322 - Nghe Thuat Lanh Dao PDF

Ha Hung Quoc, Ph.D.
LANH DAO
KHOI
NGUYEN
PUBLISHER
KHOA HC &
NGH THUT
LNH O
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
H Hng Quc, Ph.D.

NXB Khi Nguyn
2010
KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O
Published by Khoi Nguyen Publisher

First Edition
Copyright by Ha Hung Quoc
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States
by Khoi Nguyen Publisher
ISBN: 0-929090-96-9
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Ni Dung
Chng I
Dn Nhp:
Tr.7
Xut Mt M Hnh Cho L Thuyt Lnh o
Tr.24
Nhng Hoang ng Trong Vn Lnh o
Tr.31
Tn Mn V Nhng Tri Nghim Chung Quanh Vn

Lnh o
Tr.40
Vi Li v Quyn Sch.
Chng II
Khoa Hc & Ngh Thut Lnh o:
Tr.47
Vn Dng Bn Thn
Tr.48
Bit Chn La V Ph By Mt Thc Th Thch Hp
Tr.93
Bit Vun Bi Kho Tng Bn Thn
Tr.127 Bit Dn Mnh Bc Vo V i Lnh o

Tr.131 Bit Gi Mnh Trong Lc Gnh Vc Vai Tr Lnh o
Tr.131
Bit Lng Nghe
Tr.152
Bit Thch ng
Tr.205
Bit Ti To
Tr.228 Bit Ri B V i Lnh o

Tr.250 Khng Rt Vo Con ng H Hoi
Trc Khi Khp Li
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
CHNG I
Dn Nhp: Xut Mt M Hnh Cho L
Thuyt Lnh o; Nhng Hoang ng
Trong Vn Lnh o; Tn Mn V
Nhng Tri Nghim Chung Quanh Vn
Lnh o; V Vi Li v Quyn Sch.
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Xut Mt M Hnh
Cho L Thuyt Lnh o
nh o l mt vn xa nh tri t. C l t khi con

ngi chung sng vi nhau thnh tp th th nhu cu lnh
o xut hin. Tri qua mt thi gian di, t ng sang
ty c hng ngn quyn sch vit v vn lnh o. Hoc l

c o su hoc l ch ni pht qua. Khng c mt quyn sch
no ging mt quyn sch no. Cng c hng ngn nh ngha
khc nhau cho hai ch lnh o. Khng c mt nh ngha no
ging mt nh ngha no. Cng c c khi thng tin v cuc i
ca nhng nh lnh o. Khng mt cuc i lnh o no ging
mt cuc i lnh o no.
Cng c mt s lng khng nh
nhng ch dn lnh o. Khng mt cng thc no ging mt cng

thc no. Trong mi ng ngch ca cuc sng, trong mi giai cp
ca x hi, trong mi lnh vc ca nghip v, trong mi hon cnh
vn hnh, trong mi loi c tnh th hin . . . u thy c bng dng
ca nhng con ngi xng ng vi hai ch lnh o. Ri t th k
th 19 v sau, trong cch tip cn khc nhau v vn lnh o
7

nhiu trng phi thnh hnh. Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt
lnh o xt theo c tnh (trait leadership theories) gii thch vn
lnh o qua nhng nt c th trong c tnh ca ngi lnh o, t
thuyt nhn cch v i xut hin nhng ngy u (Galton, 1869;
James, 1880) cho ti thuyt nhn cch cun ht xut hin trong
nhng nm gn y (Musser, 1987; Conger & Kanungo, 1998;
Kirkpatrick & Locke, 1996; Bedell-Avers & Hunter & Mumford,
2008). Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tnh
hung (situational leadership theories) cho rng mt hon cnh c
trng cn n mt cch lnh o c trng vi mt con ngi c
trng (Evans, 1970; House, 1971; House & Mitchell, 1974; Vroom &
Yetton, 1973; Hersey & Blanchard, 1999). Trng phi ca nhng
l thuyt lnh o xt theo hnh vi (behavioral leadership theories)
ch trng vo hnh ng v hnh vi, c th quan st v o lng
c, ca ngi lnh o thay v ch trng vo nhng c tnh v
hnh
(Merton, 1957; Blake & Mouton,1961; Pfeffer & Salancik,
1975). Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tng tc

hay xt theo tr ng (interactional leadership theories or
contingency leadership theories) nhn mnh s tng tc gia c
tnh ca ngi lnh o v nhng yu t hon cnh (Fiedler, 1964
& 1967; Fiedler & Garcia, 1987; Hickson & Hinigs & Lee & Schneck
& Pennings, 1971).1 Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o xt
Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tnh hung v nhng l thuyt
lnh o xt theo tng tc c ch ging nhau v ch khc nhau. Ch ging nhau l

c hai u cho rng khng c mt cng thc n gin hoc mt cng thc hay nht
trong vn lnh o. Ch khc bit l nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tnh hung
c khuynh hng ch trng n hnh vi m ngi lnh o nn th hin di nhng
iu kin no ca hon cnh trong khi nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tng
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
theo giao dch (transactional leadership theories) nhn vo s giao
dch gia ngi lnh o v nhng ngi i theo (Thibaut & Kelley,
1959; Dansereau & Graen & Haga, 1975; Graen & Cashman, 1975;
Homans, 1961), m thng pht sng phng l cng c t n
mc tiu. Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o qua chuyn i
(tranformational leadership theories) ch trng vo vin kin v nh
hng chuyn i con ngi, c ch hay x hi nhm t ti cho
nhng gi tr tt p hn (Burn, 1978; Bass, 1985 & 1990).
Tuy l nhn loi c c mt kho ln tri thc v vn lnh
o nhng tht s hiu bit v vn lnh o li khng c bao
nhiu. Lnh o l mt trong nhng vn c nghin cu nhiu
nht nhng li l vn c thu hiu t nht trn mt t ny
(James McGregore Burns).
Lnh o l mt hin tng x hi
phc tp khng c ranh gii r rt v khng c nh ngha r rng

(Bennis, 1959; Bennis & Nanus, 1985; Burns, 1978; Kakabadse, et
al., 1998). Nhng b su tp ca hnh vi, ca s c x, ca thnh

qu, ca hin tng x hi c dn cho nhn hiu lnh o th l
a dng v thng l tri ngc nhau (Thomas Oberlechner &
Viktor Mayer-Schnberger, Towards a New Understand- ing of
Leadership Through Metaphores). Tnh trng m m bi giu sang

v quyn th ca nhng nhn vt m vi c tnh, c tnh, hnh vi,
vai tr, phong cch, v kh nng ca h who by hook or by crook
bc ln v th cao trng khng gip m rng thm mt cch
ng k kin thc v vn lnh o (Barker 1997). Thm vo
tc nhn rng hn v bao hm nhng yu t tr ng [d tr trc i ng vi sai

lch] trong mt hon cnh no .

hai ch lnh o li c s dng mt cch qu d di trong nhng
cuc chuyn tr hng ngy (Routledge, 1996, Managerial
Leadership) lm cho ngha ca n cng tr nn m h hn. Lnh
o thc ra l g vn cn l mt s hiu bit t i (Kakabadse, et al.,
1998).
Thay v vt ln vi mt kho tri thc tp vn, hn n v
m h2 ri c gng thu xp trng ru c trong bnh mi3 tc
What is leadership? There is no precise definition or widely accepted vocabulary
for describing and discussing this phenomenon. In fact, leadership is often confused
and conflated with similar concepts, such as power, influence, and authority. The
term has been used not only to characterize individuals, but groups, teams,
organizations, and even countries. This smorgasbord of meanings has led, first, to
the acceptance of semantic imprecision and contradiction (as in, the leader isn't
exercising any leadership), and second, to the vague but popular stance of I'll know
it when I see it." (Conversations of Leadership 2000-2001; published by the Center
for Public Leadership).
3
How can leadership scholars and educators develop a common language?
Speakers and participants offered a number of potential approaches. Ronald Heifetz,

Founding Director of the Center for Public Leadership at the Kennedy School of
Government, proposed that the Leadership Studies field follow in the footsteps of
more established fields in coming to agreement on a precise technical vocabulary. An
opposing viewpoint held that pursuing such agreement would be time-consuming and
ultimately unsuccessful, and that focus should instead be placed on articulating and
testing theories and producing a taxonomy of leadership. Participants made a variety
of suggestions regarding how the categories in a leadership taxonomy might be
constructed. One approach would be to define the different types of leadership (e.g.,
ethical, heroic, and political leadership as described by Roundtable speakers). A
second approach would involve describing the distinct phenomena that characterize
leadership, as in Heifetz's articulation of the concepts of "adaptive work" and "work
avoidance." A third approach would require determining indicia of the presence or
absence of leadership, such as the presence of followers or the existence of an
10
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
gi H Hng Quc tip cn vn lnh o mt cch khc hn
vi hai cu hi: (1) th no l hiu nng lnh o? v (2) lm th
no thm nh hiu nng lnh o mt cch khch quan, trung
thc, c h thng? Nu ra nhng cu hi ch trng vo u ra
ca vn lnh o buc chng ta phi ghi nhn st thc hn u
vo c th tri l thuyt vo kinh nghim thc tin, ci m
trong thut ng nghin cu gi l action grounded research. C
tri chng vo nhau th nhng hiu bit v lnh o mi kh d c
gi tr thc dng.4 Sau khi c p n nghim chnh v y
cho hai cu hi trn th vic thit lp mt nh ngha cho hai ch
lnh o tin rng s xc thc hn v s hu ch hn.
Trong tin trnh nghin cu tc gi quan st, suy
nghim, th nghim, lc li, v c kt thnh mt m hnh l thuyt
lnh o. N chnh l nn tng cho ni dung ca quyn sch ny.
inspiring vision. A fourth approach would be to define the expected outcomes of

leadership, such as effective use of group resources, adaptation to change, or
advances in welfare at the personal, group, or global levels. (Conversations of
Leadership 2000-2001, published by the Center for Public Leadership).
4
To what extent does the behavior of leaders depend on the situation in which they
operate? Ronald Heifetz and Philip Heymann, Harvard Law School professor and
Faculty Chair of the Project on Justice in Times of Transition, agreed that leadership
is highly contextual and that it is necessary to study leadership "where the tire hits
the road." The challenge to leadership scholars, they contended, is determining how
to abstract a set of leadership concepts that apply across contexts without sacrificing
an understanding of how the conditions and qualities involved in leadership vary
among those same contexts. In other words, leadership scholars must work from the
concrete and specific to a higher level of abstraction, and in the process strive to
distinguish the universal from the particular. (Conversations of Leadership 20002001, published by the Center for Public Leadership).
11

Hay ni cho ng hn n l nn tng cho ton b tp sch gm 3
cun, m cun sch ny th ch mi trin khai mt trong ba vn
ln ca m hnh lnh o do tc gi xut.
M hnh ra sao? Theo s quan st v ghi nhn ca tc
gi th hiu nng lnh o ty thuc vo mc giao hng ca 3
yu t cn bn. l: (1) yu t vn dng bn thn, (2) yu t vn
dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v (3) yu t vn dng i tng.
Nu mi yu t i din bi mt vng trn th vng gi ln nhau ca
c ba vng trn chnh l ch i din cho hiu nng lnh o. V,
din tch ca khu vc gi ln nhau cng ln th hiu nng lnh o
cng cao. V m hnh ch n gin l vy, ging nh phc ha
trong Hnh 1.
Vn Dng Bn Thn
Hiu Nng Lnh o
Vn Dng i Tng
Vn Dng Bi Cnh
Hnh 1: M Hnh L Thuyt Lnh o ca HHQ

12
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
By gi chng ta th hnh dung mt hnh tam gic u ABC
nm trn mt trang giy. mi nh ca tam gic l tm ca mt
vng trn. Vng trn tm A, vi bn knh rA, i din cho kh nng
vn dng bn thn. Bn knh rA cng ln th kh nng vn dng
bn thn cng cao. Tng t, vng trn tm B vi bn knh rB i
din cho kh nng vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh. Bn knh rB
cng ln th kh nng vn dng bi cnh vn hnh cng cao. V
vng trn tm C, vi bn knh rC, i din cho kh nng vn dng
i tng. Bn knh rC cng ln th kh nng vn dng i tng
cng cao.
Hnh dung thm mi cnh ca tam gic u ABC l mt
thc o, c s o t 0.0 cho ti 1.0 vi nhng khong cch u
nhau gia 0.0 v 1.0. Cnh AB ca tam gic u ABC l thc o
ca vng trn tm A. Khi bn knh rA bng vi chiu di ca cnh
AB th vng trn t ti gii hn ti a. Hay ni cch khc l
rA = AB = 1 i din cho kh nng vn dng bn thn mc ti a,
ging nh phc ha trong Hnh 2.
Tng t, cnh BC l thc o ca vng trn tm B. Khi
bn knh rB bng vi chiu di ca cnh BC th vng trn t
ti gii hn ti a. Hay ni cch khc l rB = BC = 1 i din cho
kh nng vn dng bi cnh vn hnh mc ti a. V cnh CA l
thc o ca vng trn tm C. Khi bn knh rC bng vi chiu di
ca cnh CA th vng trn t ti gii hn ti a. Hay ni
cch khc l rC = CA = 1 i din cho kh nng vn dng i tng
mc ti a.
13
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
0
.
1
A
rA
0.1
Vn Dng Mc Ti a: rA = 1
Hnh 2 - Kh Nng Vn Dng Mc Ti a

Hnh dung ba ng trung tuyn xut pht t ba nh ca
tam gic chy xung cnh i din gp nhau giao im X nm
ngay gia tam gic . Ti im X ny bt c vng trn no tip
cn vi n cng s c bn knh bng 0.5773.5 Nh vy, nu vng
trm tm A chm ti im X th bn knh rA ca vng trn tm A s
bng 0.5773 (rA = 0.5773). Tng t, nu vng trn tm B chm ti
im X th bn knh rB ca vng trn tm B s bng 0.5773 (rB =
0.5773) v nu vng trn tm C chm ti im X th bn knh rC ca
vng trn tm C s bng 0.5773 (rC = 0.5773). Xem phc ha
trong Hnh 3. S o 0.5773 l nh lng xc nh ngng ca vn
rC = CB / Cos (30 ) = (1) / 0.866025 = 0.5/0.866025 = 0.5773
14
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
dng. Hay ni mt cch khc, mt ngi ch c coi l bit vn
dng [bn thn hoc bi cnh ang vn hnh hoc i tng] khi s
o kh nng vn dng [bn thn hoc bi cnh ang vn hnh hoc
i tng] ca ngi ln hn 0.5773. Hay ni mt cch khc
na, s o 0.5773 i din cho kh nng vn dng [bn thn hoc
bi cnh ang vn hnh hoc i tng] ngng ti thiu.
1.0
0.5
0.0
X
rC
C
Ngng Vn Dng Ti Thiu: rC = 0.5773
Hnh 3 - Kh Nng Vn Dng Ngng Ti Thiu

Da trn cu trc v thc o va thnh lp chng ta c
th d dng xc lp mt nh lng cho hiu nng lnh o, ch cn
chn la mt cng thc hp l. Gi d nh hiu nng lnh o
c tnh theo cng thc HNL = (rA)(rB)(rC); trong HNL l ch
s hiu nng lnh o, rA l ch s kh nng vn dng bn thn, rB
15

l ch s kh nng vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v rC l ch
s kh nng vn dng i tng.
1.0
0.5
A
rA
0.0
X
rC
C
rB
B
Hiu Nng Lnh o Ngng Ti Thiu:

Hl = (rA)(rB)(rC) = (0.5773)3 = 0.1924
Hnh 4 - Hiu Nng Lnh o Ngng Ti Thiu

Trong trng hp c ba kh nng vn dng u nm
ngng ti thiu, tc l rA = rB = rC = 0.5773, th ch s ca hiu
nng lnh o s l 0.1924, ni ba vng trn ch va tip gip
nhau ch cha gi ln nhau. Hay ni mt cch khc, nh lng
0.1924 i din cho ngng ti thiu ca hiu nng lnh o, nh
c phc ha trong Hnh 4.
Trong trng hp c ba kh nng vn dng u t ti gii
hn ti a, tc l rA = rB = rC = 1.0, th ch s ca hiu nng lnh
16
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
o s l 1.0, ni din tch m ba vng trn gi ln nhau t
ti gii hn c th t c. Hay ni mt cch khc, nh lng 1.0
i din cho gii hn ti a ca hiu nng lnh o, nh c phc
ha trong Hnh 5.
rC
=1
=1
rA
B
rB = 1
Hiu Nng Lnh o Mc Ti a:

HNL = (rA)(rB)(rC) = (1.0)(1.0)(1.0) = 1.0
Hnh 5 - Hiu Nng Lnh o Mc Ti a

Trn cn bn va c trnh by, chng ta c th ch tc
mt cng c gip thm nh (assessment instrument) hiu nng
lnh o ca mt i tng hoc ca mt nhm i tng. Hnh
thnh cng c ny cn phi c ba b su tp ca nhng yu t
quyt nh tng kh nng vn dng. Hay ni mt cch khc l mi
vng trn u c mt tp hp ca nhng phn t nm bn trong m
17

chng ta cn phi bit. Hay ni mt cch khc na, chng ta cn
phi hiu:
1. Th no l vn dng bn thn?
2. Th no l vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh?
3. Th no l vn dng i tng?
Ni dung ca ton b tp sch 3 cun l nhm tr li ba cu hi
ny v cng l hon thnh cng trnh kin trc & trang tr cho
m hnh l thuyt lnh o do tc gi xut.
V nu nh cn xc lp gi tr thc nghim ca m hnh,
chng ta c th dng cng c thm nh hiu nng lnh o va ni
lm mt cuc nghin cu khoa hc.
Vi nhng cng trnh
nghin cu nh vy, hai nhm i tng s c kho st, nh gi

v sau testing hypothesis chp nhn hay ph nhn gi
thuyt ri a ra p n.
n y th cng ti lc chng ta nn tr li cu hi th
no l lnh o. V nh ni, c rt nhiu nh ngha khc
nhau.6 Vi tc gi, ty thuc vo cch t cu hi, th lnh o l
Leader as someone who sees a predicament and takes the initiative to change
things for the better (Author and psychologist Daniel Goleman). Leadership is the
behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group toward a
shared goal (Hemphill & Coons, 1957, p.7). Leadership is interpersonal influence,
exercised in a situation, and directed, through the commun-ication process, toward
the attainment of a specified goal or goals (Tannenbaum,Weschler & Massarik, 1961,
p.24). Leadership is the initiation and maintenance of structure in expectation and
interaction (Stogdill, 1974, p.411). Leadership is the influential increment over and
above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization (Katz &
18
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Kahn, 1978, p. 528). Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an

organized group toward goal achievement (Rauch & Behling, 1984, p.46).
Leadership is a process of giving purpose to collective effort, and causing willing
effort to be expended to achieve purpose (Jacobs & Jaques, 1990, p.281). Leaders
are those who consistently make effective contributions to social order, and who are
expected and perceived to do so (Hosking, 1988, p.153). Leadership is the process
of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal
achievement in a given situation (Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. Management of
Organizational Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1988, p.86). Leadership
is an attempt at influencing the activities of followers through the communication
process and toward the attainment of some goal or goals (Donelly, J.H. & Ivancevich,
J. M. & Gibson, J.L. Organizations: behavior, structure, processes 5th Ed. Plano,TX:
Business Publications Inc. 1985, p.362). Leadership revolves around vision, ideas,
direction, and has more to do with inspiring people as to direction and goals than with
day-to-day implementation. A leader must be able to leverage more than his own
capabilities. He must be capable of inspiring other people to do things without
actually sitting on top of them with a checklist (Bennis, W. On Becoming a Leader
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1989 p.139).
Leadership is the
accomplishment of a goal through the direction of human assistants. A leader is one

who successfully marshals his human collaborators to achieve particular ends.
(Prentice,
W.C.H.
"Understanding
Leadership"
Harvard
Business
Review
September/October 1961 vol. 39 no. 5 p.143). Leadership requires using power to

influence the thoughts and actions of other people (Zalenik, A. "Managers and
Leaders: are they different? Harvard Business Review March/April 1992 p.126).
Leadership is the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations
(Kouzes, J.M. & Posner, B.Z. The Leadership Challenge San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
1995 p.30). Leadership is that process in which one person sets the purpose or
direction for one or more other persons and gets them to move along together with
him or her and with each other in that direction with competence and full commitment
(Jaques E. & Clement, S.D. Executive Leadership: a practical guide to managing
complexity Cambridge, MA: Carson-Hall & Co. Publishers 1994 p.4). Leadership is
an influence process that enable managers to get their people to do willingly what
must be done, do well what ought to be done (Cribbin, J.J. Leadership: strategies for
19
organizational effectiveness New York: AMACOM 1981). Leaders are individuals

who establish direction for a working group of individuals who gain commitment form
these group of members to this direction and who then motivate these members to
achieve the direction's outcomes (Conger, J.A. Learning to Lead San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass 1992, p.18).
Leadership is the art of influencing others to their
maximum performance to accomplish any task, objective or project (Cohen, W.A.

The Art of a Leader Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice Hall 1990 p. 9). Leadership may
be considered as the process (act) of influencing the activities of an organized group
in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (Stogdill, 1950, p.3; Bryman,
A. Leadership and Organizations London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1986 p.2).
Leadership is a process of influence between a leader and those who are followers
(Hollander,1978, p.1; Bryman, A. Leadership and Organizations London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul 1986 p.2). Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he is
directing the activities of a group toward a shared goals (Hemphill & Coons, 1957,
p.7; Bryman, A. Leadership and Organizations London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
1986 p.2). Leadership is defined as the process of influencing the activities of an
organized group toward goal achievement (Rauch & Behling, 1984 p.46; Bryman, A.
Leadership and Organizations London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1986 p.2).
Leadership is a development of a clear and complete system of expectations in order
to identify evoke and use the strengths of all resources in the organization the most
important of which is people (Batten, J.D. Tough-minded Leadership New York:
AMACOM 1989 p.35). Leadership is discovering the company's destiny and having
the courage to follow it (JoeJaworski,
Organizational Learning Center at MIT).
Leadership is the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations.
(Jim Kouzes and Barry Posners Leadership Challenge). Leadership is both a
process and a property. The process of leadership is the use on noncoercive
influence to direct and coordinate the activities of the members of an organized group
toward the accomplishment of group objectives. As a property, leadership is the set
of characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to successfully employ such
influence (Arthur Jago). Leadership is best defined as 'getting the job done through
people (Scott Thomson). Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive
willingly for group goals (George Terry).
Leadership is an activity-an influence
process-in which an individual gains the trust and commitment of others and without
20
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
recourse to formal position or authority moves the group to the accomplishment of

one or more tasks (Quoted in Kenneth E. Clark and Miriam B. Clark). Leadership is
the lifting of a man's vision to higher sights, the raising of a man's performance to a
higher standard and the building of a man's personality beyond its normal limitations
(Peter Drucker Practice of Mnagement). Leadership is the capacity to translate
vision into reality (Warren Buffet). Leadership over human beings is exercised when
persons with certain motives and purposes mobilize, in competition or conflict with
others, institutional, political, psychological, and other resources so as to arouse,
engage, and satisfy the motives of followers. . . . in order to realize goals mutually
held by both leaders and followers (James McGregore Burns). Leadership is the
process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal
achievement in a given situation (Paul Hersey & Ken Blanchard). Leadership is
sovereign power by a contractual agreement made by all of those who live in the
society. (Thomas Hobbs). Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful
direction) to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve
purpose (T.O. Jacobs & Elliott Jaques). Leadership defines what the future should
look like, aligns people with that vision, and inspires them to make it happen despite
the obstacles (John Kotter).
Leadership is giving direction in times of change,
inspiring others, building teamwork and values and providing an example for others
to follow (John Kotter). Leadership is a process that helps direct and mobilize people
and/or their ideas (John Kotter). Leadership is the art of mobilizing others to want to
struggle for shared aspirations; Leadership is relationship (Jim Kouzes & Barry
Posner). Leadership is influence (John Maxwell). Leadership is about tapping the
wellsprings of human motivation and about fundamental relations with ones fellows
(Tom Peters).
Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and
creating the environment within which things can be accomplished (Richards &
Engle). Leadership is the privilege to have the responsibility to direct the actions of
others in carrying out the purposes of the organization, at varying levels of authority
and with accountability for both successful and failed endeavors (Wess Roberts).
Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real
changes that reflect their mutual purposes (Joseph C. Rost). Leadership is the ability
to step outside the culture . . . to start evolutionary change process that are more
adaptive (Edgar Schein). Leadership is the potent combination of strategy and
21
vn dng bn thn, vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v vn dng

i tng. Mt ngi lnh o l mt ngi bit vn dng bn thn,
bit vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v bit vn dng i tng.
Mt tp th lnh o l mt tp th bit vn dng bn thn, bit vn
dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v bit vn dng i tng. Kh
nng lnh o l kh nng vn dng bn thn, kh nng vn dng
bi cnh ang vn hnh, v kh nng vn dng i tng. Tin
trnh lnh o l tin trnh vn dng bn thn, vn dng bi cnh
vn hnh, v vn dng i tng. Mt c ch lnh o l mt c
ch h tr hot ng vn dng bn thn, vn dng bi cnh ang
vn hnh, v vn dng i tng. Mt h thng lnh o l mt h
thng chi phi hot ng vn dng bn thn, vn dng bi cnh
ang vn hnh, v vn dng i tng. V, hiu nng lnh o ty
thuc vo mc giao hng ca kh nng vn dng bn thn,

kh nng vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v kh nng vn dng
i tng.
character; But if you must be without one, be without strategy (Gen. Norman
Schwarzkoff).
Leadership is about creating a domain in which human beings
continually deepen their understanding of reality and become more capable of

participating in the unfolding of the world; Ultimately leadership is about creating new
realities (Peter Senge). Leadership is the ability to get individuals to work together
for the common good and the best possible results while at the same time letting
them know they did it by themselves (John Wooden). Leadership is behaviour that
creates constancy and unity of purpose together with an environment where people
and the organisation can excel (Alan Jones, Managing Director, TNT Express).
Leadership is an ongoing process of learning about oneself and the world (Hilarie
Owen, "Unleashing Leaders). Leadership asks the question of values in reference to
ultimate concern --what is my highest hope, my highest value, my highest
aspiration?-- (Walter Fluker). (Gom gp t nhiu ngun).
22
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
n y th c th ni l m hnh l thuyt lnh o do tc
gi xut c gii thiu mt cch kh y v chng ta c
th sang chng i thng vo phn chnh ca quyn sch. Tuy
nhin trc khi la khi chng ny tc gi cng mun nhn c hi
gii ta mt s hoang ng trong vn lnh o v ni thm
mt vi iu c lin quan n ni dung v hnh thc ca tp sch.
23
Nhng Hoang ng
Trong Vn Lnh o
gi ta thng gn ghp mt cch sai lm danh xng lnh

o cho nhng k khng tr. Nu hai ch lnh o c
t trn mt cc ca trc nh ngha th cc cn li c
dnh cho hai ch khng tr. K khng tr l k bit vn dng nhng
phng tin khng b cng bc c nhn, tp th, hay qun

chng i vo bi l v chp nhn s p ch. Vi nh ngha ny
chng ta khng th gi tp on gio s Taliban l nhng ngi lnh
o t nc Afghanistan. Khng th gi Saddam Hussen l ngi
lnh o Iraq. Khng th gi Polpot l nhng ngi lnh o t
nc Kampuchia. Khng th gi Idi Amin Dada Oumee l ngi
lnh o t nc Uganda. Khng th gi Ate Pavelic l nhng
ngi lnh o t nc Croatia. Khng th gi Slobodan Milosevic
l ngi lnh o t nc Serbia. H thc s ch l nhng k
khng tr t nc ca h bng bo lc c h thng v t hiu qu
h mong mun, ng vi nh ngha dnh cho k khng tr. V
cng chc chn hn l khng th gi nhng tn lnh cha chin
tranh
nh
Ali
Mahdi
Mohammed,
Hassan
Mohamed
Nur
Shargudud, Mohammed Farah Aidid, Hussein Mohammed Aidid,

24
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Musa Sudi Yalahow, hoc Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed l nhng ngi
lnh o t nc Somalia. H ch l nhng tn u s ca m
lon qun st nhn gieo rc khng b trn chnh mnh t ca t
nc h. Trong chiu hng nhn loi cng ngy cng tin v con
ng nhn bn cao , song hnh vi khoa hc k thut tin v
nhng chn tri cha khai m, s phn nh ch ng cho nhng
ngi lnh o v nhng k khng tr s ngy cng r rt. Lnh
o l ngh thut v khoa hc nng s sng cn khng tr l

ngh thut v khoa hc p t s cht. Phn nh r gia lnh o
v khng tr khng phi l iu mi l. Lo T tng thuyt d
o t nhn ch d bt d binh cng thin h7 cho nn ngi lnh

o ng ngha khng dng bo lc cng bc ngi. Cng r
hn khi ngi ni th lc st nhn, ph lc st nhn d, tc bt kh d
c chi thin h m. K kht mu ti lm cho thin h hong

kinh th ng hng lnh o.8 M k l lm cho thin h hong
kinh th ch xng ng vi danh xng khng tr.
Ngi ta thng gn ghp mt cch bt cn danh xng
lnh o cho nhng ngi cm quyn mt t nc (leaders v/s
government officers). Thc ra mt quan chc ang cm quyn t
nc c th l mt ngi lnh o, c th l mt k khng tr, c th
l mt c nhn th hin mt phn khng tr v mt phn lnh o
di mt cp tng hp no , hoc cng c th l mt ngi
o c Kinh - Tam Thp Chng, trang 125 ca Phm Kim Khi, NXB Thanh
Nin, 2008. Nguyn vn dch Ly o gip k lnh o khng ly binh cng bc

thin h
8
o c Kinh - Tam Thp Nht Chng, trang 129 ca Phm Kim Khi, NXB
Thanh Nin, 2008. Nguyn vn dch k kht mu ti, thin h hong kinh ng
hng lnh o
25

chng th hin nhng c tnh lnh o hoc khng tr. V vy,
nhng ngi ang cng v cm quyn nn c gi ng vi
chc v ca h, hoc gi chung l gii chc ca nh cm quyn,
tr khi c l do xc ng tng m hiu lnh o cho nhng ngi
cm quyn .
Ngi ta thng gn ghp mt cch bt cn danh xng
lnh o cho nhng ngi cm quyn qun tr trong mt cng ty
doanh thng (leaders v/s business managers). Cng ging nh
nhng ngi cm quyn mt t nc, mt vin chc qun tr cng
ty doanh thng c th rt xng ng c gi l mt ngi lnh
o cng c th khng xng ng mt cht no vi danh xng .
Trn cn bn, nhng vin chc qun tr v tt c nhn vin trc
thuc u l nhng ngi c mn vo lm vic cho cng ty
nhng khc nhau ch nhng vin chc qun tr c t vo vai
tr ch huy v nhng ngi trc thuc phi tun hnh. Nhn vin
phi tun hnh theo mi ch th ca vin chc ch huy, du mun
hay khng mun, du ng hay khng ng , ngoi tr nhng
quyt nh vi phm lut php ca quc gia v lut l ca cng ty, v
l kh c ng nhin gia nhn vin v cng ty. V vy,
nhng ngi ang nm gi mt chc v qun tr trong mt cng ty
doanh thng nn c gi ng vi chc v ca h, hoc gi
chung l nhng ngi qun tr cng ty, tr khi c l do xc ng
tng h m hiu l ngi lnh o.
Tng t, ngi ta thng lm dng danh xng lnh o
gn cho nhng ngi cm quyn qun s (military commanding
officers). Nhng ngi ch huy mt lc lng qun s c th l mt
ngi lnh o ng ngha. Tuy nhin v cng vic binh b l cng
vic ca chin tranh cho nn nhng ngi cm quyn qun s c
26
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
khuynh hng s dng nhng phng tin hoc th hin nhng c
tnh c th ni gn vi khng tr hn l lnh o. Do , trn cn
bn, h nn c gi ng vi cp bc ca h hoc gi chung l
nhng ngi ch huy qun s th ng hn, tr khi c l do xc
ng tng h m hiu l ngi lnh o.
V, khng thiu ngi ng nhn nhng nhn vt ni
danh l nhng nhn vt lnh o. Du rng h c th l mt ti
nng ln trong lnh vc hot ng ca h v nhn c s hm m
ca qun chng mt cch rng ri nhng khng v m c th
cho rng h l nhng ngi lnh o. S vy quanh ca qun
chng dnh cho mt ngi ti hoa m qun chng hm m khc xa
vi s vy quanh ca qun chng dnh cho mt ngi lnh o m
qun chng i theo. Ci lm nn s khc bit nm trong nh ngha
th no l ngi lnh o, t ra l theo cch nhn ca tc gi.
C ngi cho rng ti nng lnh o l do thin ph hoc
cho rng tri sanh ra hng ngi lnh o dn dt thin h. Nu
khng c ci khiu t nhin do tri sanh th khng th tr thnh
ngi lnh o. Khng cn g sai lm hn v nguy him hn vi
ngh ny. Sai lm l v tuy rng thin khiu c nh hng mt phn
nhng khng v m c th ph nhn kh nng trau di v hc
hi tr thnh mt ngi lnh o ng ngha hoc l tr thnh
mt ngi lnh o gii hn trc. l cha ni ti ci gi l
thin khiu thc ra c th ch l sn phm hc t trng i hoc
hc t trong gia nh khi cn b. V nu nh thc s khng th hc
hi c th b mn nghin cu v vn lnh o s khng cn
thit na v nhng ch khoa hc lnh o nn bin i. Nguy him
l v n lm cho ngi ta b o tng l ci mu lnh t c th thay
th cho bn lnh chn truyn ri t t bt tai bt mt, t hi lng,
27

t pht tn ngh thut lnh o cho thuc h theo gt ri c m
cng nhau y tp th, t chc, x hi, t nc ti b vc.
Khng t ngi tin rng ch c nhng ngi c a v cao
nht trong mt t chc hoc trong mt quc gia mi xng ng
nhn lnh hai ch lnh o. V ch c nhng ngi ny [nhng
lnh t] mi c quyn lnh o t chc hoc lnh o t nc. V
th, nht l trong nhng giai on en ti ca lch s, ngi ta
thng gi thi ngi yn ch i ai , mt v minh qun hay
mt ng thnh nhn no , ra i lm cng vic lnh o t
nc v gii quyt gim nhng vn nn x hi. Suy ngh ny khng
lnh mnh v nhiu l do. Th nht l ngi ta c khuynh hng
khon trng mi vic vo trong tay mt s ngi t i v tr nn v
trch nhim trc nhng din bin chi phi n i sng hoc vn
mnh ca c nhn, ca gia nh, ca t chc, ca quc gia hay ca
c th gii. Th hai l ngi ta gin tip chp nhn thi nhng
con mnh h khng th sng chung mt rng, nhng con g chi
khng th p chung mt bi a ti ch chia ch phn ha hoc
ti ch khng th kt hp c. Th ba l ngi ta gin tip khuyn
khch tnh trng c quyn lnh o [v s khon trng v tnh cch
v trch nhim ca i a s gin tip cho php h lm iu ].
V khi m mt tp th, mt t chc, mt t nc, mt x hi
cho tnh trng c quyn lnh o xy ra th c ch v h thng
lnh o ca tp th/ t chc/ t nc/ x hi bin thnh l
c ch v h thng khng tr. Trong nhng x hi thong hot
(open societies) qu kh cng nh vo thi im hin ti, nhng
ngi lnh o ng ngha c mt mi cp v cng vic lnh
o c thc hin mi cp . Cng vic lnh o khng dnh
ring cho mt ngi trn nh. Trong nhng x hi thong hot
28
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ngi ta st sng hng v vic t chc v lm cho kin ton h
thng lnh o (leadership system) nh vo nng lc ca mi
v mi c nhn nm trong tm nh hng ca h thng lnh o
c vn dng mt cch hiu qu nhm gii quyt mi vn c
quan tm ti mc hiu nng cao (high level of efficiency and
effectiveness). Nhiu ngi s c c hi th hin ti nng lnh
o ca mnh cp mnh ang ng. Ngi ta hng say tham
d vo cng vic lnh o v hnh din vi vai tr ca mnh du
bt c cp no. Ngi ta hng ng vi mt tinh thn lnh
mnh, khng t tn cng chng h t ti. Ngi ta hiu r (1) bt c
mt ngi lnh o no trn mt t ny cng c lc tng i
theo s lnh o ca ngi khc v (2) cha c mt ngi ch huy
gii no trn mt t ny cha tng l ngi tun hnh gii hoc
khng bit n tnh cch quan trng ca s tun hnh. Ngi ta
cng hiu r mi mt c nhn va l mt ngi ch ng cho k
khc (a leader: to lead) va l ngi c k khc ch ng (a
follower: to be led), l mt ngi ra lnh cho cho k khc (superior:
to give orders) v ng thi l ngi tun hnh mnh lnh ca k
khc na (subbordinate: to carry out orders). Trong nhng x hi
thong hot ngi ta khim nhng v nhn thc rt r mi c nhn
ch l mt b phn nh b trong mt chic my khng l y lin h
phc tp nhng ng thi h khng km t ho v bit r l mt b
phn tuy nh nhng c th lm cho chic my khng l ngng
chy.
Sau cng l mt hoang ng ln nht trong nhng hoang
ng. Nhng hc gi u M, nhng ngi t nhn l rational
thinkers, m x ci gi l i tng ra thnh nhng mnh vn,
i khi cn tch ri i tng nghin cu ra khi mi trng v iu
29

