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Kinh Nghiem Hoc English PDF
Kinh Nghiem Hoc English PDF
Kinh Nghiem Hoc English PDF
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Th b ng:
trn bo).
Th ch ng thng r rng v d hiu hn. Tuy nhin, c mt s trng hp dng th b
ng li thch hp hn. Chng hn khi tc nhn ca hnh ng khng quan trng bng ngi
hay vt b tc ng. Bn cng c th dng th b ng khi khng mun tit l danh tnh ngi
thc hin hnh ng, nh khi bn mun bo v nhn chng. V d nh trong cu sau:
Th ch ng: John Smith overheard his plan of stealing the car. (John Smith
nghe lm c k hoch trm xe hi ca hn ta).
Th b ng: His plan of stealing the car was overheard. (K hoch trm xe hi ca
hn ta b nghe ln).
R rng cu th hai khng cp n tn ngi tit l k hoch n cp xe ca tn trm.
Ngi nghe ch bit rng k hoch bi l cn ai tit l li c hon ton bo mt.
Th b ng cn c dng trnh v k c, gim nh nhng li tuyn b mnh m hoc
nghe c phong cch cng vn hn.
Th ch ng: You must clean the house within this morning. (Con phi lau dn cn
nh ny trong sng hm nay).
Th b ng: The house must be cleaned within this morning. (Cn nh phi c
lau dn trong bui sng hm nay).
Khi c cu th hai bn cm thy tnh cht ra lnh b gim i, ging iu ca cu nghe nh
nhng hn.
2. Trnh nhng chuyn i khng cn thit
Chuyn i l s thay i v cu trc hoc vn phong gia chng mt cu hoc mt on.
Hu ht nhng s thay i ny u lm cho cu vn kh hiu hoc lng cng.
Trnh chuyn i v s (chng hn t s t sang s nhiu).
Thng thng dng s nhiu d hn dng s t. Ln lt bn c th vit li cu bng cch
lc b i t. Hy xem xt v d sau y:
If a person mixes drinking and driving, they may end up in jail.
If a person mixes drinking and driving, he or she may end up in jail.
If people mix drinking and driving, they may end up in jail
People who mix drinking and driving may end up in jail.
(Nhng ngi va ung ru va li xe th u c nguy c phi vo nh ).
Vi cng mt ngha nhng cu cui cng d hiu v sc tch nht.
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mt ch ng. Nu s chuyn i v th lm ch ng thay i theo (chng hn nh
t we chuyn thnh the children) th cu s ri rc v kh hiu. Hy xem xt cu
sau:
As we pulled up to the burning structure, we could hear the children inside screaming
desperately for help. (Khi chng ti tin st ta nh ang chy, chng ti c th nghe thy
ting bn tr bn trong ang la ht cu cu mt cch v vng).
Nu chuyn i th ca cu ny ta s c: As we pulled up to the burning structure, the
children inside could be heard screaming desperately for help. (Khi chng ti tin st ta nh
ang chy, bn tr bn trong c th c nghe r ting go tht cu cu v vng).
Tuy nhin, ta thy rng khi chuyn th cu vn tr nn lng cng v ti ngha hn. Do vy,
cn lu trong mt s trng hp ta ch c th dng th ch ng (hoc b ng).
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Nng cao kh nng nghe hiu ting Anh. Trong cc tr chi phiu lu hin i, bn c
th nghe c tt c cc nhn vt ni ting Anh thc th. Cuc i thoi d hiu hn
trong phim: chm hn, r hn v bn c th dng hnh ng nghe li cu . Do ,
chi cc tr chi ny l mt hot ng luyn nghe rt b ch.
Rn luyn kh nng hiu ng php qua trc gic. Khi chi, bn c tip xc vi
rt nhiu cu ting Anh t nhin v chnh xc v ng php. Nhng cu ny khng ch
c ni (nh trn tivi), m trong nhiu tr chi bn cn c th bt ph ln. Nu lm
vy th bn s ng thi nghe c cch pht m v nhn c c cch vit. Kt qu l
tr
nh
ca
bn
s
lu
li
c
nhiu
cu
hn.
Ci thin k nng pht m. Nghe ting Anh ni chun lun l cch thc tp pht m
hiu
qu.
Thc y ng lc. Khi chi, bn ang vo tnh th m vic bit ting Anh s rt c
ch cho bn, n gin l v nu hiu c on i thoi, bn mi bit c ci g ang
din ra trong tr chi. iu ny gip bn gii cc cu v hiu c nhng tnh hung
d dm. Bn s thm ngh: Ting Anh lm mnh thy d chu v ng lc ca bn tng
ln.
D khng mun th khi chi mt tr chi phiu lu, bn cng s hc c mt t ting Anh.
Nhng nu c gng th bn cn hc c nhiu na. C mt phng php hu hiu m n
gin khi chi l: s dng t in. Thng xuyn tm ngng (pause) tr chi v tra cc t
trong mt cun t in hay dnh cho ngi hc. Bn s hiu nhiu hn v tr chi, v tt
nhin cn hc c mt s t vng ting Anh. Nu thc s c ng c hc ting Anh, bn
c th ghi xung tt c cc t mi, sau , b sung vo cm nang ghi nh bn c th
ghi nh chng mi mi. Nu mun ci thin k nng pht m, hy thng xuyn tm ngng
tr chi v c nhc li cc cu cho tht chun. y l mt bi luyn pht m rt hay, th v
hn nhiu so vi cc bi tp trong gio trnh, i vi cc tr chi phiu lu li cng ng v
cch pht m trong ny r hn trong phim. Nu bn c bit quan tm ti vic nng cao k
nng nghe hiu, bn c th chi tr chi khng c ph . chi c, bn s phi hiu
ting Anh ni. Ln u chc chn bn s gp rc ri, nhng cng ngy bn s cng nghe tt
hn. Lu l khi s dng phng php ny, bn s kh tra t in c v bn khng nhn
thy cc t trn mn hnh m ch nghe thy chng.
Hy hc v tip nhn ting Anh vi nhng cu chuyn y tr tu, d dm bt ng, hnh nh
p, m thanh khuy ng v ging ni ca cc din vin ti nng.
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ng ni hoc vit qu sm
Rt nhiu ngi d hc ting Anh c
mt thi gian di nhng vn thng mc li
khi ni hoc vit ting Anh. Mt s ngi
thc hin ng cc quy tc trnh mc li trong
ting Anh nhng vn khng trnh khi cc li
cu. Bn c nm trong s khng?
Nu bn tun th ng quy tc m vn mc
nhiu li khi ni (nhiu hn 1 li trong 3 cu) th c
th bn nn chuyn sang luyn vit mt thi
gian. Hy lm ng cc nguyn tc sau:
1. u tin l vit, sau mi ni. Vit d hn
ni v: 1) bn khng cn pht m ng (nhng
bn phi vit ng), 2) bn c th vit tht chm
m khng ai thy phin, 3) bn c th s dng t
in, website... Do , s rt tt nu bn luyn vit
trc cho ti khi bn c th xy dng mt cu
chnh xc nhanh c th pht ngn.
2. ng ni cho ti khi no bn hc pht
m cc m tit ting Anh. Bn cm pht m
c tt c nguyn m v ph m ting Anh r
rng trc khi ni. Nu khng, bn s b quen vi cch pht m sai.
3. ng ni mt t nu bn khng bit cch pht m t . Ni cch khc, bn cn bit
cch pht m ca tt c cc t bn s dng. Nu khng, bn s mc cc li pht m v
t to thi quen xu cho mnh.
Nu bn vit chm v cn thn m vn mc hn 1 li trong 3 cu th c th bn nn
dng vit mt thi gian v tp trung vo k nng c v nghe.
Nh l bn nn lnh hi vo u nhiu cu ting Anh trc khi xy dng cc cu ca ring
bn. Hot ng chnh ca bn s l c v nghe ting Anh, l do l bn cn cc mu cu
ng lm theo trc khi bn c th t cc cu ca ring mnh. No ca bn cng hp th
c nhiu cu th bn cng din t c nhiu bng ting Anh. Nu bn khng nhn/ nghe
cc cu chun v t nhin trong ting Anh th bn s khng bit cch din t mi th
bng ting Anh nh th no. Do bn s t to ra ngn ng ca ring bn, v nh th
ngha l bn ang mc li.
Trnh t hp l trong qu trnh hc ting l: Pht m Lnh hi Vit Ni. ng tic l
trong cc lp hc ting Anh th trnh t li din ra hon ton khc. Hu nh khng c kho
hc no dy bn pht m ngay t u. t gio vin cung cp d liu cho bn. Thay vo
, bn b bt phi ni v vit: gio vin t cu hi cho bn, yu cu bn lm cc bi tp
ng php hoc cc bi luyn vit. Bng cch , bn thng b mc li v dn dn to thnh
thi quen xu. Do , cch tt nht l bn nn t rn cho mnh thi quen hc ting Anh theo
cc bc hp l vi tr tr gip ca cc trang hc ting Anh trc tuyn. Chc cc bn thnh
cng!
Thanh Sn Ging vin Global Education
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nhiu ln, cho n khi bn c th ni nh mt ngi pht thanh vin ca Special
V.O.A.
Khng n gin c th tr thnh native - like speaker (ngi ni nh ngi bn ng)
nhng nu kin tr luyn tp thng xuyn theo cc bc nu th tin rng bn s ci thin
c rt nhiu k nng ting Anh ca mnh y.
Thy Mai Ging vin Global Education
Ngng v ngm
Thng thng, khi c mt bi vit, mi ngi
hay vn dng chin lc c ly ni
dung, mc ch l nhanh chng nm c
cc chnh m khng phi tn nhiu cng
sc.
c im ni bt ca chin lc ny l mt khng
cn ch n cc t ng php (mo t, gii t,
lin t...) m ch cn nhn nhng t ch ni dung,
cng chng cn n dng thc ca t hay
cch vit chnh xc mt t, v b qua nhng t
mi khng lm nh hng ti vic hiu ni dung
ca bi c. Vn l bn khng cn cc t ng
php hiu c bi c, nhng bn li cn
chng din t kin ca mnh. Do vy, nu
khng ch ti nhng t nh mo t v gii t,
bn s khng th s dng chng trong cc cu
ca ring bn mt cch chnh xc c.
Bi vit ny s gii thiu vi cc bn phng php c ngng v ngm mt cch thc
nhm gip bn khng cn mc nhng li ng php c bn khi din t bng ting Anh.
Trong lc c mt on vn, bn cn x l cc cu trong nh sau:
1. Dng li nhng ch ng quan tm (ch khng phi nhng ch r mn mt) nh: t
mi, cch s dng mt t, cu trc ng php, gii t, mo t, lin t, cch sp xp t...
