May 2015

EKONS

TAGURU
FOOT BRIDGE L=43m

FOOT BRIDGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

GEOMETRY

1.3

LOAD ANALYSIS

1.3.1

CONSTANT LOAD (DL)

1.3.2

LIVE LOAD (LL)

1.3.3

WIND LOAD (WL)

1.3.4

LOAD COMBINATIONS

1.4

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.4.1

DECKING

1.4.2

CROSS BEAMS

1.4.3

SUSPENDERS

1.4.4

MAIN CABLES

1.5

MATERIALS

1.5.1

LIST OF POSITIONS

1.5.2

CONNECTIONS

1.5.3

CONCRETE

1.6

INSTALLATION

10

1.6.1

PHASES

10

1.6.2

FOUNDATION

11

2.

BILL OF QUANTITY

14

3.

DRAWINGS

22

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The pedestrian suspension bridge is located in Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, Taguru
Village across Polu River1. The span for pedestrian suspended cable bridge is 43m, divided in 22 parts.
Bridge walkable width is 150 cm.
This project tasks are:
1. To design safe and eyes pleasant foot bridge
2. To adapt (and optimize) installation technology on remote site
3. To estimate material, works and other costs for construction
Type of bridge is suspension bridge, with adjustable cables for tightening.
Bridge is made by timber, strengthen with steel profiles in constructive joints.
Main cables (4 x wire ropes 40mm) are positioned bellow cross beams (240x290mm) and by suspenders
(wire ropes 14mm) are attached to upper cables. Cables are anchored in both river banks into concrete
blocks. Reccomendations is to use the both side adjustable ends, secured and ready for tensioning during
and after bridge assembling.
Structural calculation shown that vertical deformation of bridge, caused by constant load, will be 5 cm.
Recommendation is to tension main cables in positon reduced for above mentioned value.
All positions of key points must be referenced, followed and controlled by surveyor, appropriate equipped
for remote sites.
For measuring of cable strain and for tightening, it must to be ensure appropriate equipment for remote
sites.
Workers safety is the managements critical path activity.
General Contractor or Investor can check, review and improve methodology only if all stakeholders are
agreed before.
Designers recommendations for safe bridge installation are:
1. The Site Specific Safety Plan (SSSP) must be submitted and approved before bridge installation
2. Specialized workers during bridge assembling must be constantly attached to cables with appropriate equipment
3. During first phase (placing cross beams on 2m interval) only 1 worker can be on bridge.
4. Bridge will be constructed from both side, 1 field-left, 1 field-right
5. Prefabricated Floor End Beams (180x200mm) are connecting with Cross beams by bolts, through
earlier prepared holes
6. Diagonals are placing after Floor End Beams. In this phase, to install just 1diagonal and second
one after first tensioning
7. Final position of bridges referenced points, must be synchronized by surveyor and site engineers
during tensioning2
8. Next phase is placing screw through steel profiles and connection Floor End Beams longitudinally
9. In that phase 2 workers can be on bridge on same side.
10. Construction takt is also 1 field left side- 1 field right side
11. Important next phase is placing central floor beams
12. After that phase 4 person can be on bridge3
13. Concrete works must be done 21 days before installation and concrete must be curred by cold
watter. Frequency is depending by temperature and humidity. First 3 day must be more frequently to
avoid the occurence of small cracks4.
14. Into concrete to place flexibe pipe diameter 50mm. After through hardened pipe, pull through cables.
15. Bridge Pylons are made by steel, anchored into concrete bellow.
16. Concrete anchor block overturning check indicate that

Site data about location, geological investigations, contours, water streams, winds velocity was not available during this phase. Factor of safety was multiplied by 2.
2 Deformations are related with cable type and manufacturer specification and certificates
3 Must be recalculated by Designer or Site Engineer
4 If site conditions are extreme, site engineer can adapt concrete technology by adding admixtures. Concrete strength before timber parts installation must be at least 18MPa.
.

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.2

GEOMETRY

Where:

L = span in meters (43m)

Lb = Backstay length (3m)
hsag = cable sag in meters (2m)
ho.b. = height overburden (3m)

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.3

LOAD ANALYSIS
Bridges structural model was checked manually in first iteration, later was made 3D model
by software Autodesk Robot Structural.

1.3.1

CONSTANT LOAD (DL)

POSITION

POSITION

ASSUMPTIONS/CONVERSIONS

LOADING

No.

NAME

1.

DECKING

TIMBER BEAM: LxBxH = 3m x 0.18m x 0.1m

CL1=WxBxH

Width 1.5m

Width: 8pcs x 0.18m = 1.44m

=9.5x0.18x0.1

WEIGHT (W): 9.5KN/m

2.

