3) (x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y) = 3(x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y) =
= 3(x + y)(x2 xy + y2 xy) = 3(x + y)(x y)2 > 0 (v x > y > 0).
Vy b3 > a3 , do b > a.
236. a) Bt ng thc ng vi n = 1. Vi n 2, theo khai trin Newton, ta
c :
n
1 n(n 1) 1 n(n 1)(n 2) 1

n(n 1)...2.1 1
1
. 2
. 3 ...
. n
1 1 n.
n
2!
n
3!
n
n!
n
n
1 1
1
< 1 1 ...
n!
2! 3!
1 1
1
1
1
1
D dng chng minh : ...
...
2! 3!
n! 1.2 2.3
(n 1)n
Trang: 48

1 1 1
1
1
1
= 1 ...
1 1
2 2 3
n 1 n
n
1 n
Do (1 ) 3
n
3
b) Vi n = 2, ta chng minh 3 2 (1). Tht vy, (1)
3 2
3
Vi n
(2)
32 > 22.
3, ta chng minh
n1
n1
n(n1)
n
n
n n1 n 1
n(n1)
(2). Tht vy :
n
n1
(n 1) n
n
(n 1)n
1
n 1 n
n
n
n
(3)
Theo cu a ta c 1 3 , m 3
n
Do (2) c chng minh.
n nn (3) c chng minh.
237. Cch 1 : A 2 2 x 2 1 x 4 x 2 1 4 . min A = 2 vi x = 0.

Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
A 2 4 (x 2 x 1)(x 2 x 1) 2 4 x 4 x 2 1 2
min A = 2 vi x = 0.
238. Vi x < 2 th A 0 (1). Vi 2 x 4, xt - A = x2(x 2). p dng
bt ng thc Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
3
x x
3
2 2 x 2
A
x x
2x 2
. .(x 2)

8
4
2 2
3
3
- A 32 A
239. iu kin : x2 9.
- 32. min A = - 32 vi x = 4.
3
x2 x2
9 x2
2
2
x
x
A 2 x 4 (9 x 2 ) 4. . (9 x 2 ) 4 2 2
4.27
2 2
3
max A = 6 3 vi x = 6 .
240. a) Tm gi tr ln nht :
Cch 1 : Vi 0 x < 6 th A = x(x2 6) 0.
2
2
Vi x
6 . Ta c 6 x 3 6 x 9 0 x 6 3.
Suy ra x(x2 6) 9. max A = 9 vi x = 3.
Cch 2 : A = x(x2 9) + 3x. Ta c x 0, x2 9 0, 3x 9, nn A
max A = 9 vi x = 3
b) Tm gi tr nh nht :
Cch 1 : A = x3 6x = x3 + (2 2 )3 6x (2 2 )3 =
= (x + 2 2 )(x2 - 2 2 x + 8) 6x - 16 2
Trang: 49
9.

= (x + 2 2 )(x2 - 2 2 x + 2) + (x + 2 2 ).6 6x - 16 2
= (x + 2 2 )(x - 2 )2 - 4 2 - 4 2 .
min A = - 4 2 vi x = 2 .
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m :

x3 + 2 2 + 2 2 3. 3 x 3.2 2.2 2 = 6x.
Suy ra x3 6x - 4 2 . min A = - 4 2 vi x = 2 .
241. Gi x l cnh ca hnh vung nh, V l th tch ca hnh hp.
Cn tm gi tr ln nht ca V = x(3 2x)2.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s dng :
3
4x 3 2x 3 2x
= 8
3
4V = 4x(3 2x)(3 2x)
max V = 2 4x = 3 2x x =
b) t
c) Lp phng hai v. p s : 0 ;
x
3-2x
3-2x
x
x
1
2
1
dm.
2
2 x a ; x 1 b . p s :
5
2
d) t 3 2x 1 = y. Gii h : x3 + 1 = 2y , y3 + 1 = 2x, c (x y)(x2 + xy +

y2 + 2) = 0
x = y. p s : 1 ;
1 5
.
2
1
x x 2 4 . p s : x = 4.
2
3
3
g) t 7 x a ; x 5 b . Ta c : a3 + b3 = 2, a3 b3 = 12 2x, do v
e) Rt gn v tri c :
phi ca phng trnh cho l
a3 b3
. Phng trnh cho tr thnh :
2
a3 b3
a b
=
.
2
a b
Do a3 + b3 = 2 nn
a b a3 b3
3
(a b)(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a3 b3)
3
a b a b
Do a + b 0 nn : (a b)(a2 ab + b2 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2).