Chng hn, bn hy dnh my giy ngm ngh v vic cu s dng gii t at ch
khng phi on; c th cu s dng th hin ti hon thnh ch m bn tng phi l
th qu kh n gin; c th cch sp xp t khc hn vi cu tng ng trong ting Vit.
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4. Nu bn s dng s tay ghi nh, ng qun b sung cm t vo b su tp
m bo n s lu li trong tr nh ca bn. Tt nhin l ch nhng cm t hu ch mi c
ghi vo.
Chng hn, khi c cu: Former President Jimmy Carter will visit Venezuela next week to
mediate talks between the government and its opposition, which have been locked in a power
struggle since a failed coup (Nguyn Tng thng J.C. s thm Venezuela tun ti dn
xp cuc m phn gia chnh ph v phe i lp b b tc trong cuc tranh ginh quyn
lc sau khi mt v o chnh tht bi), cc bn c th ngng v ngm nh sau:
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S thm nhun
Nu bn chu kh c vi quyn sch ting Anh, bn s nhn thy ting Anh ca mnh tr
nn tin b hn. Bn s bt u s dng cc t v ng php mi bit trong cc bi vit
trng hay trong cc bc th in t. ng qun l cc cu ting Anh s ch xut hin khi
bn ang ni hoc vit! Nhng ci nh th qu kh n gin v cch s dng lin t since
(t khi) s tr thnh mt phn ca bn. Bn s s dng chng mt cch t ng ho m
khng cn suy ngh. Nhng cm t ng s xut hin ngay trong u bn. Vic s dng
ting Anh s d dng i vi bn, v no bn ch phi lp li nhng g n gp nhiu ln.
Bng cch c mt quyn sch ting Anh, bn s cung cp cho b no hng ngn cu ting
Anh. Gi y cc cu ny tr thnh mt phn ca bn. Lm sao bn c th mc li v ni
"I feeled bad" nu bn nhn thy dng ng ("I felt bad" Ti cm thy kh chu) 250 ln
trong quyn sch bn va mi c? c th s dng hng ngn cu mt cch tri chy,
bn phi c hng vn cu, v bn s qun rt nhiu nhng g c. Nu bn ch c
nhng g gio vin yu cu (chng hn, hai bi bo ngn trong gi hc ting Anh mi tun),
bn s khng tin b c. Vi tc nh vy, ngay c khi bn c hc c ci g trong
tun ny th tun sau bn cng s qun. Bn cn c trung bnh t nht vi trang mi ngy.
V l do , bn cn chu trch nhim cho vic hc ca mnh hy tm my quyn sch v
bt u t c.
2.
S hng th
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3.
Tnh xc thc
Thay v hc t cc ngun c chun b ring cho ngi hc, vic hc t cc ngun Anh v
M ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nu gp mt cu trong mt quyn sch hay trn blog, bn s
bit cu tht s c s dng trong th gii ni ting Anh. Ngc li, cc bi c trn
lp thng c dy th ting Anh chun mc, lc i ht cc t ng thn mt nh "sucks"
(ko) hay "stuff" (mn). Thc t cho thy hu ht ngi hc s la chn ngn ng t nhin
thoi mi hn l nhng chun mc bo th mt cch cng nhc. y l mt l do na
ngi hc thi l thuc vo nhng gi ting Anh trn lp v bt u t c ngn ng ting
Anh i thc.
Thanh Sn Ging vin global Education
Nn nh l bn cng kh ri
Bn cng t nhiu hiu bit ting Anh (th nn hin ti bn mi c mt trn trang web ny
tip tc hc tp v nng cao trnh ). y cng l mt thnh cng ng ghi nhn! V by
gi l lc t c nhiu thnh cng hn na, bt u s dng nhng phng php
hc ting Anh hiu qu, v tip thu mt lng kin thc ting Anh tht n tng.
3.
Yu t ny rt, rt quan trng. Bn cng s dng ting Anh nhiu th bn cng mun hc
n. Do ting Anh rt ph bin nn bn c th vn dng khp mi ni, nh: s dng Google
tm cc trang web ting Anh c nhng thng tin l th, xem phim hot hnh M, chi cc
tr phiu lu trn my tnh hay c nhng quyn sch ting Anh th v. Nu bn nhn thy
ch mt t mi ting Anh gip bn hiu c chng trnh tivi yu thch ca bn (hoc
giao tip c vi mi ngi, hay thng trong mt tr chi) th bn s cn mun hc nhiu t
hn na. V th bn s hc ting Anh nhiu hn, s dng nhiu hn, ri li hc nhiu hn v
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s dng nhiu hn... Nu bn cn c phng php hc tp hiu qu th ting Anh ca bn
s tin b nhanh ngoi sc tng tng.
5.
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10 mo hc t vng
i vi nhng ngi bt u hc ngoi ng,
t vng l mt vn rt kh xi. Nhiu hc
vin thc mc rng ti sao h khng th no
nh c cc t va hc mc d vit i
vit li nhiu ln.
Di y l 10 mo nh gip bn hc t vng tt
hn:
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Ni ng ting Anh
Ng m c coi l mt trong nhng yu t
c s ca tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii.
Nu pht m chnh xc th khng nhng c li
cho vic biu t t tng, nng cao hiu qu
giao tip m cn gip ngi hc ni ng
ting Anh. Vy lm th no hc tt ng m
ting Anh?
1. Ng m ting Anh v ng m ting Vit
c rt nhiu s khc bit.
Do vy chng ta cn phn bit r nhng
s khc bit . Nhiu ngi mi hc c thi quen dng ting Vit ghi m ting
Anh. V d, h ghi m table l thy b, student l s tiu n, bag l bc. Nhiu
t ting Anh c cch c khc nhau nhng do c ghi m bng ting Vit nn
ngi hc khng thy c s khc bit no c, chng hn ghi m cc t why v
white l goai, cc t birth, bird, bus l bt Nu khng loi b thi quen xu
ny th vic hc ting Anh s khng hiu qu. Trong ting Anh, c rt nhiu m
khng c ting Vit, th d nh cc m gi. V vy, ngi hc cn nm vng h
thng k hiu phin m ting Anh ghi li cch c ca cc t ting Anh mt cch
chnh xc. Trong giai on u cch tt nht l bn hy nghe nhiu, bt chc nhiu
cho ti khi bt chc c tht ng mi thi.
2. Tp mt thi quen hc ting Anh tt.
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Bad cat dont do that!
Ri sau nng cao dn bng cc bi luyn m di v kh hn.
T mnh tng kt cc quy lut v quy tc pht m. Trong thi gian mi bt u hc,
sau khi hc c mt s t n cn kp thi t tng kt cc quyi lut ng m, th c trc
cc t n, i chiu vi ph hiu ng m, vi cch c ca gio vin. Tip em so snh
vi nhng iu hc c trong sch hay trong nhng li ging ca gio vin. Th d phn
bit cch c nguyn m trong m tit mang trng m v khng mang trng m ra sao, khi
no th c ch a l /a/ v /e/C th dn chuyn t cm tnh nng cao ti l tnh, ngi
hc s nh c su sc, nh c lu cc quy tc pht m ng thi nng cao nng lc
bn thn.
Trong ting Anh trng m ng mt vai tr rt ln. C c trng m t v trng m cu. Trng
m t gip ngi nghe phn bit cc t ting Anh mt cch d dng. V d, c rt nhiu
ngi nghe khng th phn bit hai t ch s m l fifteen v fifty. C mt cch rt n
gin gip ta nhn bit c l khi c fifteen th trng m ri vo m tit th nht, fifty th
trng m ri vo m tit th hai. Trng m cu gip ta phn bit c dng ca ngi ni.
V d ta c cu sau: Shes a beautiful girl. Nu t She trong cu trn c nhn mnh th
hm ca ngi ni l c y ch khng phi l ai khc l mt c gi xinh p. Nhng nu t
beautiful c nhn mnh th hm ca ngi ni li mun nhn mnh v p ca c gi.
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Bn nghe tt cha?
Bn th xem tnh hung ny c ging mnh
khng nh? Ting Anh ca bn ang tin b
rt nhanh, ng php thun thc, c hiu
th khng vn g, ni th tri chy th nhng
k nng nghe li l mt vn !
Trc tin bn nn nh rng khng ch c
mnh bn l nh vy. Nghe c l l k nng kh
nht i vi hu ht ngi hc ting Anh nh
mt ngn ng th hai. iu quan trng nht
gip bn ci thin k nng nghe l phi nghe
thng xuyn. Nu nghe m vn khng hiu g
th cng ng vi nn ch hay tht vng. Bn
hy:
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Nghe hiu khng c ngha l bn phi hiu tt c cc t ng m ngi ni pht ra. Tt nhin,
hiu c ton b ni dung ca bi ni l mc tiu m chng ta cn t ti nhng hin ti
khng cn thit phi nh vy. Nghe l k nng kh nht trong bn k nng ting Anh. nghe
gii chng ta phi luyn tp rt nhiu, khng nhng th phi c lng kin nhn cao . Khi
nghe m khng hiu th cng ng lo lng hay nng rut. Th gin, cho tm tr c thoi
mi bn s thy bt ng v s tin b nhanh chng ca mnh.
Nh mt cu thnh ng Anh ni: Practice makes perfect (S luyn tp lm nn iu
hon thin), nghe thng xuyn l cch hu hiu nht ci thin k nng nghe cc bn.
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hc t mi qua t in.
tp vit mt cu chnh xc bng cch tham kho t in, hng dn ng php v trn
Web.
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L tng nht l lm sao ting Anh tr thnh mt s thch ca bn. Bn nn ngh bn
thn mnh l mt Ngi Hc Ting Anh - mt ngi la chn hc ting Anh l mt trong
nhng hot ng a thch nht ca mnh.
2.
Quyt nh hc ting Anh i hi nhng thay i trong cuc sng ca bn. Chng hn, bn
quyt nh s c mt quyn sch ting Anh 30 pht mi ngy v c gng ht sc thc
hin n. Thc s l rt kh to ra mt thay i nh nhng lu bn trong cuc sng ca
bn, c bit nu ting Anh dng nh li chng c g hay ho c. Tuy nhin, bn nn bit
rng hc ting Anh 15 pht mi ngy mang li nhiu kt qu hn l hc trn vn c ngy mi
thng mt ln.
3.
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Din t tng r rng tri try, khng b p ng hay ngt qung gia chng
Hy chn s ng
Trong cc bi thi nghe IELTS bn thng nghe
thy khng phi ch mt ln nhng con s
khng chnh xc trc khi nghe c con s
ng. V th tr li ngay khi nghe thy con s
u tin khng phi l mt la chn khn
ngoan.
Nhng vn khng phi ch c vy. Nhiu khi th
sinh bit mnh cn nghe nhng con s nhng li
khng h ngh xem chng l loi s g. iu ny cng l nguyn nhn rt ln khin th sinh
chn sai p n. V d khi bn nhn thy cu hi:
What time will the airplane arrive at Sydney airport? (My gi th my bay s n sn bay
Sydney?)
