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LAB (Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration)
LAB (Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration)
LAB (Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration)
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--------------------------Date:
ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the validity of Bernoullis equation when applied
to a steady flow of water in tapered duct and to measure the flow rate of steady flow rates
based on Bernoullis theorem by relating the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving
fluid the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow
of which is steady, or laminar. For this experiment, FM 24 Bernoullis Apparatus Test
Equipment is used to demonstrate the Bernoullis theorem. The experiment was conducted in
order to find the time taken to collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the
pressure difference at all manometer tube at different cross section. The time to collect 0.003
m
of water is recorded based on the different flow rate for each experiment.
The combination of venture meter complete with manometer tube and hydraulic bench were
used. During the experiment, water is fed through a hose connector and the flow rate can be
adjusted at the flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section. The venture can be
demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient can be
determined the results show the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure
difference increases. From the reading of height can be calculated the data by applied the
Bernoulli equation to find the velocity of the fluid moving.
The pressure level and velocity reading for part A to F of the tube is recorded. From
Bernoullis theory, the relation between the increase and decrease in the pressure value is
inversely proportional to its velocity. Bernoulli's Principle tells that as the fluid flows more
quickly through the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases.
Thus, it proves the validity of Bernoullis theorem
INTRODUCTION
1) Venturi
The venture meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications:
Throat diameter
: 16 mm
Upstream diameter : 26 mm
Designed flow rate : 20 L/mins
2) Manometer
There are eight manometer tubes: each length 320 mm for static pressure and total
head measuring along the venture meter.
The manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as well as
tubes pressurization.
3) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with four height adjustable stands to
level the venture meter.
4) Discharge valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venture discharge section for flow rate control.
5) Connections
Hose connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.
6) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank
Volumetric tank
Centrifugal pump
: 120 L
: 100 L
: 0.37 kW, 50 L/mins
AIMS
The aims of this experiment are to investigate the validity of the Bernoullis equation when
applied to the steady flow of the water in a tapered duct and to measure flow rates and both
static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a
range of steady flow rates.
THEORY
=0
2) The flow is steady; t
3) The flow is frictionless
4) Flow along a streamline
h =h+
v2
where; h 1=h2
g
[ ( )]
2 g ( h1h5 )
1
A5
A1
d 21
where ; A=
4
Velocity measurement
The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over a time
period, t. Thus gives the rate of volume flow (m3/s), which in turn gives the velocity of the
flow through a defined area.
v=
Q
A
Continuity equation
For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass requires that volume is also conserved.
A 1 V 1=A 2 V 2
APPARATUS
1) Manometer Tubes
2) Test Section
3) Water Inlet
4) Unions
5) Air Bleed Screw
6) Discharge Valve
7) Gland Nut
8) Hypodermic Probe
9) Adjustable Feet
10) Stopwatch
11) Water
PROCEDURE
Part A: Equipment set up
1) The Bernoullis equation apparatus is set up on the hydraulic bench so that the base is
horizontal.
2) The test-section is ensured to have the 14-tappered section converging in the direction
of the flow.
3) The rig outflow tube is positioned above the volumetric tank.
4) The rig inlet is connected to the bench flow supply, where the bench valve and
apparatus flow control valve are closed and pump is started.
5)
Gradually, the bench valve is opened to fill the test rig with water. Air bubble is
removed from the tube to allow an accurate reading.
6) In order to bleed air pressure tapping point and manometers both the bench valve and
rig flow control valve are closed. The air bleed screw is opened and the cap from the
water adjacent air valve is removed.
7) A length of small-bore tubing from the air valve is connected to the volumetric tank.
8) The bench valve is opened and allowed to flow through the manometer to purge all air
from them.
9) Then, the air bleed screw is tightened where the bench valve and test rig flow control
valve are partly opened.
10) Next, the air bleed is opened slightly to allow air to enter the top of the manometers.
The screw is re-tightened when the manometer reach a convenient height.