T a = b ta c x = 6. T ab = 0 ta c x = 7 ; x = 5.
h) t 3 x 1 a ; 3 x 1 b . Ta c : a2 + b2 + ab = 1 (1) ; a3 b3 = 2 (2).
T (1) v (2) : a b = 2. Thay b = a 2 vo (1) ta c a = 1. p s : x = 0.
i) Cch 1 : x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x + 2 0, chia hai v cho
3
x2.
t
x 1
a ;
x2
x3
3
3
b . Gii h a + b = 2, a + b = - 1. H ny v
x2
nghim.
Trang: 50
Th tch ln nht ca hnh hp l 2 dm3 khi cnh hnh vung nh bng

242. a) p s : 24 ; - 11.
1 ; 2 ; 10.
x
x
Cch 2 : t 3 x 2 = y. Chuyn v : 3 y 3 1 3 y 3 1 y . Lp phng hai

v ta c :
y3 1 + y3 + 1 + 3. 3 y 6 1 .(- y) = - y3 y3 = y. 3 y 6 1 .
Vi y = 0, c nghim x = - 2. Vi y 0, c y2 = 3 y 6 1 . Lp phng : y6 = y6 1.
V nghim.
Cch 3 : Ta thy x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x < - 2, x > - 2,
phng trnh v nghim, xem bng di y :
x
x < -2
x > -x
x 1
< -1
> -1
x2
< 0
> 0
k) t 1 + x = a , 1 x = b. Ta c : a + b = 2 (1),
x3
< 1
> 1
4
V tri
< 0
> 0
ab 4 a 4 b = 3 (2)
mn
, ta c :
2
a b 1 a 1 b
a. b 1. a 1. b
2
2
2
1 a 1 b
a b
a b 1
1
2 3.
2
2
2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy

3
mn
Phi xy ra du ng thc, tc l : a = b = 1. Do x = 0.
l) t 4 a x m 0 ; 4 b x n 0 th m4 + n4 = a + b 2x.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : m + n = 4 m4 n4 . Nng ln ly tha bc bn
hai v ri thu gn : 2mn(2m2 + 3mn + 2n2) = 0.
Suy ra m = 0 hoc n = 0, cn nu m, n > 0 th 2m2 + 3mn + 2n2 > 0.
Do x = a , x = b. Ta phi c x a , x b cc cn thc c ngha.
Gi s a b th nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = a.
243. iu kin biu thc c ngha : a2 + b2 0 (a v b khng ng thi
bng 0).
t 3 a x ; 3 b y , ta c : A
y 2 (xy) 2
2
x xy y
2
x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 x 4 2x 2 y 2 y 4 2x 2 y 2
=
x 2 xy y 2
x 2 xy y 2
2
y 2 xy x 2 y 2 xy
x y xy
2
x 2 y 2 xy .
Vy : A 3 a 2 3 b 2 3 ab (vi a2 + b2 0).
244. Do A l tng ca hai biu thc dng nn ta c th p dng bt ng
thc Cauchy :
A x2 x 1 x2 x 1 2
x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1 2 4 (x 2 x 1)(x 2 x 1)
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
x 0.
4
2
x x 1 1
= 2 4 x 4 x 2 2 2 . ng thc xy ra khi :
Ta c A 2, ng thc xy ra khi x = 0. Vy : min A = 2 x = 0.

245. V 1 + 3 l nghim ca phng trnh 3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0, nn
Trang: 51

246. Ta c :3(1 + 3 )3 + a(1 + 3 )2 + b(1 + 3 ) + 12 = 0.
Sau khi thc hin cc php bin i, ta c biu thc thu gn :

(4a + b + 42) + (2a + b + 18) 3 = 0.
V a, b Z nn p = 4a + b + 42 Z v q = 2a + b + 18 Z. Ta phi tm cc
s nguyn a, b
sao cho p + q 3 = 0.
Nu q 0 th 3 = -
p
, v l. Do q = 0 v t p + q 3 = 0 ta suy ra p = 0.
q
Vy 1 + 3 l mt nghim ca phng trnh 3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0 khi v

ch khi :
4a b 42 0
. Suy ra a = - 12 ; b = 6.
2a b 18 0
p p
p3
( l phn s ti gin ). Suy ra : 3 = 3 . Hy
q q
q
p
chng minh c p v q cng chia ht cho 3, tri vi gi thit l phn s ti
q
246. Gi s
3 l s hu t
gin.
247. a) Ta c : 3 1 2
Do :
1 2
6 1 2 2 2 6 3 2 2 .
1 2. 6 3 2 2 6 3 2 2 . 6 3 2 2 6 32 2 2
1.
b) 6 9 4 5. 3 2 5 1 .
248. p dng hng ng thc (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), ta c :
a 3 20 14 2 20 14 2 3 3 (20 14 2)(20 14 2).a a 3 40 3 3 202 (14 2) 2 .a
a3 6a 40 = 0 (a 4)(a2 + 4a + 10) = 0. V a2 + 4a + 10 > 0 a = 4.