Khi c cu hi ny th cha cn nghe bng v cng chng kh khn g bn bit ngay
rng mnh cn nghe tm ra mt con s. Nhng bn cng cn t hi bn thn hai cu hi
sau:
Bn s nghe loi s g?
Con s cp n ci g?
Chng hn, trong v d trn con s cn tm l mt con s ch gi. Do , bn cn ngh xem
S c bao nhiu ch s trong cu tr li?
Chng s c dng nh th no?
Con s ch gi c th hai dng: 12 gi v 24 gi. Nu tnh theo dng 12 gi th cu tr li
s l 3 hoc 4 con s. Cn nu tnh theo dng 24 gi th cu tr li s c 4 con s. Trong c
hai trng hp, nhng con s s c ngn cch bi du phy , hoc du hai chm :.
Thm vo nu dng h thi gian 12 gi th s cn n k hiu am v pm phn bit
sng v ti. V d: nu cu tr li l 8 gi 25 ti th p n s c vit l 8:25 pm hoc
20:25. Di y l mt s loi s thng dng v dng xut hin ca chng:
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Loi s
S lng cc ch s
Dng
S in thoi di ng
8 10
Thng bt u = s 0
S in thoi bn
4-10
Thng bt u = s 0
S in thoi quc t
> s lng ch s in
thoi ni a
Bt u = 001 v m
nc (thng gm 2 ch
s)
M bu in Thi Lan
Vit lin
M bu in c
45
Vit lin
M bu in Anh
3 4 s + 3 4 ch
Th ngy thng
Ngy + thng + nm
(VD: mt chuyn i ko
di bao lu)
Tui tc
1 2. C th l 3
Vit lin
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c hiu c cn qu kh?
C mt s sinh vin hc ting Anh phn nn
rng im c ca h chng bao gi vt qu
6 hoc 7. Vi h, c l mt k nng v cng
kh. Vy lm th no ci thin k nng c?
Trc ht, bn cn hiu r mc ch ca cng
vic c ti liu ca mnh l g.
1. Mc ch ca vic c
Mc ch ca vic c l kt ni nhng
tng trn trang giy vi nhng g bn bit.
Nu bn khng bit mt cht g v ch
m c c nhi nht nhng t ng ca bi c
vo u th chng khc no nc l khoai. Bn s chng gi li c g. Hy
thc hin mt v d sau y. Bn hy c dy s sau v c nh chng.
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To ng lc v hng th. Xem qua ti liu, t cu hi, tho lun vi cc bn trong
lp. Hng th ca bn cng cao th vic c ca bn em li kt qu cng ln.
Hy ch n cc gi xung quanh bi c. Hy nghin cu k tranh, nh hoc tiu
. c on vn u tin v on vn cui cng trong mt chng. Trong mt phn
nn c k cu u tin hoc cu cui cng. y l nhng phn c ngha rt quan
trng i vi vic hiu bi c.
nh du, tm tt v xem li. c mt quyn sch mt ln l cha . c hiu su
hn bn phi nh du, tm tt v xem li cc chnh.
Xy dng mt vn t vng phong ph. i vi hu ht nhng ngi c gio dc,
l k hoch ca c i ngi. Cch tt nht lm phong ph vn t vng l
thng xuyn s dng t in. Bn c th mang theo bn mnh mt cun t in b
ti tra t mi hoc lp mt danh sch nhng t mi trong ngy mnh gp ti tra.
Hy ch n ngun gc, tin t hay hu t ca chng.
S dng phng php c c h thng nh SQR3. Hy pht trin mt phong cch c
c h thng chng hn nh SQR3 Survey (nghin cu), Questions (t cu hi),
Read (c), Recite (trch dn), Review (n li). Mi phng php u phi ph thuc
vo tnh u tin cng nh mc ch ca vic c.
iu khin tnh hiu qu. Mt ngi c gii s bit cch iu khin s ch , tp
trung hay mc hiu qu ca mnh. H nhanh chng nhn ra l mnh va b qua
no v nhanh chng quay li c n.
ng dng cc gi nu trn mt cch linh hot, tin rng k nng c khng cn qu kh i
vi tt c cc bn.
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Phn on v tng tng v ch bn chun b nghe cng nhiu cng tt. Hy t mnh t v tr li
cu hi v nhn vt s xut hin, ni dung bn sp nghe l g? iu ny t hn s to cho bn s t m,
hng khi khi nghe.
Chun b
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Hy c cu hi cn thn trc khi nghe v d on cu tr li nu c th.
Khi nghe
Practice makes perfect c bit ng vi k nng nghe. Nu nghe thng xuyn, bn s thy quen vi
cch pht m v cch din t ca ngi Anh v iu ny s gip bn chong khi nghe trong
phng thi.
2. c
ng vi nn khi gp nhiu t mi, hy c c v c gng hiu cng nhiu cng tt. Thng th
cu m u s gip bn hiu chung khi qut ca on vn.
3. Vit
Vit bn th nghim, tin cho vic sa v thm hy cch ra 1 dng khi bn vit.
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Hc t li sai ca bn hc l hnh thc hc rt nhanh v hiu qu . Thng qua vic cha li cho
bn ca mnh,bn c th rt cho mnh rt nhiu kinh nghim hu ch khi vit.
4. Ni
Hy nh hnh tng sn trc khi ni, c bit nhm sn nhng cu mang ngha then cht
trc khi bt u ni.
Trong giao tip bng cch th hin thi quan im ca mnh vi ngi ni nh:
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Nguyn bn:
Vietnamese tradition wisely forbade the confiscation of land for the payment of debts, but the
French ignored this tradition. A peasant\'s land was treated like any other real asset that
could be seized for the payment of debts. Fearing the confiscation of their land for nonpayment of taxes, many peasants turned to wealthy Vietnamese for loans (at interest rates
that often exceeded 100% per annum) to meet their tax obligation in a futile attempt to stall off
the inevitable. Slowly but surely Vietnam was transformed into a land of huge estates on
which approximately seventy percent of the population toiled as sharecroppers. French tax
policy was exploitative and shortsighted. Within two generations it created the social and
economic conditions for revolution. (p. 114)
*Source: Quincy, K. (1995). Hmong: History of a people. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington
University Press.
[Truyn thng Vit Nam by lu nghim cm vic thu hi t bt n, nhng thc dn Php
khng thm n iu . Chng coi t ca ngi nng dn nh bt c ti sn no
khc, c th b tch thu sit n. Lo s b tch thu t v cha np thu, nhiu nng dn tm
n nhng ngi Vit Nam giu c vay n (vi t l li sut thng l vt qu 100% mt
nm) hon thnh ngha v np thu trong mt c gng v ch nhm tr hon vic khng
th trnh khi. Chm chp m chc chn, Vit Nam bin thnh mt in trang khng l
m trn xp x by mi phn trm dn s tr thnh nhng ngi cy thu phi lao ng
cc nhc. Chnh sch thu ca thc dn Php y tnh bc lt v thin cn. Trong vng hai
th h, n to ra iu kin kinh t v x hi tin hnh cch mng.
* Ngun: Quincy, K. (1995). Hmong: Lch s ca mt dn tc. Cheney, WA. Nh xut bn i
hc ng Washington.]
on din gii:
Vietnamese tradition did not allow the seizing of land for the payment of debts. The
French, however ignored the tradition and treated land like any other asset. Fearing the
loss of their property, many peasants went to wealthy Vietnamese for loans at high
interest rates. Eventually, Vietnam was changed into a collection of huge estates, where
nearly three-fourths of the people worked as sharecroppers. The tax policy of the French
was unfair and misguided, and it set the stage for revolution (Quincy, 1995).
on din gii hp l:
Misguided and harsh French tax policies in Vietnam contributed to political instability.
Caught between tax collectors and greedy moneylenders, peasants lost their small
landholdings to tax collectors or to greedy moneylenders. As these landholdings were
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consolidated into large estates, most of the population ended up sharecropping for their
wealthy owners and eventually rebelling (Quincy, 1995).
2.
Chm ri v cn thn. Lc u, bn nn vit tht chm. Nu bn mt ti hai ting
ng h vit c mt bc th in t ch c vn vn 10 cu ng th cng chng sao c.
l khong thi gian cn thit nu bn ch mi bt u tp vit.
Khi ni, bn cng c th dnh thi gian thit lp sn mt cu trong u trc khi m
ming.
3.
Khi vit, lun phi tra k cc t. Bt c lc no khng chc chn v cch s dng
ca mt t, bn nn tra trong mt cun t in hay tm cc cu mu ca t . Khi bn
vit mt cu m khng chc cu y c ng khng th hy tm kim trn mng vi trang
Google. Nu c nhiu trang web c cha cm t bn nh vit th cm t c th ng. T
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in v Google nn l cng c thng xuyn ca bn, v bn nn s dng chng thm ch
nhiu ln trong mt cu (c bit nu bn ch mi bt u vit ting Anh).
4.
Bit mnh c th chnh ch no. Ngi hc thnh thong cn chng nhn thc c
ting Anh khc ting m im no. Khi ni, h c dch tng t mt t ting m sang,
v ngh rng nh th l c mt cu. Khi c hoc nghe ting Anh, cn ch k nhng
yu t nh cch sp xp t, mo t, gii t v th. So snh cc cu ting Anh vi cc cu
tng ng trong ting Vit. Lu s khc bit v t v th t ca t. Vic ny s gip
bn thn trng hn khi ni ngoi ng, v bn c th nhn ra phn no ca cu c th sai v
nn c kim tra li ln na.
Nu ni qu chm v cn thn nh vy th c bao gi ti ni lu lot c khng?
ng lo lng v vic ni lu lot. Ch n gin bng cch ni chuyn l bn c th ni tri
chy c. Nu bn luyn ni, bn s ni ngy cng nhanh hn. trng ph thng, nhiu
hc sinh c th ni tng i tri chy ch bng cch ni chuyn vi gio vin ting Anh (l
ngi bn x) hai ting mt tun. Nh vy l ch mt c 8 gi ni.
Theo chng ti, th rng chm v ng cn hn l lu lot m mc nhiu li. Ti sao? Bi
v nu bn chm v ng, bn c th d dng tng dn tc v tr nn ni va ng va
lu lot. Cn nu bn ni lu lot v mc li nhiu, th vic khc phc c li sai tr nn
ni va ng va lu lot l rt kh.
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c g cho hiu qu
Bn c cho rng mn c ting Anh tht kh
khn v phc tp? Nhng phng php di
y s gip bn ci thin mn c ca mnh
mt cch ng k.
c ci g th v. N cn th v n
mc bn trng ch c c n hng ngy. N
khng cn phi tr tu, cng khng cn phi nng
cao kin thc ca bn v khoa hc hay lch s.