10
11
RESULTS
Volume (L)
Average Time (s)
3L
35 s
h* =
hi
hH
(mm
(mm)
(m/s)
156
152
0.28
160
153
0.37
Section
V iB= 2 g ( hhi )
Using Continuity
Differenc
Equation
e
2
Q av
D i
V
=
iC
Ai =
A i ViB - ViC
4
(m/s)
(m2)
(m/s)
4
5.310 10
0.16
0.12
3.664 104
4
0.23
0.14
0.43
0.16
158
140
0.59
2.011 10
157
148
0.42
3.142 104
0.27
0.15
157
150
0.37
3.801 104
0.23
0.14
156
152
0.28
5.310 10
0.16
0.12
Table 1
12
Volume (L)
Average Time (s)
3L
11 s
h* = hH
hi
(mm)
(mm)
V iB= 2 g ( hhi )
(m/s)
Using Continuity
equation
Ai =
D i
4
V iC =
Differenc
e
Q av
A i VIb VIc
(m/s)
(m/s)
2
200
186
0.52
(m )
5.310 1040.51
201
172
0.75
3.664 1040.75
200
64
1.63
2.011 10 1.36
0.27
200
131
1.16
3.142 1040.87
0.29
198
148
0.99
3.801 10 0.72
0.27
199
164
0.83
5.310 1040.51
0.32
Table 2
13
0.01
0.00
Volume (L)
Average Time (s)
3L
8s
Using Continuity
equation
Ai =
Cross
Section
V iB= 2 g ( hhi )
h* = hH
hi
(mm)
(mm)
Differenc
(m/s)
D i
4
V iC =
Q av
A i ViB - ViC
(m/s)
(m/s)
2
240
217
0.67
(m )
5.310 1040.71
245
193
1.01
3.664 1041.02
244
11
2.14
2.011 10 1.86
0.28
243
126
1.52
3.142 1041.19
0.33
240
154
1.30
3.801 10 0.99
0.31
240
180
1.08
5.310 1040.71
0.37
- 0.04
- 0.01
Table 3
CALCULATIONS
Area, A =
D2
4
2
Area A
( 26 X 103 )
Area C
4
= 5.310 10
( 16 X 103 )
4
4
= 2.011 10
m2
m2
Area B
( 21.6 X 103 )
Area D
= 3.664 10
m2
( 20 X 103 )
4
4
= 3.142 10 m2
14
Area E
( 22 X 103 )
Area F
4
= 3.801 10 m2
( 26 X 103 )
4
4
= 5.310 10 m2
15
Calculation: Result 1
2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000
A:
2 X 9.81 ( 156152 )
V iB=
1000
Q av
Ai
V iC =
8.57 105
4
5.310 10
= 0.16 m/s
= 0.28 m/s
Difference
V iC =
= ViB - ViC
= 0.28 0.16
= 0.12 m/s
B:
V iC =
2 X 9.81 ( 160153 )
V iB=
1000
= 0.23 m/s
= 0.37 m/s
Difference
8.57 10
4
3.664 10
= ViB - ViC
= 0.37 0.23
= 0.14 m/s
C:
V iB =
2 X 9.81 ( 158140 )
1000
V iC =
= 0.59 m/s
Difference
8.57 105
2.011 104
= 0.43 m/s
= ViB - ViC
= 0.59 0.43
= 0.16 m/s
16
D:
2 X 9.81 ( 157148 )
V iB=
1000
V iC =
= 0.27 m/s
= 0.42 m/s
Difference
8.57 105
3.142 104
= ViB - ViC
= 0.42 0.27
= 0.15 m/s
E:
V iB=
2 X 9.81 ( 157150 )
1000
V iC =
= 0.23 m/s
= 0.37 m/s
Difference
8.57 105
3.801 104
= ViB - ViC
= 0.37 0.23
= 0.14 m/s
F:
8.57 105
V iC =
4
5.310 10
2 X 9.81 ( 156152 )
V iB=
1000
= 0.16 m/s
= 0.28 m/s
Difference
= ViB - ViC
= 0.28 0.16
= 0.12 m/s
17
DISCUSSION
The objectives of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoullis equation
when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct and to measure the flow rates and
both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent and divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates. This experiment is based on the Bernoullis
principle which relates between velocities with the pressure for an inviscid flow.
To achieve the objectives of this experiment, Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus
(FM-24) along with the hydraulic bench (FM-110) were used. This instrument was combined
with a venturi meter and the pad of manometer tubes which indicate the pressure of h A until
hF. A venturi is basically a converging-diverging section, typically placed between tube or
duct sections with fixed cross-sectional area. The flow rates through the venturi meter can be
related to pressure measurements by using Bernoullis equation. From this experiment, it is
found that the total head pressure increase for convergent and divergent flow for each
manometer tube readings. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bernoullis equation is valid
when applied to steady flow of water in tapered duct and absolute velocity values increase
along the same channel.
The result show a rise at each manometer tubes when the pressure difference increases. As
fluid flows from a wider pipe to a narrower one, the velocity of the flowing fluid increases.
This is shown in all the results tables, where the velocity of water that flows in the tapered
duct increases as the duct area decreases, regardless of the pressure difference and type of
flow of each result taken. From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the
velocity of water decrease as the water flow rate decrease. For flow rate of
4
3.75 10 m /s , the velocity difference at cross-section A for water flow rate is (-0.04
m/s), B (-0.01 m/s), C (0.28 m/s), D (0.33 m/s), E (0.31 m/s), F (0.38 m/s). Also for flow rate
of
2.73 10 m /s , the velocity difference at cross-section A for water flow rate is (0.01
m/s), B (0.00/s), C (0.27 m/s), D (0.29 m/s), E (0.27 m/s), F (0.32 m/s). Next is for flow rate
of
8.57 105 m3 /s , the velocity difference at cross section A for water flow rate is (0.12
m/s), B (0.14 m/s), C (0.16 m/s), D (0.15 m/s),E (0.14 m/s), F (0.12 m/s).