CROSS BEAMS
Length 2.0m

TIMBER BEAM: LxBxH = 2m x 0.2m x 0.2m

WEIGHT (W): 9.5KN/m

=0.17 KN/m
CL2= WxBxH
=9.5x0.2x0.2
=0.38 KN/m

Tributary area (decking): L=3m, H=0.1m

CL21= WxLxH
=9.5x3.0x0.1
=2.85 KN/m

3.

SUSPENDERS

Cable: 7/19 Wire Rope

insignificant

Cable: 6/19 seale IWRC Wire Rope

0.64 KN/m

(WIRE ROPE)
4.

MAIN CABLE

W = 6.4kg/m = 0.64 KN/m

1.3.2

LIVE LOAD (LL)

Pedestrian bridge live load: LL1=4KN/m2 (Case Symmetric)
Pedestrian bridge live load: LL2=4KN/m2 (Case Asymmetric on longitudinal direction)

1.3.3
1.3.4

WIND LOAD (WL)

WL= 1.5 KN/m
LOAD COMBINATIONS

Comb1: 1,4DL + 1,6 LL (manual calculation)

Software calculation

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.4

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.4.1

DECKING

L=2m, Plank (beam): L x B x H = 2m x 18 cm x 10cm

Constant Load (self weight): CL1=WxBxH = 9.5x0.18x0.1 = 0.17 KN/m
Live Load: LL=4KN/m2 * 0.18m = 0.72K/m
Total load: 1.4*CL + 1.6*LL = 1.4*0.17 + 1.6*0.72 = 0.24 + 1.15 = 1.39 KN/m
Moments: Mmax=(q*L2)/8=1,39*22/8=0,69 KNm

Section modulus: W=18x102/6 =300cm3

= Mmax/W=0,69*105 / 300=231 N/cm3 allowable=1000 N/cm3
1.4.2

CROSS BEAMS

Constant Load (selfweight): CL1 = WxBxH = 9.5x0.24x0.28 = 0.64 KN/m

Constant Load (decking):
CL2 = WxLxH = 9.5x2.0x0.1 = 1.90 KN/m
Live Load: LL=4KN/m2:
LL1 = LxLL1 = 2.0x4.0= 8.00KN/m
Total load: 1.4*CL + 1.6*LL = 1.4*(0.64+1.90) + 1.6*8.0 = 3.55 + 12.8 = 16.35 KN/m
Reaction in beam supports: A = B = 16.35 KN
Moment in middle: Mmax=(q*L2)/8=16,35*22/8=8,18 KNm
Section modulus: W=24x282/6 =3136cm3

= Mmax/W=8.18*105 / 3136 = 260.78 N/cm3 allowable=1000 N/cm3

1.4.3

SUSPENDERS
Vertical suspenders transfer the loads from the deck to upper main cables at 2 meter intervals..
Each suspender must be able to carry 16.35 KN5.

Manufacturer6

As suspender P/N 2637 WR SS 7x19 G304 5.5MM (7/32) is recommended.

5
6

See 1.4.2 beam reactions

http://wirerope.net.au/products/stainless-steel-wire-rope/7x19-g304-wire/

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.4.4

MAIN CABLES

Calculation of strains in cables was calculated by Autodesk Robot Structural Professional.

Combination of load is described in 1.3.4
Extreme possible tension force in cable is 405.79KN

As main cable7 P/N TBA WR GALV 6x36 IWRC 28MM is recommended.

http://wirerope.net.au/products/galvanized-wire-rope/wire-rope-6x36-iwrc/

1.5

MATERIALS

1.5.1

LIST OF POSITIONS

1. Cables
1.1. Main Cables (MC) (4pcs * 53m)
1.2. Suspenders (S) (42pcs * 1.3m)
2. Cross Beams (CB) (23 pcs * 2m)
3. Floor End Beams (FEB) (40pcs * 2m)
4. Floor Beam (FB) (154pcs x 2m)
5. Diagonals (D) (44pcs * 2.5m)
6. Wire fence 2pcs * 1.2m * 45m

Type

Number

Length
(m)

Unit weight
(kG/m)

Bar weight
(kG)

Painting
area
(m2)

Total weight
(kG)

TIMBER
Cross Beam 24x29

1.52

20.18

30.68

123

6.44

Cross Beam 24x29

23

20.18

40.37

928

48.76

Diagonals 10x18

2.15

8.35

17.96

72

5.85

Diagonals 10x18

24

2.52

8.35

21.05

505

41.13

Diagonals 10x18

16

2.53

8.35

21.13

338

27.53

Floor Beams 18x10

14

1.52

5.22

7.93

111

11.92

Floor Beams 18x10

84

2.01

5.22

10.49

881

94.55

Floor Beams 18x10

56

2.02

5.22

10.54

590

63.35

Floor Beams 18x20

24

2.01

13.57

27.28

655

42.45

Floor Beams 18x20

16

2.02

13.57

27.42

439

28.44

Total per sections

Cross Beam 24x29

27

52.08

20.18

1051.18

1051

55.2

Diagonals 10x18

44

109.56

8.35

915.05

915

74.5

Floor Beams 18x10

154

303.24

5.22

1582.91

1583

169.81

Floor Beams 18x20

40

80.56

13.57

1093.36

1093

70.89

4643

370.41

Total
Steel

Total length (m)