Nh l bn ang mun thuyt phc bn thn rng
c ting Anh rt hay. ng cm thy ti li v
vic c cc truyn tranh vui, cc tp ch, truyn
trinh thm hay cc cu chuyn tnh lng mn
v.v...
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Sch gin lc. y l loi sch rt ph bin, c vit li bng ngn ng ting Anh
n gin dnh cho ngi hc. Loi sch ny rt hon ho cho nhng ngi mi bt u.
Chng sn c cc trnh khc nhau - cp n gin nht s dng ch 200 t ting Anh
c bn. Hy th cc cp bc trung hay bc cao (hn 1000 t). Nhng cp thp nht
s dng qu t t nn chng nghe rt khng t nhin.
Sch khoa hc. Nu bn thch khoa hc, bn c th tm c nhng cun sch khoa
hc rt hay vit bng ting Anh. C rt nhiu tc gi ni ting Anh ni ting trong cc lnh vc
nh: tm l hc, sinh hc tin ha, vt l hay kinh t.
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c mt quyn sch ting Anh mi ngy mt ting, phn tch ng php trong cu v
tra t trong t in ting Anh.
Nghe bng bn km cc sch luyn nghe hay bt c bng a ting Anh no khc,
thng xuyn cho dng on bng c hiu on ni g v c gng bt chc cch
pht m ca ngi ni.
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qu)
Gi s bn mun ni That sounds pretty silly, doesn\'t it? (iu nghe c v ng ngn nh?), nhng
bn khng chc phi s dng cu hi ui no cui cu (doesn\'t it hay doesn\'t that?). Bn li tin
hnh hai bc tm kim trn Google:
"That sounds really nice, doesn\'t it?" (Ci nghe tht s hay y nh?) (28 kt qu)
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Thay v phi tra t in, bn c th tm kim t trn Google. Hy nhn vo thanh mu xanh bn trn
cc kt qu tm c, chng c trnh by nh sau:
Web
seconds)
---Kt qu 1-10 trn tng s 11.500.000 kt qu tm c cho t tank top [nh ngha] (0,23 giy)--Nu bn nhy vo ng link [definition], mt trang mi s m ra. bn c th tm thy nh ngha
chi tit cho t tank top, cng nh ng dn vo trang Wikipedia (cun bch khoa ton th min ph
trn mng). N s cung cp cho bn nhiu thng tin hn, v quan trng hn l c hnh nh.
Bn cng c th s dng chc nng Tm kim Hnh nh ca Google (Google\'s Image Search) tm
hnh nh ca tank tops.
Tm kim li bi ht trn Google nh th no?
Nu bn bit tc gi v tn bi ht th ch cn g vo tm kim cng vi t lyrics (li bi ht). V
d: lyrics U2 Beautiful Day.
Bn khng bit tn bi ht? Khng h g. Nu bn bit mt vi t trong bi ht, Google c th tm bi
ht cho bn. Hy th g vo cc t sau lyrics "I see skies of blue".
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hin thc. Ti nghe nhiu ban nhc rock, tt c u bng ting Anh, v ti nghe hng ngy,
i khi hn by ting mt ngy. Ti nhn thy thnh cng ca mnh vi mn ting Anh v ti
hiu c li ca cc bi ht m ti nghe. V iu em li cho ti cm gic thch th v
hi lng sut my gi ng h mi ngy]
C ba loi li nh my thng gy mt cm tnh cho ngi c:
Vit hoa khng ng (vit ch thng thay cho ch hoa hoc ch hoa thay cho ch
thng)
Sai chnh t
S dng chc nng kim tra li chnh t t ng. Vi chc nng kim tra chnh t,
bn c th d dng trnh c cc li kiu becouse (thay v because), ma (thay v am), cna
(thay v can) v taht (thay v that).
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S hu
C hai cch biu t s s hu trong ting Anh: Have hoc Have got.
Do you have a car?/Have you got a car? (Anh c t khng?)
He hasn\'t got any friends./He doesn\'t have any friends. (Cu y khng c ngi bn no.)
She has a beautiful new home./She\'s got a beautiful new home. (C y c mt ngi nh mi p.)
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Trong khi c hai cch u ng (v c chp nhn trong c ting Anh Anh v Anh M), th have
got (have you got, he hasn\'t got...) ni chung vn c a thch hn trong ting Anh Anh cn hu ht
ngi ni ting Anh M li s dng have (do you have, he doesn\'t have...).
ng t get
Qu kh phn t ca ng t get trong ting Anh M l gotten, cn trong ting Anh Anh l
got. V d: Anh M - He\'s gotten much better at playing tennis. (N chi qun vt tt
hn nhiu). Anh Anh - He\'s got much better at playing tennis.
Thanh Sn - Ging vin Global Education
T vng
Gii t
Cng c mt vi khc bit trong cch s dng gii t (theo th t Anh M ~ Anh Anh), gm
c:
On the weekend ~ At the weekend (Vo ngy cui tun)
On a team ~ In a team (Trong mt i)
Please write me soon ~ Please write to me soon (Lm n vit cho ti sm)
Qu kh n gin/ Qu kh phn t
Cc ng t di y c hai dng qu kh n gin/qu kh phn t c th chp nhn
trong c ting Anh Anh v Anh M, tuy nhin, dng bt quy tc (dng u tin trong hai dng)
ni chung ph bin trong ting Anh Anh hn, cn dng quy tc ph bin hn vi ting Anh
M:
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Burn: burnt
t
HOC
chy burned
dreamt
Dream:
HOC
m
dreamed
Lean: leant
da, HOC
chng leaned
learnt
Learn:
HOC
hc
learned
smelt
Smell:
HOC
ngi
smelled
Spell: spelt
nh HOC
vn
spelled
Spill: spilt
lm
HOC
trn
spilled
Spoil: spoilt
lm
HOC
hng spoiled
Cch vit
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S dng t in th no cho hp l?
Bn ang theo hc mt ngn ng mi
vy m c qu nhiu th thch xy
n? Cc hin tng ng php, ng
m, cc tp qun ngn ng nh mt
bc tng chn trn bc ng ca
bn? Lm th no hiu c thng
ip t mi ngun tin trong ngn ng
nu nh bn cha c mt vn t
nht nh?
n lc bn cn n mt ngi ng
hnh thn thuc_mt cun t in s
gip ch cho bn tht nhiu. Vi mt cun
t in bn s lm c nhng g? C
rt nhiu l do khin bn phi cn n :
Xc nh mc ch s dng ( nu ra trn).
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y l mt k nng cn thit. Luyn tp bng cch nh bo ai vit 5 t bt k ri tnh thi
gian trong lc bn tra ngha ca chng. D nhin bn phi thuc lng bng ch ci ting Anh
ri. Thng u mi trang vit c mt t kha gi , hy luyn cho ti khi bn ch mt
10 giy l tra cu c mt t. Nu dng t in in nn dnh t thi gian nghin cu cch
thc s dng t in, sau tin hnh luyn tp vi t.
Finding the right meaning of an English word (Tm ngha chun cho t mnh cn
dng):
Mt t thng c nhiu ngha. Nu bn khng bit ngha no l ph hp hy lm theo cch
sau:
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th ngi nh s cng ln v ng nhin bn s thy thoi mi hn.
Cc nghin cu ca nhiu nh ngn ng hc chng minh rng chng ta ch cn khong 100 t
thng gp l c th thc hin tt vic giao tip c bn bng th ting . Nhng khong 100 vin
gch nh vy ch xy mt cn h mt phng trong khi thc t ngi ta li mun c mt bit th hai
tng. l l do ti sao ngi hc ngoi ng lun tm kim b quyt lm giu vn t vng ca bn
thn.
Ngi ta ch c th lm giu khi trong tay c mt lng vn nht nh. V b quyt lm giu c
bit ny cng vy. N ch dnh cho nhng ai nm tng i vng vn t vng c bn. Nu bn
hc ngoi ng theo mt cun gio trnh no , th vn t c bn ca bn s c phn b hn ch do
nhng cun gio trnh ngoi ng thng ch tp trung vo mt s lnh vc nht nh trong cuc sng.
Khi , vic p dng b quyt ny thnh cng khng phi l chuyn n gin.
c v nghe(1) thng tin bng ting Anh l hai cch cc k hiu qu trong vic lm phong ph vn t
vng. Bt c khi no c c hi nghe ai ni ting Anh hay x l vn bn bng th ting ny, hy c
gng ht sc mnh hiu r nhng thng tin m bn nhn c. Tp trung ch vo nhng t m bn
khng bit. Hy th on ngha ca chng qua ng cnh xut hin. Nu khng th on ra, hy lun
mang theo mt cun t in nh tra ngha ca chng. c bit l khi bn c ch khng phi nghe
thng tin, hy ch ti cch pht m ca nhng t mi (Mt cun t in tt lun cung cp cho bn c
ngha v phin m ca mt t).
Mt cch hiu qu khng km nng cao vn t vng l tham gia vo nhng hot ng giao tip(2)
hai chiu bng ting Anh. Nhng tr chi ting Anh hay nhng tr chi in t bng th ting ny l
mt cch rt th v m rng vn t. Khi chi in t, hy c gng lin h nhng g ang xy ra trn
mn hnh vi nhng iu m bn nghe hay c c trong trng hp bn bt ng gp t mi.
Cch th t s hu mt vn t vng phong ph l thc hin chng trnh m cc kho hc ngoi
ng vn gi l mi ngy mt t mi(3). T to cho mnh thi quen tra mt t mi mi ngy v c gng
ghi nh n. ng nhin bn khng nn tra mt t ting Anh no him khi gp hay khng c tc
dng thc t g vi cng vic ca bn. Thay vo , hy tp trung vo nhng t thng dng m bn
cha bit, c bit l nhng t m bn c c hi gp hng ngy khi tip xc vi mi ngi.
Nu bit kt hp nhng phng php hc t vng ny vi nhau, vn t vng giao tip ca bn s tng
ln mt cch ng k, u n m li khng h gy ra tnh trng qu ti cho b nh ca bn. Tnh trng
ny cng ging nh git nc lm trn ly. Vn t ca bn chng nhng khng giu ln m cn ngho
i v ngay c nhng t hc cng khng cn trong b nh.
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giao tip vi du khch ni ting Anh, bit u bn c th gip h ng thi ci thin c kh nng
giao tip bng ngoi ng ca bn thn.
Bi ht ting Anh
Hy nghe nhng bi ht ting Anh m bn thch, nhc li li v ht theo nhc. Ht i ht li nhiu ln
thuc li v ht c t nhin hn. Vic ny s gip ci thin tr nh ca bn khi nghe ting Anh v
pht trin nhng c m bn cn pht m chun.