kin lin h, ri em tng mnh vn ring l ra quan st v th
nghim mt cch rt bi bn t v tr khch quan. Ch trch l vi
c mt kho ln tri thc v vn lnh o m ngi ta vn m h,
vn hiu bit rt t v vn lnh o. Tc gi cho l hoang ng
khng phi l v phng php khoa hc khng nghim tc hoc
nhng nghin cu ca h khng c gi tr, ngc li tc gi nh
gi rt cao. y tc gi ch mun vch ra cho thy l ci cch
quan st manh mn ny khng gip ngi ta hiu bit mt cch
trn vn v vn lnh o, cng nh nhiu vn khc c lin
i ti hnh vi ca con ngi. Trong khu vc xm ny, ci c gi
l phng php khoa hc khng kho c th tr thnh l chng
ngi cho s hiu bit trn vn.
Ngc li, cch quan st ca
nhng tr gi ng phng b dn nhn l phi khoa hc i khi li

gip cho ngi ta hiu nhiu hn, hiu tng tn hn, hiu trn vn
hn ci php gii do tm to. M ni v quan st ci php gii do
tm to th phng php khoa hc ca phng Ty hin nay . . .
vn hy cn phi thai lm.
30
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Tn Mn V Nhng
Tri Nghim Chung Quanh
Vn Lnh o
l mt ngi may mn c o to ti Hoa K v

lnh vc khoa hc qun tr cho nn cng c mt s hiu
bit v mt l thuyt, t l thuyt sn xut v iu hnh
gt hi trong nhng nm theo hc chng trnh BSBA cho ti l

thuyt ti chnh v hoch nh sch lc ca chng trnh MBA cho
ti l thuyt ci t c cu/ h thng/ x hi ca chng trnh Ph.D.
Cng thm hng trm kho hc v hi tho linh tinh khc. Cng vi
kin thc trong nhng lnh vc khc.
May mn hn, H l mt ngi c c hi tham d vt
ln ngay trn u trng Hoa K hn 20 nm. Sut thi gian
H hoc chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc, hoc di hn hoc
tm thi kinh qua nhiu chc v t cng nhn qut rc cho ti
c cng (supervisor), trng phng (department head), trng
xng (plant manager), gim c vng (regional manager), ph ch
tch hi ng gim c (board of directors' VP) v kinh qua
nhiu khu qun l t qun l thu mua qua qun l sn xut,
31

qun l bn hng, qun l iu hnh, qun l ti chnh, qun l
nhn s & o to, qun l my mc c xng, qun l an ton lao
ng, qun l mi sinh, qun l ho tnh cng nh kinh qua
nhiu loi cng nghip t cng nghip truyn thng qua cng
nghip in t, cng nghip tin hc, cng nghip ng gi, cng
nghip thc phm, cng nghip m phm, cng nghip ch to
nha (rubber & plastics), cng nghip trng rng, cng nghip ch
bin g, cng nghip lm giy (paper making) cng tng lnh
lng ca mt s cng ty t cng ty t hon vi triu la do gia
nh lm ch cho ti i cng ty hng t la do cng chng lm
ch cng tng l gim kho thm nh c ch qun tr v thnh
qu xut sc ca nhng n v kinh t v cng quyn nm trong
tiu bang t x nghip cho ti trng hc, bnh vin, ngn hng,
trung tm o to qun s, phi cng, h thng cung cp ga/ in/
nc vn vn thuc mi tm c, vi loi cng ngh v trnh k
thut, ni chung l rt a dng cng tri qua mt hnh trnh vt
o li sui, ln voi xung ch nh bao nhiu ngi khc tng b
sa thi v cng tng c tn vinh.
Ci a dng ca l thuyt v tri nghim thc t cho H
khng t nhng bi hc v mi kha cnh ca qun tr v lnh o.
Nhng nhng ci gip cho H c c mt cm nghim su xa
hn ht v vn lnh o ch huy c l l nm trong giai on 5
nm sau cng trc khi la cng ty cui. Trong sut 5 nm ny H
nhn vai tr cu nguy cho nhng n v doanh nghip b thua
l dai dng.
Hai ch cu nguy c l chnh xc v nhng n v m H
n o ngc (turnaround) tnh th th mi ni nh vy u
thua l mi thng trn di na triu bc v lin tc thua l nh
32
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
th sut nhiu nm qua. Thc ra th nhng n v ny cng thua
l nhiu nm trc na, t khi cn l n v kinh doanh ca i
phng [v bi v vy h mi bn li cho cng ty ca H]. Nhng
n v b thua l dai dng ny tri qua khng t ln thay i, t
quyt sch cho n thnh phn lnh o cao nht. V khng cn
ni th cng hiu hu qu nh th no i vi quan l ca
nhng ngi thua cuc. iu ng ni hn l nhng xo trn
tc ng su m n th no i vi tm l ca tt c thuc cp.
Khng phi ch c nhng bi tng mi ngm cay ng m tt c
nhng ngi b cun ht trong nhng chin trng cng cay
ng khng km. Du rng mi ni H xch gi n c nhng th
thch khc nhau v do cn c nhng quyt sch khc nhau,
nhng tt c u ging nhau mt s im. Nhng ci ging nhau
c th tm tt mt cch tng qut l (1) nhn vin th mi mt v
bt mn cng tt; (2) cc cp ch huy t thp ti cao th va hoang
mang va chn v ch bit qun qut gnh nc cha la tng
ngy ri thnh thong cm kim chm lung tung; (3) my mc sn
xut th nh con nga chng nay m may au lc ngng lc chy;
(4) nhng cng ty i tc [mua v bn] th phn nn lin tc v e
da ct t quan h thng nghip; (5) chnh quyn a phng th
pht v lin lin cn b lao ng th do s mnh tay hn nu tm
c bng chng ngc i nhn vin; (6) lin on lao ng th p
lc lin tc v hm he xch ng nh cng; (7) cp lnh o
trung ng cng ngy cng mt kin nhn nn p lc t trn
xung ngy cng nng; (8) hp hnh th lin min, bo co th lin
lin, thanh tra th n i lin tc; (9) hiu qu ngy cng tut dc; v
(10) ngn sch ngy cng thiu ht hn.
33

H khng c ch ni xu m ch trnh by s quan st ca
mnh v tnh hnh chung ca nhng con bi xu nm trong tay
cng ty vo mt thi im no m thi. Thc ra th cng ty m
H cng tc l mt cng ty rt ln, mt trong s 250 cng ty ln
nht Hoa K, c mt trn 29 tiu bang v 4 quc gia, v l mt cng
ty gii lm ra tin. Sut gn 100 nm hot ng t ngy thnh lp
n ch b thua l nh mt ln duy nht vo nm 1972. Phi ni
ng hn l n rt gii lm ra tin v lm ra tin nhiu n ni phi
ngi trn mt ng tin mt m khng cch no pht tn kp ri
nm 2001 [mt nm sau khi H la cng ty] b mt cng ty i th
nho v nut mt. H t tnh t cnh l v mun nhn mnh mt s
tht l nhng ni m H c iu n u l nhng chin trng -khng phi l chin trng chun b giao chin m l chin trng
tan nt sau nhiu ln giao chin-- l nhng ni m nhng ngi
ang b cun ht trong u tin rng ci duy nht m H c th
lm c l lm xc ri treo bng For Sale.
H khng ni qu li u. Ci kinh nghim lp li nhiu ln
cho h ci nh kin nh vy. Ch chm nh vo thc t l c
th thy li ni ca h c cn c. C th tng tng l tt c cc
qun l t thp ti cao c tip xc cho hi s s u tng
cho H nhng n ci rt ngoi giao km theo nhng ha hn hp
tc rt ngt ngo nhng trong u h my bo ng m
ku Cnh gic! Cnh gic! v trong thm tm h kt n H l
tn xm phm lnh a vi ng ngi ri. H i n u u
nhn thy h tung khi m n . Khng phi h ch tung khi m
mi ni H p t m h cn tung khi m ln ti cp trung ng
vi hy vng l H s b iu i ni khc trc khi c t vong.
Cn nhn vin trn sn th cho n H vi thi cng tiu cc
34
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
khng km. Thc ra th cc qun l ny khng ght H vi tnh
cch c nhn nhng h li khng th thoi mi vi ci lnh bi v
cy thng phng bo kim trong tay H, mt gii chc c trao
quyn t lnh ton quyn trong lc hnh s. Cn nhn vin cng
khng ght H vi tnh cch mt c nhn nhng ch v gii chc ca
cng ty ni chung t mnh nh mt s tn nhim ca nhn vin
v theo ph hy ci tn nghim ca vai tr lnh o [khng phi
do lm xp m c]. Ri khi tip tc bc su hn vo trn a th
H thy chp chn v s nh o, nghe lao xao v s chuyn o,
ngp ngi trong v s vic o. Mt ngi mi ti lm vic s rt
d dng b dn ti ch hoang mang ri i lc. Khng phi l h c
ti nng b tr bt qui trn vy khn H nhng mi c
nhn h chnh l mt mnh b tri trong v, hoc gin tip hoc trc
tip, gp phn vo to nn ton cnh o . Nhng sau lng
nhng ci o H nhn ra c nhng iu rt thc, thc ti ng
s, l s bt an v s hoi nghi trong tt c mi ngi. H mun
ni ti bt an v hoi nghi di nhiu dng t vi t ti th ph.
ng vy, h bt an v h hoi nghi. Ch c bao nhiu ,
bt an v hoi nghi, nhng li l nhng th thch ln nht trong tt
c nhng th thch m H phi vt ln. L nhng ci kh nht
trong nhng ci kh m H phi chinh phc. L nhng ci gnh
nng nht trong nhng gnh nng m H phi mang. Di iu
kin ca bi cnh ang vn hnh, trc mt H l cy cu mong
manh v tht di m H phi xuyn qua. Ch c bao nhiu , bt
an v hoi nghi, nhng bao nhiu lm nn b my cm
bin c th nhn dng s khc bit gia ngi ch huy v ngi
lnh o, phn bit ci khc nhau gia qun l v lnh o.
Ch c bao nhiu , nhng ci bao nhiu dm cht nhiu
35

chin tng dy kinh nghim ca cng ty.
Tuyn v b nhim
ngi, iu chnh li lng bng, phn phi li cng vic, sa i li

chnh sch, nh li ch ng trong th trng, chn li a bn hot
ng, v li sch lc di hn, phi li k hoch hnh ng, nhm
li mc tiu, sp xp li khu sn xut . . . v lm ra tin cho cng ty
. . . tt c u tng i khng kh. Nhng nu nh khng dp tan
c ci khng kh bt an v hoi nghi ang bao trm th chc chn
s khng ph ni nhng ci o vy ba chung quanh tm ra li
thot v c l ch cn cch l phi lm nh h khuyn co l treo
bng For Sale.
Tuy tnh hnh lc c ti t tht nhng cui cng th H
cng hon thnh cng v v t c nhng thng li nh mong
mun. Ci chin trng tn nhiu thi gian nht, n v kinh doanh
West Memphis, lm ra tin cho cng ty sau 14 thng kh nhc.
Ci chin trng tn t thi gian nht, n v kinh doanh nm ti
Kansas City, lm ra tin cho cng ty sau 90 ngy lm trn. V
trong tt c nhng chin trng tham d, H cng may mn l
cha mt ln b bi. Tt c u tip tc n nn lm ra v cng ngy
cng c ting tt i vi cng ng a phng.
H vn cn nh rt r ngy m Edward, ng xp trc tip
ca H, ch thn li xe a H t Oklahoma City v Kansas City
c c hi chuyn tr vi nhau. Trn ng i v trong lc ang
ba hoa th c in thoi gi vo, bn kia u dy l ting ni ca
ng tng gim c kim ch tch hi ng. Sau vi cu x giao l
ng TG i thng vo vn , Ny Ed, ng ngh l cn bao
nhiu thi gian o ngc (turn-around) n v Kansas?

Umm . . . . ti ang bn v chuyn , Ed ngp ngng. ng bit
l n xut huyt nhiu nm ri v n lc phi cho ti mt s

36
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tr li dt khot l ng c o ngc c hay khng v nu c
th cn bao nhiu thi gian, ng qun y l c hi cui cng, ng
TG thng thng. Edward c v khng vui nhng c gi ging ni
bnh thn xin vui lng ch mt cht ri bt in thoi quay sang
phn bua ng H nghe y, m kip, c nhng ngi trn kia
mun ng ca n v ny hoc mun git n ra khi tay ti giao

cho ngi khc. Nhng ti khng cho h toi nguyn khi m
bn ti cn c ng. N ng H, ti bit ch mi c hai tun th qu t
thi gian cho ng tm hiu v tnh hnh Kansas v chun b cu
tr li tt nhng ti tht tnh xin li buc lng phi hi ng ngay
by gi l chng ta cn bao nhiu thi gian y ty nhng con
s mu trn bo co li nhun hng thng? H quay u nhn
ra bn ngoi mt chp ri chm ri cho Edward mt tr li dt khot
l 90 ngy. Chn mi ngy? ng c chc khng vy? ng lm
ti m hi ht ng H, Edward ni vi v mt hi lo. Quay

hn ngi v pha Edward ri nhn su vo mt ng ta, H hi T
ngy ng bit ti ti gi, c bao gi ti ni vi ng mt iu no

khng ng vi s tht hoc ha vi ng mt iu no m ti khng
lm c hay khng? Cha tng xy ra, Edward tr li. Vy l
c ri. Ni xong H ng ngi trn gh khng ni tip. Edward
ngn ng vi giy ri ni c, ti cng ng nh cc vi h v
tr li in m tip tc vi TG. Khi Edward va a ra con s 90
ngy th c ting ci r ca nhiu ngi cng lc ni ln u dy
bn kia. Th ra c hi ng gim c ang hp v Edward ang ni
conference call vi h m khng bit. Ri ting cht vn ca ng
TG t u dy bn kia Ed, ng c a vi chng ti khng vy?
n v ny ca ng l l sut my nm nay v ng thay ban

iu hnh nhiu ln m kt qu vn khng ra g nay ng da vo
37
u m a ra c tnh qu i lc quan ny? Edward va tr li

va chng ch Tha ng, ti rt l nghim tc. Ngi gip cho ti
a ra cu tr li ny ang ngi cnh bn ti. ng c bit ngi

l ai khng vy? ng TG hi gng L tn no? L Dr. H ,
Edward tr li. Mt khong yn lng kh lu. H yn lng l v c
l do. Kh nng to ra k tch ca H l mt trong nhng iu m
h bit rt r. Edward nhn H nhng chn my v nhch n ci
th v.
Sau mi thnh cng Edward thng ngi xung vi H
trao i v nghim thu nhng iu ng hc. Sau ln thnh cng
n v Kansas cng khng ngoi l. Vo mt ngy cui tun, thay
v bay v nh vi v con ang sng ti mt tiu bang khc, Edward
li Kansas City. Chiu ngy hm tri rt xu, v nu nh
khng lm th c c bo lc ving thm thnh ph. Edward v H
ngi phng khch va xem TV va tn gu chuyn chnh tr chnh
em. Ch H l mt condo dnh cho executives, rng v c hai
phng ng, nm cnh mt sn golf tuyt p, cng ty mn di
hn cho H tm trong nhng ngy khng v vi gia nh.
Chiu Edward l khch mi. Vi ly ly bia ang ung d dang
Edward nhng iu x g vo ri ly ra ct b i u nm v bt
qut t, sau ng ngi gi u ln mt tay gh ca chic sofa,
gc hai chn ln tay gh cn li, va lim dim va ph ph. chic
sofa gn bn, H cng ang xoi ngi trn gh v cng ang lim
dim thng thc x g. Sau mt khong thi gian yn lng di hn
20 pht, tng chng nh khng cn g ni vi nhau, Edward t
nhin hi H do u m c th thc hin c k tch va ri.
H trm ngm thm mt lc ri mi chm ri hi ngc li Edward
ti sao ng ta dm ha vi hi ng tng gim c l ng ta c th
38
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
thc hin c k tch? Ti v ti tin tuyt i vo li ni ca Dr.
H, Edward tr li. Cm n ng v s tn nhim m ng dnh

cho ti. Vy l ng c cu tr li ri u cn g phi hi ti.
Ngng li ri mt cht sau H mi ni tip, Ti ch mun ni thm
vi ng l hai chng ta khng to ra c k tch, ch l chng ta

khng cho php s s hi v hoi nghi ph mt ci c hi lp k
tch ang nm trong tay ca nhn vin di tay m thi.
K tch s khng th c c nu khng c ngi lnh o
bn lnh. Nhng ng thi cng phi thy nhng ngi thc s
to ra nhng k tch khng ai khc hn l nhng thuc cp m
trc b cc xp dn cho nhn hiu l l n hi. Trong kho
vn ha phng ng cng c mt cu ni di tay tng ti
khng c binh hn. S d khng c binh hn l v tng ti bit
cch vn dng. Ngh cho cng th khoa hc v ngh thut lnh o
cng khng nm ngoi my ch bit vn dng. M bit vn dng
trong khoa hc v ngh thut lnh o th cn n khi c thng tu
v thng bng cng nh cn n con tim chn chnh v t mn.
39
Vi Li v Quyn Sch
u chuyn ca H chnh l cu chuyn c tht ca tc gi.

Nh ni, ti nhng chin trng kinh doanh tc gi
c c hi th nghim su xa hn v vn lnh
o. Tc gi c c hi thy c mt khong cch rt ln

gia l thuyt vi thc t, gia hc gi vi hnh gi, gia ci bit
ca mt nh gio chuyn nghip dy v lnh o v qun tr vi ci
bit ca mt nh lnh o v qun tr chuyn nghip ng vai nh
gio. Tc gi c c hi nhn thy u mi ca mt si giy
lin kt, n chy xuyn sut t qu kh ti hin ti, t phng ng
sang phng ty, t l thuyt ti thc nghim, t chin trng ti
thng trng, t o php ti th php. V ci u mi ny
cho tc gi vt liu kt tp mt m hnh lnh o cho ring mnh.
Cun sch m c gi ang cm trn tay khng phi l mt
cun gio khoa son tho cho chng trnh qun tr theo mu m
Hoa K. Li cng khng phi l mt cun hi k v nhng tri
nghim ca mt nh lnh o doanh nghip. Cng khng phi l
mt cun sch hng dn trong lit k t A ti Z nhng iu nn
lm v khng nn lm dnh cho qun tr vin cha c kinh nghim.
Cng khng phi l mt bo co v mt cng trnh nghin cu. V
cng khng phi l mt pho binh php vit theo kiu vit m h ca
40
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Tu. y l mt quyn sch m ton b ni dung ch nhm soi
sng mt phn ca m hnh l thuyt lnh o: yu t vn dng bn
thn. Tinh ty ca nhng hc hi, suy nghim, ng dng, kim
chng, khm ph trong nhiu nm c c ng ti mc ch cn
mt l mt cng d ch cha. D nhin m hnh ny c sinh ra
t l thuyt, d nhin t bn thn n l l thuyt, nhng l th l
thuyt c hnh thnh t nhng tri nghim sinh ng thc tin,
ci m khoa hc mm gi l action grounded theory hoc l
theory grounded in reality. Hay ni ngc li, m hnh th t n
khng nhiu nhng v phi soi sng nhng iu m m hnh cha
ng trong cho nn n cn phi c trin khai v cng v th
nn mi c nhng quyn sch.
Tc gi em vo rt nhiu nhn vt v chuyn k vo
sch. Nhng nhn vt xa xa cng nh nhng nhn vt cn i v
hin i. Nhng nhn vt phng ng cng nh nhng nhn vt
phng ty. Nhng nhn vt trong chnh trng cng nh nhng
nhn vt trong thng trng v trong nhiu lnh vc khc. Lm
nh vy, ngoi mc ch chnh l gip soi sng nhng vn mun
ni, tc gi cn c nhng l do khc na. Th nht, vi si ch lin
kt nhng mu chuyn chy xuyn qua nhiu thi i, tc gi mun
cho thy ci lm nn hai ch lnh o ng ngha khng phi l
nhng khm ph mi m, cng khng phi l fashion ca mt thi,
v nhng ci/ nhng iu/ nhng nguyn tc chn chnh lun c gi
tr vt thi gian. Th hai, vi si ch lin kt nhng mu chuyn
chy xuyn qua nhiu khng gian v vn ha, tc gi mun cho
thy ci lm nn hai ch lnh o ng ngha khng phi l sn
phm ring ca phng ty hoc phng ng, cng khng phi l
tuyt chiu hay b kip ring ca ngi trong chnh trng hoc
41

thng trng hoc g g , v nhng ci/ nhng iu/ nhng
nguyn tc chn chnh lun c gi tr vt bin gii v bao trm
nhn loi. Th ba, khi lng vo nhng cu chuyn ca tin nhn
Vit Nam tc gi hy vng l s gip cho cc em sinh vin c c
mt cch nhn khc v ti nng lnh o ca tin nhn ngy trc
v thc s bit cm n tin nhn ca chng ta v bn lnh v c
ca h. Nu ch bit ly chin cng lm thc o v nhng
ch mt t nc anh hng lm ch o tm thc ca dn tc th
chng ta khng nhng b mt c hi khm ph u l ti nng tht
s ca nhng nh lnh o trong qu kh [v v vy khng th no
cm nhn ht s may mn ca chng ta l c sinh ra trn mt
t nc c nhiu nh lnh o xut chng] m cn xui khin
chng ta t la b con ng dnh cho mt dn tc tng trng
thnh ri i lc vo m l y mu tanh. V nu ch nhn mt
chiu theo s ph phn, i khi rt hi ht, ca s gia ri tn xng
hoc ch trch tin nhn mt cch phin din th chng ta s khng
tht s hc c g c t nhng thin ti lnh o ca t nc.
iu ny, mi cho n nay, l mt thit hi rt ln cho quc gia
v dn tc. Hy th nghe mt ngi nghin cu v lnh o v
qun tr ni g v ti nng lnh o ca cha ng ngy trc.
c ngi t vn vi tc gi l: ng c phi l s gia
khng m dm quyt on nhng nhn vt lch s? Tc gi cng
hi ngc li l: bn thn mn ca ti, vy bn c tng nghe cu
phi l mt ngi lnh o hoc bit v lnh o mi c th hiu
thu mt ngi lnh o bao gi cha? Tc gi khng mun,
khng dm, v cng khng kin thc lm bn cng vic ca
mt s gia. Tc gi ch c ch da vo nhng s kin ghi nhn
bi s gia nhn xt v ti nng lnh o ca tin nhn v
42
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
khng ngn ngi ni ln s nhn xt ca mnh. Thit ngh rng iu
ny khng qu ng v chc chn l khng vt qu kh nng ca
tc gi. Hy vng l n cui ngy, tc gi khng lm thn mt tin
nhn.
V, trc khi bc vo chng chnh ca quyn sch ny,
tc gi xin chn thnh cm n tt c qu v hc gi cho vay
mn li ni hoc tng hoc thng tin qua tc phm ca mnh.
43
44
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
CHNG II
Khoa Hc & Ngh Thut Lnh o:
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
45
46
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Vn Dng Bn Thn
h no l bit vn dng bn thn? Trc ht, bit vn dng

bn thn c ngha l bit chn la v ph by mt thc th
thch hp lnh o. Hay ni mt cch khc l bit lm
cho ni cm v ta sng mt thc th thch hp trong bi cnh ang

vn hnh lnh o. Th hai, bit vn dng bn thn l bit vun
bi kho tng bn thn --t nng, t cht, th tnh, c tnh, cung
cch v v th x hi-- lm cho ngy cng to p ln v cng tng
gi tr. Th ba, bit vn dng bn thn l bit dn mnh bc vo
v i lnh o. Dn mnh l mt cch ni khng g khc hn l t
trang b cho bn thn mt bn lnh lnh o trc khi thc s gnh
vc vai tr lnh o. Th t, bit vn dng bn thn l bit gi mnh
trong lc ang gnh vc vai tr lnh o. Bit gi mnh l bit lng
nghe, bit thch ng v bit ti to. Th nm, bit vn dng bn
thn l bit ri b v i lnh o ng lc, trao li gnh nng lnh
o cho ngi khc. V sau cng, bit vn dng bn thn l khng
mnh rt vo con ng h hoi.
47
Bit Chn La V Ph By
Mt Thc Th Thch Hp
rong nh ngha v ngi lnh o, cm t bit vn dng

bn thn c ni ti kh nng t bin thnh mt thc th
thch hp lnh o m bn sc v ho quang ca thc
th thch hp lnh o ny c kin to bng cch lm cho ni

cm v ta sng mt phn t nng, t cht, th tnh, c tnh, cung
cch, v th ph hp v sng gi hn ht trong bi cnh ang vn
hnh c sn trong kho tng bn thn ca ngi vn dng. Ch chn
ly mt phn ph hp v sng gi hn ht t trong kho tng bn
thn lm cho ni cm trong bi cnh ang vn hnh khng phi
l hnh vi di tr m ngi. N l s chn la mt thc th trong s
a dng thc th bn trong mt con ngi ph by di nhng
iu kin ca mi trng vi mt thc r rt v gi tr v tc ng
ca s chn la . N l mt s chn la lm ni bt ln
nhng ng nt u t t trn bn thn ca ngi vn dng v
nhng ng nt u t s bin thnh sc mnh c nhn trong
bi cnh ang vn hnh. Hay ni mt cch khc na, mt cch ni
gn gi hn, n l mt la chn khoe hng,ci thc th m
nhiu ngi khc a mua v ngi trng by thc s c bn.
48
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Mt nh th phong lu tao nh, mt thin t o hnh t bi,
mt v qun vng mu mc uy nghim, mt v chin tng dng
cm thn v, mt ngi tham mu chin trng trm tnh quyn
bin, mt ngi qun tr t nc c mn cn, mt nh ngoi
giao mm mng nhng kin nh, mt ngi thy n cn tn ty,
mt ng cha nghim khc nhng t ha, mt a chu nhng nhn
thy chung, mt a hc tr trng tnh trn ngha, mt cng dn ht
lng v x tc. . . tt c nhng thc th ny u nm trn bn thn
ca mt con ngi c tn gi l Trn Nhn Tng. Mi thc th ny
ca ng, trong s a dng thc th, ta sng vo mt thi im no
trong mt bi cnh no ang vn hnh li n tng
m nt trong tm khm ca nhng ngi chng kin. Mi n
tng m nt chnh l mt thc th ph by trong ci bi
cnh ang vn hnh v mi n tng m nt c th l du n
thch hp lnh o.
hng phi ch c mt Trn Nhn Tng mi c a dng thc th
m hu ht mi ngi u nh vy, ch khc bit l c thc r hay

khng thc r , ch khc bit l c bit chn la v ph by mt
thc th thch hp lnh o trong bi cnh ang vn hnh hay
khng m thi. V, khng phi ch c mt Trn Nhn Tng mi bit
vn dng bn thn, chung quanh ng ta c rt nhiu ngi lnh o
khc cng bit chn la v ph by, trong s a dng thc th ca
bn thn, mt thc th thch hp lnh o trong bi cnh ang
vn hnh. in hnh l Phm Ng Lo, Trn Hng o, Trn Nht
Dut, Trn Quang Khi, Trn Quc Ton, vn vn.
49

Phm Ng Lo xut thn l mt thng dn, ngi lng
Ph ng, huyn ng Ho, chu Thng Hng. C mt ln, trong
lc ngi ang st kim sng, ng ngh ngi v chuyn t
nc n qun c ngoi cnh khng nghe ting qun la dp ng
i nn b m cho mt nht gio vo i n chy mu mi git
mnh. Hng o i Vng Trn Quc Tun nghe l nn ku n
hi chuyn v nhn ra ng s l mt k ti trong tng lai nn thu
nhn lm vic di trng, ra sc dy d o to v g a con gi
nui cho. Sau Ph M in Sy Phm Ng Lo tr thnh mt
nhn vt lnh o li lc v lp nhiu cng trng hin hch ng vi
tinh thn Vung gio non sng tri my thu. Ba qun ta cp nut
tri tru. Trai cha tr n cng danh c. Cn thn khi nghe

chuyn v hu.9 Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, ng bit chn
la v ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o. Ci bn sc u
t v chuyn ca trm h n qun c bn thn ni cm v
ta sng ho quang di con mt tinh i ca Hng o i Vng
Trn Quc Tun v chm ti tri tim ca nhn vt thn thnh
ny. Thc th thch hp lnh o ca Phm in Sy tr thnh
l huyn thoi ca mun thu.
Trn Quc Tun, con ca An Sinh Vng Trn Liu, ngi
c mi th mt v v b Trn Th p g cho Trn Thi Tng,
t chn t s an nguy ca t nc ln vai ch khng tnh chuyn
tr th nh theo li cha trn tri. C ln ng hi con trai Hng
Nhng Vng Trn Quc Tng ngh sao v vic ngi xa c c
thin h truyn cho con chu. Trn Quc Tng tr li Tng thi
t vn l mt ng lo lm rung tha c dy vn nn c c
Th do chnh Phm Ng Lo sng tc
50
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
thin h. Trn Quc Tun nghe p ni gin rt gm i git
tn lon thn bt hiu.
Sut c cuc i ng, Trn Quc Tun
ht lng ht sc gip ba i vua Trn chng giang san gi gn

ging mi. S tham d ca ng vo ba ln chin tranh v quc
chng Nguyn Mng lm cho tn tui ng tr thnh bt t. Ri
vo nhng ngy cui i nm hp hi trn ging bnh ng vn
khng xao lng chuyn mt cn ca t nc, chuyn i no ca
dn chng. ng nm tay vua Trn Anh Tng n cn nhc nh
lc bnh th khoan sc cho dn lm k su r bn gc m gi
nc. Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, ng li mt du chm

st son cui cng trn trang s i ca Trn Quc Tun v trn
trang s huy hong ca dn tc i Vit. Du chm ni cm bn
sc bao gi cng ngh ti dn, bao gi cng l cng bc ca dn
ta sng ho quang khng thua g cng nghip chin trng ca
ng. Trc khi ra i, Thng Ph Thng Quc Cng Nhn V
Hng o i Vng vn cn ph by mt thc th thch hp
lnh o.
Trn Nht Dut, mt nhn vt thng lm ngn ng v
phong ha ca nhiu dn tc li l mt v thin tng ca chin
trng tng lm cho khng t k th ca t nc phi run s, c
vua Trn Nhn Tng giao s mng d hng Trnh Gic Mt o
Giang. Lc Trn Nht Dut ko qun n ni, Trnh Gic Mt
sai thuc h n qun doanh ni vi ng Mt khng dm tri
mnh. Nu n cha mt mnh mt nga n th Mt xin hng.

Trn Nht Dut nhn li v ch mang theo vi a tiu ng. Qun
s c ngn nhng ng vn i. Ti ni ph c, tuy thy qun Mang
tay cm kh gii vy my mi lp chung quanh y v da nt, ng
vn tro ln tri ung dung cng Trnh Gic Mt i p bng ting
51

Mang, n bc bng tay, ung ru bng mi. Nhng ng nt ca
mt Chiu Vn Vng tr m, ho sng, phng khong, gn gi,
ng tin v y chnh kh ta sng v cun ht s hm m ca
qun Mang. Nh ng thnh cng rc r trong s mng thu
phc o qun ny, khng mt mt mi tn khng tn mt sinh
mnh. Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh lc , ng bit chn la
mt thc th thch hp ph by, mt thc th thch hp lnh
o.
Trn Quang Khi va l mt Thng Tng ti ba trn
chin trng va l mt Thi S nhiu nng lc trong vic iu
hnh quc chnh. Vo thng tun thng 5 nm 1285, Trn Quang
Khi cng Trn Quc Ton, Trn Thng, Nguyn Kh Lp, Nguyn
Truyn ko qun t Thanh Ha v nh ly Chng Dng ri sau
hp qun cc l cng vi Trn Hng o, Trn Quc Tung,
Phm Ng Lo tin ln gii phng Thng Long. Qun i Vit cng
nh cng hng. Qun Nguyn phi b thnh vt sng Nh H
chy ra ng Kinh Bc, nay l Bc Ninh. Trn Quang Khi dn
qun vo thnh v m tic khao thng ba qun. Trong lc mi
ngi ang vui Trn Quang Khi cm tc v ngm to Chng
Dng cp gio gic; Hm T bt qun H; Thi Bnh nn gng

sc; Non nc y ngn thu.10 Ci phong cch ho kh ngt tri
ca Thng Tng Thi S Trn Quang Khi tr thnh l cu
chuyn mun i trong kho tng ni v nhng anh hng gi nc.
Nhng quan trng hn, trong tic vui chin thng ng ti xc
nhn s mnh gi nc ca ngi qun nhn cng nhng vinh
quang i lin vi s mng v ngm nhc nh mi ngi phi
10
Bi th do Trn Quang Khi sng tc
52
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
thc v bn phn ca mnh. Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, ng
bit chn la ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o.
Trn Quc Ton l mt a b cha tui c tham
gia vo hi ngh bn vic chng Nguyn Mng nn bc bi bp
nt tri cam trong tay lc no cng ch hay ri sau v nh t
mnh huy ng gia n cng thn thuc hn nghn ngi, mua binh
kh, ng chin thuyn t cm qun i ph gic. Vi mt quyt tm
mnh lit, vi mt thc cao vi v trch nhim v danh d ca
mt ngi con dn i Vit ng trc tnh hung an nguy ca t
nc, v vi s can trng khng thua km bt c mt danh tng
no, a b con Trn Quc Ton ha thn thnh mt thin thn
ln nh ni cao ta ngi kh th dng mnh ph gic mnh bo n
vua v lm cho qun ca Thot Hoan phi nhiu phen v mt.

Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, Hoi Vn Hu Trn Quc Ton
bit chn cho mnh v ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o.
hng ring quan tng nh Trn, sut dng lch s ca dn tc
c khng t ngi thc s bit vn dng bn thn. Cng

khng ring gii my ru, sut dng lch s ca dn tc c
khng t n lu thc s bit vn dng bn thn. in hnh trong
s c Trng N Vng, Triu N Vng v i Thng Minh
Hong Hu.
Trng N Vng l nhng nng t ca vng t M Linh,
cng yu iu thc n nh bao nhiu n lu khc, cng cng dung
ngn hnh nh bao nhiu n lu khc, cng np bng tng qun
nh bao nhiu n lu khc. Nhng khi ng trc vn mnh nghit
53

ng ca dn tc, nhng v nng t ny bit chn lm m i ci
th tnh yu ui ca n lu v ph by mt thc th thch hp
lnh o. V, ci thc th thch hp lnh o ca hai v Trng
N Vng ngi sng kh th lng voi pht ngn c vng. Ci
thc th cn quc anh th ca hai b li cun c qun chng
ng ln nh ui nhng tn Hn tc cai tr h khc, tn bo. Ci
thc th cn quc anh th ca hai b lm cho tn Thi Th T
nh ca Ty Hn phi bng hong run s. Ci thc th Mt bng
em cng ch. Hai vai gnh nc nh. Thnh M khi b. Sng

Cm lc phong ba. Nga st m non V. C lau m ng Hoa.
Ngn nm bia tc. Cng c nh hai b.11 Trong bi cnh ang
vn hnh, hai b bit chn la v ph by mt thc th thch hp
lnh o.
Triu Th Trinh mt n lang hai mi tui ca t Cu
Chn, cng ging nh hai v Trng N Vng, khng nh lng
ng nhn t t b nhng tn ng Ng dy xo nn cng
ngi anh trai Triu Quc t ng ln pht c khi ngha. Khng
nhng b c ch kh anh hng, b li c sc mnh v mu lc nn

hng ngn chin s xin theo chin u di c v cng vo rng
ni rn binh luyn v. . . . Trong chin trn b t ra can m phi
thng nn c tn lm ch tng. B mc o gip vng, ci voi
xng ra trc qun ch nh i vo ch khng ngi. ng trc
vn mnh nghit ng ca dn tc, b bit lm m i ci bng
dng qun thoa nh b v ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh
o. V ci thc th thch hp lnh o ca b ni cm ch
v dn v nc Ti mun ci cn gi mnh, p ng sng d,
11
Tc gi khuyt danh, trch trong Vit S Ton Th ca Phm Vn Sn, trang 88
54
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
chm c trng knh bin ng, qut sch b ci cu dn ra
khi ni m ui, ch khng thm bt chc ngi i ci u
khom lng lm t thip cho ngi ta. Ci thc th thch hp lnh
o ca Nhy Kiu Tng Qun ta sng kh th L Hi B
Vng lm kinh hn bt phch nhng tn ngoi tc tham lam tn
hi b tnh. Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, Bt Chnh Anh Lit
Hng Ti Trinh Nht Phu Nhn Triu N Vng bit chn la v
ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o.
Dng Vn Nga, l mt ngi n b kit xut khc trong
dng lch s ca t nc Vit. Sau nhng nm di m say tu dc
b b vic triu chnh, gy ra cnh con ci tn hi ln nhau, Vn
Thng Vng inh Tin Hong cui cng b m st cht trong lc
ang nm ng ngoi sn v say mm. V Vng inh Tu, con
ca Dng Vn Nga, c lp ln lm vua lc mi 6 tui. K t
Dng Thi Hu lm triu dng Nguyn Bt, inh in v L Hon
lm ph chnh. Thp o Tng Qun L Hon l ngi c ti nn
c Dng Thi Hu u i v dn dn giao ph phn ln cng
vic chp chnh cho ng m trch. Nhm Nguyn Bt, inh in,
Phm Hp khng cam phc nn ngm trn v i Chu khi binh
nh ko v kinh nh ph. Dng Thi Hu sai L Hon iu binh
dit ni lon trnh hu qu lu di v sau. Nc Tng bit c
nhng xo trn trong ni b ca triu nh nh inh nn tha c hi
xua qun sang nh. Nhn thc c nhng him ha trc mt,
trong b e da bi mm mng tranh dnh quyn lc ngoi b e
da bi bng dng ngoi xm, c th a n ch t nc b dp
vi tan nt ri b tnh phi lm than nn Dng Thi Hu dn
xp mt gii php chnh tr to bo. B cho tin hnh vic trut ph
ngai v ca con mnh l inh Tu v gip L Hon ln ngi mt
55

cch m p, ri sau kt hn vi v vua mi ny v tr thnh i
Thng Minh Hong Hu. Nh s dn xp ca b i Hnh
Hong nhanh chng gii quyt c nhng e da ti hu
phng, thng nht v cng c c ni lc, rnh tay lo vic i
ph vi ngoi xm. V, ch trong nm sau qun Tng b nh
bi. ng trc nhng th thch ln, Dng Thi Hu ph by
mt thc th thch hp lnh o. V ci thc th lnh o ca
b ngi sng kh th ca mt c nhn dm vit lch s cho chnh
mnh v cho chnh dn tc. Du c nhiu ngi kt ti b l
khng oan chnh nhng l li suy ngh v k ca nhng h nho
phong kin v tm thng ch bit bo v cho ci ta danh gi v
bnh vc cho quyn li ca ch , du mc nt, hn l lo cho
vn mnh t nc ngh ti hnh phc ca b tnh khng th
lm m i ci chnh ngha ca mt ngi n b ngoi hng. Tuy
b khng cm gm ra trn xng tn c pho dit qun Tng
xm lng nhng chnh b l mt trong nhng yu t trc tip
gip cho qun i Vit chin thng. Tuy b khng nhip chnh nh
i Hnh Hong nhng b l ch khi u cho s hnh thnh
mt triu i kh huy hong v c hai mt v cng v vn tr, trong
sut 24 nm lm vua ca L Hon. Tuy b m mu ph
nhng chnh b bo v c sinh mng cho ng vua con th
di ca b v che ch cho nhng ngi h inh khng b git hi
mt cch v b. Trc bi cnh ang vn hnh, i Thng Minh
Hong Hu bit chn cho mnh v ph by mt thc th thch
hp lnh o.
56
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
hng tm mt xa hn, khp mt a cu khng thiu nhng
ngi xa v nay, t chnh trng cho n chin trng cho n

thng trng cho n . . . trong tt c mi lnh vc, u thc s
bit vn dng bn thn.
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) sinh ra ti bang Kentucky
trong mt gia nh m c cha ln m u tht hc, mi 10 tui
m ci m, v ln ln trong ngho hn ti mt ni hoang d, ngy
ngy ra ng trng trt, c lc ch cy lm mn kim n, khng
c c hi m sch n trng nh a s tr em cng thi.
Nhng hon cnh khng lm kh c Abraham Lincoln. Ngc
li t nhng bt hnh v thiu thn, ng vn ln nh mt k
tch. Cui cng ng tr thnh l a con v i ca t nc Hoa
K. ng c m t l mt ngi t hc v am m hc hi m
rng kin thc; mt ngi gii vt nhng li rt hin ha; mt
anh chng s dng ba rt hay nhng khng thch st sanh d l
ly tht lm thc phm; mt ngi k chuyn khi hi rt c
qun chng a thch; mt nh sng ch, mt v ch huy qun s
trong cuc chin Black Hawk; mt lut gia lm vic khng bit mi
mt; mt vn ti li lc vi nhng bi din thuyt c mt khng hai;
mt din gi c phong cch tip cn tuyt vi; mt chnh tr gia sc
bn; mt qun tr gia hiu qu; mt nh ci cch thit lp h thng
ngn hng v tiu chun ha tin t; mt tng thng gii phng n
l v thng nht t nc, mt nhn vt c hoi bo ln v bit bin
c m thnh s tht. Tt c nhng ghi nhn ny, v cn nhiu
hn th na, lm nn a dng thc th nm trn bn thn ca
Abraham Lincoln. Mi thc th ny ca ng, trong s a dng thc
57

th, ta sng vo mt thi im no trong mt bi cnh no
ang vn hnh li n tng m nt trong tm khm ca
nhng ngi chng kin, v mi n tng m nt c th l du n
thch hp lnh o.
Trn ng ph ca Lun n c mt ngi n ng trong
b qun phc, u khng i nn st, nhng bc chn khng vi
v, vi n ci trn mi, bn cnh l mt ngi ph n tn
Clementine, mt cnh tay dnh cho ngi n b qung ly,
cnh tay cn li a cao vi hai ngn tay to hnh ch V biu tng
cho ch chin thng. Nu hn ang i do ph ch ca thi bnh
th khng c g l. Nhng ng ny n ang n v bom ang trt
xung chung quanh, hay ni cho chnh xc hn l hn ang i gia
mt chin trng trong thi Nh Th Chin. Ci dng v y t
tin v n ci pha trn mt cht ngo mn ln mt cht h lng
cho c th gii mt nim tin v mt ngy mai vinh quang. Ngi
n ng lm vic t 16 n 18 gi mt ngy, dng nh khng
bao gi bit mt mi vi cng vic. Li ni ca hn cun ht v y
uy lc. Hn ni tay vi Staline v Roosevelt, l nhng th lnh ca
lin qun nh bi Hitler.
Vng, chnh l ng ta, chnh l
Winston Churchill ca Anh Quc, ngi c coi l mt trong nhng

anh hng v i nht ca th k 20, ngi c tn vinh nh vo s
thng thn, vin kin, m lc v quyt tm. Cu Th Tng
Winston Churchill ta sng ho quang trong bi cnh ang vn
hnh. Hnh nh ca ng ngy hm tr thnh huyn thoi.
ng bit ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o.
C th ni ng ta l mt nh lnh o doanh nghip thng
thng nht trn t nc Hoa K ni ring v trn ton th gii ni
chung. ng ta lm cho i th ca mnh khip s, ganh t, ln thn
58
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
phc. ng ta lm cho tr th ca mnh ngng m v tin tng.
Th gii m ng ta dng nn lm thay i th gii m ng ta v
nhn loi ang sng. ng ta giu nht nh trn mt t nu tnh
bng con s la.
ng ta cng giu nht nh th gii nu tnh
bng nhng g m ng ta v ang lm cho nhn loi. Hn 100

nm thnh tu ca ch ngha t bn lm thay i hn khun mt
ngho i ca nhn loi trn mt a cu. Khng ai c th ph
nhn thnh qu . Tuy nhin, khi m ch ngha t bn thnh cng
nhiu ni trn th gii th cng c khng t bng chng v s tht
bi ca th trng t do. V hu qu ca nhng tht bi nh
hng ti iu kin sc kho, gio dc v kinh t ca ngi dn
trn th gii. V chng ng ta nhn thc su xa v iu ny cho
nn thnh lp mt hi thin nguyn v a mt phn rt ln
ti sn ca mnh vo thc hin nhng bc tin nhn bn.
Qua n, v chng ng ta tr gip 750 triu USD chch nga
min dch, mt ng gp t nhn c coi l ln nht t trc n
gi, mt s ng gp m t chc WHO ca ngi l cu c
670 ngn sinh mng. V chng ng ta hp tc vi Zambaque
thnh lp mt chng trnh nghin cu vc-xin nga bnh st rt
ng nc v ti tr cho chng trnh 35 triu USD. V chng ng ta
hp tc vi Botswana th nghim phng php mi chng HIV
v ti tr cho chng trnh ny 50 triu USD. V chng ng ta lin
kt cc nh nghin cu thnh lp mt cng ty ch thuc vc xin
chng nga HIV v ti tr cho chng trnh ny 400 triu USD.
Nh nhng chng trnh v chng h ti tr m 43 triu tr em
ngho trn th gii c chch nga vim gan siu vi B. Mc
tiu ca v chng h l t 60% dn s ca nhng nc km pht
trin c chch nga tnh ti nm 2010. ng ta c mt ti n
59

gp g nhng nh lnh o doanh nghip v ti tr chng trnh
Rotary's 100 Million USD Challenge.
ng ta gia nhp t chc
Nation's Governors, Education and Business Leaders tr gip

vic nh hng con ng gio dc ca t nc. Cn rt nhiu
nhng hot ng khc na. ng ta c tn l William Henry Gate II
(Bill Gate) v v l Melinda Gate. Mi thc th ca v chng ng
ta, trong s a dng thc th, ta sng vo mt thi im no
trong mt bi cnh no ang vn hnh li n tng m
nt trong tm khm ca nhng ngi chng kin, v mi n tng
m nt c th l du n thch hp lnh o.
tui 18, Gonxha Bojaxhiu, sinh ti Skopje ca Yugoslavia
vo nm 1910, quyt nh bc vo mt con ng m t v
sau khng bao gi quay li. C chn chng vin Loreto Sisters of
Dublin thnh lp t th k th 17 t bc chn u tin cho
hnh trnh . Ireland l mt ni xa l, ngn ng m c ch c th
hiu vi ch, i sng hon ton khc vi i sng gia nh, c gi
mnh mai khi u cuc vin du ni v vnh vin khng c mt
ln c hi v thm li m mnh. Mt nm sau, 1929, Gonxha
c gi ti Darjeeling chun b tr thnh n tu. Nm 1931
Gonxha lm l tuyn khn ln u tin v chnh thc tr thnh n tu
vi tn thnh Teresa. Vng, l Sister Teresa m mi ngi sau
ny gi l t mu Teresa. Ri trong nm ny n tu Teresa c
gi ti St. Mary, mt trng trung hc n ti Calcuta. Ti y Sister
Teresa dy hc, hai mn lch s v a l, sut 15 nm sau .
Ri nm 1946, thm mt ln na nghe theo n gi ca Thin Cha,
Sister Teresa ri b Loreto Sisters, du rng rt vui vi cng vic
do M b trn giao ph, lm mt nhim v mi. B ni Ti nghe
ting gi hy ri b tt c theo Cha vo nhng ni ti tn m

60
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
phng s Cha gia nhng k ngho i nht trong nhng k
ngho i. Chun b cho cng vic mi, Sister Teresa n
Patna vi thng hc mt kha iu dng (nurse). Ri Sister
Teresa nhn c s ph chun ca Gio Hong Pius XII, trong
nm 1948, cho php tr thnh mt n tu hot ng c lp. Tr li
Calcuta Sister Teresa mn mt ch trong mt khu ti tn, mc
qun o ca ph n n, sari trng v dp sandal, ri bt u m lp
dy hc. Khng c dng c b vit trn t. B xo nn m ch
cho tr con ngho. B dy cho chng v v sinh c nhn. Ri khi
chng quen thuc hn vi b, Sister Teresa bt u i thm ving
v tr liu cho nhng ngi b bnh. Ngi ngho n vi b cng
lc cng ng. Du mt mi vi cng vic, Sister Teresa khng bao
gi b l mt bui cu nguyn no. Cng lc cng c nhiu ngi
ph n tr n tnh nguyn lm vic gip b. Trong mt nm
sau, t chc Missionaries of Charity c thnh lp. Ri k cng
ngi ca tp np h tr cho vic lm ca b. Ri c th gii u
bit n b v hot ng ca Missionaries of Charity mc ln nh
nm. Cho n cui cuc i Sister Teresa tip tc gia nhng
ngi ngho kh nht ca nhng ngi ngho kh phng s.
B ch nng ta vo Cha c c nhng g cn thit cho cng
vic. V b phng s vi tt c nng lc. Bin gii ca chng
tc, ca mu da, ca ngn ng, ca lnh th u bin mt trc
sc mnh trn lnh ca con tim nhn i. Ngy 5 thng 9 nm 1997,
b hon tt s mng v tr v vi Cha. Tnh thng v hn ca
b dnh cho nhng con ngi khn kh trn mt t c nhn
loi bit n trong ting gi n gin nhng nhim mu: M. Mi
thc th ca b, trong s a dng thc th, ta sng vo mt thi
im no trong mt bi cnh no ang vn hnh li n
61

tng m nt trong tm khm ca nhng ngi chng kin, v mi
n tng m nt c th l du n thch hp lnh o.
i khng thiu l cha c chnh xc, phi ni l c rt nhiu
ngi, nhiu n khng th k ht c. Ch ni ti nhng nh

lnh o ln trong thng trng ca thi hin i thi l c
khng bit bao nhiu ngi ri, th d nh Samuel M. Walton ca
Wal-Mart, Walter E. Disney ca Walt Disney, Henry Ford ca Ford
Motor, John P. Morgan ca J.P. Morgan Chase, Alfred P. Sloan Jr.
ca General Motors,
John F. Welch Jr. ca General Electric,
Raymond A. Kroc ca McDonald's, William R. Hewlett v Dave

Packard ca Hewlett-Packard, Andrew S. Grove ca Intel, Milton S.
Hershey ca Hershey, John D. Rockefeller Sr. ca Standard Oil,
Thomas J. Watson Jr. ca IBM, Henry R. Luce ca Time-Life
Publications, Will K. Kellogg ca Kellogg, Warren E. Buffett ca
Berkshire Hathaway, Harland Sanders ca Kentucky Fried Chicken,
William C. Procter ca Procter & Gamble, Thomas J. Watson Sr.
ca IBM, Asa G. Candler ca Coca-Cola, Estee Lauder ca Estee
Lauder, Henry J. Heinz ca H.J. Heinz, Daniel F. Gerber Jr. ca
Gerber Products.
Hoc trong tn gio c Pop John II ca Catholic Church,
Dalai Lama ca Pht Gio Ty Tng, Billy Graham ca Protestant,
Jerry Falwell ca Evangelical, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew
ca Eastern Orthodox Church, Gordon B. Hinckley ca Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan
Williams ca Anglican, Imam W. Deen Mohammed ca Muslim
62
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
American Society, Louis Farrakhan ca Nation of Islam, Li Hongzhi
ca Falun Dafa (php lun cng), Bishop Desmond Tutu ca South
Africa, Rev. Schuller ca the Crystal Cathedral, Pat Robertson, Max
Lucado, C.S. Lewis, T.D. Jakes, Charles Swindoll, Jack Van Impe,
John MacArthur, Robert Schuller, Bill Hybels, Bill McCartney.
Hoc trong n lc thay i c ch chnh tr v ci thin x
hi c Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Min in, Nelson Mandela ca Nam
Phi, Mark Luther King v Rosa Park ca Hoa K, Mahatma Gandhi
ca n , George Soro ca Hoa K, Bill v Madela Gate ca Hoa
K . . .
goi vic bit chn la v ph by mt thc th thch hp
lnh o trong bi cnh ang vn hnh, nhn t mt khc ca cng

mt ng tin, bit chn la v ph by mt thc th thch hp
sinh tn di nhng iu kin ca mi trng th thch cng
quan trng khng km i vi mt ngi lnh o.
Trong cuc chin v quc ln th hai, qun i Vit ro trit
truy kch qun ca Thot Hoan ti sng Nh Nguyt. Toa t
Thanh Ha ko qun ra bin ri hp cng qun M Nhi t ngoi
bin nh vo sng Thin Mc vi mc ch mun hp qun Kinh
S tr gip ln nhau. Cnh qun do hai vua Trn Thnh Tng
v Trn Nhn Tng ch huy ko n i Mang th Tng Qun nh
Nguyn l tng Trng Hin u hng. Qun i Vit tha thng
nh mnh to chin thng Ty Kt trong ngy hm . Qun gic
tan v. Nguyn soi ca chng l Toa b t trn. M Nhi ch
cn mt chic thuyn ln vt bin trn thot. Cng lc, cnh qun
63

ca Hng o i Vng giao chin vi Thot Hoan v L Hng
Vn Kip v nh bi chng ti . L Hng em qun h v Thot
Hoan chy v T Minh. Trn ng i L Hng b trng tn cht.
L Qun thu nht 5 vn tn qun ri du Thot Hoan vo mt mn
ng trn chy v Bc. Hng V Vng ui kp dng tn bn
cht L Qun.
Qun Nguyn hon ton b tan v. Khi qun dng
ln th cp ca Toa , vua Trn Nhn Tng nhn thy cm

thng ni ngi lm ti phi nn nh th ny ri t ci o ng
bo p ln v sai hu ty em chn lim. Nhng mt mt khc,
ng li ngm sai qun ly u Toa em tm du rn ch v
c Toa mn ng vo cp i Vit ba nm. Trc ba
qun, gia chin trng nhum mu, vua Trn Nhn Tng phi
chn la nhng quyt nh thch hp trong bi cnh ang vn hnh.
Sau chin thng v quc ln th hai, vua Trn Nhn Tng
c gng thc hin chnh sch ngoi giao mm mng nhng
ng thi cc lc t co ti c chin tranh ca Nguyn Mng v gi
vng lp trng khng khut phc. Ht Tt Lit sai phi b Lu
nh Trc n i Vit yu sch nhiu th, trong c vic i
phi a t binh M Nhi v trao tr tn tay vua Nguyn Mng.
S gi ca phi b c tip i hu hnh v vua Trn Nhn Tng
thay mt b phn lnh o ca i Vit ng ha s a M
Nhi v nc, mt yu sch duy nht c i Vit p ng. Nhng
M Nhi l mt tn tng li lc v kht ting tn c. Hn gy
ra nhiu ti c git ngi, o m, cp ca, t nh ti vng Thin
Trng. Do , b phn lnh o i Vit m thm quyt nh
cho s phn ca hn l phi cht v hai l do: (a) n ti c gy
tang tc cho thng dn v ti v (b) cht i mt cnh tay dng
mnh ca ch phng hu hon. Ri vua Trn Nhn Tng mt
64
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
mt sai phi b Hong T Thn a bn M Nhi v v con ca
hn v nc, t ngi trong l gm, nhng mt mt khc li Trn
Hng o thc hin k hoch cho ngi gii bi li gi lm phu
cho ri ban m di thuyn cho chm. M Nhi v ng bn u
b cht ui.
Sau vua Trn Nhn Tng sai phi b ng Minh
v Chu Anh mang th i bo cho Ht Tt Lit bit. Trong th ni

Tham chnh M Nhi nh ngy s v tip sau. V ng v
ngang qua Vn Kip, nn ng ta xin ti gp Hng o sm sa

hnh l. Dc ng ban m thuyn b vp, nc trn vo. Tham
chnh mnh to vc ln, kh b cu vt, thnh ra b cht ui. Phu
thuyn ca tiu quc cng b cht ht. Th thip tiu ng ca ng
ta cng sut cht, nhng nh ngi thon nh nn cu thot c.
Vi thn chn ct ma chay b bin. Thin s lang trung tn
mt thy. Nu c s g bt knh, th th thip ca tham chnh
kh m che giu c. Vi thn sm l vt a th thip
cng vi x nhn lang trung v nc. V trong th cng t ha s
th 8 ngn t binh Nguyn Mng. Trong bi cnh ang vn hnh
y nhng th thch chnh tr, ngoi giao v qun s, Trn Nhn
Tng cng Hng o i Vng v nhng ngi lnh o i Vit
phi chn la nhng quyt nh thch hp.
L Li, trong nhng ngy ch i c hi gii phng t
nc, tng cho Nguyn Tri nhn thy mt thc th rt phm
phu ca mnh, phm phu n Nguyn Tri phi b i v tht
vng. V, cng chnh Nguyn Tri sau nhn thy mt thc th
thch hp lnh o ca L Li ri hm m n gia nhp t
chc khng chin chng Minh nm di s lnh o ca ngi anh
hng o vi ny. Trong mi nm khng chin Bnh nh Vng L
Li c ba ln chy v n trn ni cn c Ch Linh. Vo ln th ba
65

qun s tn hao nhiu, lng thc cn sch, hai thng lin ngha
binh phi n c, lm tht c nga voi, tinh thn v cng kit qu.
c thi gian khi phc li lc lng, Bnh nh Vng nh sai
L Trn i cu ha vi gic. May mn l qun Minh ng thun. Ch
vi nm sau Bnh nh Vng phc hi c lc lng v khi qun
nh tip. Sau khi thng li nhiu trn ln v nhanh chng thnh
lp gung my chnh quyn ti Bc H uy hip b l Vng Thng
ti ng , Bnh nh Vng cng Hn Lm Tha Ch Nguyn
Tri xt thy nn m cho h mt con ng rt chn ra khi cuc
chin h ang b sa ly sm kt thc vic tn hi xng mu ca
i bn. V th Nguyn Tri vit th cho Vng Thng ly l li
hi chiu d tng ch hy rt qun v nc. Vng Thng nhn
r tnh th tuyt vng tuy mun rt binh nhng khng mun b nhc
nn a ra t chiu ca vua Minh nin hiu Vnh Lc (1407), trong
ni v vic khi phc h Trn, lm cn bn m phn rt
qun. Nhng cuc m phn b ph hoi v cuc chin li tip
din. Vng Thng vit th cu cu v vin binh do Liu Thng ch
huy hung hng tin vo t Vit. ang cng ph thnh ng Quan
ro trit, Bnh nh Vng chuyn hng chin lc nh tan qun
tip vin ti mt trn Chi Lng y qun Minh n ch i bi. Ri
vo nhng ngy cui ca cuc chin, v vic gi th din cho nh
Minh trong ng li ngoi giao mm mng tin ti vic kt thc
chin tranh, Bnh nh Vng ng chiu bi ph Trn dit H
v vit s xin lp Trn Cao lm An Nam Quc Vng. Sau khi
chin tranh kt thc, t nc khi phc c lp, con bi Trn Cao
b dit Bnh nh Vng chnh thc ln ngi ly hiu l L Thi
T. Trn bc ng u tranh gii phng t nc y gian nan
66
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
him hc, L Li phi chn la nhng quyt nh thch hp cho
mi bi cnh ang vn hnh.
Lan, tc danh L Th Mnh, con ca ng L Cng Thit,
ngi hng Th Li ngoi thnh H Ni (nay l thn Thun
Quang, x Dng X, huyn Gia Lm)12 khi cn l mt thiu n
bit vn dng bi cnh thu ht s ch ca vua L Thnh Tng
ri c tuyn vo hu cung lm phi tn. Vua yu qu v t tn
hiu l Lan. Sau khi sinh c hai a con trai cho vua, Lan
phu nhn nhanh chng tr thnh Thn Phi ri c phong Nguyn
Phi v a con trai u c lp lm Hong Thi T. Nm 1069,
vua L Thnh Tng phi ch thn cm qun chinh pht Chim
Thnh. V vua e ngi giao quyn lu th kinh s cho T Tng
hoc cho mt v thn vng nn mt c hi tham chnh him c
m ra cho Nguyn Phi Lan, v b nm ly, du lc b ch
xt xot 20 tui hn v vo cung mi c 5 nm. Ri nm 1072,
vua L Thnh Tng bng h. Hong Thi T Cn c ln ngi, lc
ch mi ln 7, tn m l Lan Nguyn Phi lm Hong Thi
Phi v tn m ch l Thng Dng Thi Hu lm Hong Thi
Hu. V vua cn qu nh tui nn phi c ngi cng nghe chnh
s cho nn Tha Tng L o Thnh m trch vic , cng

vi hai ngi ng nhin c ngi sau rm l Hong Thi Hu h
Dng chnh v v Hong Thi Phi Lan th v. Ch trong vng
mt nm sau, Hong Thi Hu h Dng cng 76 ngi th n b
giam vo cung Thng Dng ri sau b bc phi cht chn theo
lng Thnh Tng. Thi S L o Thnh b h b t chc v T
12
Phan Duy Kha & L Duy Lan & inh Cng V, Nhn Li Lch S, xb nm 2003 ti
H Ni, nxb Vn Ho Thng Tin.
67

Tng xung chc v Tng Trn i coi chu Ngh An. Hong Thi
Phi Lan tr thnh l Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu vi tt c quyn
uy c chim. B lm mt cuc thanh trng cn thit nm ly
quyn lc tuyt i, mt cuc thanh trng nhanh gn v ton vn
bo m cho s n nh chnh tr lu di v sau v nhng ht
ging him ha khng cn c hi ny mm. Di nhng i mt
ng thi, Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu ch l mt ngi n b c
tnh ghen, n ni . . . tn nhn hm hi ngi v ti.
B khn
kho che y ci cng trnh ca mt kin trc s chnh tr c tm

vc bn sau ci gi l hnh ng h nht thi v thng tnh
ca mt ngi n b c lm m ca mt ng vua con nt ri
c triu nh chp nhn s kin ch n gin c th v b qua. Linh
Nhn Hong Thi Hu sau vn l ngi hin c v tip tc
c s ng h ca h. B gnh vc cng vic ca t nc cho
n khi nh vua c trn 20 tui b mi thi nhip chnh. Tuy
nhin b vn tip tc vai tr lnh o trong bng ti cng v ca
mt Thi Thng Hong. T nm 1085 v sau, Linh Nhn Hong
Thi Hu i khp ni n lc xy dng mt h thng cha thp
hn trm ci. N lc ny thc ra l m rng uy tn v nh hng
ca Pht Gio, mt quyt tm gii tr bt nh hng ca Tng Nho,
mt khi ng thit lp nh v trong tng lai cho t tng Pht
gio trong vn hc v vn tr. Thi S L Vn Thnh gin tip chng
i. S chng i ny buc b phi trit h L Vn Thnh c th
thc hin sch lc ln rt quan trng v t nh ny. Mt ln na,
b li khn kho che y ci cng trnh ca mt kin trc s chnh
tr c tm vc. Qun thn khng nhn thu rut gan ca Linh
Nhn Hong Thi Hu v khng nhn thy vic g ang m thm
hnh thnh bn sau khi c v bn tay ca b. H ch nhn thy
68
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
mt ngi n b sng Pht o, mt ngi chn thnh mun tu
hnh chuc li xa, v t hn l mt b m vua v m tn lm
dng ngn sch quc gia. Ri sau khi b cht, 3 ngi hu gi ca
b b chn theo. Mi ngi hoang mang v ha tng l l o Pht,
cn chn theo l tc nh Tn, Nhn Tng u lm theo, hoc gi

vng li dn ca Thi hu chng? H khng nhn ra mt iu l 3
ngi hu gi ny phi cht v nhu cu bo mt. H l nhng ngi
hu cn thn tnh th ng nhin phi bit t nhiu nhng ngi
trong bng ti c lin h vi b v lin quan n chnh sch ca
quc gia. Tnh ra b cm quyn tt c l 45 nm. Trong sut chiu
di thi gian b iu vn nhng nhn ti li lc ca t nc
mt cch chun xc thc hin nhiu chnh sch hay v gt hi
nhiu thnh qu tt. Trong s nhng nhn vt ti ba nm trong qu
o vn hnh do b cai qun c L Thng Kit, L o Thnh v
L Vn Thnh. L Thng Kit bn ngoi lo gn gi s ton vn
lnh th v m mang b ci. ng c Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu
ch nh m trch vai tr qun s n ht c mt i v ng
hon thnh s mng, 2 ln nh Tng 4 ln bnh Chim, li s
nghip thin thu hin hch. L o Thnh v L Vn Thnh th
bn trong lo vic ni tr. C hai u ni ting l bt ti danh lng
ng nhng s phn ca h khng ging nhau. Thi S L o
Thnh trc b b trit h nhng sau c tin dng. Thi S L
Vn Thnh trc c b tin dng nhng sau b trit h. Cch dng
ngi ca b rt dt khot v mnh m. Gn na th k cm
quyn khng phi l ngn, nhng cho n cui cuc i ca b,
mi ngi vn m m v ti nng v tm vc thc s ca Linh
Nhn Hong Thi Hu: mt cng trnh s i ti ca triu L m c
l trong sut dng lch s dn tc ch c mi mt Trn Th l c
69

th em ra so snh. L mt ngi n b, trong mt x hi phong
kin, Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu khng th t do ct ln ting ht
chim ng nh thc qun thn v lm cho h k hoc s hi.
B phi i lt con chim s nh b c th rnh tay m lng
l thc hin nhng vic lm to ln c tc ng lu di. Trn bc
ng u tranh cho quyn lc ca L triu v cho s canh ci tin
b ca t nc, Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu phi chn la
nhng quyt nh thch hp cho mi bi cnh ang vn hnh.
Thng 5 nm 1994, c th gii hn hoan n nhn tin
Nelson Mandela tr thnh Tng Thng ca Cng Ha Nam Phi,
iu m ch vi nm trc khng ai dm ngh ti, mt ngi da en
tr thnh nguyn th ca mt t nc cm quyn bi ngi da
trng vi chnh sch k th chng tc ti t nht a cu. Rolihlahla
Nelson Mandela sinh nm 1918 trong mt gia nh tm thng.
Sau khi cha mt, lc 12 tui, ng tr thnh Ward ca Tc Trng
David Dalindyebo ca b tc Thembu. Bn cnh ngi bo tr ny
Nelson Mandela thng c dp nhn thy v hc hi vai tr ca
ngi lnh o trong hnh ng nhng bui hp b tc do David
Dalindyebo ch ta. T Mandela hy vng, v th nguyn,
rng trong nhng iu vui sng m th gian c th ban pht cho . .