18
19
Although the experiment proof that the Bernoullis equation is valid for both flow but the
values obtain might be slightly differ from the actual value. This is because there is some
error maybe happened during the experiment is done. While taking the reading of the
manometer, there might be possibility that the eye position of the reads is not parallel to the
scale. Thus, this error will contribute to the different in values obtained. Other than that, the
readers must take the accurate reading from the manometers. In order to get the accurate
value, the water level must be left to be really stable. This way the experiment that has been
conduct may influence the result afterward.
CONCLUSION
From the result obtained, we can conclude that the Bernoullis equation is valid for
convergent and divergent flow as both of it does obey the equation. For both flow, as the
pressure difference increase, the time taken for 3L water collected increase and the flow rates
of the water will also increase.
The results show that the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure
difference increase. Thus, as the velocity for the same channel increases, the total head
pressure will also increase for both convergent and divergent flows.
Bernoullis theorem has several applications in everyday lives. In certain cases, Bernoullis
equation can be used to find unknown pressure of the streamlines. All the flow rates and both
static and total pressure head in a rigid convergent and divergent are managed to be
calculated. The experiment was successfully conducted.
20
RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The experiment is repeated several times to get an accurate result.
2) The eye of observes should be placed parallel to the scale of manometer to get an
accurate reading.
3) Make sure the bubbles in the manometer are completely removed by adjusting the
bleed screw.
4) The valve should be control slowly so that the pressure difference can be maintained.
REFERENCES
1) Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Prentice Hall.
2) Douglas, J.F., Gasiorek J.M., and Swaffield J.A, Fluid Mechanics, 3 rd ed. Logmans
Singapore Publisher, 1995
3) Robert L. Mott, Applied Fluid Mechanics 5th ed, Prentice Hall
4) Reynold C. Binder, Fluid Mechanics 4th ed.
5) Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John K. Vennard, Elementary Fluid Mechanics 7 th
ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
21
APPENDICES
Calculation: Result 2
2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000
A:
2 X 9.81 ( 200186 )
V iB=
1000
Q av
Ai
V iC =
2.73 104
4
5.310 10
= 0.51 m/s
= 0.52 m/s
Difference
V iC =
= ViB - ViC
= 0.52 0.51
= 0.01 m/s
B:
V iB=
2.73 104
V iC =
3.664 104
2 X 9.81 ( 160153 )
1000
= 0.75 m/s
= 0.75 m/s
Difference
= ViB - ViC
= 0.75 0.75
= 0.00 m/s
C:
2 X 9.81 ( 20064 )
V iB=
1000
Difference
V iC =
2.73 104
2.011 104
= 1.63 m/s
= 1.36 m/s
= ViB - ViC
= 0.27 m/s
= 1.63 1.36
22
23
D:
2 X 9.81 ( 200131 )
V iB =
1000
V iC =
= 0.87 m/s
= 1.16 m/s
Difference
2.73 104
3.142 104
= ViB - ViC
= 1.16 0.87
= 0.29 m/s
E:
V iB=
2 X 9.81 ( 198148 )
1000
V iC =
= 0.72 m/s
= 0.99 m/s
Difference
2.73 104
3.801 104
= ViB - ViC
= 0.99 0.72
= 0.27 m/s
F:
2.73 104
V iC =
4
5.310 10
2 X 9.81 ( 199164 )
V iB=
1000
= 0.51 m/s
= 0.83 m/s
Difference
= ViB - ViC
= 0.83 0.51
= 0.32 m/s
24
Calculation: Result 3
2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000
A:
2 X 9.81 ( 240217 )
V iB=
1000
Q av
Ai
V iC =
3.75 104
4
5.310 10
= 0.71 m/s
= 0.67 m/s
Difference
V iC =
= ViB - ViC
= 0.67 0.71
= - 0.04 m/s
B:
V iC =
2 X 9.81 ( 245193 )
V iB=
1000
= 1.02 m/s
= 1.01 m/s
Difference
3.75 10
4
3.664 10
= ViB - ViC
= 1.01 1.02
= - 0.01 m/s
C:
V iB=
2 X 9.81 ( 24411 )
1000
V iC =
= 2.14 m/s
Difference
3.75 104
2.011 104
= 1.86 m/s
= ViB - ViC
= 2.14 1.86
= 0.28 m/s
25
D:
2 X 9.81 ( 243126 )
V iB=
1000
V iC =
= 1.19 m/s
= 1.52 m/s
Difference
3.75 104
3.142 104
= ViB - ViC
= 1.52 1.19
= 0.33 m/s
E:
V iB=
2 X 9.81 ( 240154 )
1000
V iC =
= 0.99 m/s
= 1.30 m/s
Difference
3.75 104
3.801 104
= ViB - ViC
= 1.30 0.99
= 0.31 m/s
F:
3.75 104
V iC =
4
5.310 10
2 X 9.81 ( 240180 )
V iB=
1000
= 0.71 m/s
= 1.08 m/s
= 0.37 m/s
Difference
= ViB - ViC
= 1.08 0.71
26