B quyt gip bn ni ting Anh gii l ng ngi ni. Hy c gng ni ra bng ting Anh nhng iu
bn ngh ngay c khi bn mc li v khng ai c th tin b khi cha nhn thy thiu st ca mnh. Hy
lun ghi nh Ngi khng bao gi mc sai lm l ngi khng lm g c. Hy nhng li m bn
mc phi tr thnh cng c hu ch trong vic hon thin k nng giao tip.
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3-
4-
5-
Ngi v tr cng st gio vin cng tt trnh b mt tp trung trong tit hc.
Chp tt c nhng g gio vin ghi trn bng v trn my chiu, nht l sn
bi.
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o
Lng nghe hng dn ca gio vin mt cch chu o. Khi nghe ging nu
quan st sn bi ca gio vin, bn s d dng d on nhng chnh m
mnh cn ghi chp.
Ghi chp tht ngn gn. Hy din t nhng chnh bng ngn ng ca
chnh mnh ch khng nn chp y nguyn li ca gio vin. Hy nh l mc
tiu ca bn l hiu bi ging ch khng phi l c ghi li chnh xc tng t
gio vin ni.
Hy c gng nhn din chnh bng nhng t ni, chng hn nh: First,
Second, Next, Then, Thus, Another important..., vn vn.
ng qu vi vng. Hy tp trung, lng nghe v ghi chp ngay khi gio vin
a ra chnh. Nu bn mi theo ui ngh ring trong khi l ra phi nghe
ging th c th bn s b l mt nhng im quan trng, m c khi li l
nhng thng bo cho k thi sp ti!
Hy xem li nhng ghi chp ca mnh cng sm cng tt, tt nht l ngay
sau bi ging khi m bn vn cn nh r.
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mt phn php rt d khin cho chng ta cm thy n iu nhm chn v mt mi, nhng
ngi c ngh lc cng khng ngoi l. Nu thng xuyn thay i phng thc hc chng
hn nh chuyn i t c qua nghe t vit qua hi thoai, xem bng hnh... nh th s khin
cho ngi hc c cm nhn mi m, d dng tip thu tri thc. 3- Khng thot ly ng cnh.
i vi thanh thiu nin, tr nh mang tnh my mc tng i cao, i vi ngi trng
thnh, tr nh mang tnh l gii cao. Ch c nhng vn c hiu mi c th cm th
mt cch su sc, mi ghi nh c. Lin h vi ng cnh chnh l nhn mnh phng
php hiu qu ca s ghi nh mang tnh l gii. 4- C gng dch thm nhng th bn tip
xc, chng hn nh qung co, cu ch gp ngu nhin. Dch thm nhng th bn tip xc,
c li cho vic m rng tri thc nng cao kh nng phn ng nhanh, khin cho bn thn c
th nhanh chng ly t cu, c php t trung khu i no, pht hin thy khng th lp tc
b sung. 5- Ch c nhng ci c thy gio sa cha mi ng ghi nh k, ngha l cn
phi ghi nh nhng ci c khng nh l ng. Hc ngoi ng, khng ch nm bt
nhng kin thc ng trong gio trnh, m cn phi thng qua gio trnh phn din hc
c cch trnh phm li. Cho nn ngoi vic hc tp nhng kin thc c thy gio
hiu chnh ra, cn phi xem thm mt s sch ging gii v li thng gp. 6- Hc ngoi
ng, cn phi phi hp t nhiu phng din: c bo, tp ch, sc tham kho, nghe i,
xem bng, tham d cc bui m thot. 7- Phi mnh dn tp ni, khng s sai. Cn phi
nh ngi khc sa li, khng s xu h, khng nht ch. 9- Thng xuyn vit v hc thuc
nhng m hnh cu thng dng. Hc ngoi ng khng nn \\"v a c nm\\", nn nm
nhng im ct li. Nhn t kt cu ca ngoi ng, nm c nhng cu trc cu thng
dng l rt quan trng. Trong cu thng c t, ng php c php v tp qun. 9- Cn phi
t tin kin nh mc ch nh, s kin nhn s to ra ngh lc phi thng v ti nng hc
ngoi ng. Mt nh t tng M tng ni: \\"T tin l b quyt quan trng u tin ca s
thng li\\" Nu bn khng tin l bn thn s hc tt ngoi ng, th chc chn bn khng bao
gi hc gii c, v tt nht l t b, khi bt u hc ngoi ng th phi tin tng bn thn
c ngh lc, tin rng s ghi nh c v nht nh s thnh cng...
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+ Phn 1: T vng, ng ngha ca t, cch dng.
+ Phn 2: Cu trc ng php lin quan trong bi hi thoi.
+ Phn 3: Luyn nghe v bi tp nghe.
+ Phn 4: Cc bi tp kim tra nh gi nng lc hc tp.
+ Bi kim tra cui kho hc bao gm: 30 pht.
+ Bi tp t vng, chn p n ng.
+ Nghe v chn p n ng.
+ Bi tp trc nhim theo hi thoi.
Sau khi hon thnh Cp 1, hc vin tip tc chn Cp 2 hoc Cp bt k trong s 8
cp tip tc.
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II. Con ng hiu qu gip bn m rng vn t vng ca mnh
Khi bn thc s nm vng c cc quy lut ngn ng v tm hiu su v cc gc t ca La
tinh v Hy lp trong cc cu to ting Anh, bn c th tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian trong
hc tp, c bit l i vi cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh kinh t, y hc, k thut v my tnh.
Hy tng tng mt ngy no , bn c th ngi lt trn mng hoc c sch bo
chuyn ngnh m khng cn s dng n t in. iu tht th v v cch hc cng tht
n gin. Mi bn kin tr theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Khi ng vi nhng t n gin
14 t c bn gip bn c bc t ph v kh nng s dng t vng
14 t c bn ny s thc s gip ch cho bn v chng bao gm 20 tip u t thng dng
nht v 14 gc t quan trng nht. Khi bn ng dng c tt cc thnh phn cu to
nn 14 t ny, bn s c th suy lun ngha ca khong 14.000 t trong t in dnh cho
sinh vin i hc v khong 100.000 t trong t in ln. (Trch li ca gio s James I.
Brown, trng i hc Minnesota; trong cun Programmed Vocabulary, NXB Meredith, New
York 1971)
Di y l danh sch 14 t v cu to ca chng:
precept: pre- v capere [Mc d cep, cip, ceiv, ceipt, v ceit l cc bin dng ca capere,
nhng dng thng dng nht thng c dng l cap (Latin: head, chief, get, receive)].
detain: de-v tenere [Bin dng ca tenere l ten, tain, v tin (Latin: hold, grasp, have)].
intermittent: inter-v mittere [Cc bin dng khc bao gm mitt, mit, miss, mis, v mise(Latin:
send, let go, cause to go; throw, hurl, cast)].
offer: ob-v ferre [Gm cc bin dng fer v lat (Latin: line, bring, carry)].
insist: in-v stare [Cc bin dng ca stare l sta, stat, sti, v sist (Greek: standing, stay,
make firm, fixed)].
monograph: mono-v graphein [Cc bin dng thng dng bao gm graph v gram (Greek:
to scratch; write, record, draw, describe)].
epilogue: epi-v legein [Gm cc bin dng sau: log, logy, logo, logue, v ology (Greek: talk,
speech, speak; word)].
aspect: ad-v specere [Gm c 2 dng spec v spic (Latin: see, sight, look, appear, behold,
and examine)].
uncomplicated: un-, com-,v plicare [C 11 bin dng sau: plic, plicat, plicit, pli, ply, plex, ple,
pleat, play, ploy, v plicity (Latin: layer, involved]
nonextended: non-, ex-,v tendere [Gm 3 dng tend, tent, v tens (Latin: stretch)].
reproduction: re-, pro-,v ducere [Mc d duit, duke, duct, duch, v duce l cc bin dng ca
ducere, nhng tn sut cao nht li ri vo duc (Latin: lead, leading, bring, take, draw)].
indisposed: in-, dis-,v ponere [Hai dng thng dng nht ch dng 3 k t ca ponere l pon
v pos (Latin: set, place); pound v post t s dng hn v chng c th d b nhm ln vi
post trong ngha after, behind(sau)].
oversufficient: over-, sub-,v facere [C cc bin dng fac, fact, fic, feat, feas, featur, v fair
(Latin: make, do, build, cause, produce; forming, shaping)].
mistranscribe: mis-, trans-,v scribere [Bin dng thng dng scrib, scrip, scrip, v bin dng
t dng scriv (Latin: write, record)].
Ngoi ra, trong cun Improving Spelling and Vocabulary in the Secondary School, Richard E.
Hodges, NXB ERIC, 1982, trang 30. Hc gi Richard E. Hodges c ni rng Nu bn kim
tra trong s 20.000 t thng dng nht trong ting Anh, bn s thy 5.000 t bao gm cc
tip u t m trong c 80% (khong 4.100 t) ch s dng 14 tip u t sau trong cu
to t vng. Sau ng a ra danh sch cc tip u t sau:
ab- (away from)
be- (on all sides, overly)
de- (reversal, undoing, downward)
dis-, dif- (not, reversal)
ex- (out of, former)
pre- (before)
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re- (again, restore)
un- (do the opposite of)
ad- (to, toward)
com-, con-, co- (with, together)
en-, em- (in, into, to cover or contain)
in- (into, not)
pro- (in favor of, before)
sub- (under, beneath)
Bc 2: Ghi nh cc gc t thng dng.
(Phn trong ngoc n ghi ch v ngun gc ca t v gii ngha)
aero-, aer-, aeri- (Greek: air, mist, wind).
aesth-, esth-, aesthe-, esthe-, aesthesio-, esthesio-, -aesthesia, -esthesia, -aesthetic, esthetic, -aesthetical, -esthetical, -aesthetically, -esthetically (Greek: feeling, sensation,
perception).
ampho-, amph-, amphi- (Greek: around, about, both, on both sides of, both kinds).
anti-, ant- (Greek: against, opposed to, preventive; used as a prefix).
astro-, astra-, astr- (Greek: star, star shaped; also pertaining to outer space).
auto-, aut- (Greek: self; directed from within).
bi-, bin-, bino-, bis- (Latin: two, twice, double, twofold; a number used as a prefix).
biblio-, bibli-, bibl- (Greek: book).
bio-, bi-, -bia, -bial, -bian, -bion, -biont, -bius, -biosis, -bium, -biotic, -biotical, -biotic (Greek:
life).
cardio-, cardi-, card- (Greek: heart, pertaining to the heart).
chromato-, chromat-, chromo-, chrom-, chro-, -chrome, -chromasia, -chromia, -chromatism, chromatic, -chromatically, -chromy (Greek: color).
chrono-, chron- (Greek: time).
cine-, cinem-, cinema-, cinemat-, cinemato-, -cinesia, -cinesis, -cinetic, -cinesias, -cineses, cinetical, -cinetically (Greek: move, movement, set in motion).