. l c hi phng s dn tc v . . . cng hin mt phn nh
mn vo cng cuc u tranh tm t do ca h.13
c m
thc y Mandela vo ngnh lut sau khi tt nghip t trng i

Hc ca Nam Phi.
Nm 1940 Nelson Mandela gia nhp ANC
(African National Comngress).
13
ng v mt s ngi cng ch
John C. Maxwell (2001), The Right to Lead, Maxwell Motivational Inc.: Norcross,
GA
70
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
hng quyt tm to ra mt chuyn ng ln thay i thn phn
b ngc i ca ngi da en. Gia thp nin 1940 ng cng mt
s ngi thnh lp ANCYL (African National Congress of Youth
League) gip y mnh tin trnh. Ri nm 1947 ng c bu
lm tng b th ca t chc. Sut thp nin 1950 Mandela cng
nhng ngi trong t chc lm vic ro rit to ra s thay i
x hi cho Nam Phi. Nhng nhng n lc nh biu tnh, nh cng,
chng i th ng khng mang li kt qu mong mun. Trong khi
th n lc bp dn da mu ca chnh quyn da trng cng lc
cng gia tng, kt qu l nhiu quyn ca ngi da en b tc
ot. Nm 1956 Mandela v 150 ngi khc b bt v b buc ti
phn quc. Mandelson chng n v, sau 6 nm u l, ng c
trng n. Bit r chnh quyn da trng s khng ng yn nn
Mandela ln trn mt thi gian. Nhng va xut hin tr li th
Mandela b bt v b kt n 5 nm t giam. Trong thi gian x
n, Mandela tng tuyn b Trong sut c cuc i ti dng
hin bn thn cho cng cuc u tranh ca ngi Phi Chu. Ti

chng li s thng tr ca ngi da trng, v ti cng chng li
s thng tr ca ngi da en. Ti ch m p l tng v mt x hi
t do v dn ch, trong tt c mi ngi sng vi nhau hi ha
v vi tt c mi c hi u bnh ng. Trong lc Mandela ang
trong t th ng v nhng ngi lnh o khc ca ANC b kt ti
ph hoi v b kt n t chung thn. Trong sut 20 nm k tip, d
l ngay trong t, vi kho lo che y, Mandela vn tip tc lnh
o qun chng. Cng trong thi gian chnh quyn hai ln
ngh tr t do cho ng vi iu kin l ng phi ln ting ng h
chnh sch ti nh c ngi da en, trong ln th nht, v ln ting
khng tha nhn bo lc, trong ln th hai, nhng c hai ln u b
71

ng t chi. n nm 1986, th th gii kch lit ln n chnh quyn
k th sc tc ca Cng Ha Nam Phi. p lc bn ngoi v bn
trong buc chnh quyn phi m thm m phn nhiu ln vi
Mandela v i ti quyt nh phng thch ng vo thng 2 nm
1990. Sau cng, nh ni, Mandela tr thnh l Tng Thng
Cng Ha Nam Phi trong mt cuc tng tuyn c dn ch trong
mi sc tc u c quyn b phiu. Mandela xng ng l ngi
lnh o bit ng, dn ng, v ch ng cho dn tc Nam
Phi. Trn con ng ng nhiu ln phi lm nhng la chn
thch hp cho mi bi cnh ang vn hnh, c khi y nhng th
thch.
nhng v d trn cho thy ngi lnh o phi m lc v
quyn bin lm c vic ca mt ngi lnh o v xng

ng tip tc m nhim vai tr lnh o. V l m, l lc, l
quyn, l bin, l lm c vic cho nn nhng ph by ca
h mi bi cnh ang vn hnh tuy d thy nhng khng d thu.
V ngha cn bn ca nhng ch ph by mt thc th thch hp
sinh tn c s dng y l nh vy. Nhng nhng ngi
lnh o i khi phi i din vi nhng th thch v cng nghit
ng v ngha ca hai ch sinh tn trong vai tr lnh o di
nhng hon cnh nh vy s vt xa hn ci cn bn va ni trn.
Trn Bnh Trng chn nh qun Nguyn ti mt trn
Mc, trong cuc chin tranh v quc ln th hai di triu i nh
Trn, chng may b vy khn v ri vo tay gic. Thot Hoan hi
ng c mun lm vng t Bc khng? ng nt to Ta th
72
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
lm qu nc Nam ch khng thm lm vng t Bc. Ta b
bt th c mt cht m thi, can g m phi hi li thi. Trc nanh
vut v cm d ca k th ng ph by mt bn sc kiu hng
bt khut. Ci thc th tuyt vi ca mt chin tng i Vit sng
ta ho quang lm run ry k ngoi th man r Nguyn Mng v
lm ni sng kh th quyt thng ca binh tng nh Trn. Ci
thc th ho hng Bo Ngha Hu Trn Bnh Trng c ph by
trong bi cnh nghit ng ang vn hnh va l mt thc th thch
hp lnh o va l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn. Ci thc
th do chnh ng chn la v ph by ch thc l mt thc th
thch hp lnh o v du l u ng c ri xung t nhng ba
qun tng soi nh Trn hi p ch ca ng bng hnh ng
v t n cu cnh bo v s ton vn lnh th. Ci thc th do
chnh ng chn la v ph by ch thc l mt thc th thch hp
sinh tn v du l xng da ng c tr v ct bi nhng ng vn
tip tc sng trong dng sinh mnh ca dn tc. Thc th lnh o
v thc th sinh tn ca Trn Bnh Trng vt ln khi gii hn hin
hu ca xc thn v vt ngoi khonh khc ca i ngi.
L Lai, mt v trong s nhng anh hng Lam Sn c mt
trong hi th Lng Nhai, con ca L Kiu, ngi thn Dng T,
sch c Giang, huyn Lng Giang, thuc tnh Thanh Ha, cng
vi anh l L Ln v 3 ngi con trai ca mnh l L L, L L v L
Lm l nhng ngha tng chin u trong hng ng ca L Li.
Trong ln th hai rt v tr ng ti ni Ch Linh, sau khi tn cng
n Nga Lc huyn Nga Sn, thuc tnh Thanh Ha, ngha binh b
bao vy cht ch. tm mt sinh l, Bnh nh Vng hi c
ai lm c nh ngi K Tn ngy trc chu cht thay cho vua

Hn Cao khng? L Lai bc ra xin mc o ng bo, ci voi ra
73

trn nh nhau vi gic. Qun nh Minh tng l Bnh nh Vng
tht nn xm li vy nh. Sau bt c ng git i ri ko
nhau v Ty . Nh c L Lai chu liu mnh cho nn L Li v
ngha binh thot cht tip tc cng cuc khng chin. Ci
thc th cao thng v dng cm ca L Lai c ph by trong
bi cnh nghit ng ang vn hnh va l mt thc th thch hp
lnh o va l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn. Ci thc th
do chnh ng chn la v ph by ch thc l mt thc th thch
hp lnh o v rng sau khi thn xc ng gi vo lng t
ngi lnh o khng chin ti cao ca t nc vn cn v cng
cuc khng chin vn tip tc cho n ngy dnh li c ch
quyn ca t nc. Ci thc th do chnh ng chn la v ph
by ch thc l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn v rng du ng
c la khi th gian nhng s hin dng cao qu ca ng vn li
trong lng dn tc. Nu khng c s hy sinh ca Ni Hu Tng
Qun L Lai bit u lch s vit khc hn. Thc th lnh o
v thc th sinh tn ca L Lai bay cao vt, vt ln khi danh v c
k v quan tm sng cht ca bn thn. ng t nguyn hy sinh
cho chnh ngha c sng, cho t chc c cn, cho ton dn
c c hi nhn thy ngy ngoi xm b qut sch khi b ci.
Nguyn Trung Trc, c tn khc l Lch v tn khc na l
Chn, sinh qun ti Bnh nh, thn sinh lm ngh nh c. Sau
khi hi qun php nhiu ln nh ph duyn hi trung b gia nh
ng phiu bt vo Nam ri nh c thn Bnh Nht, nay l x Bnh
c, huyn Bn Lc, tnh Long An. Sinh thi Nguyn Trung Trc l
ngi c th lc khe mnh, gii v ngh, can m v mu lc.
Thng 2 nm 1861 ng, cng vi Trng Cng nh, tham gia trn
nh bo v i n Ch Ha. Sau ng c phn cng ch huy
74
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
mt s khng chin qun ko v hot ng ti vng Tn An. Thng
12 nm 1861, Nguyn Trung Trc ch huy mt trn tp kch to bo
trn sng Nht To, Vm C ng, tiu dit 17 tn lnh Php, 20
tn Vit gian v t chy chin hm Esprence ca Php do trung
tng Parfait iu khin. a bn chin u ca ng bao gm Th
Tha, Thuc Nhiu, Bn Lc, Phc L, Long Thnh, Tn Uyn,
thanh th vang dy n qun Php phi treo gii bt ng sau
nhiu ln d hng khng c. T nm 1862 cho n nm 1868
Php ro rit nh G Cng, Ty Ninh, B Ra. ng yu th phi lui
v Hn Chng, Kin Giang v Ph Quc.
Thng 6 nm 1868
Nguyn Trung Trc ch huy tp kch n Kin Giang, tiu dit 5 s

quan php, 67 binh s php, 2 tn vit gian, tch thu 100 khu sng
v 1 kho n. Chin cng ny lm cho Php cc k phn n.
Sau do s ch im ca nhng tn vit gian bn nc, Php
bt tri m ca Nguyn Trung Trc v nhiu dn lng a ra php
trng ch x bn lm p lc buc ng np mng. V lng
nhn v s hiu tho, ng quyt nh phi cu m v dn lnh v
ti nn nh cho Php bt gii v Si Gn, ngy 19 thng 9 nm
1868. Trong tay gic ng vn khng chu cho Php mua chuc
lm tay sai nn b em ra cht u ti ch Rch Gi, ngy 27 thng
10 nm 1868. php trng Nguyn Trung Trc khng khi
tht vo mt nhng tn xm lc Php bao gi ngi Ty nh ht
c Nc Nam th mi ht Ngi Nam nh Ty. Trc khi khai

ao, tn ph th gc Kh Me qu ly ng xin cho php thi
hnh phn s ca hn. Nguyn Trung Trc nhn hn mm ci
v ni hy cht cho ngt. Sau khi chm, u cha kp ri xung
t, ng dng hai tay ca mnh gi ly th cp trn c.
Nguyn Trung Trc li mt mt n tng thin thu hng trng
75

v bng mu ca chnh ng v nc mt tic thng ca dn Vit.
Ci thc th ca mt Nguyn Trung Trc ta sng kh th Ha
hng Nht To oanh thin a; Kim bt Kin Giang khp qu

thn14 ung dung chp nhn u ri gi vn t n c ph by
trong bi cnh nghit ng ang vn hnh va l mt thc th thch
hp lnh o va l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn. Ci thc
th do chnh ng chn la v ph by ch thc l mt thc th
thch hp lnh o v chnh ng quyt nh on kt ca cuc
th hng, on kt lm cho ng cao ln ngt tri trong cch
sng ln cch cht. Ci thc th do chnh ng chn la v ph by
ch thc l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn v hin thnh
Thng ng i Thn Nguyn Trung Trc vn tip tc c mt
trong i sng ca ngi dn Vit.
Ch s Nguyn Thn Hin, thng c gi l Hi ng
Hin, cn c tn l Nguyn Nh Khu, t Pht nh, hiu Chng
Chu, b danh Hong Xng, sinh nm 1856 ti M c, H Tin,
Kin Giang. Con ca ng Nguyn Nh Ngn, l Tri Huyn ca
Vnh Long v Tun Ph ca H Tin di thi vua T c. Lc nh
Nguyn Thn Hin ni ting thng minh v hiu hc. Vo tui
20 ng c kin thc uyn thm chng thua cc bc i khoa.
Nm 1905, khi nh i quc Phan Bi Chu pht ng phong tro
ng du, ng nhit lit hng ng. Nhng nm u th k 20,
i vi nhng s phu tin b v yu nc ca Vit Nam, th Nht
Bn l mt th gii cch tn c ngng m. Phan Bi Chu
mun a ngi qua Nht hc hi ri tm cch i mi t nc.
14
Trong bi ng thi iu Nguyn Trung Trc ca c nhn Hunh Mn t, Tun
Ph H Tin, mt s phu trong hng ng chng Php, qu ti Rch Gi.
76
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Nhng mt trong nhng tr ngi ln ca phong tro l mun ng
du th phi c tin. Vi nhu cu , Nguyn Thn Hin sng lp
ra Khuyn Du Hc Hi v ng gp 20 ngn ng cho t chc
ti tr cho nhng hc sinh mun qua Nht Bn du hc, v trn c
s , nhm gy dng lc lng yu nc ca ng Du ti Nam
B. Bi tch cc hot ng cho phong tro nn nm 1908 ng b
thc dn Php v tay sai truy lng gt gao. Trong hon cnh y,
Nguyn Thn Hin phi trn ra nc ngoi qua ng Campuchia,
n Thi Lan, sang Qung Chu, ri qua Thng Hi gp Phan
Bi Chu lo vic nc. Nhng nm 1910-1913, ng thng qua li
gia Nht Bn, Hng Kng, Thng Hi cng cc ng ch mua kh
gii gi v nc gip cc lc lng v trang khi ngha. Thc dn
Php bm st hot ng ca ng qua nhiu nm nhng mi ti
ngy 16 thng 3 nm 1913 chng mi bt c ng ti Hng Kng
ri sau chng a ng v giam ti H Ni. Mc d b tra tn
bng nhiu cc hnh, ng vn t ch bt khut. Quyt lit hn,
ng tuyt thc phn i v kt qu ng nhin l ng
cht trong nh giam Ha L vo ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1914. a
con bt nghin ca t H Tin vn dt chn la on kt cho
cuc i mnh khng thua mt tay dng tng. Chng kin ci cht
bi hng ca ng, ch s Nguyn Quang Diu lm th than khc
Chn sui c thing hn T Quc. Trm nm cn tc gnh tang
bng. Thi ngn nm cho sp b. Ngn nm trong nc du

anh hng. S chn la trong cch sng v cch cht ca ng qu
tht l ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o ln sinh tn.
Trong mt bui sng ca thng 7 nm 1940, mt m ng
ngi Do Thi chy nn t tp trc cng ca Lnh S Qun Nht
Bn ti Kaunas, Lithuania. a s chy t Poland lc c Quc X
77

nh chim x . Tuy tm thi thot c tay Nazis, nhng vi
tnh hnh qun c Quc X ang tin cng, nhng ngi t nn
ny s khng cn li thot. H tp trung trc cng tm s gip
ca ngi Tng Lnh S Chiune Sugihara. H bn vi nhau rng
ch cn mt con ng duy nht c th ra khi Lithuania l i ngang
qua S Vit, vo Nht Bn, v tm t do ti Caribbean. Ci m h
cn thc hin c iu l giy th thc qu cnh (transit
visa) do chnh quyn Nht Bn cp. Sugihara lp tc in v Tokyo
xin php c vit v k giy th thc qu cnh cp cho nhng
ngi chy nn ny nhng chnh quyn ca ng t chi. ng
in mt ln na, ri thm mt ln na nhng trc sau u b t
chi. T hn, ln th ba h cm ng khng c in cho h thm
na. Sugihara, mi 40 tui vi tt c ha hn trong tng lai cho
mt nh ngoi giao tr, ng trc mt hon cnh kh x. L mt
cng dn gng mu ca Nht Bn, c dy t lc v lng v s
phc tng mnh lnh. Nu nh ng khng tun hnh ch ca cp
trn th khng nhng ng s phi gnh chu hu qu m c gia nh
ng cng s b nhc ly v c khi cn lin ly ti tnh mng ca
ngi nh. Mt mt khc, ng ln ln trong mt gia nh c truyn
thng v s thn o sumarai, c dy d phi cu gip k sa c
l vn. Hn na ng cn l mt tn c c t lc tr c dy
phi sng trong v sng vi tnh yu ca Thin Cha. Bi cnh
ang vn hnh buc ng phi lm mt s chn la. V ng
chn la. Trong sut 29 ngy tip theo, ngi Tng Lnh S cng
vi v, b Yukiko, tn dng tt c thi gian vit th thc qu
cnh. Sugihara khng dng li n v ch ng vi gi mi m.
Ngy 28 thng 8 nm 1940, ng b bt buc phi ng ca lnh s
qun tr v Tokyo. Ln n tu ha ng vn tip tc vit th thc
78
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
qu cnh. Tu chuyn bnh ng vn k th thc qu cnh. ng
tn dng ti giy pht cui cng, v khi tu ri sn ga, khng th
lm g hn, ng nm con du cho m ngi chy nn h c th
t ng du giy th thc qu cnh. Quyt nh ca ng cu hn
6 ngn sinh mng. Khng cn ni cng bit l s nghip ngoi giao
ca ng b cht t giy pht ng lm s chn la, nhng cng chnh
giy pht ng ta sng ho quang ca mt thc th thch hp
lnh o ln thch hp sinh tn.
Mark Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) l con trai trng ca ng
Mark Luther King Sr., mt Mc S ng thi l mt nh lnh o
u tranh cho dn quyn, v b Alberta William King, con gi ca
mt Mc S
ng thi l ngi sng lp phn b Atlanta ca
NAACP (National Association for the Advance of Colored People).

Tin S King ra i ti Atlanta, bang Georgia ca Hoa K, vo i
Hc Morehouse College lc 15 tui, tt nghip C Nhn X Hi Hc
nm 1948, bt u theo ui chng trnh thn hc cng nm ,
nhn bng C Nhn Thn Hc nm 1951, v cui cng nhn bng
Tin S nm 1955 lc c 26 tui. Trong sut on ng bt
nghin ny, ng nghin cu s hc ca Reinhold Neibuhr v trit l
bt bo ng ca Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Nm 1954 Tin
S King tr thnh l Mc S (pastor) ca Dexter Avenue Baptist
Church ti Montgomery ca tiu bang Alabama. Thng minh, tn
ty vi s mng v c sc li cun mnh, Tin S King c cht
liu tr thnh mt nh lnh o tm c. Ri thi c a n.
Thng 12 nm 1955, Rosa Lee Parks, mt ngi ph n da en, b
chnh quyn a phng bt giam v t chi ng ln nhng gh
cho mt ngi n ng da trng trn mt chuyn xe but. Cng
ng ngi da en chn Tin S King ng ra t chc mt cuc
79

biu tnh ty chay i chm dt tnh trng k th mu da trong h
thng vn chuyn cng cng. Du l c nhng toan tnh v bo
hnh nhm c gng bp cuc u tranh ca ngi da en, cui
cng th Ti Cao Php Vin ca Hoa K vn ban hnh lnh cm
phn chia ch ngi theo mu da trong h thng chuyn vn cng
cng ca thnh ph. Cuc u tranh di 381 ngy vi phng cch
bt bo ng dn n chin thng vinh quang a tn tui ca
Tin S King ln ti nh. C nc u bit n ng. V ngay sau
ng c mi lm Ch Tch ca t chc SCLC (Southern
Christian Leadership Conference), mt t chc mi c hnh thnh
u tranh i bnh ng cho ngi da en trn t M. Thng 3
nm 1959 Tin S King v v, Coretta Scott King, qua ving thm
n . Trong sut mt thng di ti y Tin S King gp Th
Tng ng nhim l Jawaharlal Nehru, nh ci cch Vinoba
Bhave v nhng nhn vt c nhiu nh hng bn v nhng vn
i ngho, chng tc v chnh sch kinh t. Tin S King ri n
tr v Hoa K mang theo trong tim mt nim tin su dy i vi
sc mnh ca bt bo ng (ahimsa/ total non-violence) trong u
tranh chnh tr v x hi bng cch vn ng cng dn ng o
tham gia khng lnh ca nh cm quyn chng li ch c ti
(satyagraha/ resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience).
nh hng ca Mahatma Gandhi i vi ng li u tranh ca
Tin S King phn nh rt r trong ln ni chuyn ca ng trn i
pht thanh trong nm 1959 vi nguyn vn The spirit of Gandhi is
so much stronger today than some people believe. V di s

lnh o ca Tin S King, thnh vin ca SCLC tuyn ha s
trnh bo ng. H gi ng li ha trn con ng u tranh
theo mc tiu vch d rng trn mi chng ng u tranh h
80
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i din vi rt nhiu e da, t y v bo hnh.
Nhng
nguyn tc dng thun sc mnh bt bo ng thp sng lng

tm v cng l theo li dy ca Cha Jesus v theo trit thuyt ca
Gandhi m Tin S King p dng dn dt qun chng u
tranh i quyn bnh ng khng phi l khng c nhng chng i.
V vn cha nhn thy nhng thay i rng nn v hiu qu, cc
nh tranh u cho dn quyn ca ngi da en tr nn thiu
kin nhn vi phng cch n ha. Trong khi SCLC ch trng i
s thay i bng con ng kin tng v ha gii (litigation and
reconciliation) th c nhng nhm khc, th d nh nhm Malcom-X,
ch trng i thay i bng mi phng tin kh d (demanding
change by any means possible). Cm t mi phng tin kh d
bao hm ngha s dng ngay c bo lc. S khc bit trong ch
trng gy ra rn nt gia nhng cng ng da en v a n s
phn tn phn no nh hng v hiu qu ca Tin S King. Trong
bi cnh y chao o , s chn la ca Tin S King vn l Cho
tt c nhng ai chng i n lc ca SCLC, chng ti s p li kh

nng gy au kh ca cc bn bng kh nng kham nhn . . .
Chng ti khng ght bn, nhng chng ti khng th chiu theo
lut l bt cng . . . Chng ti s nh ng con tim v lng tri ca
bn v nhng iu ny s thng bn trong tin trnh.15
Nh vo
s lnh o ca Tin S King nn ni chung phng cch chnh

thc ca phong tro u tranh i quyn bnh ng ca cng dn
da en Hoa K vn l phng cch khng lnh v bt bo ng.
Nm 1963 Tin S King dn u qun chng tun hnh trong
mt cuc biu tnh khng l ti Birmingham ca tiu bang Alabama
15
Scholastic News Online, Mark Luther King Jr.: Legacy of a Leader.
81

v vn ng cho nhng vn ngi da en quan tm nh l ng
k bu c, phn cch mu da, ci thin gio dc v chung c. Sau
cuc biu tnh ng b bt giam, thng 4 nm 1963. n thng 8
cng nm ng li tham d mt cuc biu tnh khc, the March on
Washington for Job and Freedom. Trc tng i tng nim c
Tng Thng Abraham Lincohn Tin S King li mt gic m
tuyt vi trong tri tim nhn loi vi bi din vn I Have a Dream.
Nm 1965 ng tham d cuc biu tnh i nhng quyn bu c, di
hnh t Selma ti Montgomery. Thng 7 nm 1966, sau khi James
Meredith b bn trng thng, Tin S King cng vi Floyd
McKissick v Stokely Carmichael tip tc cuc biu tnh March
Against Fear, di hnh t Memphis ti Jackson thuc tiu bang
Mississippi. Thng 3 nm 1968 ng lnh o cng nhn v sinh
biu tnh ty chay ti Memphis thuc tiu bang Tennessee. Cuc
biu tnh bt cht n ra bo ng. Ngy 3 thng 4, Tin S King tr
li Memphis tham d mt cuc biu tnh khc cng ca cng
nhn v sinh. Trc m ng ti Mason Temple Tin S King
li bi din vn cui cng trong cuc i ng, I've Been to the
Mountaintop and Seen the Promiseland. Ngy hm sau, ngy 4

thng 4 nm 1968, va bc ra ng ban cng ca phng 306
ca nh ng Lorraine mt vin n bn t xa ca mt tn ti phm
da trng m mu k th, James Earl Ray, kt liu tnh mng ca
Tin S King. Ci cht n vi ng t ngt nhng c l khng gy
kinh ngc. V vo nhng nm sau cng, ngoi hot ng u tranh
i quyn bnh ng cho ngi da mu, ng cn tham gia vo
nhng hot ng chng chin tranh Vit Nam. V Tin S King l
mt ngi lnh o nng k cho nn c ngi mun git ng l iu
khng kinh ngc. Cui cng th s chn la ca Mark Luther King
82
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Jr. cng phi tr gi bng chnh sinh mnh ca mnh. S chn
la c mt gic m.
S chn la ln n nh i v thy
min t ha. S chn la a vai gnh vc s mng lnh o

cng cuc u tranh cho quyn sng bnh ng ca con ngi. S
chn la ng ln thp sng tnh thng, cng l v ha bnh. V,
s chn la ca ng chm n tri tim nhn loi. m tang ca
Tin S King c hn 100 ngn ngi tham d. C 730 thnh ph
trn nc M, tnh vo nm 2006, v mt s quc gia trn th gii
t tn ng Mark Luther King Jr. vinh danh ng. T quc
dnh mt ngy trng l vinh danh ng. Nh th tn xng ng l
tng lnh v l thnh t o ca thp t o c chinh v i
nht trn mt trn chng k th trong t nc Hoa K. Th gii coi
ng l bc thy ca nhn quyn. Trong sut 39 nm ngn ngi ca
mt i ngi, Mark Luther King Jr. ta sng ho quang trong
mi bi cnh vn hnh, thc s bit vn dng bn thn, thc
s l mt thc th thch hp lnh o. ng cng l mt thc th
thch hp sinh tn. ng l thc th thch hp sinh tn v ting
ni cng nh ci cht ca ng vt xa khng gian, bt t vi thi
gian, xon vo tri tim ca b tnh, thp sng lng tm ca nhn
loi. ng l thc th thch hp sinh tn v kht vng ni ng
chnh l lng tm ca nhn loi, l n lc vn ln ca nhn loi,
l khun mt nhn bn ca nhn loi. ng l mt thc th thch
hp sinh tn v chnh ng l mt b tt nhp th hnh o, mt
s gi ca Thin Cha gi xung th gian thc hin on cui
ca cuc cch mng gii phng ngi dn da en trn t M m
ra t 100 nm v trc.
Amy Elizabeth Biehl (1967-1993) l sinh vin u t ca i
Hc Standford, sau khi tt nghip v thng c hc bng Fulbright
83

nm 1992, c khn gi ln ng sang Nam Phi. Mt c gi M
trng, sinh ra trong mt gia nh trung lu C c Gio ti Newport
Beach tiu bang California ca Hoa K, c thn, tr p, ti hoa,
tng lai y ha hn, li quyt nh i n mt phng tri xa
ha mnh vo dng sng ca t nc Cng Ha Nam Phi, mt ni
tuy xa nhng khng l. T nhng ngy cn l hc sinh trung hc
Amy say m lch s Nam Phi v ngng m nhng nh cch
mnh u tranh dnh t do ca vng t . Thi gian i hc
Amy cng t ra quan tm hn v tnh trng k th, bt cng, bt bnh
ng v c bit l v thn phn ca ph n v tr con ti nhng
quc gia nam Chu Phi. Cho nn ln ng i n Nam Phi l
mt chn la nhp cuc ca Amy, tha bit ni him nguy chc
ch. C dn thn vi hy vng gp phn ci thin i sng ca
ngi da en. C mun h c quyn bu c. C mun chm
dt tnh trng k th, bt cng v bt bnh ng. C mun ph n
c t ch. C mun nhu cu ca tr nh c quan tm ng
mc. Cng Ha Nam Phi l mt quc gia c mt nn chnh tr ti t
vi quyn lc tp trung ton vn trong tay ca nhng ngi da trng
gc u Chu v s k th c trng trn hp php ha thnh c
ch t nm 1948 vi nhng d lut tch bit chng tc (enactment
of apartheid laws) v cng v th thng xy ra nhng v bo ng
mu. Vi t cch l nghin cu sinh, Amy tp trung vo cng
vic nghin cu vai tr ca ph n Nam Phi tm p n cho cu hi
S bnh ng gii tnh c kh d hay khng trong gii hn bi cnh
ca hot trnh iu nh y th thch? V yu t chng tc c

lun lun ph bng ln yu t gii tnh trong iu kin ? Bn
cnh cng vic nghin cu Amy cn tham gia vo nhng sinh hot
chnh tr v x hi ca x ny, th d nh l gip cho i hc ca
84
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Western Cape Community Law Center son tho nhng chng
trnh ghi danh i bu cho cng dn da en Nam Phi v ph n hoc
l tham gia gip nhng a phng yu km. Ri vo mt bui
ti thng 8 nm 1993, ngy 25, lc Amy li xe a 3 ngi bn da
en ngang qua Gugulethu ngoi ca Cape Town, bng ti ca tn
bo ph xung v tc ot sinh mng ca Amy Bielh. Mt
nhm thanh nin da en chn ng nm lon vo xe c,
buc c dng li, ri li c ra khi xe. B vy gia mt l ngi
ang cn cung n ph ho bi m thanh st pht mt tn da
trng, mt vin n [thng ip ca nhm v trang Pan Africanist

Congress] mt Amy mong manh trong cn hong lon rng sc
chy trn nhng khng thot. Chng tng vo u c mt vin
gch. Chng m vo thn th c khng thng tic. V cui
cng, chng cm mt li dao vo ngc c, ni c con tim cha
y l tng v gic m bnh ng t do cho ngi da en. Trong
lc bo hnh ang din ra, nhng ngi bn da en ca Amy
go ln c ta l ng ch l ngi bn him hoi ca ngi da en
chng ta. Nhng h khng cu c Amy v lc trong mt ca

nhng k bo hnh ch thy c mt ngi da trng ng cht. Ri
Amy c a n mt trm cnh st gn v mt trong vng tay
ca nhng ngi bn da en. Amy tinh khi tui 26, la th gian
nh mt ht nc ang long lanh phn chiu nh mt tri bt cht
ri khi phin l. Ci cht ca Amy vc dy lng tm ca nhiu
ngi, c ngi da en ln ngi da trng, ri c th gii dn s
ch v ni v lng nghe thng ip trao quyn chnh tr cho
dn chng Nam Phi, iu m Amy kh c th thc hin lc sng.

Thng 4 nm 1994, mt cuc bu c dnh cho mi chng tc thc
hin ln u tin din ra v chnh thc khp li chnh sch phn
85

cch chng tc. Tip theo l nhng n lc i din s thc, i
thoi, ha gii v kin to. Amy khng c mt nhn thy mt

thnh tu m trn tin trnh i n cng c mt phn ng gp ca
chnh c. Cha m ca Amy, ng b Peter v Linda Beilh, thnh lp
mt t chc thin nguyn tip tc thc hin hoi bo ca con gi
mnh vi hng i We, the Amy Beilh Foundation, are willing to do
our part as catalyst for social progress. Amy Elizabeth Beilh, trong
26 nm ngn ngi ca mt i ngi, ta sng ho quang trong
cch sng ln trong ci cht. Nhn vo tm gng ca c ta, trong
ci khung cnh ca Hoa K ngy hm nay, ni m ci quan tm ln

nht i vi nhiu ngi l chy theo ng tin v/hoc l ch xem
Football tra Ch Nht, vi mt hng lun l r rt cho cuc i
mnh, Amy ln ng tm kim mang nh sng . . . n mt
ni m nu khng c c s m m.16 V c hin dng tt
c cho s chn la . Mu ca Amy ti nhng ht ging ca
ph n da en, nhng ht ging m Amy ang gieo s ny mm v

s gip chn ng s bo hnh i vi ph n da en.17 Amy
ng l mt thc th thch hp lnh o ln sinh tn.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (1945 - hin ti) sinh ra ti Ragoon,
trong mt gia nh c ting. L ngi con gi trng ca Tng
Aung San, mt cng trnh s ca nn c lp Min in, v b Daw
Khin Kyi, n i s duy nht ca x ny. Lc Daw Aung Suu Kyi
c 2 tui, ng Aung San b m st, vo thng 7 nm 1947, cng
vi 6 ngi khc l thnh vin nm trong ni cc tin c lp (preindependence cabinet) ca ng. Nm 1960 b theo m, chc v
16
Trch t www.rjgeib.com/heroes/amy/amy.html
17
Trch t www.rjgeib.com/heroes/amy/amy.html
86
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i s, qua New Dehi ca n . Trong thi gian ti y b tr nn
a thch vi trit thuyt i khng bt o ng ca Mahatma
Gandhi. Sau khi theo hc chng trnh chnh tr ti i Hc New
Dehi, b theo hc chng trnh Trit, Chnh Tr V Kinh T ti St
Hugh ca i Hc Oxford Anh Quc v tt nghip C Nhn. T
nm 1967 cho ti 1971, b l ph b th ca y Ban C Vn V
Vn Qun Tr V Ngn Sch trc thuc Vn Phng Tng Th
K Lin Hip Quc ti New York. Nm 1972 Daw Aung Suu Kyi tr
thnh l vin chc nghin cu ca B Ngoi Giao Bhutan v trong
nm ny b kt hn vi Tin S Michael Aris, mt hc gi ngi Anh
ang dy hc cho hong gia Bhutan. Sau hai ngi c c hai
a con trai v, bn cnh vai tr lm m lm v, b tip tc theo
ui cng vic hc tp nghin cu trong nhiu nm. Ni mt cch
khc, b yn m vi hnh phc trong tm tay. Nhng nh mnh
khng dnh cho b con ng bng phng. u thng 4 nm
1988, nhn c tin m au nng, Daw Aung Suu Kyi vi v tr
li Ragoon sn sc cho m, ng vo lc m tnh hnh chnh tr
Min ang si sc. T khi Tng Ne Win lm mt cuc o chnh
lt chnh quyn nm 1962 v nm trn quyn bnh, Min in
nm di s cai tr ca mt ch c ti c ng. Kt hp qui
d gia mt ng x hi ch ngha st mu vi nhng tn qun
phit cn nng m tn d oan tn ph Min in v lm cho
n tr thnh mt t nc nm trong s nhng quc gia ngho i
nht trn th gii. V Daw Aung Suu Kyi c mt vo thi im m
s phn ut ca qun chng ln n cao . Ngy 8 thng 8
nm 1988, mt cuc biu tnh chng chnh quyn tht ln n ra
ti Ragoon v lan ra khp t nc. Hng ngn ngi b git trn
ng ph. Lc khn gi tr li qu nh Daw Aung Suu Kyi khng
87

c nh tham d vo ni b Min nhng nhng cnh tng n p
phi nhn tnh ca nh cm quyn Min p vo mt b lm si
sc dng mu u tranh trong con tim ca ngi ph n hin ha
ny. Ri Daw Aung Suu Kyi quyt nh nhp cuc. B xung
ng cng vi nhn dn Min i quyn sng. C lc i mt
vi bo quyn b hin ngang i ti bt chp e da v ci uy lc
tot ra t ngi ph n ny buc hng hng sng n v li l
phi tht li. Gia m ng hn na triu ngi, ngy 26 thng 8
nm 1988, trc Cha Shwegadon, ng di bc hnh ca cha
c, Daw Aung Suu Kyi tuyn b l con gi ca cha ti, ti khng
th tip tc lm ng vi nhng g ang din ra trc mt. Ch trong

vng vi tun l sau , b cng vi nhng con tim khao kht t do
dn ch thnh lp xong t chc
NLD (National League for
Democracy) v b c bu l Tng B Th. Daw Aung Suu Kyi

ku gi nh cm quyn chm dt s dng bo lc n p qun
chng. Mt cuc o chnh gi ngy 18 thng 9 trong nm c
gin dng cho mt hi ng gm 21 s quan cao cp ln cai tr
t nc, the SLORC (The State Law and Order Restoration
Council), cm u l Saw Maung, Tng T Lnh Qun i. H ha
hn s t chc mt cuc bu c t do v cng bnh nhng li khn
cp ban hnh thit qun lut. Tt c mi s tp hp t 4 ngi tr
ln u b cm. Khng lnh ca nh cm quyn Daw Aung Suu Kyi
vi t cch l tng b th ca t chc NLD i khp ni trn t
nc --Rangoon, Pegu, Magwe, Sagaing, Mandalay, Moulmein,
Tavoy, Mergui, Pakkoku, Taunggyi, Kyaukpadaung, Monywa,
Myinmu, Myitkyina, v nhng ni khc-- din thuyt tt c hn
100 ln, ku gi ngi dn hy ng ln tranh u dnh li
quyn lm ch t nc du l c s hi i na, ng thi ku gi
88
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
s can thip ca UN cng nh t co vi mi ngi l Ne Win
ng pha sau o din mi th, v b ch trng ng hng
u tranh bt bo ng. Thng 7 nm 1989 Daw Aung Suu Kyi b
nh cm quyn giam lng ti t gia ca mnh. Mc du b khng
c ra ngoi vn ng, t chc NLD vn thng 82% s gh trong
cuc bu c ngy 27 thng 5 nm 1990. Nhng tp on qun
phit t chi giao quyn li cho nhng ngi c dn chn. V t
v sau, Daw Aung Suu Kyi nhiu ln b nh cm quyn giam
cm. C th ni l b b giam cm gn nh sut hai thp nin. Hai
mi nm ca mt i ngi khng phi l ngn. Trong hai mi
nm Daw Aung Suu Kyi c s chn la khc d dng hn, nu
mun, l ri khi Min in tr v vi chng con ca b, v
nh cm quyn chc chn s rt vui mng gip b thc hin
iu . Nhng Daw Aung Suu Kyi khng lm nh vy. B
chn la s hin dng trn vn cu nguy t quc v gii phng
dn tc khi p bc, c ti, ngho i, mt chn la v cng kh
khn v khng km bi thm. V s chn la ca b lm cho
ngi dn Min coi b l thn thnh v nhiu ngi khc trn th
gii ngng m. Hai mi nm trc trn ng ph ca Ragoon
v trn mi no ng ca t nc Daw Aung Suu Kyi ta sng
ho quang. Hai mi nm sau Daw Aung Suu Kyi vn ta sng
ho quang. Du ch c th i loanh quanh ngay trong hm a,
cch ly vi qun chng, nhng tri tim Daw Aung Suu Kyi v tri tim
ca nhn dn Min vn p cng mt nhp, v tay ca Dawn Aung
Suu Kyi vn ni di tay nhn dn Min. B qu tht l mt thc th
thch hp lnh o v l mt thc th thch hp sinh tn.
Liviu Librescu (1930-2007), gc Do Thi sinh ti Romania,
gio s ca i hc Virginia Tech, Department of Engineering and
89

Mechanics, ngi sng st Nazi Holocaust, vt qua tr dp ca
Cng Sn Romania, nhng cui cng li cht di hng sng ca
mt tn sinh vin 23 tui gc Hn b bnh thn kinh tn Cho Seung
Hui. Trong ngy Th Hai su thm ca thng 4 nm 2007, Cho
Seung Hui thm st c thy 32 ngi trong khun vin i hc,
trong c v gio s kh i 75 tui, trc khi quay nng sng t
git mnh. Chng cui cng trn con ng thm st nhng k v
ti m Cho Seung Hui i n l lp hc m gio s Liviu Librescu
ang ng ging. Lc m sinh vin hong lon vi nhng din bin
ang xy ra, gio s bnh tnh iu ng sinh vin trong lp o
thot qua ca s v dng thn mnh chn cnh ca ci cho hc
tr ca mnh c thi gian. Ngi sinh vin ri khi sau cng,
Alec Counhound, ngonh li nhn v thy cao c trc khi nhy qua
ca s. ng vn ng yn c gi cht cnh ca coi nh sng cht
ca bn thn. Ri thn cht tc i mng sng ca Liviu Libriscu.
giy pht i din vi him ha v gio s lm mt s chn la
kh khn, s chn la gt qua an nguy ca bn thn bo v
nhng a hc tr ang do mnh m trch. Trong giy pht ,
ng ta sng ho quang. ng ph by mt thc th thch
hp lnh o v thch hp sinh tn.
nh o v sinh tn l lm quyt nh t trn nhng chn la.
Chn la gia che y v phi by. Chn la gia h v thc.

