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Packet 2 PDF
Packet 2 PDF
Aswath Damodaran
Aswath Damodaran
Aswath Damodaran
H.H. Munro
If you are going to screw up, make sure that you have lots of company
Ex-portfolio manager
Aswath Damodaran
Aswath Damodaran
Multiple =
Revenues
a. Accounting
revenues
b. Drivers
- # Customers
- # Subscribers
= # units
Aswath Damodaran
Earnings
a. To Equity investors
- Net Income
- Earnings per share
b. To Firm
- Operating income (EBIT)
Cash flow
a. To Equity
- Net Income + Depreciation
- Free CF to Equity
b. To Firm
- EBIT + DA (EBITDA)
- Free CF to Firm
Book Value
a. Equity
= BV of equity
b. Firm
= BV of debt + BV of equity
c. Invested Capital
= BV of equity + BV of debt - Cash
Aswath Damodaran
Definitional Tests
Aswath Damodaran
Descriptive Tests
What is the average and standard deviation for this multiple, across the
universe (market)?
How asymmetric is the distribution and what is the effect of this asymmetry on
the moments of the distribution?
How large are the outliers to the distribution, and how do we deal with the
outliers?
Throwing out the outliers may seem like an obvious solution, but if the outliers all
lie on one side of the distribution, this can lead to a biased estimate.
Capping the outliers is another solution, though the point at which you cap is
arbitrary and can skew results
Are there cases where the multiple cannot be estimated? Will ignoring these
cases lead to a biased estimate of the multiple?
How has this multiple changed over time?
Aswath Damodaran
Analytical Tests
What are the fundamentals that determine and drive these multiples?
Proposition 2: Embedded in every multiple are all of the variables that drive every
discounted cash flow valuation - growth, risk and cash flow patterns.
Firm Multiple
Aswath Damodaran
10
Application Tests
Given the comparable firms, how do we adjust for differences across firms on
the fundamentals?
Proposition 5: It is impossible to find an exactly identical firm to the one you
are valuing.
Aswath Damodaran
11