Cable

1.52

12.16

15

120

1.53

Cable

1.85

1.85

18.26

18

0.23

Cable

1.87

1.87

18.45

18

0.23

Cable

48

2.01

96.48

19.84

952

12.12

Cable

30

2.02

60.6

19.93

598

7.62

Cable

2.03

4.06

20.03

40

0.51

Cable

2.81

2.81

27.73

28

0.35

Cable

2.82

2.82

27.83

28

0.35

0.89

1.04

0.09

Total Cable

182.65

Suspender

Suspender

40

1.2

0.89

1.07

43

1.81

Cable

92

182.65

9.87

1802.42

1802

22.95

Suspender

42

50.34

0.89

44.71

45

1.9

1847

24.85

Total per sections

Total

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.5.2

CONNECTIONS

Typical assembly connection types:

1. Cable Suspender (C-S) (42pcs)
2. Cable Cross Beam (C CB) (46pcs)
3. Cross Beam Suspenders (CB S) (42pcs)
4. Cross Beam Diagonals (CB D) (88pcs)
5. Cross Beam Floor End Beam (CB FEB)
6. Cross Beam - Floor Beam (CB FB) (308pcs)
7. Diagonals Diagonals Floor Beam (D-D-FB) (22pcs)
8. Anchor Blocks Cables (AB C) (4pcs)
9. Column Cables ( C-C) (4pcs)

Foot Suspension Bridge L=43m

1.5.3

CONCRETE

1. Continuous footing bellow pylons1 T120/50x130x60cm, A=1.05m2, L=4m

(2pcs).V=4.2x2=8.4m3
2. Concrete block, Th=3m, L=3m, B=4m (2pcs)..V=36x2=72 m3
3. Access slab, Th=1.05m, L=3m, B=0.9m (2pcs)...V=2.84x2=5.68 m3
4. Foundation will be detail designed after site inspection
Total volume of concrete: 86.08 m3.
Reinforcement quantity2: assumption 40 kg per 1 m3 of concrete..3.4 tones

Refer to 1.6.2
Since this is massive anchor block for, acting as counterweight reinforcement is necessary in continuous footing
and in some places within concrete block.
2

1.6

INSTALLATION

1.6.1

PHASES

10

1.6.2

FOUNDATION

Dead Load

Combinations envelope

Live Load
Each of 4 fictive points (foundation) must accept following maximum forces:
1. Pylons
a. FmaxX = 310.50KN
b. FmaxZ = 247.73KN
2. Anchor Blocks
a. FmaxX = 250.53KN
b. FmaxZ = 133.60KN
Horizontal forces, bellow pylons, will be accepted by
horizontal ground beam connected to anchor blocks.
Thus, foundation bellow pylons will be dimensioned
according vertical forces and anchor blocks loaded
with additional horizontal forces.

Dimensioning of footing bellow pylon1

FmaxZ = 247.73KN
Allowable bearing capacity: 150 KN/m2
Area of footing: 247.73/150 = 1.65m2
BxL= 1.2 x 1.5m
Since distance between pylons is 2m, for foundation type is recommended to use continuous footing L=3m, width
B=1.2m.

Allowable bearing capacity must be checked by geomechanical surveyer

11

Dimensioning of anchor block1

FmaxX = 250.53KN+247.73KN=498.26KN
FmaxZ = -133.60KN
Assumptions:
Weight of anchor block (Wb): 2*2*2=8m3 * 25KN/m3 = 200KN
Uplift check: Wb/FmaxZ = 200/133.6=1.49OK
Overturning check: Wb/FmaxX = 200/498.26KN = 0.4..NOT OK
Iteration 2: Weight of anchor block (Wb): 2*4*3=24m3 * 25KN/m3 = 675KN
Overturning check: Wb/FmaxX = 675/498.26KN = 1.35..OK2
Gravity anchor block must provide counterweight safety and must ensure stability against overturning of structure, caused by large horizontal forces. Therefore, dimension of concrete block 2*4*3m is recommended as anchor block. Since, this foot bridge has 2 anchor block, total weight must be doubled and concrete block is
4*4*3m.

Horizontal forces are changing depend on footings elevation and before construction must be recalculated after
on-site Survey
2 Neglected passive soil pressure, upplift force, active soil pressure, underground water, pylons unfavorable
moment
12

13

2.

BILL OF QUANTITY

14

3.

DRAWINGS

22