Chn la gia lu di v trc mt. Chn la gia vy hm tiu
dit v m ra cho li thot. Chn gia im v din. Chn la gia
cng v nhu. Chn la gia gi ly tn ngha v tiu tr hu hon.
90
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Chn la gia an nguy ca t nc v th din ca bn thn.
Chn la gia vic mun lm v vic phi lm. Chn la gia ci
sng v ci cht ca bn thn. Chn la gia ci sng v ci cht
ca tp th. Chn la gia ci sng cht ca bn thn v ci sng
cht ca tp th. Chn la gia chm dt v tip tc. Chn la
gia vinh danh tnh ngi v vinh danh s mng. Cn nhiu s
chn la khc na. V s chn la ca nhng ngi lnh o
thng l khng d dng, nh va cho thy trong mt s th d in
hnh.
Khng ai c th khng nh c l nhng nhn vt kit lit
nu trn c thc r rt v hot trnh (process) kin to v lm ni
cm nhng thc th ca h trong mi bi cnh ang vn hnh hay
khng. Nhng khng ai c th ph nhn l h bit vn dng bn
thn ti mc tuyt vi v thc r rt v tc ng cng nh gi
tr ca nhng thc th c h c tnh chn la v ph by.
Tm li, mt ngi thch hp lnh o phi bit vn dng
bn thn. Bit la chn cht liu t kho tng bn thn -t nng, t
cht, th tnh, c tnh, cung cch, v v th- kin to ly mt
thc th thch hp vi bi cnh ang vn hnh --thch hp hn bt
c mt thc th kh d no khc nu c kin to t cng mt kho
tng bn thn-- lnh o hoc sinh tn. Cha ht, con ngi
lnh o phi chm c tri tim ca c th, phi ni c vng tay
vi tp th, phi cun ht c qun chng. Con ngi lnh o
phi lm nhng quyt nh t trn s chn la, v thng l nhng
chn la khng d dng trc bi cnh y th thch. V th, ngi
lnh o phi c m lc v quyn bin c vic. V, tuy
l cha c cp trc tip nhng hm n trong nhng th d,
con ngi lnh o c kh nng tip nhn thc t chun xc v
91

nhng s chn la (options) dnh cho h [hnh thnh t thc t tip
nhn v ty thuc vo mc chun xc] thng l b gii hn bi
khng gian, thi gian v tm l ca thc ti hin tin nhng quyt
nh ca h c th s vt xa bin gii ca nhng tri buc .
92
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Bit Vun Bi
Kho Tng Bn Thn
nhin khng ai c th lm bnh bng nc l. Mun kin

to mt thc th thch hp lnh o, ngi ta phi c
cht liu lm nn thc th . Cht liu cng nhiu,
cng a dng, cng c ho tnh cao (high quality) th s chn la
cng rng ng, thc th c kin to cng ni cm v c hi

ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o cng cao. Do bit
vn dng bn thn cn mang mt ngha khc na, l bit lm
cho kho tng bn thn --t nng, t cht, th tnh, c tnh, cung
cch v v th x hi-- ngy cng to ln v cng tng gi tr. Nu
kho tng bn thn c i din bng mt hnh trn, th bit vn
dng bn thn c ngha l lm cho ci hnh trn kho tng bn thn
ngy cng ln rng ra v cng ta nhiu mu sc sinh ng.
T nng l nhng kh nng c nhn. Trong bao gm
nhng kh nng tng qut nh l kh nng c, kh nng vit, kh
nng tnh ton, kh nng lng nghe, kh nng nghi nhn, kh nng
ghi nh, kh nng suy lun, kh nng din t, vn vn. Trong
bao gm nhng kh nng c tnh cch k thut hn nh l kh
nng phn tch, kh nng tng hp, kh nng tm lc, kh nng
93

hoch nh, kh nng thuyt ging, kh nng thc thi, kh nng
quan h vi ngi khc, kh nng lm quyt nh, kh nng c vit
ngoi ng, vn vn. Trong bao gm nhng kh nng nm trong
mt nghip v no th d nh nghip v thit k h thng my
iu ha, nghip v lp rp h thng in ton, nghip v bo tr
my mc cng xng sn xut, nghip v ng tu, nghip v ch
to v kh nguyn t, nghip v qun tr ngn hng, nghip v mua
bn ha cht, vn vn. Trong bao gm nhng kh nng thuc
vo mt khoa hc no nh l khoa hc kin trc, khoa hc kinh
t, khoa hc vt l, khoa hc qun s, khoa hc ngoi giao, khoa
hc chnh tr, vn vn. Trong bao gm nhng kh nng trong
mt lnh vc ngh thut no nh l lnh vc th, vn, nhc,
kch, phim, tng, tranh, nh, vn vn. Trong bao gm nhng
kh nng tm linh nh l kh nng thin nh, kh nng tin tri, kh
nng tip xc vi ci gii v hnh, vn vn. V, trong bao gm
kin thc (knowledges) ln kinh nghim (practical experiences).
T cht l ti sn bn thn thuc v tinh thn v bm sinh.
Trong bao gm s thng minh (intelligence), s mn cm i vi
ngoi gii (intuition, perception, emotional intelligence), s bn nhy
trong i ng trc nhng din bin ca ngoi gii (sharpness,
smartness, cleverness), vn vn.
Th tnh (physical traits) bao gm tui tc, chiu cao, sc
nng, din mo, phi tnh, chng tc, cch trng by ngoi hnh v
ci tng kh v hnh tot ra t trn con ngi. Th tnh c th l
nguyn dng do tri cho cng c th l ci sa n t cng trnh
ti to ca con ngi.
c tnh (characters) l nhng c im thuc v nhn
phm ca mt con ngi. Th d nh can m, trung thnh, phn
94
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
u, kin tr, bt khut, khng khi, hin thc, du dng, oan trang,
bn tin, keo kit, phn trc, hn h, v lim s, vn vn.
Cung cch gm c cung cch c x v cung cch lm vic.
Cung cch c x (behavior) l hnh vi ca mt ngi i vi ngi
khc. Th d nh l , khinh mit, tn trng, ch p, lch thip, s
sng, du dng, cu knh, vn vn. Cung cch lm vic (styles) l
kiu lm vic ca mt ngi. Th d nh lm vic theo kiu tham
kho kin ca ngi khc (consultative), ch dn ngi khc
(coaching), tin cy v giao ph trch nhim cho ngi khc
(delegating), thuyt phc ngi khc (selling), h tr ngi khc
(supporting) hoc ch ra lnh thng thng cho ngi khc thi hnh
(directing), vn vn. Cung cch c x v cung cch lm vic ca
mt ngi l ci th hin ra bn ngoi cn yu t tng n bn trong
thc y nhng th hin li l thi sng (attitude) ca
ngi . Thi sng l ci nh kin i vi chnh mnh, i vi
ngi khc v i vi cuc i ni chung. Th d nh thi tin
cy, ci m, lc quan, nghi ng, c chp, bi quan, vn vn. Cung
cch ca mt ngi khng nht thit phn nh c tnh ca ngi
. V iu ny cng ng hn khi nhn xt v cung cch lm vic
ca nhng con ngi lnh o quyn bin (situational leaders).
V th x hi (social background) l ch ng ca c nhn
trong x hi. Bao gm gia th, chc v, ti sn, hc thc, s nghip,
danh ting, mng li quan h, vn vn.
Lm cho vng trn i din kho tng bn thn ln rng hn
v ta nhiu mu sc p d nht l yu t t nng. T nng tch
ly c ni bn thn ty thuc vo chiu rng ca s hc hi
(breath of knowledge), chiu su ca s o luyn (depth of
knowledge), v chiu dy ca s p dng kin thc vo i sng
95

(application of knowledge). Vi thin ch tm cu hc tp, vi ci
nhn chnh xc v mc ch ca s hc tp, vi nhiu phng tin
hc tp chung quanh lm cho t nng ni ring v lm cho vng
trn kho tng bn thn ni chung ln rng hn ch l vn ca thi
gian.
Thin ch tm cu hc tp pht xut t nhn thc hc tp l
mt nhu cu thit yu v lin tc. Do , vi mt ngi thch hp
lnh o, cng vic hc tp l mt phn ca i sng hng ngy,
hay ni mt cch khc l s hc tp khng c im kt thc v
ngi hc tp khng bao gi thy . Hc tp l mt tc trnh
(learning is a process) v l mt tc trnh din ra lin tc (learning is
a continuous process) trong mi thi gian, di mi khng gian, t
mi i tng, bng mi phng tin.
Mc ch ca s hc tp, i vi mt ngi thch hp
lnh o, khng b gii hn trong nhu cu cm o v khng nhm
vo nhng tnh ton thin cn. Vi h, mc ch ca s hc tp l
tip th tinh hoa ca thin h, giao lu vi dng sng ca
thin h, bit thin h v bit chnh mnh, vun bi mt kho
tng bn thn thch hp lnh o.
Lm cho vng trn i din kho tng bn thn ln rng hn
v ta nhiu mu sc p kh nht l yu t c tnh. Ch tr
nhng bc thnh, trong mi con ngi u c c tnh tt ln c
tnh xu. Hun tp c nhiu c tnh tt v khai tr nhng c
tnh xu l con ng duy nht nng cao nhn phm, lm cho vng
trn kho tng bn thn ta nhiu mu sc p. Tin trnh hun tp
c tnh tt v dt tr c tnh xu i hi mt s n lc trit v
lin tc ca bn thn.
96
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
u t c tnh rt quan trng trong vn lnh o. Ti sao? V
mt l do rt d hiu. Lnh o l to nh hng dn ngi

khc i theo vo con ng ca mnh. Thiu nhng c tnh cn
thit th khng th thc hin c iu . Khng c ai em giao
tri tim v sinh mng cho mt ngi khng c tin phc. Khng ai
t nguyn em tin ca sc lc gip cho mt ngi khng c
tn nhim. Trong trng hp nh nht, mt vi c tnh th ph
hin hin ni bn thn ca mt ngi lnh o c th lm tn
thng n uy tn ca ngi . Trong trng hp nng hn, mt
vi khim khuyt kh thy trong c tnh ca mt ngi lnh o
khi n th hin ra bn ngoi c th gy tn hi cho cho s nghip
hoc gy ra tai ha cho bn thn ca ngi . V trong trng
hp nng hn c l mt vi c tnh quan trng ca ngi lnh o,
m s khim khuyt ch thc s c bc l di nhng p lc cc
mnh ca mi trng, c th gy ra tai ha ln cho chnh bn thn
ca ngi v cho c mt t nc khi nhng khim khuyt
bc l.
Trn Khnh D l mt v tng ti. Trong cuc chin v
quc chng qun Nguyn Mng ln th nht ng lp c cng to,
vua Trn Thi Tng khen c tr lc nn lp lm Thin T Ngha
Nam. Sau c cng nh dp qun Mang min ni nn c
phong lm Phiu K i Tng Qun, mt tc v ch dnh cho
nhng Hong T. Trong cuc chin v quc chng Nguyn Mng
ln th ba, ng nh tan cnh qun lng do Trng Vn H ch
huy ti Vn n v Lc Thy. Chin thng Vn n l mt chin
thng vang di v quyt nh, m u cho mt lot phn cng chin
97

lc v dt im. Trn Khnh D hon tt trch nhim nhn
chm thuyn lng ca ch ch trong vng vi ngy. Ni v kh
nng qun s, khng ai c th nghi ng g v ti ba ca ng. Tuy
nhin con ngi ny c mt vi khuyt im. ng c ln dan du
vi cng cha Thin Thy, ngi g cho Hng V Vng
Nghin, con trai ca Hng o i Vng Trn Quc Tun. Vua
Trn Thnh Tng sai ngi gi v nh Trn Khnh D ti Ty H
ri tc ht quan chc, thu ht ti sn, ui v lm dn lm bt
s phn n ca Hng V Vng Nghin. Trn Khnh D t danh v
Nhn Hu Vng tr thnh mt g bn than phiu bt. V mn ti
v cm lng yu nc ca Trn Khnh D nn trong cuc i hi
Bnh Than vua Trn Nhn Tng tha ti v phong lm Ph Tng
tr li nh gic gip nc. Trn Khnh D li l mt con ngi
thch lm kinh t. Lc trn nhm Vn n, Trn Khnh D duyt
qun cc trang tri v ra lnh cho h phi i nn Ma Li vi l do
khng th phn bit c ch ta nu trang phc theo ngi phng
Bc.
Trc khi ban lnh ny, Trn Khnh D cho ngi mua
sn my thuyn nn. Sau khi ban lnh, ng cho ngi r tai dn l

c thy thuyn bn nn Ma Li ang u trong bn. Ngi trong
trang tranh nhau mua. Gi nn t mt tin ln n mt tm vi mt
nn. C th ni mt cch cng bnh Trn Khnh D l mt ngi
bit qun xuyn cng vic nn lo liu trc cho php lnh do
chnh mnh ban ra c th thc hin c v thc hin mau chng.
Nhng vic da vo u c trc li ca Trn Khnh D b
qun chng gim sim l Vn n g ch thy u kinh. Tm li,
Nhn Hu Vng l mt thin ti qun s thi . Cha hn ng l
mt con ngi tham dc v hm tin nh nhng s gia nng li
ph phn. Nhng du sao i na nhng c tnh th ph ny ca
98
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ng, khng c p trong con mt ca qun chng, lm cho
ho quang danh tng b hoen .
ng Long, mt cn thn ca vua Trn Nhn Tng, rt gii
vn hc, tc phong h phm, c ghi ch cn nhc. Vua
nh gia phong chc Hn Lm Hc S nhng b Thng Hong Trn
Thnh Tng ngn li. ng Long trong d bt bnh v chuyn
nn trong cuc chin v quc chng Nguyn Mng ln hai ng ta
ra hng gic. Gic thua, ng ta b bt v b x trm rn
chng v sau. Mt con ngi c ti nng nhng b mt c tnh
xu, tm a hp hi, lm cho bi vong s nghip v sinh mng lu
li ting xu mun i.
Nguyn Hu sau khi ly t Thun Ha xong nh gi a
gii c sng La H th c Nguyn Hu Chnh bn ng phng
mnh ra nh mt trn m bnh c t Thun Ha, uy kinh c

chn Bc H. Phm ci php dng binh, mt l thi, hai l th, ba
l c, c ba iu nh u cng c. By gi t Bc H
tng th li, qun th kiu, triu nh khng c k cng g c, nu
ng nhn ly ci uy thanh ny, em binh ra nh th lm g m
khng c. ng khng nn b mt ci c, ci thi v ci th y.
Nguyn Hu tr li Bc H c nhiu nhn ti, khng nn coi lm
thng. Nguyn Hu Chnh p li Nhn ti Bc H ch c mt

mnh Chnh, nay Chnh b i th nc khng c ai na, xin ng
ng c ngi g. Nguyn Hu va ci va ni na a na tht
y! Ngi khc th khng ngi, ch ngi ng y thi. Nguyn
Hu Chnh bin sc phn bua Ti t bit ti hn, nhng m ti ni
th l c t cho ng bit ngoi Bc khng c nhn ti thi.

Nguyn Hu ly li lm cho Nguyn Hu Chnh yn lng ri bn
tip Nh L lm vua my trm nm nay, by gi cp ly cha
99
chc lng ngi theo mnh. Nguyn Hu Chnh phn tch Nay
Bc H c vua li c cha, y l mt s c kim i bin. H Trnh
ting rng ph L, thc l hip ch, c nc khng ai phc. V xa
nay khng ai lm g gip nh L, l ch s ci th mnh m
thi, nay ng m ph L dit Trnh th thin h ai chng theo ng.
Nguyn Hu li ni ng ni phi lm, nhng ta ch phng mnh i
nh t Thun Ha m thi, ch khng phng mnh i nh Bc

H, s ri mang ti kiu mnh th lm th no? Hu Chnh ni
Kiu mnh l vic nh, vic ng lm l cng to. V lm tng bn
ngoi c iu khng cn phi theo mnh vua, ng li khng bit hay

sao. S phn tch tnh hnh ca Nguyn Hu Chnh cho thy ng
l mt ngi c kh nng nhn thu thi cuc. Nhng ng thi
cng cho thy ng l mt con ngi ng mn, coi nh hun lnh
ca thng cp v khng ngn ngi i theo c hi ch ngha.
Nhng c tnh ny khng lt qua c i mt tinh tng ca
Nguyn Hu. V, chnh v nhng c tnh ny tai ha n vi bn
thn ng ta v sau. Khi Nguyn Hu Chnh nh ui Trnh Bng
ri tr nn chuyn quyn bc hip vua L t Bc, Nguyn Hu
sai V Vn Nhm em qun tr kh. Mt con ngi c ti nng
nhng nhng c tnh xu --ng mn, v k lut, tham vng c k- lm cho Nguyn Hu Chnh mt mng. Nhng c tnh xu l
tri c. l tri c th c th lm cht ngi.
Trn ch Tc, em rut ca vua Trn Thnh Tng, l mt con
ngi thng minh hiu hc, thng lm lch s, vn chng nht i,
ni ting ti hoa tr thc ca i Vit. ng c vua Trn Thi
Tng tin cy v giao cho trch nhim m trng rn luyn nhn
ti cho quc gia. Danh ti nh Mc nh Chi Bng H, Bi Phng
Hng Chu, cng hn 20 danh s khc cng xut thn t trng
100
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ny. Trong cuc chin v quc chng Nguyn Mng ln th hai, lc
vua Trn Nhn Tng cng b phn lnh o ti cao ang thc hin
k sch rt lui chin lc ch c hi phn cng th Chiu Quc
Vng Trn ch Tc cng ng Phm C a, L Din, Trnh
Long u em gia quyn ra hng gic mong c lm vua. Cuc
chin tranh v quc ang i vo nhng gi pht quyt lit v ang
ch n mt kt thc vinh quang cho nhng a con anh hng
trung lit th Trn ch Tc, mt v vng gia ti hoa li lc, mt ngi
lnh o ca gii tr thc thi , li bi ngc dng lch s v
tham cu danh v c nhn. ng quay li hp tc vi k th ang tn
ph t nc ng. Mt con ngi c ti nng nhng khim khuyt
mt c tnh v cng quan trng: s trung thnh, c bit l s
trung thnh i vi t nc v dn tc. Ngi Nguyn phong cho
ng ta lm An Nam Quc Vng. Nhng cui cng qun Nguyn
Mng b thm bi trc sc mnh on kt v quyt thng ca
nhn dn i Vit. Trn ch Tc tr thnh tn lu vong trn t
ngi, ly lt sng x ngi v cht lng l ni x ngi.
Steven Jobs l mt nh lnh o doanh nghip, mt lp
trnh vin my vi tnh, v l mt doanh nhn.
Jobs,
cng vi
Wozniak, ng sng lp Apple Company, mt cng ty c ting,

sng lp v iu hnh cng ty sn xut my tnh Next, mua v iu
hnh cng ty Pixar sn xut phim hot ha rt thnh cng. Jobs
thnh danh t cng ty Apple, b trc xut khi cng ty Apple, ri sau
cng tr li cu cng ty Apple. Vi mt s ngi, Jobs l thn
tng. Vi mt s ngi khc, Jobs l k th. Vi i a s, Jobs
l mt thin ti.
Jobs sinh nm 1955 ti San Francisco bang
California v c ng b Paul & Carla Jobs nhn lm con nui.

Lc nh Jobs t ra l ngi c s thch v c nng khiu i vi
101

my vi tnh. Sau khi hon tt chng trnh trung hc nm 1972,
Jobs theo hc Reed College ti Portland bang Oregon nhng b
d.
Nm 1975 Jobs gia nhp the Homebrew Computer Group.
Trong nhm c mt ti nng tr, Steve Wozniak, ang c sng to

mt my vi tnh c nh. Tr chi ny tc khc cun ht Jobs. Ngay
nm sau, 1976, Jobs v Wozniak thnh lp mt cng ty ly tn
Apple Computer Company vi s vn 13000 USD. H kinh doanh
bng cch mua bn nhng b mch vi tnh kim tin trong lc
ch rp mt my mu. Ri Jobs v Wozniak ti ch my ca h, i
t khi nim my c nh sang my cho c nhn. Kt qu l my
tnh Apple I c tung ra th trng nm 1976 vi gi 666 USD mt
ci, v tng doanh thu t c l 774 ngn USD. Nm sau Apple
II c tung ra th trng vi doanh thu nm u tin l 2.7 triu
USD v tng ln 300 triu USD vo nm th ba. Thnh cng ca
my Apple tr thnh l hin tng ln. Cng ty Hambreacht & Quist
phi hp vi Morgan Standley a Apple Co. ln sn chng khon
nm 1980, c phiu ca Apple Co. nhy vt t 22 USD mt c phn
ln 29 USD trong ngy u tin, y gi tr ca Apple Co. ln 1,2 t
USD. Jobs v Wozniak m ra mt th trng cha tng hin hu
trc , th trng my vi tnh c nhn. n nm 1980 th thi i
my vi tnh c nhn thnh hnh r rt. Theo nhiu cng ty

gia nhp cuc chi, trong c cng ty khng l IBM. Cng Ty
Apple a ra th trng my tnh Apple III, b tht bi v yu t k
thut, ri Lisa, cng khng thnh cng v gi bn qu cao. Apple
Co. mt mt na th trng ca n vo tay IBM, tnh vo nm 1983.
Ti giai on ny th Steve Jobs bit l Apple Co. khng c s
chn la no khc ngoi tr phi sn xut my tnh tng hp vi
tiu chun IMB PC. sa son cho mt bc i mi, Jobs mi
102
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
John Sculley b cng ty Pepsi Cola qua lm vic cho Apple Co. vi
chc v tng gim c cng ty. Nm 1984, Apple Co. tung ra th
trng my Macintosh. V mt k thut, Macintosh l mt cuc
cch mng trong my tnh, gy chn ng ln, nhng v mt doanh
nghip th khng thnh cng lm v khng thm nhp c th
trng n cn phi nh, ni cch khc l my tnh ca Apple
khng bn c cho nhng cng ty doanh nghip. John Sculley
nhn xt Steve Jobs c khuynh hng coi trng ci thanh k k
thut hn ci nhu cu ca ngi s dng, cng vi nhng nhn xt
khc v c tnh cng cung cch c x ca Jobs i vi mi ngi
chung quanh, v i n kt lun l Jobs lm hi cng ty nhiu hn
l gip cho cng ty. Sculley thuyt phc hi ng gim c l

cng ty s hot ng kh hn nu khng c Steven Jobs. Th l
Jobs b lu y vo mt vn phng cch bit ngi chi xi nc.
Nm 1985, khi nghe Sculley pht biu vi chuyn gia phn tch ti
chnh l Steven Jobs khng cn mt vai tr no trong cng ty ngay
by gi hoc trong tng lai, Jobs bit mnh khng cn c th li

vi Apple Co. c na. Jobs t chc. Jobs ri khi Apple Co. vi
tt c bun chn v ti nhc. L mt thin ti ca th gii vi tnh,
lao vo th gii vi tnh vi tt c am m, tn ty ht mc cho cng
vic sng to my vi tnh, ng gp khng t vo s thnh cng ca
cng ty vi tnh, cng nh ng gp vo s ci tin x hi v i
sng nhn loi xuyn qua cuc cch mng vi tnh, Jobs lm
c nhiu th m ngi khc khng lm c. Nhng khng may,
Jobs li khng lm c iu m nhiu ngi khc lm c, l
sng cho p lng nhau. Jobs c qu nhiu c tnh xu: khinh
bc, v l, th l, ch p ngi, li dng, bc lt sinh lc, ch bit
c phn mnh, t tn t i, ch k, vn vn. Chnh nhng c
103

tnh th ph ny m Steven Jobs lm hi n nhiu ngi v
cui cng l lm hi chnh bn thn ca ng ta.
An Wang sinh nm 1920 ti Thng Hi, l con trai trng
ca ng b Zen Wan Wang v Yin Lu. Lc nh ng c khiu v
khoa hc v ton hc. n khi vo trung hc th ng c th t
ch my pht thanh. Sau ng theo hc ngnh k s truyn
thng ti i Hc Chiao-Tung. Trong Th Chin Th II, ng tham
gia chin tranh chng Nht ti Hoa Lc vi vai tr l k s ch to
my thu v my pht sng. Ma xun nm 1945, vi s tr gip ti
chnh ca chnh quyn, ng sang Hoa K vo hc ti i Hc
Harvard. Sau khi tt nghip cao hc ngnh k s truyn thng, ng
lm vic cho mt cng ty Hoa K c vi thng ri nhy qua lm
vic cho chnh quyn Trung Quc c tr s ti Canada. Nm 1947
Wang tr li i Hc Harvard v nhanh chng hon tt chng trnh
tin s ngnh k s v ng dng vt l. Nm 1948 Dr. Howard
Aiken mn Dr. Wang vo lm vic ti Haward Computation
Laboratory, l mt vin nghin cu ch ASSC Mark I, my in
ton k thut s u tin trn th gii. Dr. Aiken ch th cho Dr.
Wang tp trung nghin cu phng cch s dng thit b t tnh
cha v c tin liu (data) cho my in ton. Dr. Wang nghin
cu t tnh ca nam chm ri pht minh c mt c trnh thc
hin iu . Cc nh nghin cu ca MIT cng rt thch th vi
MPMC (magnetic pulse memory core) ca Wang cho nn trin
khai k thut ny vo ng dng v thit b MCM (magnetic core
memories) tr thnh thng dng trong sut hai thp nin v sau.
Dr. Wang, cng vi Dr. W.D. Woo, c vit bi cng b chi tit
dn n kt qu ca cng trnh nghin cu ny vo nm 1950. Dr.
Wang cng ng k bn quyn sng ch (patented) v, sau 4
104
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nm di tranh tng, bn t bn quyn sng ch ny cho IBM
vo nm 1956. Ch mt tun l sau ngy hon tt xong dch v
mua bn vi IBM, Wang nhn c giy cng nhn bn quyn sng
ch. S kin ny lm cho Wang cm hn IBM v nghi rng IBM
s dng th on tranh tng bn quyn sng ch p ng phi
bn non n cho IBM. Nm 1951, v khng vui khi nhn thy nhng
ngi khc hi tin bng cch trin khai sng ch ca ng, Dr.
Wang b Harvard Computational Laboratory ra thnh lp mt
cng ty sn xut my mc in t, Wang Labs. u tin cng ty
ch ch bn magnetic shift register theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Sau bn thm thit b cho magetic tape control v numerical
control. n cui thp nin 1950 th Dr. Wang c thm mt s
sng ch mi, trong c sng ch v thit b phototypesetting gip
gia tng nng xut ca vic in n bo ch. Nhng v khng cn thn
trong hp ng cho php s dng sng ch ny, Dr. Wang l
mt c quyn ch xut (exclusive manufacturing rights). Ri v
cn tin pht trin cng ty, Dr. Wang min cng bn ra 25%
ch quyn ca Wang Labs cho mt cng ty khc vi gi 150 ngn
USD. V sau Dr. Wang lun lun cay ng v hi hn v quyt
nh ny. Gia thp nin 1960, Dr. Wang sng ch c mt k
thut mi: digital logarithmic converter. Da trn sng ch , trong
nm 1965 Wang Labs tung ra th trng loi my tnh LOCI
electronic scientific calculator, vi gi bn 6700 USD, mt sn phm
chn sng tt c nhng loi my tnh s dng k thut c ng
thi v khi u cho s hnh thnh th trng my tnh t bn
(desk calculator market) vi k thut in ton. Sn phm mang
tnh t ph ny gip cho Wang Labs c c sc mnh v tr
thnh l mt cng ty hng b th trng ny trong sut 5 nm v
105

sau, vi mt lot my WANG 360, WANG 370, WANG 380, WANG
700. Nng theo cn sng c hi , Dr. Wang a cng ty ca
mnh ln sn chng khon nm 1967 v nm gi 50% ch quyn
ca cng ty Wang Labs. Ri n nm 1973 Wang Labs trnh lng
my Wang 2200 minicomputer v my 1200 Basic word
processing. n nm 1976 Wang Labs tung ra my CRT-based
word processing minicomputer. Thm mt ln na cng ty bc ln
nh diu gp gi vi sn phm mi ny. n nm 1978 th Wang
Labs c xp th 32 trong s nhng cng ty cung cp my tnh
ln nht thi . Thng li ca Wang Labs lm cho Dr. Wang t tn
t i n qung co trn truyn hnh l Wang Labs s thay IBM
gi ngi v s mt trn th gii; lc doanh thu ca Wang Labs
ch mi c 3 t USD so vi 47 t USD ca IBM. Dr. Wang khng
nhng t tn t i m cn ch quan v khinh sut n mc
khng th tng. Khi Fred Wang cnh bo Dr. An Wang rng PC
ca IBM l mt e do i vi my word processor th Dr. An Wang
tr li PC l ci th ngu xun nht tao tng nghe t trc n
gi. Khng bao lu sau th Dr. Wang nhn ra thc t ph phng l
Wang Labs khng c s la chn no khc hn l phi gia nhp th
trng PC nu mun sinh tn. V mc du l gia nhp vo th
trng PC, Dr. Wang li chn sn xut PC theo tiu chun ca
ring (non-IBM compatible proprietary system) ch khng theo tiu
chun tng ng vi IBM (IBM compatible system). Ci hn IBM
trong mt ln va chm qu kh m nh Dr. Wang v hng
ng i n ch chn la mt quyt sch sai lm. Nhng sai lm
ny, nht l sai lm th nh, a cng ty vo him a. Wang
Labs cng v sau cng thua l. Ri thay v pht hnh thm chng
khon c tin xoay tr v ci cch cng ty, Dr. Wang nht nh
106
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
khng chu v khng mun thy ch quyn kim sot cng ty b
long i bi s c phn mi. Khng s dng cng c hn hp th
ch cn cch phi vay mn. Ti nm 1989 th Wang labs tch
ly mt s n ln trn mt t USD, trong c 575 triu vay ngn
hng trong nm. n nm 1992 th Wang Labs khai ph sn. Dr.
An Wang, mt nhn vt thng minh v nhiu ti nng, vi 44 bng
sng ch v t tay khng dng nn mt cng ty lng ly mt thi,
ch v c nhng c tnh khng hay lm tan nt c do chnh
ng mt tay to dng. Tnh t tn, t i, kiu cng, khinh sut,
bn xn, hp hi v c ti ca Dr. An Wang lm hi bn thn
ng v lm hi cng ty Wang Labs.
nhng th d va ri cho thy mt iu rt quan trng: ti
nng khng thay th c cho c tnh tt. Ngc li, ti nng

cng thm c tnh tt khng nhng c th gip cho mt ngi
thnh cng trong vai tr lnh o m cn c th lm cho ting tt
ca ngi bay xa v bay cao, cao xa ti mc c th bt t vi
thi gian.
L Thng Kit, mt anh hng 2 ln bnh Chim 4 ln nh
Tng di triu i nh L, mt nhn vt thn thnh trong dng lch
s ca dn tc, c i s Gic Tnh Hi m t nh sau: ng
bn trong th sng sut khoan ha, bn ngoi th nhn t gin d.