-crat, -cracy, -cratic, -cratism, -cratically, -cracies (Greek: a suffix; govern, rule; strength,
power).
dactylo-, dactyl-, dactylio-, -dactyl, -dactyla, -dactylia, -dactylic, -dactylism, -dactyloid, dactylous, -dactyly (Greek: finger, toe).
deca- [DEK uh], dec-, deka-, dek- (Greek: ten; a decimal prefix used in the international
metric system for measurements).
demo-, dem-, demio-, -demic, -deme, -demically (Greek: people).
dermo-, derm-, derma-, dermato-, dermat-, -derm, -derma, -dermatic, -dermatous, -dermis, dermal, -dermic, -dermoid, -dermatoid (Greek: skin).
dyna-, dyn-, dynamo-, -dyne, -dynamia, -dynamic (Greek: power, strength, force, mightiness).
dys- (Greek: bad, harsh, wrong; ill; hard to, difficult at; slow of; disordered; used as a prefix).
eco-, oeco-, oec-, oiko-, oik- (Greek: house, household affairs [environment, habitat], home,
dwelling; used in one extensive sense as, environment).
endo-, end- [before vowels or h] (Greek: within, inside, into, in, on, inner; used as a prefix).
epi-, ep- [before vowels or h] (Greek: above, over, on, upon; besides; in addition to; toward;
among; used as a prefix).
ergo-, erg- (Greek: work). Also: urg-, [erg-], -urgy, -urgia, -urgical, -urgically, -urgist, -urge
(Greek: work).
etym- (Greek: truth, true meaning, real [the root meaning, true meaning or literal meaning of a
word]).
eu- (Greek: good, well, normal; happy, pleasing; used as a prefix).
ex- (e-, ef-). (Latin: [out of, from]; [upward]; [completely, entirely]; [to remove from, deprive of];
[without]; [former]; used as a prefix). Also: ex-, ec-, e- (Greek: out of, out, outside; away from;
used as a prefix).
geo-, ge- (Greek: earth, world).
glotto-, glot-, -glott (Greek: tongue; by extension, speech, language). Also: glosso-, gloss(Greek: tongue; language, speech).
grapho-, graph-, -graph, -graphy, -grapher, -graphia (Greek: to scratch; write, record, draw,
describe).
gymno-, gymn- (Greek: naked, uncovered; unclad).
gyno-, gyn-, gynaeco-, gyneco-, gyne-, -gynia, -gynic, gynec-, -gynist, -gynous, -gyny (Greek:
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woman, female).
helio-, heli- (Greek: sun).
hemi- (Greek: half).
hetero-, heter- (Greek: different, other, another, unlike; used as a prefix).
hippo-, hipp- (Greek: horse).
homo-, hom- (Greek: same, equal, like, similar, common; one and the same).
hydro-, hydra-, hydr-, hyd- (Greek: water).
hyper-, hyp- (Greek: above, over; excessive; more than normal; abnormal excess [in
medicine]; abnormally great or powerful sensation [in physical or pathological terms]; highest
[in chemical compounds]; used as a prefix).
hypo-, hyp- (Greek: under, below, beneath; less than; too little; deficient, diminished; used as
a prefix).
icono-, icon- (Greek: image, likeness; sacred or holy image).
-itis (Greek: a suffix; inflammation, burning sensation; by extension, disease associated with
inflammation).
kilo- [KIL oh or KEEL oh], kil- (Greek: one thousand; a decimal prefix used in the international
metric system for measurements).
kine-, kin-, kino-, kinesio-, kinesi-, kineto-, kinet-, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic, -kinesias, kineses, -kinetical, -kinetically (Greek: move, set in motion; muscular activity). Also: cine-,
cinem-, cinema-, cinemat-, cinemato-, -cinesia, -cinesis, -cinetic, -cinesias, -cineses, cinetical, -cinetically (Greek: move, movement, set in motion).
-latry, -olatry, -later, -olater, -latress, -olatress, -latria, -latrous, -olatrous (Greek: a suffix;
worship; excessively, fanatically devoted to someone or something; service paid to the
gods).
litho-, lith-, -lith, -lithic, -lite, -liths, -lites (Greek: stone, rock).
logo-, log-, -logia, -logical, -logism, -logician, -logian, -logist, -logy, -logue (Greek: talk,
speech, speak; word).
macro-, macr- (Greek: large, great; long [in extent or duration]; enlarged, or elongated, long).
-mania, -maniac, -maniacal, -manic, -manically, -maniacally (Greek: mental disorder).
mega- [MEG uh], meg- (Greek: large, great, big, powerful; a decimal prefix used in the
international metric system for measurements).
meter-, metro-, metr-, -metrical, -metrically, -metron, -metric, -metrist, -meters, -metry, -metre
(Greek: measure).
micro-, micr- (Greek: small, tiny; a decimal prefix used in the international metric system for
measurements).
miso-, mis- (Greek: hate, hater, hatred; used as a prefix).
mne-, mnem-, mnemon-, mnes-, -mnesia, -mnesiac, -mnesic, -mnestic (Greek: memory, to
remember).
mono-, mon- (Greek: one, alone, single; a number used as a prefix).
morpho-, morph-, -morphous, -morphically, -morphia, -morphosis, -morphously, -morphy, morphic, -morphism (Greek: shape, form, figure, appearance).
naus-, nau- (Greek: ship, sailor).
neo-, ne- (Greek: new, recent, current, young).
odonto-, odont-, odon-, -odont, -odonic, -odontic, -odontia, -odontoid (Greek: tooth, teeth).
-oid, -oidal, -oidism, -ode (Greek: a suffix; like, resembling, similar to, form).
oligo-, olig- (Greek: few, small; abnormally few or small; used as a prefix).
onomato-, onoma-, onomo-, onom-, ono- (Greek: name; word).
ortho-, orth- (Greek: right, straight, correct, true; designed to correct).
pachy-, pacho-, pach- (Greek: thick, dense; large, massive).
pedo-, paedo-, ped-, paed-, paido-, paid- (Greek: child).
The British tend to use paed- while those in the United States tend to use ped-. Remember
that the Greek ped- means child while the Latin ped- means foot. Don't confuse this Greek
element with another Greek pedo- that means ground, soil, earth.
pan-, panto-, pant- (Greek: all, every).
patho-, -path-, -pathia, -pathic, -pathology, -pathetic, -pathize, -pathy (Greek: feeling,
sensation, perception, suffering, [in medicine, it usually means one who suffers from a
disease of, or one who treats a disease]).
peri- (Greek: around, about, near, enclosing; used as a prefix).
petro-, petr-, peter- (Greek: stone, rock).
phago-, phag-, -phag, -phage, -phagic, -phagia, -phagism, -phagist, -phagous (Greek: eat,
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consume).
philo-, phil-, -phile, -philia, -philic, -philous, -phily, -philiac, -philist, -philism (Greek: love,
loving, friendly to, fondness for, attraction to, strong tendency toward, affinity for).
Note: under some circumstances, -philia means unwholesome-sexual attraction to
something or someone, as in pedophilia (paedophilia).
-phobia, -phobias, -phobe, -phobiac, -phobist, -phobic, -phobism, -phobous; phobo-, phob(Greek: fear, extreme fear of, morbid fear of, excessive fear of, irrational fear or terror of
something or someone; however, sometimes this Greek element means a strong dislike or
hatred for something).
Noun endings are formed with -phobia and -phobe; while adjectives end with -phobic.
phono-, phon-, -phone, -phonia, -phonic, -phonetic, -phonous, -phonically, -phonetically, phony (Greek: phone; sound; voice).
photo-, phot-, -photic, -phote (Greek: light).
pneumo-, pneum-, pneumono-, pneumon- (Greek: lung [breath]).
podo-, pod-, -poda, -pod, -pode, -podium, -podia, -podial, -podous, -pody (Greek: foot, feet).
polis-, polit-, poli- (Greek: city; method of government).
poly- (Greek: many, much; too many, too much, excessive; often used as a prefix).
Dont confuse this poly- with the next -poly that means to sell.
-poly, -pole, -polism, -polist, -polistic, -polistically (Greek: used as a suffix; sale, selling; one
who sells; pertaining to selling).
Dont confuse this element with the previous poly- that means many.
pro-, por- (Greek > Latin: used as a prefix).
1 before
2 forward
3 for, in favor of
4 in front of
5 in place of, on behalf of
pseudo-, pseud- (Greek: false, deception, lying, untrue, counterfeit; used as a prefix).
psycho-, psych-, -psyche, -psychic, -psychical, -psychically (Greek: the mind or the mental
processes).
Etymologically, this element includes such meanings as, breath, life, soul, spirit, mind, and
consciousness.
pyro-, pyr- (Greek: fire, burn; and sometimes fever; heat, produced by heating).
sarco-, sarc-, -sarcous, -sarc, -sarcoma, -sarcomatous, -sarcomatoid (Greek: flesh, meat).
sauro-, saur-, -saurus, -saurid, -saur, -sauria, -saurian (Greek: lizard).
scopo-, scop-, scept-, skept-, -scope-, -scopy, -scopia, -scopic, -scopist (Greek: see, view,
sight, look at, examine).
seismo-, seism-, -seism, -seisms, -seisma, -seismically, -seismical, -seismal, -seismic (Greek:
shake, earthquake [move to and fro; to shake, move violently]).
soma-, som-, somat-, somato-, -soma, -some, -somus, -somia, -somic, -somal, -somite, somatous, -somatia, -somatic (Greek: body; mass).
sopho-, soph-, sophic, -soph, -sopher, -sophy, -sophical, -sophically, -sophist (Greek: wise,
wisdom; knowledge).
stereo-, stere- (Greek: solid, firm, hard; three-dimensional).
syn-(sy-, sym-, syl-, sys-). (Greek: together, with, along with).
By extension, syn- may also mean: together, with; united; same, similar; at the same time.
tacho-, tach-, tachy- (Greek: fast, speed, swift, rapid).
techno-, techn-, tect-, -technic[s], -technique, -technology, -technical, -technically (Greek: art,
skill, craft; techne, art, skill, craft; tekton, builder).
tele-, tel-, telo-, -telic, -telical (Greek: far away, far off, at a distance).
Dont confuse this tele- with the teleo- that means end, last.
thanato-, thanat-, thanas-, -thanasia, -thanasic (Greek: death, dead).
theo-, the-, -theism, -theist, -theistic (Greek: God, god, deity, divine).
therap-, -therapeutic[s], -therapeutically, -therapy, -therapies, -therapist (Greek: heal, cure;
treatment; service done to the sick, a waiting on).
thermo-, therm-, thermi-, -thermia, -therm, -thermal, -thermic, -thermous, -thermy (Greek:
heat).
toxico-, toxic-, toxi-, tox-, toxin-, -toxically, -toxaemia, -toxemia, -toxaemic, -toxemic, -toxical, toxy, -toxis, -toxicosis, -toxism, -toxia, -toxin, -toxicity (Greek: poison).
xeno-, xen- (Greek: foreign, foreigner, strange, stranger; and by extension, guest).