250. A = 2 + 3 2 .
251. p dng : (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b).
T x = 3 3 3 9 . Suy ra x3 = 12 + 3.3x x3 9x 12 = 0.
252. S dng hng ng thc (A B)3 = A3 B3 3AB(A B). Tnh x3. Kt qu
M=0
253. a) x1 = - 2 ; x2 = 25.
b) t u =
c) t :
3
u v 6
x - 9 , v = x - 3 , ta c :
u = v = - 2 x = 1.
3
v u 6
x 2 32 y 0 . Kt qu x = 7.
254. a biu thc v dng : A
x3 1 1
| = | A + B | min A = 2 -1 x 0.
255. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy hai ln.
256. t 3 x y th 3 x 2 y 2 P 2 3 x 2
Trang: 52
x 3 1 1 . p dng | A | + | B
258. Ta c : P x a x b = | x a | + | x b | | x a + b x | = b a
(a < b).
Du ng thc xy ra khi (x a)(x b) 0 a x b. Vy min P = b a a x
b.
259. V a + b > c ; b + c > a ; c + a > b. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho
tng cp s dng
2
(a b c) (b c a)
b
2
(b c a) (c a b)
(b c a)(c a b)
c
2
(c a b) (a b c)
(c a b)(a b c)
a
2
(a b c)(b c a)
Cc v ca 3 bt dng thc trn u dng. Nhn 3 bt ng thc ny theo

tng v ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a + b c = b + c a = c + a b a = b = c (tam gic u).
260. x y (x y) 2 (x y) 2 4xy 4 4 2 2 .
261. 2A = (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2.
Ta c : c a = - (a c) = - [(a b) + (b c)] = - ( 2 + 1 + 2 - 1) = - 2 2 .
Do : 2A = ( 2 + 1)2 + ( 2 - 1)2 + (-2 2 )2 = 14. Suy ra A = 7.
262. a pt v dng :
x 2 1
263. Nu 1 x 2 th y = 2.
264. t : x 1 y 0. M x 1
y3 2
z 5 3 0.
x 1 2 3 x 1 .
265. Gi cc kch thc ca hnh ch nht l x, y. Vi mi x, y ta c : x2 +

y2 2xy. Nhng x2 + y2 = (8 2 )2 = 128, nn xy 64. Do : max xy = 64 x
= y = 8.
266. Vi mi a, b ta lun c : a2 + b2 2ab. Nhng a2 + b2 = c2 (nh l
Pytago) nn : c2 2ab 2c2 a2 +b2 + 2ab 2c2 (a + b)2
c 2
a+b c
ab
.
2
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.

267. Bin i ta c :
a 'b ab '
a 'c ac '
268. 2 x - 1 ; 1 x 2.
---------------Ht---------------
Trang: 53
b 'c bc'

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270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

c) Cho a, b > 0 v 3a + 5b = 12. Tm gi tr ln nht ca tch P = ab.

17. So snh cc s thc sau (khng dng my tnh) :

19. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 6x 7 5x 2 10x 21 5 2x x 2 .

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

22. Chng minh rng : Nu s t nhin a khng phi l s chnh phng th

25. C hai s v t dng no m tng l s hu t khng ?

28. Chng minh rng tng ca mt s hu t vi mt s v t l mt s v t.

34. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = x2 + y2 bit x + y = 4.

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

39. Chng minh rng 2x bng 2 x hoc 2 x 1

42. a) Chng minh rng : | A + B | | A | + | B | . Du = xy ra khi no ?

45. Gii phng trnh :

46. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A x x .

52. Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn ng thc :

53. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P 25x 2 20x 4 25x 2 30x 9 .

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

55. Cho hai s thc x v y tha mn cc iu kin : xy = 1 v x > y. CMR:

56. Rt gn cc biu thc :

57. Chng minh rng

58. Rt gn cc biu thc :

60. Cho biu thc : A x x 2 4x 4

62. Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a, b, c 0. Chng minh ng thc :

63. Gii bt phng trnh : x 2 16x 60 x 6 .

67. Cho biu thc : A

a) Tm gi tr ca x biu thc A c ngha.

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

b) Rt gn biu thc A. c) Tm gi tr ca x A < 2.

77. Rt gn biu thc : Q

78. Cho P 14 40 56 140 . Hy biu din P di dng tng ca 3

82. CMR trong cc s

ng (a, b, c, d > 0).

87. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

90. Tnh : A 3 5 3 5 bng hai cch.

93. Gii phng trnh :

95. Chng minh rng nu a, b > 0 th

97. Chng minh cc ng thc sau : a)

100. Cho hng ng thc :

(a, b > 0 v a2 b > 0).

101. Xc nh gi tr cc biu thc sau :

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

a) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x P(x) xc nh. Rt gn P(x).

105. Rt gn biu thc : A x 2x 1 x 2x 1 , bng ba cch ?

106. Rt gn cc biu thc sau : a)

107. Chng minh cc hng ng thc vi b 0 ; a

108. Rt gn biu thc : A x 2 2x 4 x 2 2x 4

110. Chng minh bt ng thc :

112. Cho a, b, c > 0 ; a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :

116. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = 2x + 3y

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

bit 2x2 + 3y2 = 5.

119. Gii phng trnh :

120. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 21x 18 2 x 2 7x 7 2

127. Chng minh

129. Cho x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 1 . Chng minh rng x2 + y2 = 1.

135. Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn

270 BI TON BI DNG HS GII V NNG KHIU TON THCS

142. Gii cc phng trnh sau :