Ci tin phong tc khng s kh nhc. Lm vic th tit kim. Sai
bo dn th n ha, cho nn dn c nh cy. ng khoan ha
gip dn chng, cho nn c nhn dn knh trng. ng dng
oai v dit qun gic. ng em lng minh chnh gii quyt
107
ngc tng, cho nn ngc khng qu lm. ng bit ming n l tri

ca mun dn, ngh nng l gc ca nh nc, cho nn khng lm
l thi v. ng ti gii m khng khoe khoang, nui dng n c
ngi gi ni thn d, cho nn ngi gi c yn n. Php tc
ca ng nh th, c th gi l ci gc tr dn, ci thut yn dn, c
bao nhiu iu tt u y c.18 Qua nhng li ny r rng L
Thng Kit chinh phc con tim ca qun chng thi .
Trn Nhn Tng, mt v qun ch anh minh ca t nc,
c o S Duy Tu nhn xt nh sau: Ngi th hin lng
thng yu v khoan dung v hn i vi dn, vi nc, vi tt c

mi ngichung quanh ngi. Ngi ht sc bn lnh. . . Ngi rn
c s kin nhn theo li Pht dy. . . Ngi sng c i sng
nh tm ti giy pht cui cng. . . i vi gio l ca Pht T, ngi
l mt hnh nh ng dng trn vn. S gia L Mnh Tht nhn xt:
Ta thy t c mt v vua no trong lch s dn tc li c s ghi chp
y v s mn m ca ngi dn sau khi mt. y l mt

cuc i ch trong vng 50 nm, m c nhng ng gp v cng to
ln cho dn tc v nhn loi. Mt cuc i kt thc, nhng
li bao nhiu lu luyn cho nhng ngi ng thi cng nh
hu th. Mt cuc i c mt kt thc ht sc bnh d nhng li v
cng cao p. Mi khi c li nhng g t tin ta vit v nhng
ngy cui cng ca vua Trn Nhn Tng, chng ta khng khi bi
hi xc ng nh mnh ang i din vi mt ngi ang sng bng
xng bng tht trc mt chng ta. Qua nhng li ny, r rng
18
L Mnh Tht, Ton Tp Trn Nhn Tng, trang 235, xb nm 2000 ti TP HCM,
nxb TP HCM
108
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Trn Nhn Tng chinh phc c con tim ca qun chng thi
v ngay c trong thi hin ti.
Mc Thin Tch, tc danh Mc Tng, l con trng ca Mc
Cu, sinh nm 1706 ti Lng K, Chn Lp gi l Pram. Lc nh
Mc Thin Tch ni ting thng minh, quyn bin, tinh thng kinh
in v v thut. Nm 1735, Mc Cu qua i. Theo yu cu ca
Mc Thin Tch, Ninh Vng Nguyn Phc Thy truy phong tc
Khai Trn Thng Tr Quc i Tng Qun Cu Lc Hu cho
Mc Cu v ng cho Mc Thin T ni nghip cha trn t
H Tin. ng thi h Mc cng c cha Nguyn ly phong tht
dip phin hn ly by ch thin, t, cng, hu, b, t, nam ni

i lm ch lt t tn. Trong vai tr Tng Binh i c, Mc
Thin Tch tuyn m luyn tp binh lnh, thng xuyn tu b ho
ly, tng cng b phng H Tin phng s xm nhp cp ph
ca Xim La v Chn Lp. Mt mt khc ng cho khai m rung
vn, thit lp ch ba, khai thng bn bi thuyn b ra vo
thun li. Thng nhn v l khch cc nc ti lui tp np. Mc
Thin Tch cng chiu np vn ti cc ni v m Chiu Anh Cc
ngy ngy cng bn ging xng ha thi vn. Thi vn n ny m
u cho vic truyn b v pht huy vn hc t H Tin.19 Hot
ng ca thi n ny ni ting v cn lu truyn n ngy nay, tiu
biu l H Tin Thp Vnh. Nm 1739, Quc Vng x Chn Lp
l Nc Bn mang qun sang xm ln H Tin. Mc Thin Tch iu
qun chin u ngy m. V ng l Nguyn Th n c ph n
trong thnh nu cm tip t cho binh s. Gic tan, ng v v c
19
H Tin vo thi c tn l Trc Bng Thnh v cn c tn khc l Phng
Thnh.
109

cha Nguyn phong thng. Nm 1747, gic bin cp ph vng
ven bin o Long Xuyn, vng C Mau ngy nay, cng b Mc
Thin Tch dp yn. Nm 1756, Quc Vng x Chn Lp l Nc
Nguyn em qun uy hip ngi Cn Man, l nhng ngi Chm di
c sang Chn Lp, nhng b nh bi nn chy sang H Tin
nng nh h Mc v dng t Tm Bn v Li Lo, tc G Cng
v Tn An ngy nay, xin gip cho v nc. Mc Thin Tch
dng th ln cha Nguyn. Cha Nguyn ng v cho ngi h
tng. Nm 1757, Nc Nguyn mt, Nc Nhun ln lm Gim Quc
ri b con r git cht cp ngi. Con trai Nc Nhun l Nc Tn
chy sang H Tin cu cu. Mc Thin Tch xin vi cha Nguyn
cho Nc Tn v lm vua Chn Lp. Cha Nguyn ng v sai
Mc Thin Tch cng tng s 5 dinh h tng. t n, Nc Tn
dng cha Nguyn t Tm Phong Long, l vng t gia Sng
Tin v Sng Hu, v dng Mc Thin Tch 5 ph Hng c, Cn
Bt, Trc Sm, Si Mt v Lnh Qunh. Mc Thin Tch em tt c
t mi dng ln v cha Nguyn giao li cho h Mc cai qun.
t mi c sp nhp vo H Tin Trn. Mc Thin Tch chia
vng t mi thnh hai o: x Rch Gi thnh Kin Giang o v
x C Mau thnh Long Xuyn o. ng t quan cai tr v chiu
dn lp p. Sut c cuc i ca hai cha con h Mc trc tip t
chc, khai thc v m mang H Tin Trn thnh mt vng t rng
ln, bao gm nhiu tnh vng Ty Nam B ngy nay.20 Vng t
tn phng Nam ny ph dy cng n khai ha v ch che ca
hai cha con ng. Mc Thin Tch l mt danh tng, mt quan cai
20
Nguyn Hu Hiu, Cha Nguyn v Nhng Giai Thoi M t Phng Nam, xb
nm 2002 ti TP HCM, nxb Tr
110
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tr, mt nh dinh in, v l mt danh s c ting, lm rng r t
Phng Thnh (H Tin) v c khu vc Ty Nam B na sau th
k XVIII.21 Ngy nay, n th ca cha con h Mc khi hng
khng dt. Hng nm khch thp phng x v chim bi v
cu xin s m ph ca hai ng.
Warren Buffet l mt doanh nhn ti ba, mt nh u t li
lc, v l mt nh t thin ln. ng c ngi i phong tng l
nh tin tri ca Omaha hoc l ng hin nhn ca Omaha.
Warren Buffet l CEO v l ngi nm nhiu c phn nht ca cng
ty Berkshire Hathaway.
Nm 2007, ti sn ca ng c tnh
khong 52 t USD, l ngi giu th 3 trn ton th gii, ch ng

sau Carlo Slim v Bill Gates. ng thnh cng ln v ng c ti
nng. ng rt bn nhy i vi thi tit kinh doanh. ng bit vic,
bit ngi, bit ta, v bit giao trch nhim.
ng li rt thy chung
vi nhng ngi ng chn la giao trch nhim.
ng bit
lnh vc no ng c th dng v v lnh vc no ng khng th

dng v. ng c nguyn tc, c lp trng, c phng php, c
vin kin, c m lc, c nhn ni, c ti n ni, c sc thuyt
phc. Tuy giu nh th nhng ng c li sng rt bnh d v cn
kim. Cho n nay ng vn trong mt ngi nh mua cch y
nhiu nm, t nm 1958, vi gi gn 32 ngn USD [tr gi 700 ngn
USD nm 2008] ti Omaha ca bang Nebraska. Tuy thnh t nh
th nhng ng khng h cch bit vi qun chng. ng n ha.
ng chn tnh. ng quan tm n ngi khc. ng khng bn xn
tr tu, kinh nghim v tin ti. Nm 2006 ng trao tng 40 t USD
21
Thi Gia Th. Mc Thin T: Lm Rng R t Min Ty Nam B. Internet
1/3/2007
111

cho nhng qu t thin, hn 30 t USD giao cho Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation. Warren Buffet l nhn vt huyn thoi, khng
ch trong th gii kinh doanh v u t, khng ch ring Hoa K.
Khi Warren Buffet ln ting mi ngi u lng nghe.
Dave Packard ngi , cng vi Bill Hewlett, sng lp
cng ty Hewlett Packard, mt cng ty ln trong s 50 cng ty ln
nht ca th gii vi tng doanh thu hn 30 t USD mt nm v hn
100 ngn nhn vin tnh vo gia thp 1990. i vi cng ty HP th
Dave l mt huyn thoi y mu sc. i vi dn chng Hoa K,
ng l mt anh hng. Dave Packard sinh ra v ln ln ti Pueblo,
Colorado, con ca mt lut s hnh ngh ph nh, am m ch
to radio t lc 12 tui, theo hc k s in ti i hc Stanford.
Ti i hc ny Dave v Bill tr thnh l hc tr c nht ca
Frederick Terman, bn thn ca v gio s ny cng l huyn thoi
trong lng i hc. Ma h nm 1938, sau khi Bill hon tt xong
chng trnh cao hc MIT, Dave v Bill thnh lp cng ty HP theo
li khuyn ca gio s Terman. Tng s vn u t ch vn vn
538 USD v bn doanh l phng u xe (ga ra) ti nh Dave. Vi
s khi u khim nhng HP sau hn na th k tr thnh
mt i cng ty. Trong sut on ng di ny Dave Packard v
Bill Hewlett l hai ng lc ln nht trong cng ty mang n thnh
tu . Ni mt cch kch ha hn, Dave v Bill l hai nguyn soi
ca chin trng trn mi bc ng chinh phc. V mi chin
trng trn sut na th k trng chinh , chin tng ch c th
thnh danh nu h c th lm cho l thuyt i lin vi thc dng,
rao ging i lin vi hnh ng, c m i lin vi hin thc, u
li i lin vi con tim, ch st i lin vi tm lng lng. V
hai ng lm c iu ny. n ngy Dave la i, thng 5 nm
112
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
1996, nhn vin ca cng ty HP bt khc khi nghe tin v qun
chng t v nh th ca i hc Stanford nh l tic thng.
Trong s nhng ngi tham d tang l c Condoleezza Rice v
George Shultz, hai v cu ngoi trng Hoa K. Ni v cm ngh
ca ng i vi Dave Packard, Lew Platt, CEO ca HP, cng
khai tn thn kinh nghim bn thn gn gi nht ca ci gi l v
i.
George Washington Carver (1864-1943) sinh ra trong mt
gia nh n l ti Diamon Grove bang Missouri. T khi sinh ra ng
l mt a b hay b bnh. Tuy th cht yu ui khng thch
hp vi cng vic nng tri nhng ng li rt yu thch thin nhin.
T lc nh ng t to cho mnh mt khu vn bn cnh bn mt
cnh rng ri sut ngy quanh qun ni chuyn vi cy c. Sau
ng t ch c thuc cho mnh vi vt liu t khu vn ca
mnh nn c ngi ta phong cho danh hiu l Plant Doctor.
Carver n trng hc mun tui 12 v trc khng th vo
trng hc a phng. L do: ng l ngi da en! ng phi t
bit cha m nui, Susan v Moses Carver, [l ch nhn ca ngi
m sinh ra ng, ngi m n l b bn vo nh ng b Carver t
lc 13 tui sau b bt cc a v Confederate of Arkansas ri
khng cn tung tch, sau George Washington Carver tr
thnh l con nui ca ng b Carver], ti Newton County thuc
min ty nam Missouri mi c c hi vo trng. Ti y, ng
chnh thc bc vo hnh trnh gio dc. Ngi trng ng theo hc
ch c mt phng hc duy nht. ng va hc va lao ng tr
hc ph. Sau mt thi gian ngn y, ng i cng vi mt gia
nh khc n Fort Scott bang Kansas.
Nm 1890, sau khi b
Highland University t chi v k th mu da, Carver c trng

113

Simpson College ti Indianola bang Iowa nhn vo. ng nhanh
chng ni ting vi ti nng hi ha ca mnh [nhng tc phm ca
ng sau ny c trin lm chung vi nhng tc phm ni ting
khc trong Worlds Columbian Exposition Art Exhibit]. Nhng con
tim ca Carver li hng v khoa hc nng nghip nhiu hn cho
nn ng i trng t Simpson sang Iowa Argricultural College
[by gi l Iowa State University]. Ti y, thm mt ln na, ng
chng minh ti nng ca mnh v c nh trng mi li lm
ging vin ca trng ngay sau khi va tt nghip, nm 1894, ngi
da en u tin nhn c danh d . ng c tt c t do
theo ui nhng nghin cu nng nghip ni chung v thc vt ni
ring trong nh knh trng cy [greenhouse] ca i hc.
Nm
1895 ng l ng tc gi ca mt lot bi v phng nga v tr bnh

nm cho cy anh o. Nm 1896 ng nhn bng cao hc ngnh
nng nghip. Nm 1897 ng khm ph ra hai loi nm mi, v
chng mang tn ng. Cui nm , Booker T. Washington, ngi
sng lp Kustegee Institute, thuyt phc Carver v lm gim c
chng trnh nng nghip cho hc vin. Ti Kustegee, Carver
pht trin phng php lun canh v hng dn cho nng dn min
nam Hoa K thc hin phng php nm trc trng u phng
nm sau trng bng vi ti to dinh dng trong t. Phng
php ca ng gip nng dn t thu hoch cao, a n thng d
u phng. ng li vi u nghin cu v pht minh nhng sn
phm lm bng u phng, t u n cho ti mc in, gip cho
nng dn v nng nghip. Ri sau khi ng khm ph ra l khoai
lang [sweet potato] v h o [pecan] c kh nng ti to dinh
dng cho t, ng li pht minh ra thm nhng sn phm khc
lm t nhng thc vt ny, trong c vt liu tri mt ng v
114
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
cht liu gi cao su [synthetic rubber]. Nh nhng pht minh ca
ng m c mt k ngh mi thnh hnh. Ri ng li tip tc nghin
cu. C i ng to c c thy trn 300 sn phm lm t u
phng, 175 sn phm lm t khoai lang, 60 sn phm lm t h
o. ng cng pht minh cch ly mu t t st vng Alabama,
cch lm dy thng t si ca thn cy bp, phng php lm mt
lng dn g [veneers] t r ca cy c ln [palmetto root], phng
php sn xut du sn [paints] v du nhum [stains] t u nnh,
v cch ch to mu nhum, vi hn 500 mu sc, cho ngnh dt.
Du sng ch nhiu nh vy nhng Carver khng cu chng, ngoi
tr ba bng sng ch lin quan n du sn, du nhum v m
phm, v khng gi c quyn sn xut v theo li ng ni, Thng
ban cho ti th lm sau ti c th em bn cho ngi khc?
Danh ting ca Carver bay cao v bay xa. ng c mi thuyt
trnh trc Quc Hi Hoa K. ng c nhng tay thng th
trong k ngh v pht minh coi trng v tm n xin t vn. ng
c Henry Ford ngh partnership nhng ng t chi. ng
c Thomas Edison, nh pht minh ni ting ca th k, mi v
lm vic vi cng ty Edison Laboratories, ti Orange Grove bang
New Jersey, vi s lng khng l [cha tng nghe trc ] l 100
ngn USD mt nm, gp 100 ln lng ca ng ang lm vic ti
Kustegee Institute, cng vi c s vt cht hin i cho ng s
dng, nhng ng nh nhng t chi. V ng t chi nhiu c
hi khc na. Nm 1920 Carver nhn huy chng Spingarn Medal
ca NAACP. Nm 1928 Simpson College trao tng Carver bng
Tin S Danh D ngnh Khoa Hc. Nm 1924 Carver ni ting hn
na sau khi b New York Time ch trch trong bi bo Men of
Science Never Talk That Way v tc gi bi bo cho rng pht biu

115

Thng hng dn ti lm nghin cu ca Carver l khng
tng thng vi nguyn tc khoa hc. T nm 1923 cho ti nm
1933, c nhiu cun sch v nhiu bi vit v ng nh l cun
From Captivity to Fame ca Raleigh Howard Meritt n hnh nm
1929 hoc bi A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse ca James
Saxon Childers trong American Magazine nm 1932 v trong
Reader Digest nm 1937. Nm 1935 ng c ch nh l ngi
iu hp cho Division of Plant Mycology and Disease Survey of the
Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Nm 1939 Carver nhn huy chng Roosevelt Medal for
Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture.
Nm 1940
Carver thnh lp George Washington Carver Foundation v hin

tng 60 ngn USD, s tin dnh dm c mt i, cho t chc. Nm
1941, George Washington Carver Museum c thnh lp ti
Tukegee Institure. Nm 1942, Henry Ford cho dng Carvers slave
cabin trong Henry Ford Museum v ti Greenfield Village
Dearborn ghi vinh danh ngi bn da en ny. Ngy 5 thng 1
nm 1943, Carver t gi ci i ngay trong khun vin ca
Kustegee Institute. Nm 1946 Hoa K ch nh mnh t nng tri
ni m ng ln ln nm xa l khu vn k nim ca quc gia v
cng b ngy 5 thng 1 hng nm l George Washington Carver
Day. Nm 1990 ng c c vo The National Inventors Hall of
Fame. Dr. George Washington Carver, mt ti nng ln v l mt
ngi lnh o, t chi nhng gi mi ca vinh hoa ph qu, t
chn ly mt cuc sng thanh m khim nhng phng s
nhn loi vi mt tri tim trong sng v v v li.
H Php Phm Cng Tc ra i ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1890
ti lng Bnh Lp tnh Tn An [Long An], l ngi con th 8 ca mt
116
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
gia nh theo Thin Cha gio. Cha l ng Phm Cng Thin, mt
cng chc ngho sng vi ch trng d c vi trng c u c
chng p bc bt cng tch cc nn b cc ng liu khng a v
i i xa cui cng phi b vic v qu c l lng An Ho qun
Trng Bng tnh Ty Ninh sinh sng, v m l b La Th ng.
Lc nh ng c cha m cho theo hc ch nho ti trng lng sau
mi i qua ty hc. Cha ng mt lc ng c 13 tui. Nm 1907
ng thi u Thnh Chung. Trong giai on ny hon cnh ca t
nc ti ch bi t. Vua Thnh Thi b ph v chng Php
[3/9/1907] v vua Duy Tn k v nhng chn la b ngai vng
hp tc vi Trn Cao Vn chng Php ri cui cng b Php bt
a i lu y. Trc cn bo ca t nc, kch ng bi ch
bt khut v thi kiu hng ca hai v vua tr, con tim yu nc
nng nn ca ng bng la u tranh cho nn tham gia phong
tro ng du sau ny tr v dnh c lp cho nc nh, v ng
c tn trong danh sch ca nhng ngi tr s i qua Nht du hc
vo t 4. Ti Si Gn lc phong tro ng du [1904-1907] do
hai ng Trn Chnh Chiu [Gilbert Chiu] v Lng Khc Ninh lnh
o. Cc ng thnh lp cc kinh thng hi nh Minh Tn Cng
Ngh v Nam Trung Khch Sn lm ni lu tr, hi hp cho ng
vin.
Phm Cng Tc ang hc nm th hai ti trng
Chasseloup-Laubat [Jean-Jacques Rousseau trn ng Hng

Thp T, Si Gn] cng ln b hc n hp vi anh em. Nhng
phong tro b mt thm Php khm ph sau 3 t a ngi thnh
cng. Chng n khm xt nh ca ng Trn Chnh Chiu v
khm xt c s Minh Tn Cng Ngh ca ng Lng Khc Ninh
tm bng chng. May l ng Ninh nhanh tay thiu hy h s
phi tang. Khng c bng chng bt ngi nhng Phm Cng
117

Tc v nhng ngi khc trong t chc nm trong tm ngm ca
mt v Php. Vn tip tc tham gia hot ng cch mng, nhng
cn mt hn, ng quay sang vit bi cho cc bo Lc Tnh Tn Vn
ca ng Pierre Jeanetet do Gilbert Chiu lm ch bt, Chung R
[La Cloche Flee] ca Nguyn An Ninh, Ting Ni T Do [La
Voielibre], Nng C Mn m v Cng Lun. Sau khi Gilbert Chiu
b bt v bo b ng ca, ng tr v qu. Sau , v ng phi kim
tin nui m nn nm 1910 tr thnh l cng chc ca S
Thng Chnh Si Gn. Nm 1912 m ng qua i. Sau nhiu
ngi thn trong gia nh cng ln lt b ng ra i. Nhng bun
phin ca ly bit sinh t dn ng vo con ng tm hiu th gii
tm linh. Ri sau mt thi gian c cc ng thing ling mc
khi qua c bt, m 22 rng ngy 23 thng 4 nm 1926, ti cha
Vnh Nguyn Cn Giuc, ng chnh thc tip nhn ch ca
Thng v tr thnh v h php ca mt nn o mi: Cao i
i o. T H Php Phm Cng Tc hin dng cuc i trn
vn cho o php v dn tc. Di s lnh o ca ng, song
song vi vic thit lp Php Chnh Truyn, mt c quan php l
cao nht ca Cao i, v Ban Th o, mt c quan lo vic cng
qu ca gio chng, t chc gio hi v vn hnh cng vic
hong ha o php, mt lot cng trnh vt cht cng c ng
y mnh, in hnh l (1) m mang khu thnh a Ty Ninh; (2)
kin to Ta Thnh, Bo n T v cc c s hnh chnh ca o
trong ni thnh a; (3) xy Tr Hu Cung v Thin H ng, Tr
Gic Cung v a Linh ng, Vn Php Cung v Nhn Ha ng;
(4) ct ch Long Hoa; v (5) thc hin mt s d n khc nh
ng s, cu cng, bnh vin, trng hc, ngha a, sn bay, vn
vn. Trn con ng kin to ta thnh v pht trin tn gio ng
118
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
gp phi khng t th thch gy ra t pha nh cm quyn. Nm
1941 Php ra lnh bt ng, phong ta khu vc ta thnh, ui
ht mi ngi v nguyn qun khng cho xy dng tip, ri chim
dng c s. ng b lu y ti M o (Madagasca) ngy 27 thng
7 nm 1941 cng vi 5 v chc sc v cc nh cch mng nh
Nguyn Th Truyn v Nguyn th Sang trn con tu Compige.
Trn o ng b giam cm trong ngc tht mi cho n ngy 24
thng 11 nm 1944 mi c ra ngoi lao ng. Sau ng c
a tr li Vit Nam vo ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1946. Va v ti
Vit Nam l ng tc tc triu tp tn tip tc cng vic xy
dng to thnh. Ri to thnh chnh thc khnh thnh vo nm
1955. Sau hip nh Geneve, t nc b chia i, chnh quyn
Ng nh Dim vn t trc khng hi lng vi ch trng on
kt dn tc ca H Php Phm Cng Tc nn o din mt
cuc chnh bin tn gio vi mc ch tr kh ng m con bi c
s dng l Trung Tng Nguyn Thnh Phng, tng t lnh ca
qun i Cao i. trnh khi mt cuc u tranh tng tn
trong bn o, sau hn bn thng b giam lng ti H Php ng
v chu nhiu lng nhc, ng trn qua Cambodia t nn chnh
tr . V sau mt ti thnh tht Kim Bin ngy 17 thng 5 nm
1959, li di ngn l ch mun xc thn ng tr v Vit Nam khi
t nc thc s ho bnh v c lp. Trn bnh din I, Phm
Cng Tc l mt a con ca t nc lun lun thy chung vi
dn tc. S thy chung ca ng th hin r nt qua ngh v hnh
ng chnh tr: Mc d l mt v lnh o tn gio, nhng c H
Php khng th im nhin ngi nhn ngoi bang mu dy xo

qu hng v dn tc . . . Nhn ngy i l Va c Ch Tn nm
inh Hi 1947, c H Php tuyn b: ng ngoi bang nhp
119
vo ni quyn Vit Nam ri a n cnh tng tn tng st v

lm mn hng cho cc cng quc i chc . . . Khi bit ngoi
bang c mu bn ng Vit Nam trn bn hi ngh Geneve, c
H Php lin m cuc hp bo lc 17 gi ngy 18 thng 7 nm
1954 ti Geneve . . . tuyn b: Nu Vit Minh v Php tun lnh
ngoi bang chia nc Vit Nam lm hai m khng c s chp thun
ca ton dn Vit Nam th bn o quyt chng c hai . . . Tr v
Vit Nam sau chuyn u du [5/1954], ti ta thnh Ty Ninh c
H Php gi mt thng ip thit tha ku gi [:]. . . i vi quc gia
Vit Nam, cc v lnh o min nam cng nh min bc, bn o
xin cc ng hin cho mt tm gng sng v s on kt . . . nu
cc ng c c chp theo ui mt cuc chin tranh l tng quc t
y dy nhng dc vng v phe ng th cc ng l ngi c ti vi
T Quc v Nhn Dn Vit Nam.22 Trn bnh din O, c H
Php qu tht l mt cnh tay c lc ca Thng trong s
mng hnh thnh t chc tn gio Cao i v kin to thnh a
lm nn tng pht huy i o. Hai cu ling Cao Thng Ch
Tn i o Ho Bnh Dn Ch Mc, i Tin Sng Bi Tam K

Cng Hng T Do Quyn trc cng ca To Thnh Ty Ninh
ni ln rt r s mng v mc tiu ca Cao i. V ng chnh l
mt cng trnh s, mt ngi lnh o ti cao dn dt gio dn
thc hin s mng v mc tiu n hi th sau cng. Di s
lnh o ca ng, ch trong vng mt thi gian ngn, Cao i tr
thnh mt tn gio ln chen vai st cnh vi nhng tn gio c t
lu i, tr thnh mt phng tin ln chuyn ti mt thng
22
Trch t website quinguyen.org. Din vn khai mc ca Ban T Chc i L
Ging Sinh Dc H Php nm th 119 ti hi ngoi.
120
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ip ln, tr thnh mt cng c ln chuyn ho con ngi v
x hi theo ng hng ca mt tnh thng ln, tr thnh l
mt trong nhng ct tr ln chng t nc lc phong ba, tr
thnh mt t ho ca dn tc. H Php Phm Cng Tc n vi
cuc i ny mt cch khim tn. ng sng trong cuc i ny mt
cch khim tn. V ng ri khi cuc i ny cng khng km
khim tn. ng chnh l hin thn ca s khim tn. Nhng trong
ci khim tn , ng kin to v li mt di sn v cng s
v qu bu cho hu th. Gio dn Cao i ni ring v b tnh ni
chung bit n Ngi v sng bi Ngi.
Gio Ch Hunh Ph S ra i ngy 15 thng 1 nm 1920
ti lng Ha Ho qun Tn Chu tnh Chu c, con trai c ca
mt gia nh trung lu v uy tn ti min ty nam b, cha l ng
Hunh Cng B v m l b L Th Nhm. Sau khi thi u tiu hc
ng phi ngh hc, v t nm 15 cho ti 21 tui ng mc phi mt
chng bnh khng r cn nguyn lm cho thn th b suy nhc
m khng mt thy thuc Ty y hay ng y no tr c. Mi n
nm 1939, sau mt cuc l tn nghim c t chc ti T nh
trong ngy 18 thng 5 ng chnh thc th lnh t ci trn s
mng hong ha o mu, tinh thn v th cht ca ng k t
tr nn tt hn trc nhiu tuy l vn cn bnh. V Pht Gio Ho
Ho chnh thc hnh thnh t ngy . Cng k t v sau,
ng ra tay tr bnh cu ngi v hong dng tn gio. Ti tr bnh
v ti thuyt php ca ng lm cho mt s ln qun chng min
ty ngng phc v tr thnh tn thun thnh ca c Hunh
Gio Ch.
ng dy o di hnh thc k ging vi ni dung
khuyn co v thm trng ca nhn loi trong thi k mt th v

ku gi mi ngi lm lnh lnh d, thc hin t n, v trau di
121

thin tnh. Vi li s dng ngn ng v cng bnh d nhng khng
km thm o v sc tch cng vi ch trng hc pht tu nhn i
o song hnh, ng thnh cng ln trong n lc em gio

thuyt cao siu ca c Pht vo i sng thc tin ca nng dn
t hc v chn cht. V c l cng khng qu li nu nh ni ng
thnh cng hn bt c mt nh truyn gio no trong lch s
truyn gio ca nhn loi. Ch trong vng mt thi gian ngn, tnh
vo thp nin 1940, tn Pht Gio Ha Ho ln ti 2 triu
ngi.23 S bnh trng qu nhanh n bt thng ny lm
cho Php i n quyt nh bt ng em i an tr ti nh thng
Ch Qun [Si Gn] ri sau di v Bc Liu v ti cho ti
khi c hin binh Nht gii cu nm 1942. i n u v trong
hon cnh no ng cng khng b l c hi thuyt php v qun
chng cng khng b l c hi n vi ng. Tuy l mang s
mng hnh o nhng v lng t i cha chan, thng b tnh ti
hi tai ha24 trong giai on t nc nga nghing cho nn ng

khng ngn ngi bc vo con ng cch mng thc hnh trn
vn t i trng n [n t tin cha m, n t nc, n tam bo, n
ng bo v nhn loi] m chnh ng lun lun rao ging, ng
vi tm tnh v ch Thy dn thy nc ngh m au, quyt rt c
sa khoc chin bo, ui bn xm lng gn t nc, ngn c c

lp pht ph cao.25 Nm 1943 ng nhn li c vn cho Thanh Nin
i Quc on [sau i li thnh Vit Nam i Quc ng]. Cui
23
Trch Pht Gio Ha Ho Mt Tn Gio Dn Tc ca GS. Nguyn Thnh Long
(2004) t website PGHH.org.

24
Trch t Sm Ging ca c Hunh Gio Ch
25
122
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nm 1944, ng b mt ch th cho thanh nin PGHH thnh lp Bo
An on mt s tnh min ty. Nm 1945, ng thnh lp Pht
Gio Lin Hip Hi v Vit Nam c Lp Vn ng Hi. Cui nm
1945, khi thc dn ti chim Si Gn v cc tnh min ty, ng
kt hp cc lc lng l t ca dn qun t v trang ang c t
chc thnh mt lc lng ly tn l Ngha Qun Cch Mng V
Quc Lin i Nguyn Trung Trc. Nm 1946, ng lin kt cc
chin s quc gia vi khi tn PGHH thnh lp Vit Nam Dn
Ch X Hi ng [21/9/1946] vi ch trng xy dng cng bng
x hi v dn ch ho Vit Nam. ng thi, ng cng gi ngi
ra hi ngoi mc ni vi cc nh cch mng lu vong thnh lp
Mt Trn Thng Nht Ton Quc. u nm 1947, tn PGHH
min ty mnh m chng li ch trng khng tr ca y Ban Vit
Minh. V khng mun ct nhc tng tn cho nn ng v min
ty ng ra ha gii hu gi c s on kt duy tr sc mnh
chng thc dn. Nhng v ch trng, gio thuyt v nh hng
su rng ca ng i vi qun chng l mi e da rt ln cho mc
tiu v d tm chnh tr ca nhng ngi Cng Sn cho nn mt m
u c dn dng m st ng ti c Vng ngy 16 thng 4
nm 1947. Kt qu l Gio Ch Hunh Ph S, mt thanh nin u
t ca t nc, c dng dp nho nh ca mt th sinh, c phong
thi ca mt nh hin trit, c kim ngn v tri tim v u ca mt i
b tt, c gan mt dng cm ca mt chin tng trong thi lon,
c kh phch v bn lnh ca mt nh lnh o . . . t ngt bin
mt khi th gian . . . li gic m th gii ln ha ho, nh Pht
con Tin h ming ci.26 Tuy ch n vi th gian vn vn 27
26
123

nm, nhng ng hin dng trn vn nhng g ng c th hin
dng cho t nc v cho o php. Thi gian ng n vi th gian
tuy ngn, nhng di sn ng li cho th gian khng ngn v cng
khng nh. Pht Gio Ha Ho, mt trong nhng ct tr ln nng
t nc lc phong ba, l mt di sn ng t ho ca dn tc v
nghn nm sau vn l mt t ho ca dn tc.
Tn bit n, v
dn tc cng bit n, cho nn h sng bi Ngi, vnh vin sng bi

Ngi.
c nhn vt L Thng Kit, Trn Nhn Tng, Mc Cu v Mc
Thin T, Warren Buffet, Dave Packard, George Washington

Carver, H Php Phm Cng Tc, Gio Ch Hunh Ph S ch l
mt vi th d in hnh ca nhng ngi lnh o u t ca mt
thi. H c qun chng yu mn v th hin nhng gi tr
sng, nguyn tc sng, phng din sng, l li sng, vn vn
c qun chng chp nhn v nh gi cao. H c qun chng
th phng [ngha en hoc ngha bng] v t nng, t cht, c
tnh, cung cch v v th x hi ca h ta sng ho quang v
lm li ch cho mun ngi.
Vi nhng con ngi ch trng khng tr, c th h khng
cn c tnh tt thnh cng. Ngc li h c th cho nhng c
tnh tt l du hiu ca s yu ui v bt li. H khng cn chinh
phc ngi khc. H khng cn qun chng t nguyn i theo. H
bt mi ngi phi khip s v lm theo nhng g h mun. Nhng
trong nhng x hi lnh mnh v thong hot nhng c tnh tt l
nn tng cho qun chng t nim tin ni mt ngi lnh o,
124
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ngi lnh o ng ngha. Do , hun tp tht nhiu c tnh tt
c th hun tp v mi gia nhng c tnh xu n khng cn
thy gai cnh l iu khng th thiu trong n lc trau di bn thn
ca nhng ngi thch hp lnh o.
rong tin trnh hc tp ngi ta thc r hn v s tng quan
ca bn thn i vi ngoi gii v chn la cho mnh nhng gi tr

sng, nguyn tc sng, phng din sng, l li sng, vn vn.
ng thi ngi ta cng thc r hn v t nng, t cht, c tnh,
cung cch v v th x hi ca mnh. V nh nhng thc ny,
ngi ta c nhng n lc trao di bn thn.
T nng, t cht, c tnh, cung cch v v th x hi khng
hin hu c lp nhau cho nn mt n lc ci thin ng k ca bt
c mt yu t no trong s cng s nng nhng yu t khc ln
mt tng mi cng vi n.
Gi tr sng, nguyn tc sng,
phng din sng, l li sng khng hin hu c lp nhau cho nn

mt n lc ci thin ng k ca bt c mt yu t no trong s
cng s nng nhng yu t khc ln mt tng mi cng vi n.
T nng, t cht, c tnh, cung cch v v th x hi cng
khng hin hu c lp vi gi tr sng, nguyn tc sng, phng
din sng, l li sng. Chng lin h rng rt vi nhau cho nn mt
n lc ci thin ng k ca bt c mt yu t no trong s cng
s nng nhng yu t khc ln mt tng mi cng vi n.
Lm cho bn thn tr thnh mt ngi thch hp lnh
o v gi cho bn thn lun lun l mt ngi thch hp lnh
o l mt n lc tch cc v l mt tin trnh lin tc. N din ra
125

trc khi m trch vai tr lnh o. N din ra tch cc hn v su
sc hn trong lc m trch vai tr lnh o. Lm cho bn thn t
ti ch tr thnh mt ngi thch hp lnh o gi l bit dn
mnh. Lm cho bn bn thn t ti ch lun lun l mt ngi
thch hp lnh o gi l bit gi mnh.
126
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Bit Dn Mnh
Bc Vo V i Lnh o
t ngi thch hp lnh o bit dn mnh trc khi

m trch vai tr lnh o. Dn mnh l chun b
bc vo v i lnh o. Nh ni, mt thc th
thch hp lnh o ch c th hnh thnh v ni cm t trn bn

thn ca mt c nhn c y cht liu thch hp lnh o.
Do mt ngi thch hp lnh o khng nhng phi trang b
y t nng, trau di t cht, lm p th tnh, tu tp c tnh,
mi gia cung cch, vun bi v th x hi mt cch tng qut m
cn phi c bit trang b cho bn thn c y t nng lnh o,
trau di t cht lnh o, lm p th tnh lnh o, tu tp c tnh
lnh o, mi gia cung cch lnh o, v vun bi v th lnh o.
Nhng n lc tp trung vo vic hun tp bn sc v bn lnh lnh
o cho bn thn gi l dn mnh bc vo v i lnh o.
L Li n mnh ni thn d mu cu cng cuc khng
chin nh ui qun Minh. Ln th nh tr li Lam Sn, chnh
Nguyn Tri tn mt nhn thy L Li thc khuya nghin ngm
binh th nn xin vo ra mt v sau gia nhp lc lng khng
chin di s lnh o ti cao ca ngi anh hng o vi ny. Ri
127

vi hai bn tay trng, vi mt con tim nng tnh dn tc v vi mt
kho tng bn thn thch hp lnh o, L Li cng vi 18
nhn vt kit lit trong b phn lnh o tung n cng tm
em i ngha dit hung tn, ly ch nhn thay cng bo i
tr vi n cng tm ph Trn dit H ca ch v pht cao ngn
c chnh ngha trng k khng chin chng qun Minh. Sau 10
nm khng chin rng r dn qun Vit cui cng cng qut sch
qun Minh ra khi b ci. V sau khi khi phc li nn c lp l
mt lot cng trnh xy dng li t nc. Ti nng lnh o v
cng nghip ln lao ca L Li khng phi t nhin m c c, n
l hoa tri l kt tinh ca mt qu trnh chun b bn thn lu di
v tch cc c mt bn lnh lnh o trc khi bc ln v i
lnh o. Ni mt cch khc, L Li bit dn mnh trc khi hin
thn Bnh nh Vng m trch vai tr lnh o.
Nguyn Tri, hiu c Trai, con ca Phi Khanh Nguyn ng
Long, l ngi lng Nh Kh huyn Thng Phc, u tin s lc mi
20 tui di thi H Hn Thng. Lm n chc Ng S i Chnh
Chng. Nm 1407, cha v hai em ca ng b Trng Ph bt y
sang Tu. Lc chia tay ti i Nam Quan, Phi Khanh dn ng thi
ng i theo khc lc lm g, hy quay v lo vic tr th cho cha

ra hn cho nc. Ri mi ti nm 1420 Nguyn Tri mi xut u
l din. Ti thi im ny ng cng vi 18 v anh hng Lam Sn
kt c hi th ti Lng Nhai lo toan vic cu nc. T nm 1407
cho ti 1420 c kh nhiu cuc ni dy in hnh l cc cuc ni
dy ca Cng Chng, Phm Ngc, Phm Thin, L Ng nhng
ng k nht l cuc ni dy ca Gin nh Trn Ngi v Trng
Quang Trn Qu Khoch. Trong hn mt thp nin Nguyn
Tri im lng quan st thi cuc v ch i c hi. Thi im
128
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
lng ca Nguyn Tri l tu luyn t to cho mnh mt kh nng
hiu bit, t tm hc tr thnh mt ngi hu dng, trong cng
cuc khng chin Nguyn Tri dnh nhiu thi gi suy ngh v
mt chin thut chin lc mi cu nc.27 Mt ln na bng
chng cho thy, thai nghn trong mt qu trnh lu di v tch cc
cho n lc c y bn lnh lnh o Nguyn Tri mi hin thn
Hn Lm Tha Ch gip L Li. Ni mt cch khc, ng bit
dn mnh trc khi bc ra gnh vc vai tr lnh o.
Mark Luther King Jr. trc khi bc ln v i lnh o
mit mi kinh s khng t. Nhng ng khng dng li . ng
khng nhng vun bi kho tng bn thn mt cch tng qut m ng
cn c bit o luyn cho mnh mt bn lnh lnh o sau ny
bng cch tm kim nhng hc thuyt v phng cch u tranh ci
t x hi. Trc khi tr thnh ngi lnh o ca phong tro dn
quyn, tin s King ngi trong nhng kho hi tho ngn hn do
nh th t chc trong nm 1948 v ti ni ng tp trung vo
vic tm kim gii php cha bnh cho x hi. ng i ti kt
lun rng tnh thng ng l mt sc mnh hu hiu ha gii
s xung t gia c nhn vi c nhn, nhng khng gii
quyt nhng vn nn x hi. ng cng tin rng gio thuyt a
m cn li cho ngi ta tt tip hoc hy thng yu k th cng

ch c gi tr gia hai c nhn ch khng th p dng gia nhng
nhm cc oan hoc gia nhng quc gia cc oan. Cng trong
thi gian ny ng c c hi tm hiu v Gandhi cng nh gio thuyt
ca Gandhi. Tin s King b cun ht bi khi nim satyagraha
(mnh lc ca tnh thng). V ng cng khm ph ra l gio l
27
Ng Hu, Dng C i Ngha Quang Phc T Quc, trang 4, 12/25/2004
129

yu thng ca Thin Cha phi hp vi phng php bt bo
ng ca Gandhi l mt v kh c nhiu ha hn nht v lun lun
c sn trong tay ca nhng ngi b p bc ang u tranh i t
do. Tuy nhin, tin s King vn cn hoi nghi v hiu qu ca v khi
ny trong x hi Hoa K. V sau, khi c hi lnh o phong tro i
dn quyn m ra cho ng, tin s King c dp p dng nhng g
mnh khm ph. ng tr nn tin tng hn vo hc thuyt, cm
nhn su sc hn v sc mnh ca n v nhun nhuyn hn trong
p dng. Nh vo n ng tr thnh mt ngi lnh o ln ca t
nc Hoa K. ng bit dn mnh trc khi bc vo v i lnh
o.
130
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Bit Gi Mnh Trong Lc