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The x in xeno- is pronounced z; zeno. Greeks are said to have considered any stranger a
guest and modern Greek includes xenodocheion a guest house or house for guests or its
modern version of hotel.
xero-, xer-, xir- (Greek: dry).
zoo-, zo-, -zoic, -zoid, -zoite, -zoal, -zonal, -zooid, -zoon, -zoa, -zoan (Greek: animal; living
being; life).
a-, ab-, abs- (Latin: from, away, away from; used as a prefix).
This prefix is normally used with elements of Latin and French origins (abs- usually joins
elements beginning with c, q or t).
The form ab- is regularly used before all vowels and h; and it becomes a- before the
consonants m, p, and v. The prefix apo- has similar meanings.
ad- (Latin: to, a direction toward, addition to, near; used as a prefix).
ad- appears before vowels and before the consonants d, h, j, m, and v:
agri-, agrio- (Greek > Latin: fields).
Wild, savage; living in the fields through Latin, ager, agri.
amat-, amor-, am- (Latin: love, loving; fondness for).
ami-, amic- (Latin: friend).
ambi-, amb- (Latin: both, on both sides; around, about).
ambul-, ambulat-, -ambulate, -ambulating, -ambulation -ambulator, -ambulatory, -ambulant, ambulic, -ambulism, -ambulist (Latin: walk, take steps, move around; from to wander, to go
astray).
anima-, anim- (Latin: animal life; breath; soul; mind).
Anima- is a living being from a Latin form meaning, of air, having a spirit, living, which in
turn comes from another form meaning, breath of air, air, soul, life.
anni-, annu-, enni- (Latin: year, yearly).
ante-, anti-, ant- (Latin: before, in front of, prior to, forward; used as a prefix).
Compare this element with anti-, meaning against. Anti-, with the meaning of before, is
found in very few words, such as: antipasto (from Italian). and anticipate with its various
forms, plus a few scientific terms.
aqua-, aquatic-, aqui-, aqu-, -aquatically, aque-, -aqueous (Latin: water).
audio-, aud-, audi-, audit- (Latin: hearing, listening, perception of sounds).
bene-, ben-, beni- (Latin: good, well) and bon- (Latin: good).
brevi-, brev- [brie-, bri-] (Latin: short).
cand-, can-, cend- (Latin: glow; white).
capit-, capt-, ceps-, chapt-, chef, cip-, -cup- (Latin: head, leader, chief, or first).
carno-, carn-, carne-, carni- (Latin: flesh, meat).
celer- (Latin: fast, speed, swift, rapid).
centi-, cent- (Latin: hundred; a decimal prefix used in the international metric system for
measurements).
This prefix is used in the metric [decimal] system as, one-hundredth [U.S.] and hundredth
[U.K.], and denotes 1/100th of a unit or 10-2 [0.01]. The metric symbol for centi- is c.
-cise, -cis, -cide (Latin: a suffix; to cut, cut).
-cide, -cides, -cidal (Latin: a suffix; kill, killer; murder, to cause death, slayer; cutter; to cut
down).
Dont confuse this element with the another -cide that means to cut; although -cide, death,
is related to -cise, -cide, to cut down.
circum- (Latin: around, about, surrounding, on all sides; literally, in a circle).
com- [co-, cog-, col-, con-, cor-] (Latin: together, with; used as a prefix).
contra-, contro-, counter, contre- (Latin: against, opposed to, opposite, contrary; used as a
prefix).
cor-, cord-, cour- (Latin: heart).
corp-, corpor-, corpus- (Latin: body).
cred-, credit-, creed- (Latin: believe, belief, faith, confidence, trust).
cura-, cur- (Latin: heal, cure [care for, give attention to, to take care of]).
cur(r).-, curs-, -course (Latin: run, go).
dei-, div- (Latin: God, god [deity, divine nature]).
adieu (French): Goodbye (literally, I commend you to god.).
dento-, dent-, denta-, dentino-, denti-, dentin- (Latin: tooth, teeth).
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dic-, dict- (Latin: talk, speak, say, tell, declare).
digit (Latin: finger, toe).
dor-, do-, don- (Greek > Latin: gift).
dorm-, dormi- (Latin: sleep, sleeping).
duo-, du- (Latin: two; a number used as a prefix).
duc-, -duce, -duct, -ducent, -ductor, -duction, -ductive, -ducer, -ducement, -ducation (Latin:
lead, leading, bring, take, draw).
equ-, equi- (Latin: same, equal, similar, even).
ex- (e-, ef-). (Latin: [out of, from]; [upward]; [completely, entirely]; [to remove from, deprive of];
[without]; [former]; used as a prefix).
extra-, extro- (Latin: beyond, outside, on the outside, outward, external; used as a prefix).
fac-, fact-, feas-, -feat, -fect, -feit, -facient, -faction, fic-, -fy, facil- (Latin: make, do, build,
cause, produce; forming, shaping).
fid-, fidel- (Latin: believe, belief, trust, faith).
fin- (Latin: end, last, limit, boundary, border).
flagr- (Latin: fire; burn, blaze).
fluct-, flucti-, -flux, flu- (Latin: flow, wave).
fortu-, fortun- (Latin: chance, fate, luck).
frag-, frang-, fract-, fring- (Latin: break).
fug-, -fuge, -fugit (Latin: drive away, flee, fly, run away).
grad-, -grade, -gred, -gree, -gress (Latin: walk, step, take steps, move around; walking or
stepping).
grav-, griev- (Latin: heavy, weighty).
habili-, habil- (Latin: clothe, clothing; that which may be easily handled, suitable, fit, proper).
ign-, igni-, ignis- (Latin: fire, burn).
inter- (Latin: between [also: among, mutually, together]; used as a prefix).
intra- (Latin: within, inside, on the inside; used as a prefix).
jet-, -ject, -jecting, -jected, -jection, -jector, -jectory; jac- (Latin: throw, send, fling, hurl, cast;
gush; spurt).
junct-, jug- (Latin: join, unite, yoke).
lav-, lava-, lavat- (Latin: wash, bathe).
linguo-, lingu-, lingua-, -linguist, -linguistic, -linguistical, -linguistically (Latin: tongue,
language).
luco-, luc-, luci-, lux, -lucence, -lucent (Latin: light, shine).
locu-, loc- (Latin: talk, speak, say, word, speech).
lumen-, lumin-, lum- (Latin: light, shine; source).
luna-, luni-, lun-, lunu- (Latin: moon, light, shine).
magni-, magn- (Latin: large, big, great).
mal-, male-, mali- (Latin: bad, badly, harsh, wrong; ill; evil; abnormal, defective).
This combining form has no etymological connection to male, meaning man or
masculine; despite what some women may think.
manu-, man-, mani- (Latin: hand).
medio-, medi- (Latin: middle).
migr-, migrat- (Latin: wander, moving).
milli- [MIL i], mille-, mill-, mili- (Latin: thousand; a decimal prefix used in the international
metric system for measurements).
In the metric [decimal] system, milli- denotes 1/1 000 of a unit, thousandth [U.S.] and
thousandth part [U.K.]; 10-3 [0.001] The metric symbol for milli- is m.
mini-, minor-, minut-, minu- (Latin: small, little).
miss-, -miss, -mis-, -mit, -mitt- (Latin: send, let go, cause to go; throw, hurl, cast).
mort-, mor-, mori- (Latin: death, dead).
multi-, mult- (Latin: many, much; used as a prefix).
nom-, nomen-, nomin-, -nomia, -nomic (Latin: name).
Dont confuse this element with the Greek nomo- that means law.
non- (Latin: nothing, not).
novo-, nov-, novi- (Latin: new, recent; used as a prefix).
omni-, omn- (Latin: all, every).
pac-, peac-, peas- (Latin: peace, calm).
pari-, par- (Greek: same, equal, equality, equal value). and peer, pair (Latin: same, equal,
similar).
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pass-, pati- (Latin: suffering, feeling; enduring).
ped-, pedi-, -pedal, -ped, -pede, -pedia (Latin: foot).
petro-, petr-, petri-, peter- (Greek > Latin: stone, rock).
port-, portat- (Latin: carry, bring, bear).
port- (Latin: door, gate, entrance, harbor).
poten-, pot-, poss-, -potent, -potence, -potency, -potential (Latin: power, strength, ability).
pre- (prae-) (Latin: before [both in time and place]; used as a prefix).
pro-, por- (Greek > Latin: before; forward; for, in favor of; in front of; in place of, on behalf of;
used as a prefix).
quir-, quisit-, quis-, que-, quer-, quest-, -quirement, -quirable, -quisition, -quisitive (Latin: ask,
seek).
re-, red- (Latin: back, backward, again; used as a prefix).
retro-, retr- (Latin: back, backward, behind; used as a prefix).
rupt-, -rupting, -ruption (Latin: break, tear, rend; burst).
sana-, sani-, san- (Latin: healthy, whole; by extension: cure, heal, take care of).
sci-, -science, -sciently, -scientific, -scientifically, -scient, -sciently (Latin: know, learn,
knowledge).
scrib-, script-, -scribe, -scription, -scriptive (Latin: write, record).
sec-, seg-, -sect, -section, -sectional (Latin: to cut).
semi- (Latin: half, partly, twice; used as a prefix).
senso-, sens-, sensi-, sensori-, sent- (Latin: feeling, sensation, perception through the senses,
be aware, discern by the senses).
sed-, sedat-, -sid, -sess (Latin: sit).
sol-, soli-, solo- (Latin: sun).
soli-, sol- (Latin: one, alone, only).
solv-, -solu-, solut-, -sol, -soluble, -solubility, -solvent (Latin: loosen, dissolve; untie, set free).
sono-, son-, sona-, -sonous, -sonic, -sonically (Latin: sound).
spec-, spic-, spect-, spectat-, spectro- -spectr, -spectful, -spection, -spective (Latin: see, sight,
look, appear, behold, and examine).
spiro-, spir-, spira-, spirat-, -spire, -spiring, -spiration, -spirational (Latin: breath of life, breath,
breathing, mind, spirit, courage, soul).
stato-, stat-, sta-, -static, -stasi, staso-, -stasis, -stasia, -stacy, -stitute, -stitution, -sist, -stasic, stit- (Greek: standing, stay, make firm, fixed).
stell- (Latin: star).
stru-, struct-, -structure, -struction, -structive (Latin: build, construct, place together, arrange).
sub- (Latin: under, below [suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-]; used as a prefix) andsubter(Latin: under, beneath, secretly, less than; formed from sub-; used as a prefix).