Gnh Vc Vai Tr Lnh o
t ngi thch hp lnh o phi bit gi mnh trong

lc ang lnh o, gnh vc cng vic lnh o mt
cch hiu qu v cn c hi tip tc vai tr lnh o
trong tng lai. Bit gi mnh c ngha l bit lng nghe, bit thch
ng v bit ti to.
Bit Lng Nghe
rong k thut truyn thng, s truyn t ni dung ca mt bn
tin mun t ti mc trn vn th ton b hot trnh truyn thng

(communication process) phi t hiu qu cao.
Trong , h
thng pht sng (transmitter, transmitting system) s ghp (to

modulate, to embed) sng m thanh ca bn tin (intelligent signals),
tn s t bn trm chu k cho n hai chc k l chu k trong mt
giy ng h (400hz - 20khz), vo mt sng ti (carrier signal) c
tn s tht cao vi k thut ghp sng theo trng (frequency
131

modulation, F.M.) hoc k thut ghp sng theo cng (altitude
modulation, A.M.) v ri tn hiu hn hp (modulated signals)
c chuyn n ct pht sng (transmitting antenna) truyn i
khp khng gian.
Pha u nhn, mt h thng nhn sng
(receiver, receiving system) s nhn ly tn hiu hn hp t xa

truyn ti qua ct nhn sng ca chnh n (receiving antenna) v
chuyn vo mt b phn tch sng (demodulator) lc ly sng
m thanh ca bn tin vi k thut tch sng theo trng
(frequency demodulation) hoc k thut tch sng theo cng
(altitude demodulation) ri sau chuyn sng m thanh ca bn
tin n b phn pht thanh (speaker). Gia h thng pht sng v
h thng nhn sng l mt khng gian y dy nhng m ba khc
xen ln do rt c th hiu qu ca hot trnh truyn thng s b
gim i phn no v sng hn hp b nhiu ng (noises).
Gia ngi vi ngi, hot trnh truyn thng cng khng
khc. N i hi ngh ca ngi ni phi c chuyn ghp mt
cch chnh xc vo m ng t ca ming ca ngi ni chuyn
n l tai ca ngi nghe. u nhn, l tai ca ngi nghe s thu
ly m ng t ca ming ca ngi ni v ri chuyn dch li ton
b ni dung hiu ngh ca ngi ni. Tuy nhin, hiu qu
truyn thng gia ngi vi ngi khng c nh nht (not
consistent) nh l hiu qu truyn thng gia my vi my, v nhiu
l do. Th nht, c th ngn ng c s dng khng th hin
chnh xc ngh ca ca ngi ni. Th hai, c th ngi nghe
khng hiu chnh xc ngh ca ngi ni, du rng ngn ng din
t c s dng rt chnh xc vi ngh ca ngi ni. Th ba, c
th s truyn thng b nhiu sng mi trng v cuc m thoi din
ra trong mt khng gian c nhng th chung quanh lm long s
132
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tp trung ca ngi nghe ln ngi ni, du l c hai u c kh
nng ni v nghe rt cao. Th t, ngh ca ngi ni c th b
hiu mt cch mo m (distorted) v nhng kinh nghim v cm xc
ca ngi nghe lm cho mt i kh nng lng nghe mt cch trung
thc. T trong b no ca ngi ni, cho n ca ming ca ngi
ni, cho ti l tai ca ngi nghe, cho n b no ca ngi nghe
v i ngc li l mt tin trnh c nhiu c hi nh mt ngha
trung thc ca nhng g c thng tin gia hai c nhn.
gia tng hiu qu ngi nghe v ngi ni c th p
dng mt s k thut gii hn nhng th lm nhiu ng n t
bn ngoi v t bn trong. hn ch nhng nhiu ng n t
ngoi gii: chn la mt khng gian v thi gian thch hp cho cuc
m thoi, khng s vic khc hoc ngi khc lm quy trong
lc m thoi.
hn ch nhng nhiu ng n t ni gii: m thoi vi
tt c s tp trung, nghe m khng vi phn on v khng vi ln
ting, nghe vi s rng m v bnh ng, nghe nh l chnh ngi
ni ang nghe ting ni ca chnh mnh, nghe trong ngn ng, nghe
trong nh mt, nghe trn khun mt, nghe t mi ng tc nh
nht, nghe trong hi th, nghe t nhng chuyn ng vi t ca i
tng, nghe cho n khi ngi ni trnh by xong. V trn sut
chng ng phi phi kim, mi mc then cht, s tip nhn
chnh xc ca nhng iu mnh nghe.
Tuy nhin, p dng tt c nhng k thut trn cng khng
chc t c hiu qu truyn thng. ngh ca con ngi l
mt sn phm v cng phc tp. Ngi ni din t c ngh
ca mnh mt cch trung thc l mt iu kh. Ngi nghe tm bt
trung thc ngh ca i tng li cng kh hn v no l thut ng
133

(terminology), no l biu tng (symbol), no l n d (metaphor),
no l ng ngn (parable), no l in tch (classical reference),
no l mt m (code), no l n (implication), no l suy din
(deductive method), no l quy np (inductive method), no l
cng iu tit tu . . . trn vo nhau bin ha v gii hn. Ci ct
ly ca ngh c trang im vi nhiu lp bc y mu sc d tr
thnh mt sn phm kh tiu ha trong no trng ca ngi nghe.
V i khi trong bi cnh t nh ngi nghe v ngi ni khng th
hoc khng c c hi trn lt nhng v bc cho ngh ca
ngi ni c hin l mt cch trn tri v trung thc nh n l.
Cho nn c th ni tm bt c mt cch trung thc ngh
ca i tng tr thnh l cng vic rt kh. Hay ni mt cch
khc, kh nng lng nghe khng nhng l mt k thut m cn l
mt ngh thut. Bit lng nghe l mt k thut v l mt ngh thut
m bt c mt ngi lnh o gii no cng phi c kh nng ny.
V hn th na, kh nng bit lng nghe ca mt ngi
lnh o khng ch nm trong gii hn truyn thng gia mt c
nhn vi mt c nhn (personal communication). Ngi lnh o
gii phi bit lng nghe tp th (interpersonal communication) v
phi bit lng nghe t chc (organizational communication), phi
bit lng nghe qua l tai ca chnh mnh cng nh lng nghe qua l
tai ca c trnh (institutionalized mechanism), phi bit lng nghe
ting ni (verbal communication) cng nh lng nghe nhng th
vt ngoi ting ni (non-verbal communication), lng nghe nhng
ch du (key measures; leading/trailing indicators) v kt qu (key
measures/ performance results) cng nh lng nghe s phn hi
(feedback/ feed forward).
134
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ing ni v s vn dng bn thn ca mt ngi lnh o, bit
lng nghe y c bit mun ni ti nhng vic st thc hn: (1)

bit thit lp mt h thng thng tin thong hot v hiu qu; (2)
bit lt ly, ghi nhn, phn tch v tn dng thng tin, c bit l
ch ti nhng ch du cho thy nhng nguy c c th xy ra; (3)
bit to lp v bi dng mt mi trng thong hot mi ngi
c th tch cc ng gp ting ni xy dng, khng lo ngi b trng
pht n ni ch gi im lng hoc ch ni mt chiu theo thng
cp; (4) bit tm n nhng ngi ti gii hn mnh tht nhiu
tham vn v li ko h v vy bc chung quanh; (5) bit hi ng
ngi ty theo vic v ng lc ty theo tnh hnh; (6) bit chp
phn s ph phn ca bn v ca i phng ri dng lm c
s ti thm nh li vn v iu chnh li k sch; v (7) quan
trng hn ht l bit nhn li v cm n nhng ngi ch im s
sai lm hoc s thiu st hoc s nng cn; dm ni ti sai l c
tnh ca mt ngi lnh o t tin v c m lc.
Nguyn Kim khi ngha gip nh L nh nh Mc ri i ly
c t Thanh Ngh. Sau ra nh Sn Nam b hng tng nh
Mc l Dng Chp Nht nh thuc c cht. Binh quyn giao li
cho con r l Trnh Kim. Nguyn Kim c hai ngi con l Nguyn
Ung v Nguyn Hong cng lm tng v lp c nhiu cng.
Ngi anh Nguyn Ung c phong Lang Qun Cng. Ngi em
Nguyn Hong c phong Thi y on Qun Cng. Trnh Kim
v s h Nguyn tranh mt quyn lc ca mnh nn kim chuyn
git Nguyn Ung. Nguyn Hong s b hi nn cho ngi thn tn
ra Hi Dng hi k ng Nguyn Bnh Khim. Tin sinh ban cho
135

cu honh sn nht i, kh d dung thn. Theo li dy, Nguyn
Hong mi nn n ch l Ngc Bo xin vi Trnh Kim cho vo trn
pha Nam.
Trnh Kim ng v tu vi vua L An Tng cho
Nguyn Hong vo trn t Thun Ha. Nhiu ngi h hng

huyn Tng Sn cng qun lnh Thanh Ngh cng dt du v con
i theo. Nguyn Hong vo ng x i T thuc huyn ng
Xng tnh Qung Tr. Nguyn Hong l ngi khn ngoan li
nhn c, bit thu dng nhn ti, bit ly lng dn, bit lo vic ln.
Ri t y v sau nng vo pha Nam m tung honh mt ci.
Con chu i sau truy tn ng l Gia D Hong v ngi ng
thi gi ng l Cha Tin. Nguyn Hong l mt ngi bit lng
nghe gi mnh trong lc ang gnh vc vai tr lnh o v nh
dng nn c nghip ln.
Di thi Trn Nhn Tng, Hng o i Vng Trn
Quc Tun c vua giao trng trch ton quyn lnh o ba qun
chng gic Nguyn Mng bo v t quc. Trong lc di tn chin
lc c ln Trn Quc Tun th l chuyn An Sinh Vng dn
ng con khng v cha ly c thin h th cha di sui vng
cng khng nhm mt c vi Yt Kiu v D Tng, hay ngi

cn v ca ng. Yt Kiu v D Tng nghe ng ni vy can
gin Lm k y tuy c ph qu mt thi nhng li ting xu
ngn nm. Nay i vng h chng ph v qu hay sao? Chng

ti th cht gi lm gia n ch khng mun lm quan m khng c
trung hiu. Nghe nhng li ny Hng o i Vng cm phc
n khc nghn. Khng ai bit r l Trn Quc Tun ch mun th
thch hai ngi cn v ca mnh hay l thc lng tm s vi h.
Nhng du g i na th mt s tht vn khng th chi ci l Hng
136
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
o i Vng bit lng nghe gi mnh, du l nghe t
ca ming ca nhng ngi thuc h ngn c b ming di thp.
Lc Hng o i Vng Trn Quc Tun hp hi trn
ging bnh, vua Trn Anh Tng hi ng Ri khi i Vng
khut ni i ri, gic Bc li sang, th i ph nh th no? Ngi

p, Xa Triu V lp quc, vua Hn ct qun sang nh.
Triu V cho dn t ph sch quang ng ni khng cho

ch cp bc lng tho ri em i binh ra chu Lim, chu
Khm, nh Trng Sa, dng on binh nh p: l mt thi. i
inh, i L la dng c ngi hin lng. By gi bn Bc
ang mi mt, suy yu, cn bn Nam th mi m hng cng, trn
di ng mt , lng dn khng chia r p thnh Bnh L m ph
c Tng: l mt thi. Nh L dng nghip, qun Tng dm
ng b ci, L triu dng L Thng Kit nh Khm Lim, tin n
Mai Lnh: l c th lm c. Trc y Toa , M Nhi vy
ta bn mt. Chng ta vua ti ng tm, anh em ha thun, c nc
hp sc chng mi b bt: l lng tri xui nn. i khi k kia
cy trng trn, ta c on binh: ly on ch trng, l thi
thng ca binh php. Qun ch m m trn n nh la, nh gi,
th y d tr. Nu n dng chc tm n l du, khng cn mau
thng, khng cp bc lng dn th ta phi la dng lng tng,
xem tnh hnh m liu quyn bin nh nh c vy. Nhng phi ty
tng lc m chin u ct c binh tng thn tn nh tnh cha con
th mi dng c. V phi ni lng sc dn lm ci chc r
su gc vng l phng sch gi nc hay hn c. Ch vi by
nhiu li ni cng cho thy Hng o i Vng nghin cu
rt k lch s chin tranh t thi thng c [gia] Bc phng v

chng ta v rt ly tinh ty ca nhng hiu bit v chin tranh ln
137

vic tr nc c ng li khng hn 300 ch chuyn giao cho
Trn Anh Tng. Thin ti lnh o ba qun ca ng khng phi t
nhin m c. N l hoa tri ca c mt i ngi tch cc. Trn
Hng o tuy sp ra i nhng vn khng b l c hi lng nghe
nhu cu ca th h lnh o ni tip. Cn Trn Anh Tng l ngi
ang lnh o t nc cng khng b l c hi lng nghe t
bc thy ca mnh hc hi trau di bn thn cho sc p ng
nhu cu tng lai. Ni mt cch khc, Trn Anh Tng bit lng
nghe gi mnh trong lc ang m trch vai tr lnh o.
Sau khi qut sch qun Minh ra khi t nc, nm
1428 L Li ln ngi Hong v ly hiu l L Thi T. Tri qua
20 nm b n p, bc lt, tn ph, t nc hu chin i din vi
nhng kh khn ln lao. L Thi T phi dn ht tr lc v tm lc
kho lo gii quyt. Nm 1429, L Thi T ban hnh nhiu sc
lnh quan trng. V mt trong nhng sc lnh , ban hnh ngy
26 thng 2, c ni dung nh sau: ra lnh cho cc v i thn v cc
quan hnh khin: Nu thy cc iu lnh ca trm c iu g

phng hi n vic qun, vic nc, hoc cc vic sai dch khng
hp l, hoc thu kha nng n, hoc nh c vic t dm bo
ngc th tu xin sa li. Li ra lnh cho cc ngn quan rng : Nu
thy trm c chnh lnh h khc, thu kha nng n, ngc hi
lng dn, thng cng pht ti khng ng, khng ng theo php
xa, hay cc i thn, quan li, tng hiu, quan chc trong ngoi
khng gi php, nhn hi l, nhiu hi lng dn, thin h phi
php, th phi dng s n hc ngay. . . L Thi T t bit mnh
cn phi lng nghe. Khng phi ch mt mnh ng cn phi lng
nghe m tt c triu thn lnh o t nc cng cn phi lng
nghe. V ng th hin ci thit tha mun lng nghe ca mnh qua
138
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
sc lnh, t thnh chnh sch, s dng ngn quan. ng c
m lc chnh sch ha v thit lp mt c trnh hn hoi cng
khai phi by v chp nhn ci sai ca mnh trc qun thn nhm
canh ci. Ni mt cch khc, L Thi T thc s bit lng nghe
gi mnh.
Trn Nhn Tng va mi ln ngi, thng 10 nm 1278, l
phi ng u vi vin cnh chin tranh. ng ban hnh mt
lot chnh sch x hi, chnh tr, ngoi giao, qun s v kinh t
ro rit cng c ni lc i Vit chun b i u vi Nguyn Mng.
Thng 12 nm 1282, Trn Nhn Tng cho t chc hi ngh Bnh
Than bn k chng gic. Thng 11 nm 1283, Trn Nhn Tng
cho hi tt c vng hu em ton binh lc thy b tp trn ri
phong cho Trn Quc Tun lm Quc Cng Tit Ch Thng Lnh
Thin H Ch Qun S v giao trch nhim cho nhng tng ti
chun b chin tranh. Thng 12 nm 1284, ngay trc lc chin
tranh v quc ln hai bt u, Thi Thng Hong Trn Thnh
Tng, cha ca vua Trn Nhn Tng, cho hp hi ngh Din Hng
hi k nh gic. Cu hi then cht trong hi ngh ln sau cng ny
l c nn nh hay khng? S chun b ro rit ca b phn lnh
o nh Trn cho thy mt iu rt r: quyt tm chng Nguyn
Mng xm lc cu nc l iu c xc nh du cho nhn
dn c chn la khc. Nhng ci tuyt vi ca cu hi --cng vi
ngi hi, thi gian v bi cnh c hi-- nm trong nhng mc
ch ca n. Mt cu hi phi kim li tnh hnh, thm nh
ln cht ch u tranh ca dn tc, vn ng thc v quyt
tm khng chin, th hin ha t pha chnh quyn s tn trng
ng mc ting ni ca nhn dn, mt thit ha s gn gi
gia chnh quyn v nhn dn, lm su dy thm nim tin ca
139

nhn dn i vi chnh quyn, c s hu thun tuyt i ca
nhn dn. Ngy 26 thng 12 nm 1284, thi im bt u cuc
chin tranh v quc, qun Nguyn Mng nh vo Vnh Chu, Ni
Bng, Thit Lc v Chi Lng. Ch sau 5 ngy tin qun t Lc
Chu xung cnh qun pha Ty ca Bt La p Nh cng nh
cnh i qun ca Thot Hoan ph v tuyn phng ng pha
Bc, ch yu bo v Thng Long, ca qun i Vit v bt u tin
xung ng bng pha Nam. Mt trn Ni Bng tan v trong tnh
hung hon ton bt li, thm ch c v bt ng.28 Nhn c tin
bo, Trn Nhn Tng dng thuyn nh b n i sut ngy m ra
Hi ng gp mt Hng o i Vng Trn Quc Tun. Sau
lng thuyn, Trn Nhn Tng cho treo hai cu th: Ci K vic c
ng nn nh, Hoan i vn cn mi vn qun. Gp mt Trn

Quc Tun, vua hi Th gic to nh vy m chng vi n th dn
s tn hi, hay l trm hy chu u hng i cu mun dn?

Trn Quc Tun p B h ni cu y th tht l li nhn c,
nhng m tn miu x tc th sao?Nu b h mun hng, xin trc

hy chm u ti i , ri sau s hng. Ton b din tin va
cp cho thy mt s vn : (1) H thng thng tin nhanh chng v
chnh xc ca i Vit; (2) Trn Nhn Tng bm st tnh hnh ti
mc gn nh c mt ang lc din ra (realtime information,
almost!); (3) Vi vai tr lnh o ti cao, Trn Nhn Tng thm
nh li tinh thn chin u ca ngi ch huy chin trng ngay
sau khi chin lc phng th b tan v; (4) S xut hin ca v lnh
o ti cao ti mt trn v vic c thng bo cho bit v tim lc
28
L Mnh Tht, Ton Tp Trn Nhn Tng, trang 63, xb nm 2000 ti TP HCM, nxb
TP HCM
140
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ca i Vit ang du Hoan i gip cho tinh thn qun binh
khng b suy sp. Ri n cuc chin v quc ln th ba, trong
cuc hi ngh cao cp nht, Trn Nhn Tng hi Hng o i
Vng Th gic nm nay th no. V Trn Quc Tun trnh
by v s nhn xt ca ng. Mt ln na Trn Nhn Tng hi
ti thm nh tnh hnh. ng mun bit s tht ng nhn thy c
ng nh s tht chnh n thm nh qua i mt ca Trn Quc
Tun.29 Nhn li ton b cung cch lm vic ca hai vua Trn Nhn
Tng v Trn Thnh Tng vi tt c nhng d kin lin h, c th
ni mt cch chc chn l cha c mt triu i qun ch no,
ngay c nhng th ch cn i v hin i, trong sut dng lch s
ca dn tc Vit c kh nng bit lng nghe v lng nghe c ch
ch, c sch lc, c h thng, c tin trnh nh triu i nh Trn
di s lnh o ti cao ca Trn Nhn Tng. Cha c mt triu
i qun ch no trong sut dng lch s ca dn tc c kh nng
bit lng nghe v lng nghe vi tt c tinh thn dn ch thc hnh.
Khng nhng Trn Nhn Tng v b phn lnh o bit lng nghe
m h cn bit lm cho ton dn ton qun lng nghe nhng quan
tm ca ngi lnh o. Ci bit lng nghe ca Trn Nhn Tng,
ca b phn lnh o nh Trn, v ca ton dn qun i Vit
huy ng c sinh lc ca dn tc ti mc cha tng c trong lch
s; mt thi m v lc, tn lc v tr lc ca t nc c vn dng
ti nh cao cha tng c trong lch s.
29
Nu c ai ch nhn thy hay cho rng l nhng cu hi d ca vua Trn Nhn
Tng n thun l th hin ca lng nhn hoc t hn na l th hin ca tnh nht

gan hay tinh thn ch bi th ngi cha thc s nhn thy hoc hiu nhiu v
chiu su lnh o ca thin ti ny.
141

James Madison l mt cng trnh s ca Hin Php v l
mt kin trc s ca h thng chnh quyn Hoa K. gip kin
to mt chnh quyn mi cp lin bang, Madison tn rt nhiu
thi gian tham cu ti liu, c vit t thi xa cho ti thi ca
ng, v ghi nhn nhng ci hay v nhng ci d ca mt chnh th.
ng tr thnh l hc tr ca Athens, Sparta, Carthage, Rome,
Switzeland, v Neitherlands. Khng c mt m hnh hon ho
p dng nn Hoa K mun t sng to ra mt h thng mi cha
tng c, n lc ny c gi l great American Experiment. Ngoi
ra, Madison cng ln li ng xa i thm ving v bn ci v
nhu cu ca quc gia vi rt nhiu nh lnh o. Mt chui di
nghin cu v khm ph ca ng sau ny gip ng n hnh mt
hi k the Vice of the Political System of the United State. Kin
thc Madison thu thp c l nh bit lng nghe t nhng ngi
cht v nhng ngi cn ang sng. Ri nh gip ng
hon thnh c s mng mt cch tt p v c c mt ch
ng trong lch s Hoa K.
Anne M. Mulcahy nhn chc v CEO ca Xerox vo thnh
8 nm 2001. Ch mt thi gian ngn sau khi nhm chc, Xerox rt
vo tnh trng khng hong ti chnh vi 18 t USD tin n.
Mulcahy i din vi p lc cc mnh l cng ty phi tuyn b ph
sn. Vi quyt tm cu vt cng ty, Mulcahy nhc my gi ng
Warren Buffet xin mt cuc hn gp mt, mt c gi lnh cho
ngi m b cha tng giao thip nhng bit ting. May mn l
Buffet ng gp b. Mulcahy c d l khi gp mt s c
gng thuyt phc Warren Buffet bm tin v cng ty Xerox cu
n. Tuy nhin, din tin khng ging nh Anne Mulcahy mong
i. Sau 2 ting ng h chm ch lng nghe, Warren Buffet ni
142
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
B ang ngh l nhng nh u t, nhng ngn hng, nhng nh
regulators l nhng ngi b cn gip b sinh tn. Hy gt h

qua mt bn, dnh u tin ni chuyn vi nhn vin ca b v
vi khch hng ca b v ci g sai v ci g b cn phi lm.
Mulcahy lm theo li ca Buffet. Trong su thng b lin tc
i khp ni thm cc c s ca Xerox lng nghe kin v vn
ng s h tr ca nhn vin trong n lc ci t Xerox cu n khi
tnh trng ph sn. Cui cng Mulcahy lm c iu . Xerox
tr c 10 t USD n v tip tc u t cho nhng d tnh di hn.
C phiu ca Xerox gia tng 3 ln gi tr so vi thi im thp nht.
Mulcahy li c chc ch tch hi ng qun tr ca Xerox nm
2002 v kim nhim 2 chc v cho n July 2009.
Anne M.
Mulcahy thc s l ngi bit lng nghe.

Trc y vua Chim l Ch Bng Nga hay quy ri bin
gii nn vua Trn Du Tng sai Hnh Khin T Bnh em qun
trn gi Ha Chu. Ch Bng Nga dng cng 10 mm vng cu
ha th b T Bnh ly lm ca ring ri tu di vi triu nh l
Ch Bng Nga ngo mn v l v ngh em qun chinh pht.
Trn Du Tng tc gin quyt nh c binh i nh Chim Thnh.
Ng S i Phu Trng khuyn can Chim Thnh chng lnh,
ti cng cha ng phi git. Song n tn ci ty xa xi, ni sng

him tr. Nay b h va mi ln ngi, c chnh, gio ha cha
thm nhun c ti phng xa, nn sa sang vn c khin t n
n thn phc. Nu n khng theo, s sai tng i nh cng cha
mun. Trng khuyn vua ba ln khng c nn treo m b
i. Qun i Vit ko n ca Th Ni nh ly n Thch Kiu ca
Chim Thnh ri ng ti ng K Mang. Cn Ch Bng Nga th
dng tri bn ngoi thnh Bn ri sai vin quan nh l Mc B
143

Ma n xin hng. Hn ni di l Ch Bng Nga trn, thnh b
trng, nn tin qun gp ng b l c hi.
Trn Du Tng tin li
nn truyn lnh tin qun. i Tng L can ngn N chu
hng l mun bo ton t nc lm u. Quan qun vo su

nh ph thnh gic l vic bt c d. Xin hy sai mt bin s cm
mnh th n hi ti, xem tnh hnh h thc ca gic, nh k
sch ca Hn Tn ph nc Yn ngy trc, khng phi kh nhc
m thnh cng. C nhn ni: 'lng gic kh lng.' Thn xin b h
hy xt k li. 30 Trn Du Tng p Ta mnh mc gip cng, tay
mang gm sc, di gi dm ma, li sng tro ni, vo su trong
t gic, khng ai dm ng u vi ta. Th l ci c tri gip cho
ta . Hung chi nay cha gic nghe tin chy trn, khng cn
lng d nh nhau. C nhn ni: 'dng binh qu thn tc.' Nay
nu dng li khng tin, th thc l tri cho m khng ly, n li
c mu khc th hi sao kp. Ngi chnh l hng n b.
Ri
Trn Du Tng sai qun ly o n b mc cho i Tng L

v tin qun vo ly Bn. Qun lnh ni gt nhau nh xu c
m i. Cnh qun i trc v cnh qun sau hon ton cch

bit.31 Qun Chim trn ra vy hm. Qun i Vit tan v. Trn
Du Tng, L, Nguyn Np Ha v Nguyn Huyn Linh u t
trn. Ng Cu Vng Hc b bt sng. T Bnh ch huy hu
qun khng dm n tip vin nn sng st. L Qu Ly ang vn
30
L Vn Hu & Ng S Lin & Phan Phu Tin, i Vit S K Ton Th Bn K,
trang 269-270, xb nm 2001, n bn in t do Vin Khoa Hc X Hi Vit Nam

chuyn dch 1985-1992
31
trang 270, xb nm 2001, n bn in t do Vin Khoa Hc X Hi Vit Nam chuyn

dch 1985-1992
144
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
lng nghe tin tht trn b trn v nc. Mt thng sau Ch Bng
Nga tin qun nh ti Thng Long. Trn Du Tng tuy l mt v
qun ch ca t nc nhng ng phi by mt thc th khng
thch hp lnh o, mt thc th c qu nhiu khuyt im.
Trn Du Tng khng bit lng nghe cho nn khng th gi
mnh. S tht bi v ci cht ca Trn Du Tng khng chm dt
. N to mt c hi cho Ch Bng Nga bit c s b rc
ca i Vit lc by gi cho nn sau hn mnh tay tin nh
Thng Long, hi n dn lnh v ti.
Sau s tan r ca nh H, qun Minh xm lc ti lp s
cai tr h khc ca h trn mnh t Vit. Chng chia nc ra lm
17 ph v 5 chu. Thng Th Hong Phc, mt tr thc li lc ca
nh Minh, trng coi hai ty B Chnh v n St. L Ngh coi ty
Trng , tc l quyn thng nhip qun s, v Hong Trung lm
ph. Trng Ph th i tm nhng ngi Vit c danh ting v ti
nng chiu d v ban cho nhng chc phm nh l Tri Ph, Tri
Huyn, Tri Chu. Mt s danh ti c lim s nh Bi ng u, L
T Cu, L Li khc t s mua chuc ca k th. Mt s khc
nh Lng Nh H, Duy Trung, Nguyn Hun th chy theo gic
v gy ra nhiu vic tn c i vi dn chng. Sau khi ct t xong
Trng Ph rt qun v Kim Lng, mang theo bn nc Vit,
n b Vit, s sch Vit, th Vit, truyn k Vit dng ln
Yn Vng L Minh Thnh T. Chng cp ot nhiu sch qu
c hai triu L Trn bin son. Cng nh cc triu i xm lc
trc, qun thn nh Minh vi v ra sc ng ha dn Vit. Chng
nht vo tay dn Vit cc sch T Th, Ng Kinh, Tinh L v lp ra
Tng o truyn b vn ha Hn. Chng by chuyn di phong
o tc bin dn Vit thnh dn Hn. Chng h hi vo bn
145

thy b m dng, y phng, tng v o gia bn ngi ny
lm ph ha php a dn Vit vo con ng m tn bi hoi.
Bn thy b ny cn i xa hn l nhy ra iu khin c cng vic
gio dc. Mt mt khc, cng khng km thm c, chng dng
gung my cai tr tn tnh v vt ti nguyn ca t Vit v bc
lt n cn kit sinh lc ca ngi Vit, nht l di thi k ca L
Bn, M K n thay cho Trng Ph. Lng ca dn Vit l li v
roi n ca ngi Hn. Mu ca dn Vit ri trn t Vit v gm
ao ca ngi Hn. Xng ca dn Vit ri khp sn kh nc Vit
v s tham lam ca ngi Hn.
Tang tc e da ph trm nc
Vit v s cai tr ca ngi Hn. Trong bi cnh , Gin nh

ni ln pht c khi ngha. Gin nh l con th ca vua
Trn Ngh Tng, tn Trn Ngi, phiu bt ti lng Yn M, tnh
Ninh Bnh, c Trn Triu C ph t, xng l Hong , t nin
hiu l Hng Khnh. V thc lc bui u cn non nt nn Gin
nh thua chy vo Ngh An c ng Tt, mt v cu quan
ca nh Trn ang nm chc i Tri Chu Ha Chu, hng
ng. ng Tt git bn quan li nh Minh ri em qun theo Gin
nh . Ti ng Triu, Hi Dng, Trn Nguyt H cng chiu
tp ngha binh ni ln chng nhau vi qun Minh nhng khng bao
lu sau th b bt. B h v qun binh ca Trn Nguyt H chy v
Ngh An nhp vo lc lng ca Gin nh . Nh vy thanh th
ca Gin nh bt u ln mnh. Sau ng Tt git hng tng
theo Minh l Phm Th Cng ti ca Nht L. T Ngh An tr
vo thuc nh hng ca qun khi ngha nh Trn. Anh hng
ngha s cc ni i theo ngn c khng chin gii phng t nc
di s lnh o ti cao ca Gin nh . Thng Chp nm Mu
T 1408 Gin nh hi hp c qun Cn Vng ca cc o
146
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Thun Ha, Tn Bnh, Ngh An, Din Chu v Thanh Ha tin ra
ng . Ti Trng An, Bc Ninh, th cc s phu Bc H v cc
cu thn ca nhng tin triu cng hng ng nhit lit. Xt thy
tnh hnh bt li, quan li nh Minh vit th cu cu. Minh Thnh T
sai Mc Thnh dn 40,000 qun Vn Nam ko vo nc Vit hp
vi qun L Ngh. Tin n B C, thuc x Hiu C huyn Phong
Doanh, th qun Minh ng nhau vi qun Trn mt trn kch lit.
Gin nh ch thn cm trng thc qun liu cht vi gic.
Ngha qun Vit chin u v cng anh dng. Tng L Ngh b
git cht ti trn. Mc Thnh thua chy, ko qun v ng thnh
C Lng do qun Minh xy ti lng Bnh Cch huyn Yn. Gin
nh mun tha thng xua qun nh ng nhng ng Tt
can ngn, vi l do l hy ch qun cc l ko v y ri s m
mt cuc tng phn cng. Rn nt ni b bt u t . Ri Gin
nh nghe li gim pha bt git ng Tt v quan tham mu
Nguyn Cnh Chn. Vic ny lm tn hi n s on kt v tinh
thn chin u ca ngha binh. ng Tt khng nhng l mt chin
tng c nhiu mu k v thao lc m cn l mt v tng quyn
bin --th hin trong vic ng gi v hp tc vi nh Minh bo
tn lc lng ch thi-- v l ngi lm cho Gin nh tr
thnh mt thc lc. ng Dung, con ca ng Tt, v Nguyn
Cnh D, con ca Nguyn Cnh Chn, mt phn v phn n v vic
cha mnh b git cht mt cch oan ung mt phn khc v nhn
thy mt thc th khng cn thch hp lnh o ca Gin nh
--bt u l ra qu nhiu khuyt im-- nn ko qun bn b
b i gip cho ngi khc. Lc lng v kh th u tranh b chia
ch trm trng v dn n con ng kt thc thm hi. Gin nh
, mt ngi ang lnh o v ang c u th, khng bit
147

lng nghe gi mnh. S tht bi ca Gin nh khng nhng
lm hi ng ta m cn lm thng tn sinh kh u tranh gii phng
t nc ca dn tc vo thi .
J&J (Johnson & Johnson) l mt cng ty ln nht v a
dng nht th gii trong k ngh chm sc sc kho vi khong
160 n v kinh doanh xuyn 58 quc gia, mi n v c doanh thu
t mt trm ngn USD cho ti mt t USD mt nm. J&J cng l
mt cng ty y p sinh lc sng to. N tng trng phn ln l
nh vo nhn din c v nm ly nhng c hi kinh doanh nhiu
tim nng ri cho nhng n v kinh doanh bung ra hot ng
nh mt cng ty bn t tr. Thng hiu ca J&J phi hp vi kinh
nghim qun tr gip cho nhng n v kinh doanh nhanh chng
vn mnh. Trong nhiu nm qua J&J nm ly nhng c hi
nh vy bng cch thu mua nhng cng ty nh c sn phm mi
y sng to v bin chng thnh nhng n v kinh doanh sng
gi. V n v kinh doanh ng thng mch (stent business unit)
cng khng ngoi l. Nm 1987 J&J mua bn quyn ca mt loi
ng thng mch t hon ch bng thp [Palmaz-Schatz stent] dng
trong phu thut thng mch tim [coronary angioplasty procedure].
Vi phu thut thng mch, ng thng mch t hon ny bm vo
mt bong bng nong mch t hon ri c y vo mch mu ti
ch b nghn. Sau bong bng nong mch c ly ra, ng thng
mch s nm li ti ch tip tc lm mt ng cng cho mu
thng lu.
So vi phu thut ni mch tim ng vng [heart
bypass surgery procedure], phu thut thng tim s t tn km hn

nhiu, tnh trng b nghn tr li [restenosis] cng gim thiu nhiu,
v cardiologists c th lo cho bnh nhn m khng cn phi a ti
cardiac surgeons.
C th ni sn phm thng mch t hon ny l