Dont confuse the sur- in this element with the sur- in super-. Note: sub- regularly means
under, but it often changes its form as it retains its meaning:
super-, supra-, sur- (Latin: above, over, more than; excessive).
Sur- is a form of super- formed through the French and shouldnt be confused with another
assimilated sur- form that comes from sub- and means: under, below, beneath. In some
words, super- is amplified to mean: on top of; higher in rank or position than; superior to;
greater in quality, amount, or degree than others of its kind; to a degree greater than others of
its kind; to a degree greater than normal; extra, additional.
tempo-, tempor- (Latin: time, occasion).
Dont confuse this tempo- element with other words that refer to the temples, such as the
flattened sides of the forehead or the buildings used for religious worship or services. They
simply have no connection.
ten-, tent-, tin-, -tain, -tainment, -tenance, -tinence (Latin: hold, grasp, have).
trans-, tran-, tra- (Latin: across, through, over, beyond, on the far side of; used as a prefix).
Dont confuse the tra- in this element with another tra- in drag or draw. Trans- becomes
tra- before the consonants -d, -j, -l, -m, -n, and -v.
ultra-, ult- (Latin: beyond, on the other side; excessive, to an extreme degree).
uni-, un- (Latin: one, single; a number used as a prefix).
vaga-, vag- (Latin: wander, move around).
veloci-, veloc-, velo- (Latin: fast, speed, swift, and rapid).
veri-, ver- (Latin: true, truth, real, truthfulness).
verg-, -vergent, -vergence (Latin: bend, curve, turn, tend toward, incline).
vers-, vert-, -verse, -version, -version, -versation, -versary, -vert, vort-, vors- (Latin: bend,
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turn).
via- [-vey, -voy-] (Latin: way, road, path).
vid-, video-, vis-, -vision, -visional, -visionally, visuo-, vu- (Latin: see, sight, view, look,
perceive).
vir-, viri-, virtu-(Latin: man, manliness; manhood; husband).
vita-, vito-, vit- (Latin: life, living, pertaining to life, essential to life).
voc-, voca-, vocat-, -vocation, -vocative, -vocable, vok-, -voke (Latin: call, talk, speak, say,
voice, word).
volen-, volunt-, voli-, vol- (Latin: will, free will, free choice; wish, personal desire).
volv-, volu-, -volve, volut-, -volute, -volution (Latin: bend, curve, turn, twist, roll).
vor-, vora-, -vore, -vorous, -vores, -vora, -vory (Latin: eat, consume, devour).
(Adapted from Lexfile International, October 5th 2001)
Bc 3: Php th
Hy t mua cho mnh mt cun t in tt v ngi lm cc php th. V d i vi gc t
aqua, hy tra tt c cc t bt u bng aqua trong t in xem chng c ngha g lin quan
n nc khng, bn s thy thc s ngc nhin khi t mnh khm ph ra quy lut cu to
v ngha ca t vng trong ting Anh. Nh l bn phi kin tr y.
Bc 4. Luyn tp
Bc ny rt quan trng, v ch c luyn tp mi c th gip bn c c s thnh cng.
Nn thng xuyn c sch bo v c gng on ngha mi khi bn gp t mi. Bng cch
ny, bn s tng bc vn dng c cc gc t mnh va hc v rn luyn c k nng
nhn bit ngha trong cc t ting Anh c cu to t gc La tinh v Hy lp. Chc bn
thnh cng.
B quyt hc nghe
K nng nghe ng vai tr quan trng trong
vic hnh thnh nn cc k nng v k xo ni,
c, vit khi hc mt ngoi ng (Hng ngy
trung bnh ngi ta nghe nhiu gp 2 ln so
vi ni, gp 4 ln so vi c v 5 ln so vi
vit).
HC CCH NGHE
K nng nghe ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh
thnh nn cc k nng v k xo ni, c, vit khi hc mt ngoi ng (Hng ngy trung bnh ngi ta
nghe nhiu gp 2 ln so vi ni, gp 4 ln so vi c v 5 ln so vi vit).
to iu kin nghe c tt hn, bn cng phi t nh gi c kh nng nghe ca mnh. Phi xy
dng cho mnh mt phng php nghe ring, xy dng tnh t tin bng vic phn on ni dung nghe.
Trong khi nghe, bn phi ch n cc t chuyn tip nh Firstly, Secondly iu ny s gip bn
nh hnh c ch o ca bi v d dng suy on ni dung.
Cc nh gio hc php ngoi ng khuyn bn nn vn dng phng php tm ngoi ng. nh bn
hy thng xuyn bt bng ct xt, VCD bt c lc no c th. Hy to cho mnh mt mi trng hc
tp c tnh thng xuyn v lin tc. Theo cch ny, mc d bn khng ch ng hc nhng kin thc
s vo u lc no khng bit.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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11. Dng cc k hiu ghi bi nhanh hn
12. Ch lng nghe nhng li quan trng.
13. Ghi chp nhng v d khi cn thit. Tt nht l nn ghi li tt c nhng g gio vin
ghi trn bng.
14. Tp trung ch vo cui gi hc v gio vin thng cung cp rt nhiu thng tinvo
5 10 pht cui.
15. Dnh khong10 pht sau tit hc xem xt li nhng ghi chp. Lc ny ban c th
thay i, sp xp li, thm bt, tm tt hay lm r nhng g ch hiu.
16. Ghi nhanh t mi, nhng tng hay khi nim mi l vo s tay.
17. Vit li nhng g bn ghi chp trc tit kim tra s gip bn nh cc chi tit quan
trng.
18. Hy chia s nhng ghi chp vi bn cng lp bng cch trao i bi vi 1 hay 2
ngi khc. Lm vic tp th s hiu qu hn lm vic c nhn.
19. Nu c th hy nh my nhng ghi chp ln my tnh. V bn s nhanh chng tm
c cc ti liu ny khi k thi n.20. ng qun ghi chp khi c . Nu bn n
tng v mt thng tin no , hy ghi li, n gin ch v n tng khng thi s
khng th gip bn nh c cc thng tin
Bi nh Hng
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vo ng t trong cu. Ni chung cc ng t nh crying, shouted... th t chng cng c
sc thi ngha, cn nhng ng t khc nhgave, said, dreams c sc thi ngha m
hn.
Khi bit c cc nhm t c bn v hnh thc t chc ca chng, ngi c s d dng
hiu ton b ngha ca cu. bit l i vi tr em, s rt tt nu chng bit c trng
t l g, v tr v vai tr ca trng t trong cu.
Vic c lt cng rt hu ch. y l k nng rt cn thit cho cc doanh nhn v sinh vin.
N gip ngi cphn bit c phnf no quan trong hn cn phn no km quan trng
hn trong mt mu tin. Phn quan trng hn thng l danh t (c bit l nhng ci tn
trong mt mu tin v s kin c tht) v cc ng t. Nhng im khc cn lu khi c
lt l cc con s ( nh s liu thng k, ngy thng) v thi ca ng t (liu hnh ng
c din ra thi qu kh, hin ti hay tng lai) . Nhng phn quan trng hn c th l
cc t nh a, the, or, and, if, as... cc t c lp li, hay mt s tnh t v trng t.
Di y l mt cu chuyn h cu v mt mu tin c tht
Chng ta nh du nhng phn quan trng gip hiu ni dung vn bn:
Suddenly, he ad a loud bang in the distance. Marks head began to spin wildly. The
explosion had been close, too close. Panicking, he clutched desperately at his cameraturned
to flee. Them, a voice, faint but growing stronger, crept towards him. He looked round, it was
a young girl. Mark, are you okay? Mark didnt know whether to laugh or cry. He was alive.
That was all he knew
Trong 71 t c trong vn bn trn, ch cn phi hiu 38 t. V vy, khng cn phi dng mt
k thut c bit no cng c th c nhanh gp i nh k nng c lt.
Thm mt v d
In November 1918, the great war finished. Some 20 million men, women, children are
estimated to have perished during the year of conflict and the flu epidemic which ensued. The
German leader, kaiser Wilhelm was replaced with an embryonic new republic, called Weimar.
It would have to tackle, in 1923, spiralling hyper-inflation, and later the vise and rise of Adolf
Hiler and his Naris. The first war was only the five number of a conflagration still get to S
Vi nhng mu tin c ngy thng v tn gi nh mu tin trn th k nng c lt thc s
hu dng hiu thng tin.
Thu Giang
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c ting Anh trong nhng trng hp giao tip thng thng. c th vng vng hn
na, ti ng k hc thm mt trung tm o to ngoi ng, cp ting anh c bn
vi gio vin l sinh vin ngoi ng dy thm.
Tip ln i hc, ti li hc li chng trnh ting Anh c bn A v B v hc 2 k ting
Anh chuyn ngnh. Trnh ca ti lc ny vn cha i n u c. Nhng nm cui i
hc ti tham gia mt lp hc gia s nhm tng cng kin thc. Kt thc kho hc ny,
trnh TA ca ti c kh hn trc mt cht.
Trong qu trnh ch xin vic, ti tham gia mt kho ting Anh mt trung tm ngoi ng
quc t, do gio vin nc ngoi dy. Tt c u xoay quanh nhng kin thc c bn. Ti
vn cha nh hnh c r nt trnh ngoi ng ca mnh.
Hc m khng hnh
Trong qu trnh hc rt nhiu kho nh vy, nu chm ch v bit cch vn dng chc trnh
ting anh ca ti cng khng n ni no. Song, v khng thc c, cng nh cha
xc nh c mc tiu r rng cng nh khng p dng vo thc t nhiu nn kin thc hc
c ca ti dn mai mt. Sau ny khi i lm, c tip xc vi mt s ti liu ting Anh, c
bit vi Internet nn ti thnh thong cng c, th dch bi v c mt s bi c ng
trn cc n phm trong Ngnh. Tuy vy trnh ting anh ca ti vn cha p ng vi yu
cu, c bit l nhng cng vic ti d nh lm.
Khng to thi quen thng xuyn hc
Lc thch th hc (c), khng thch th thi, ngy hc, ngy khng l thi quen tht
thng ca ti khin trnh ngoi ng ca ti khng kh ln c.
Ti thy bn thn mnh cng nh cc bn vo vo trng hp nh ti, c th s dng
thnh tho mt ting anh th cn phi:
Xc nh mc tiu r rng, hc lm g
Ln k hoch hc tp thng xuyn, s dng ting Anh trong nhiu trng hp
ng k theo mt chng trnh hc ph hp nht
Cui cng cn xc nh l mt phng tin v cng quan c th tip cn v khm ph
ngun tri thc rng ln ca ton nhn loi.
PHAM THANH BINH
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