148
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
mt cuc cch mng trong y khoa. By nm sau khi J&J mua bn
quyn, ng thng mch Palmaz-Schatz c FDA ph chun thng
qua.
V ch trong nm 1995, ng thng mch c p dng
cho hn mt trm ngn bnh nhn ti Hoa K. Cui nm ny JJIS

(J&J International Systems), tn gi ca n v kinh doanh ng
thng mch, mua Cordis Corp, mt cng ty ch to bong bng
nong mch s dng trong phu thut thng mch c mc doanh thu
500 triu USD, vi c phiu J&J tr gi tng cng 1.9 t USD. Vi
Cordis Corp v JJIS, J&J by gi c th tung ra th trng trn
gi dng c y khoa dng trong phu thut thng mch, p ng nhu
cu mt i tc cung cp trn gi gii php m nhng bnh vin
u mun. Nm 1996 doanh thu tng hp ca JJIS v Cordis ln
n 1.5 t USD v chim ti 9%-10% total net income ca J&J trong
nm ny. Nm 1997 dng c dng trong phu thut thng mch
ca J&J chim lnh gn 95% th trng cho li tc [gross margin]
vo khong 80%. Vi thng li ln nh vy v nhanh nh vy, c
th ni l nhng ngi lnh o ca cng ty J&J ln tn my
xanh v ang m ca thin ng bc vo. Nhng ri cnh
ca thin ng t nhin khp li v tt c b v mt t. Cui
nm 1998, J&J ch cn gi c 8% th phn ca th trng ng
thng mch. T ch gn nh c b th trng t nhin rt xung
tn y n ch gn nh mt ht l mt iu kh tin nhng c tht.
V sao? C nhiu yu t tc ng. Th nht, v mt sn phm,
tuy ng thng mch Palmaz ca J&J l mt cng c mi c tnh t
ph nhng cha phi l mt sn phm hon ho. Mch mu gn
tim thng l cong quo cn ng thng mch ca J&J th thng v
cng. Mch mu to nh khc nhau tu ch v ty ngi cn ng
thng mch ca J&J th ch c mt c rng. Ch nghn th c di
149

c ngn nhng ng thng mch ca J&J th ch c mt c di.
Thm vo , ng thng mch ca J&J li khng thy r nt di
quang tuyn X. Tt c nhng im bt ton ny lm cho kh s
dng v tn nhiu thi gian lm phu thut.
Cardiologists ln
ting gp hoc phn nn nhng J&J chng li h vo tai. V

mt gi c, mi ng thng mch ca J&J tr gi 1600 USD.
Cardiologists ln ting t co l J&J li dng v tr c b ca sn
phm bc lt. J&J khng c chng trnh gim gi cho khch
hng v cng chng quan tm n phn ng ca h. Du rng J&J
bit r p lc km ch chi ph trong k ngh chm sc sc khe
ang trn gia tng nhng vn pht l nh khng nghe khng
bit. V mt tip th v cnh tranh, J&J chng bun tm hiu v c
tnh ca khch hng cng nh ca i th.
US, nhng
cardiologists gii l nhng ngi c tnh yu chung k thut tn

tin v khng trung thnh vi thng hiu. H thch tm kim v p
dng nhng pht minh mi. Chnh nhng cardiologists ni ting
ca Hoa K p lc FDA nhanh chng ph chun cho thng qua
ng thng mch ca Guidant c tham d vo th trng Hoa K.
Guidant l mt cng ty rt ch tm v rt xng xo trong n lc tip
th. Li l mt cng ty ca u Chu, ni nh ch v thi gian
cho chnh quyn ph chun thng qua mt sn phm mi s d hn
v ngn hn rt nhiu so vi US. iu ny c ngha l Guidant s
c li th hn J&J trong tc v chi ph a mt sn phm mi
ra th trng. Guidant li tung ra th trng loi ng thng mch c
th ni di [multilink stent], l mt ci tin so vi sn phm ca J&J,
lm cho gia tng hiu nng ca phu thut a n kt qu rt
ngn thi gian v chi ph. Thng 10 nm 1997, FDA ph chun cho
thng qua sn phm ca Guidant. V ch ch c th, 45 ngy sau
150
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Guidant chim lnh 70% th trng ng thng mch ca Hoa K.
Ri qua nm k tip, J&J gn nh mt trng th phn vo tay i
th. Nhng yu t a J&J n kt qu th thm sau cng ny tuy
c nhiu nhng gom li th ch c mt. l, J&J khng bit
lng nghe. J&J khng bit lng nghe khch hng, khng bit lng
nghe chuyn vin s dng, khng bit lng nghe k ngh v th
trng, khng bit lng nghe i th.
hng th d trn cho thy ngi lnh o cn phi bit lng
nghe t nhiu loi i tng: lng nghe thng cp, lng nghe
thuc cp, lng nghe qun chng, lng nghe chnh mnh, lng nghe
c nhn, lng nghe tp th, lng nghe ngi tr, lng nghe k ngu,
lng nghe ngi thn cn, lng nghe k khng quen, lng nghe k
th, lng nghe ng minh, lng nghe i th, lng nghe i tc, lng
nghe ngi tiu th, lng nghe ngi cung cp, lng nghe ngi
ang sng, lng nghe ngi cht, lng nghe ting vng ca lch
s, lng nghe ting gi ca tng lai. Ngi lnh o cn phi bit
lng nghe qua nhiu phng tin: vn bn nghin cu v bo co,
chuyn vn, hp bn, i hi, ngh lun, chnh sch v c trnh, vn
vn. Ngi lnh o phi bit lng nghe lin tc v lng nghe chnh
xc, lng nghe nhng ci th ph ln nhng ci vi t, lng nghe vi
thc tm v m lc. V sau khi lng nghe th phi hnh ng
v mc ch ti hu cho ci lng nghe l hnh ng, hnh ng
ng v hnh ng kp thi.
151
Bit Thch ng
h ni, mt ngi thch hp lnh o phi bit gi mnh
trong lc ang lnh o, gnh vc cng vic lnh o mt cch

hiu qu v cn c hi tip tc vai tr lnh o trong tng lai.
Bit gi mnh c ngha l bit lng ghe, bit thch ng v bit ti
to.
Thch ng (adaptibility) l mt th tnh ca nhng h thng
phc hp. C hai loi h thng phc hp: nhng h thng phc
hp khng bin thi (complicated systems) v nhng h thng phc
hp bin thi (complex systems).
Vi mt h thng phc hp khng bin thi ton b h
thng s c mt cu trc c nh (predetermined structure), m
trch mt hoc vi s chc nng c nh (predetermined function)
v hnh vi ca h thng (system's behavior) on trc c
(predictable).
Nhng h thng nh hn (sub-systems) nm bn
trong h thng cng c mt cu trc nht nh, m trch mt

hoc mt s chc nng c nh v hnh vi ca chng cng on
trc c; nhng h thng nh hn na (sub sub-systems) nm
trong mt h thng ln hn cng c mt cu trc nht nh, m
trch mt hoc mt s chc nng c nh v hnh vi ca chng
cng on trc c; v d nhin nhng n v c phn (basic
components; parts) bn trong mt h thng cng c mt hnh trng
c nh, m trch mt chc nng c nh v hnh vi ca chng
cng on trc c. V th nhng h thng phc hp khng bin
152
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
thi cn c gi l nhng h thng khng nh (deterministic
systems). Mt chic xe hi l th d ca mt h thng phc hp
khng bin thi. Bn trong chic xe hi c hn 17 ngn mn v
mi mn c mt hnh trng v chc nng c nh. Nhiu mn
rp ni vi nhau thnh mt h thng nh. Mi h thng nh c mt
cu trc c nh, chc nng c nh, v hnh vi ca h thng nh
ny tin liu c. Th d nh bng n thng, bng n pha,
bng n chy trong sng m, chp n, cha n, dy in, c
vn . . cu hp nn ci gi l b n. Nhng h thng nh rp ni
nhau lm thnh mt h thng ln hn cng c cu trc c nh,
chc nng c nh, v hnh vi ca h thng ln hn ny cng tin
liu c. Th d nh b n mi bn tri, b n mi bn phi, b
n ui bn tri, b n ui bn phi, b n nc, b n cp, v
h thng iu khin n cu hp nn ci gi l h thng n.
Nhng h thng ln hn rp ni li vi nhau lm thnh mt h thng
ln hn na cng c cu trc c nh, chc nng c nh, v hnh
vi ca h thng ln hn ny cng tin liu c. Th d nh h
thng n, h thng , h thng kn, h thng kim sot ca
king, h thng kim sot qut nc, h thng kim sot my lnh .
. . cu hp nn h thng in ca xe hi. Ri nhng h thng ln
hn ni kt nhau lm thnh mt h thng ton b cng c cu trc
c nh, chc nng c nh, v hnh vi ca n cng tin liu c.
Th d nh h thng in, h thng my n, h thng thn sn, h
thng hp s, h thng bnh lm nn mt chic xe hi. Du chic
xe hi l mt h thng tht phc tp c cu to bi nhiu b
phn phc tp vi mt tp hp nhiu hnh trng ca rt nhiu mn
, chic xe vn l mt th d iu khin. Th d nh nh ngi s
dng ko bnh tay li v pha tri th xe s hng mi v pha tri,
153

p thng th xe s dng li, gi s de th xe s chy li, vn vn.
V trm ngn ln nh mt, chic xe khng hnh ng khc hn
nhng g n c ch ra th hin. Chnh v iu ny nn mi ni
hnh vi ca chic xe tin liu c (predictable behavior). Tm li,
chic xe l th d in hnh ca mt h thng khng nh
(deterministic system) v l mt h thng tin liu c (predictable
system).
Ngc li, nhng h thng phc hp bin thi l nhng h
thng khng khng nh (non-deterministic systems) v l nhng h
thng khng thun khin c (non-tractable systems). Ngi ta
kh c th tin liu chnh xc hnh vi ca mt h thng phc hp
bin thi (nonpredictable system), ngay c trng hp chc nng
ca nhng b phn cu to nn h thng u c hiu r.
Ngoi thuc tnh khng khng nh v khng thun khin (complex
system's first property: non-determinism and non-tractability), nhng
h thng phc hp bin thi cn c thuc tnh th hai l kh tch
phn (complex system's second property: limited decomposability).
Rt kh, nu khng mun ni l khng th no, tch phn c mt
h thng phc tp bin thi thnh nhng b phn ring r m chc
nng ca mi b phn vn duy tr nh trc (it is very difficult, if not
impossible, to attemp decomposing a complex system into
functionally stable parts). Nhng h thng phc hp bin thi c
mt cu trc nng ng (a dynamic structure). S giao ng thng
trc ca mt h thng phc hp bin thi vi mi trng ca n
(permanent interaction with its environment of a complex system)
phi hp vi nhng thuc tnh ny sinh v t t chc ca n
(properties of emergence and self-organization) cho php n t ti
cu to theo chc nng (allow it to functionally restructure itself).
154
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Ny sinh v t t chc l thuc tnh th ba ca nhng h thng
phc hp bin thi (complex system's third property: emergence
and self-organization). Ny sinh l hot trnh a n nhng cu
trc, nhng dng tnh, nhng thuc tnh mi v kh hp
(emergence is the process of deriving some new and coherent
structures, patterns and properties). Hin tng ny sinh xy ra v
dng tnh --khng theo trc tuyn v c phn b-- ca nhng
giao ng sut mt thi gian gia nhng phn t bn trong h thng
(emergent phenomena occur due to pattern, nonlienar and
distributed, of interactions between the elements of the system over
time). Thuc tnh ny sinh khng th trc tip nhn ra v d on
c
(not
directly
accessible;
nor
directly
identiable
and
anticipatory), du l hiu bit tng tn tng b phn ring l nm

trong h thng , nhng hin tng ny sinh c th quan st c
cp tng th (observable at a global level), du l khi pht t
nhng phn t cp a phng (even though generated by
local-level elements). Cn ci nghim c ca thuc tnh t t
chc nm hin tng thay i cu trc ca h thng v vic t t
chc thng xut hin m khng c nhng p lc r rt hoc nhng
dnh lu n t bn ngoi h thng (the essence of self-organization
is that system structure often appears without explicit pressure or
involvement from outside the system). Ni mt cch khc, nhng
rng buc trn th dng ca mt h thng phc hp bin thi l kt
qu ca nhng giao ng gia nhng phn t bn trong h thng
(the constraints on form of a complex system are internal to the
system, resulting from the interactions among the elements within
the system). Ci gi l t t chc c th tin trin dn theo thi
gian hoc khng gian, c th duy tr mt hnh dng n c hoc c
155

th th hin mt hin tng chuyn ha tm thi (the selforganization can evolve in either time or space, maintain a stable
form or show transient phenomena). Sau ht, thuc tnh th t ca
nhng h thng phc hp bin thi l bn cht phn b (complex
system's fourth property: distributed nature). Mt h hng gi l
c phn b khi ti nguyn ca h thng c phn phi --thc
hoc o-- trn nhiu im trong h thng (a system is said to be
distributed when its resources are physically or virtually distributed
on various locations). Nhng ti nguyn ca mt h thng c th l
tin tc, l nng lng, l biu trng vn vn.
Trong thin nhin, mt con ong hoc mt by ong hoc mt
t ong l th d ca mt h thng phc hp bin thi. Trong th gii
ca loi ngi, mt c th, mt tp th, mt t chc, mt hi on,
mt cng ty, mt quc gia l nhng th d ca mt h thng phc
hp bin thi. Mun hng dn hoc iu khin nhng h thng
phc hp bin thi, ngi ta cn c s hiu bit t nhiu v nhng
thuc tnh trn.
V thch ng l mt nng lc tuyt vi ca nhng h thng
phc hp bin thi. Thch ng ca mt sinh th l nng lc chuyn
i c li cho s sinh tn ca sinh th trc nhng thay i ca
mi trng (the adaptability of an organism is the ability to change
in response to changes of its environment over the course of its
lifetime). Thch ng ca mt ging sinh th l nng lc chuyn i
c li cho s sinh tn ca ging sinh th trc nhng thay i
ca mi trng (the adaptation of a species is the ability to change
in response to changes of its environment over many generations).
Kh nng thch ng (adaptive capability) ca nhng h thng phc
hp bin thi c lin i vi, nu khng hon ton n t, nhng
156
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
thuc tnh va trnh by. Nhn s iu hnh c thay th, h
thng chnh quyn c ci t, c cu kinh t c i mi, chnh
sch c iu chnh . . . l nhng hin tng nhn thy trong th
gii loi ngi n t ci gi l kh nng thch ng (adaptive
capability).
ing trong gii hn ca nhng iu ang ni v s vn dng
bn thn ca mt ngi lnh o, cm t bit thch ng c bit

ch trng n nhng iu st thc hn: (1) khng bo th, c chp,
bm vo nh kin sai lm, nhng nguyn nhn t chy sinh lc v
lm kh cn u c ln tm huyt ca mi ngi chung quanh; (2)
khng ng mn v ch quan, nguyn nhn a n nhng tht bi
t hi nhn thy trc v c th ngn chn; (3) khng thin
kin ca chnh mnh v ca nhng ngi vy quanh lm m la,
phi nhn thy s tht ng vi s tht nh chnh n th mi c th
ci thin c hon cnh v nm c c hi tt; (4) khng gio
iu v cung tn, nguyn nhn lm cho th gii nh hp li v y
tang tc; (5) khng b thc y bi cung vng, kht vng t n
l sc mnh nhng cung vng [kht vng thiu hn nhng kim
sot khch quan] li l ng lc dn n s hy dit ca chnh
mnh v nhiu ngi khc; (6) khng ng qun trn vinh quang ca
qu kh cng khng men vinh quang ca qu kh lm say m
hin ti, nguyn nhn lm cho ngi ta tip tc quanh qun mt
chin trng ng l phi ri b t lu; (7) bit cht t nhng
qun tnh lnh o khng thnh cng (unsucessful leadership
habits); (8) bit nghi vn v ti thm nh tt c nhng gi tr, nhng
157

iu, nhng ci ngh rng l c nghim nhin chp nhn,
khi phung ph sc lc v ca ci xy dng nhng cng trnh trn
nn tng sai lm hoc khi phung ph m hi v xng mu theo
ui nhng o nh; (9) bit iu chnh v ti iu chnh, nhanh
chng v ng lc, khi nhn c du hiu cho thy bi cnh ang
bt u bin i; (10) bit n nhn v nh gi ng mc nhng
tc lc n t bn ngoi v khi t bn trong, lm k hoch v
quyt sch i ng; v (11) bit v li con ng hi hnh, nh mt
ngi thuyn trng lo li mt con tu trn i dng.
hch ng l mt nng lc tuyt vi. Mt ngi lnh o khng
th thiu kh nng thch ng v cng cn thit ny. Khng th

thch ng s l mt him ha cho t chc/ cng ty/ quc gia nm
di s lnh o. Him ha rt c th s dn ti s bt hnh v
cng ln cho t chc/ cng ty/ quc gia: s dit vong!
Bill Hewlett quyt nh bc khi v i lnh o ca cng
ty Helett Packard (HP). Trc ht ng t chc tng gim c ton
quyn (president) nm 1977. Ri trong nm sau ng t chc tng
gim c iu hnh cng ty (CEO) ngay ngy sinh nht th 60 ca
ng. Trong s nhng ngi c th bc vo tip nhim vai tr
ng giao li c Bob Boniface, c trch b phn tip th, Ralph Lee,
c trch b phn sn xut, v John Young, mt k s c MBA v
c kinh nghim trong c hai lnh vc doanh nghip in ton ln
dng c in t. C 3 u l nhng ti nng thnh danh t trong
cng ty HP v tr hn hai v sng lp cng ty kh xa. Ri John
Young, ngi tr nht trong s 3 tuyn th, tui trn 40, bc
158
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
vo v tr thay th Bill Hewlett. Cng ty HP min cng ln vo
k ngh vi tnh trong nhng nm u ca thp nin 1960 ch v
nhng my o in t cao cp u phi cn n my vi tnh. Sau
t l doanh thng vi tnh ca HP ngy cng gia tng. N tr
thnh rt r nt l HP cn phi i vo lnh vc sn xut my vi tnh
v cn c hiu nng cao hn. John Young n vi HP trong bi
cnh ny vo gia thp nin 1970. Vi bn tnh qu quyt, vi ti
nng vng chi v vi kinh nghim kh hp vi bi cnh ang vn
hnh ng ta nhanh chng tr thnh mt ngi sao sng. Trong
sut hai thp nin vi cng ty HP, John chng t s iu luyn
ca mnh trong bt c cng vic g ng ta ng ti. John c
nhiu ngi trong v ngoi cng ty n phc. Quan trng hn, John
hiu r cng nghip vi tnh hn bt c ai trong cng ty. Do vic
ng ta c chn tip nhn vai tr tng gim c cng ty kim
tng gim c iu hnh l iu khng lm ngi ta ngc nhin.
Trong 5 nm u sau khi tip nhn chc v, John to c
nhng thnh qu ln. Doanh thu ca HP gia tng gp 3 ln v ln
n 4.3 t USD vo nm 1982. Ri ti gn cui thp nin 1980, i
din vi nhng e do ang thnh hnh ngy cng r nt, vi vai tr
l ngi thuyn trng ca cng ty HP, v vi bn tnh qu quyt
c hu, John Young bt u thc hin cng cuc sa sai trit
sch lc li thi ca HP, mt sch lc thch hp v hiu qu cho
s pht trin ca HP trong hai thp nin 1950 v 1960 nhng li
gy ra nhiu tr ngi cho s pht trin ca HP trong thp nin 1980.
Trong s nhng mc tiu cho sch lc mi, John mun ti cu trc
HP theo m hnh tp quyn thng tin c hiu qu hn, iu
ng c d dng hn, v nhng ngun ti nguyn (resources)
c s dng tt hn. Tuy nhin, n lc ny ca John chc
159

gin Dave Packard, v ch tch hi ng gim c v l ngi ng
sng lp cng ty HP. Trong thm tm Dave khng tin tng lm
khi thy cng ty HP pht trin ngy cng ln v cng l thuc nhiu
hn vo k ngh vi tnh, ci th gii m Dave bit r l mnh khng
theo kp cho nn mun HP hy tip tc nh v trong nhng lnh
vc m HP bit lm th no qun l tt [hay ni ng hn l

Dave bit lm th no qun l tt] hn l c i vo nhng ci
mi. Dave lun lun ch trng nh vy t trc ti gi. Dave

li l ngi tin su vo sch lc tn quyn ci gip cho cng ty
lun lun ti tr, sung mn sinh lc, v trnh c bnh quan liu.
Nhng iu Dave suy ngh khng phi l khng ng, hay t ra cng
ng mt thi gian di. Nhng Dave khng thy r l th gii
PC ang chuyn ng gia tc v m ra c hi ln cho nhng cng
ty bit nm bt. Dave cng khng nhn thy l s phn quyn ti
a ca cng ty a HP n ch tay tri khng bit tay phi ang
lm g. u thp nin 1980, HP c t chc thnh 3 khi nm
nhng thnh ph xa nhau. C ba khi u c ch to v sn xut
my vi tnh di mt dng no m khng c mt phng cch
tt c s iu hp chc ch gia cc khi v gi ca sn phm,
hoc cu hnh v chc nng ca sn phm, hoc thi gian a sn
phm ra th trng. V th gy ra rt nhiu vic phin toi. Th
d nh khi sn xut my in cho PC rt phn khi vi thnh tu k
thut ca n, nhng bun ci l my in ca HP li khng chy
c vi PC ca HP. y ch l mt trong v s lng cng ca HP.
ng nh nhn xt ca khch hng lc , HP ging nh l 3
hoc 4 cng ty v chng dng nh khng ni chuyn vi nhau.

Cha ht, cuc cch mng PC lm thay i mnh m th gii k
thut cao (high tech) trong thp nin 1980 v h qu ca s thay
160
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i dng nh tr dp mt cch tn nhn nhng gi tr v
nguyn tc m hai v ng sng lp cng ty tuyt i tin tng t
xa v c gng trong nhiu nm cy vo no b ca nhn
vin HP. Dave kin quyt l HP phi sn xut nhng sn phm
da trn k thut m cng ty khc khng c (proprietary
technology). V th, HP y ra th trng sn phm touchscreen
PC. Ngoi k s ca HP khng cn ai khc thch sn phm ny.
Thc t cho thy cnh tranh trn th trng PC khng da vo k
thut tuyt vi hn i th (technical excellence) m chnh yu l
da vo gi r, vo khu hiu qung co, vo ci ngoi hnh hp
dn ca sn phm, vo tnh d s dng ca sn phm cho
nhng cng ty sng to phn mm tham gia. Sn phm c thi
phng trn th trng hng my thng tri trc khi ch to xong
mu m ri li vi v sn xut tung ra th trng trc khi hon
thin. Dave cho nhng th ny l di tr v [sc mi] tip th.
Nhng nhng cng ty nh IBM, Compaq, Tandy, Apple thnh cng
vi nhng tuyt chiu ny. Dave rao ging v thc hnh t trc
n nay v s bo th ti chnh (financial conservatism) do n
thm nhp su v l nguyn tc cha tng canh ci ca HP.
iu ny tr thnh li thi khi m cc cng ty ca thi i mi u
s dng th trng t bn (capital market) ti tr cho hot ng
m rng ca cng ty. Dave c vn cc qun l l hy nng gi bn
v bt s lng sn xut trong giai on kh khn kinh t. Cng
thc khn ngoan ny s gi vng li tc, nh tng c p dng v
tng thnh cng trong qu kh. Nhng thi i mi, n cng c
ngha l s b mt th trng v chm hn so vi nhng i th c
quan im ci m hn v vn kinh ti qua th trng t bn.
Dave mun nhn vin nhn ni vi hnh trnh thng tin ca h.
161

Tuy HP l mt cng ty rt tt bt u s nghip nhng thi
bui khi m nhn chung quanh c th thy nhiu ti nng tr tch ra
lp cng ty ring ri a ln sn chng khon tr thnh triu ph
trong mt sm mt chiu th kh c th gi h li lm nhng cng
vic vn vt v bun chn cho HP. Nhiu qun l v k s b
HP ra i v nhanh chng tr thnh nhng i gia; trong s c
Steve Wozniak, ngi ng sng lp ca cng ty Apple, James
Treybig, ngi sng lp cng ty Tandem, Ken Osman, ngi sng
lp cng ty Rolm, v Sam Malak, ngi sng lp cng ty Acuson.
Tt c u cho rng HP tr nn qu chm. Ti cui thp nin
1980 th nhng ci li thi ca HP bt u gy ra tc hi. Tng
trng ca HP b khng li. Lm quyt nh th dng nh b neo
chn. Hp bn th ko di dng nh khng dt m khng a ti
gii php. Ri khi mi trng kinh t a k ngh k thut cao vo
ch trng, c phiu ca HP rt gi hn 50% t nm 1987 ti nm
1990. Trc tnh trng khp khnh ca HP, Dave quy tt c trch
nhim cho John v quyt nh can thip. Dave ko Bill vo cuc.
Hai ng i thm ving nhng ch quan trng ca cng ty lm
mt cuc kho st. Dave kt lun l ng ngi thy mi quan
liu v iu cn lm l dp b tc khc ci gi l trung ng tp

quyn m John ang thc hin. Dave gii tn y ban dn o
(steering committee) do John lp ra v triu tp mt phin hp
bt thng ca hi ng gim c khng c mt ca John. Kt qu
l John b loi tr ra khi cng ty. Du l mt tng gim c iu
hnh rt gii trong sut hn mt thp nin, nhng khi ng trc
tnh hung quyt lit th HP vn l ca Dave Packard v Bill
Hewlett. Cng cuc ci t HP va mi chm b bc t cng vi
s phn ca ngi thuyn trng. Sau HP tip tc nhng bc
162
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i khp khnh mt thi gian di mi cho n khi Carly Fiorina bc
vo v i HP thng 7 nm 1999 ri sau mnh tay ti kin to
li HP --lc Dave Packard khng cn c mt trn th gian
cn tr nhng bng ma ca qu kh vn m nh HP-- v Carly
a n vt bo ln mt cch thnh cng. Nhng s kin trn cho
thy Dave t ra l ngi bo th, c chp, bm vo nh kin;
ng qun trn vinh quang ca qu kh; khng bit nghi vn v ti
thm nh tt c nhng gi tr, nhng iu, nhng ci c chp
nhn trc nhng chuyn ng mi ca mi trng kinh doanh; v
khng bit v li con ng hi hnh cng khng cho ngi
thuyn trng v li con ng hi hnh. Dave Packard khng
th thch ng vi bi cnh mi ca thp nin 1980-1990. D rng
ng chng t trong nhiu nm l mt ngi lnh o c bn lnh
v gt hi nhiu thnh cng vi bn lnh v d rng ng qu
thc l nhn vt huyn thoi ca HP, Dave Packard khng th
thch ng vi bi cnh mi ang vn hnh vn l mt s tht hin
nhin.
Iridium LLC c hnh thnh thc hin mt tng rt
cch mng do Bary Berlinger, mt k s lm vic ti Arizona trong
nhm Satellite Commu-nication Group ca Motorola, khi xng v
c hai ngi k s ng nghip tip tay thit k d n: mt h
thng gm 66 v tinh LEO (low earth orbiting) cho ngi s dng
dch v in thoi c th gi bt c ni no trn mt t. D rng
v xp trc tip ca Bary Berlinger ch d n ny nhng ng ch
tch hi ng gim c ca Motorola Robert Galvin li thch n v
cho thc hin. i vi Robert Galvin, cng nh v ch tch k nhim
Chris Galvin, d n Iridium c tim lc biu dng s v i ca
Motorola vi thanh th k thut. Mt d n qu hp dn b qua.

163

i vi nhng k s ca Motorola, d n Iridium l mt ng lc
khi dy s phn hng ngh nghip. Ri Iridium lao vo qu o
sau khi chnh thc khi ng nm 1991. Cho n ngy m dch v
c tung ra th trng th Iridium nut ht 5 t USD. Iridium LLC
l mt cng ty bit lp c Motorola ra v u t vo 400
triu USD nm 25% ch quyn v 6 trong s 28 gh ca hi
ng gim c. Motorola cng cam kt cho Iridium vay 750 triu
USD cng thm 350 triu USD na nu cn. Ngc li Iridium
ng vi kh c 6.6 t USD mua my mc v dch v do Motorola
cung cp, trong c 3.4 t USD l cho ch to chm v tinh LEO
ri a chng vo qu o v 2.9 t USD cho hot ng v bo tr
chm v tinh . H thng truyn thng qua v tinh c s
dng t thp nin 1960 nhng l truyn thng gia nhng v tinh
cao 22 ngn dm v trm t trn mt t (geo stationary
satellites). in thoi cho loi truyn thng ny rt to, th d nh
Comsat's Planet 1 nng 4.5 cn anh, v s truyn m b tr hon
giy gia u pht v u nhn, do in m b khp khng lin
tc d gy ra cm gic kh chu. Vi chm v tinh LEO, Iridium d
tr l c th ch to mt loi in thoi nh hn ng thi m thanh
b tr hon (voice delay) cng gim xung ti mc kh nhn ra. Gn
ti ngy phng dch v Edward Staiano, mt qun l cao cp lm
vic cho Motorola hn 23 nm, c chuyn qua gnh nhim v
tng gim c iu hnh (CEO). Ngy 1 thng 11 nm 1998 Iridium
lm l ra mt dch v v ph tng thng Al Gore gi c in thoi
u tin. Chi ph cho qung co trc khi ra mt v cho l ra mt
tn ti 180 triu USD nhng kt qu li khng nh k vng, nu
khng mun ni l rt t. Ti thng 4 nm 1999 m cng ty ch c
c 10 ngn khch hng s dng dch v. iu ny cng d hiu
164
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
v gi ca mi b in thoi l 3,000 USD v gi cho mi pht gi l
t 3 USD cho ti 8 USD. Th l Iridium i din vi p lc khng l
v khng c doanh thu trang tri. Ch chi ph tin li thi
ln n 40 triu USD mt thng. Hai ngy trc ngy cng b kt
qu nh k ca tam c nguyt u 1999, Staiano t chc vi l do
bt ng quan im v sch lc. John Richardson, mt qun l
nhiu kinh nghim ca Motorola tc tc c iu qua tm thi
nm quyn tng gim c iu hnh. Thng 6 nm 1999, Iridium
ui vic 15% nhn vin trong c nhiu qun l dnh vo vic
kin to sch lc tip th ca cng ty. Ti thng 8 Iridium cng ch
c c 20 ngn khch hng s dng dch v. Cui cng l Iridium
phi np h s khai ph sn, hai ngy sau khi tht hn tr n 1.5 t
USD vo ngy th su 13 ca thng 8 nm 1999. Tht bi ca
Iridium c nhiu ngi bn tn. Ngi ngoi cuc cho Iridium l
mt gic m huyn hoc ca Motorola hoc so snh lnh o ca
Motorola l cng loi vi Taliban. T khi d n c chp thun
cho ti ngy dch v c tung ra th trng l mt on ng di,
rt di. N ngn rt nhiu tin. V li vo giai on m cuc
cch mng cellular phone bng n. Cho nn nhng g c v hp l
ch khi u khng cn hp l na im cui ca hnh trnh
khai trin d n. Trong sut thp nin 1990, mng li cellphone
nhanh chng ph sng khp u Chu, Nht Bn v cng trn
sang nhng nc ang pht trin nh Trung Quc v Brazil.
Nhng mu m mi v p ca loi in thoi cellphone c tung
ra th trng tc chng mt. C sn phm ln dch v ca
cellphone c thit k trn nn tng k thut rt uyn chuyn
c th p ng nhu cu ca th trng mt cch nhanh chng.
Ngc li, in thoi ca Iridium khng th ng trong nh gi
165

m phi ra ngoi tri v n ty thuc vo ng thng trng thong
gia ng ten ca in thoi v v tinh. in thoi ca Iridium li
khng th chuyn thng tin dng k thut s. V n vn cng
knh li cn c ph tng solar np in nhng ni vng. Ch
mt ngi bnh thng cng c th thy l in thoi ca Iridium
va nng, va th, va d, va mc v gi dch v li qu cao
c th cnh tranh vi sn phm v dch v celluar phone. Mi
ngi u thy, ch c nhng ngi lnh o ca Motorola v
Iridium l khng thy hoc khng mun thy. n cui nm 1998
m tng gim c Staiano ca Iridium vn lc quan l s c c
na triu khch hng, thuc loi doanh nhn thng xuyn du hnh
a quc gia, vo cui nm 1999. Robert Galvin, Christ Galvin v
Edward Staiano , nhng ngi lnh o ca Motorola v Iridium
bm vu vo tham vng biu dng s v i ca Motorola n
mc tr thnh cung vng n ni khng th ri b d n ng lc
du c rt nhiu ch du khch quan cho thy Iridium s tht bi
thm hi. H khng bit thch ng vi bi cnh ang vn hnh.
Tp on Samsung khi thy ch l mt cng ty sn xut
m, c Beong Chull Lee khai sinh nm 1938 vi s vn u t l
30 ngn won (tng ng 30 USD). Ri trong sut hai thp nin
50 v 60, Samsung pht trin mnh theo m hnh Chaebols,
mt m hnh tp doanh c in v ph thng ti Hn Quc. c
tnh ca m hnh ny l thy c hi khi pht u th nhanh chn
chen v y v n khng cn nhiu vn u t. Ri nhng thp
nin k tip Samsung tip tc bnh trng sang nhng k ngh
mi, xy dng c mt thng hiu danh ting, tr thnh l cng
ty hng u trong nhng k ngh n tham d v cui cng tr thnh
l mt trong nhng cng ty hng u trn thng trng quc t
166
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
trong cng nghip in t v cng nghip bn dn. Sau khi ch tch
tp on Beong Chull Lee qua i nm 1987, ng Kun Hee Lee
bc vo v i ni tip s nghip ca cha. Di s lnh o ca
ng Samsung tr thnh mt tp on ln th nh ti Hn Quc
nm trong tay 72 cng ty con hot ng trong 5 khu vc chnh --k
ngh in t, k ngh my, k ngh bn dn, k ngh ha cht v
k ngh ti chnh- v mt s khu vc ph khc --k ngh khch
sn, k ngh ca hng bn l, k ngh gii tr, vn vn-- vi hn
161 ngn nhn vin v vi tng doanh thu 93.5 t USD, tnh vo
nm 1999. Nh ng Kun Hee tng tuyn b trong bui l k
nim 50 nm thnh lp tp on l Samsung khai sinh ln th hai
v ng c d tnh s bin n thnh mt cng ty ng cp quc t
ca th k 21. ng lm c iu , chng t c bn lnh
lnh o ca mnh. Nhng v ch tch ny khng phi l khng c
tht bi. Ngc li tht bi ca ng t hi n mc tr thnh
l mt k n trong lng doanh nghip v trong gii nghin cu.
Cu chuyn khi s t nm 1995 khi ch tch Kun Hee Lee tuyn
b l tp on Samsung s i vo vo k ngh t, chng ti . . .
v li ch ca quc gia. . . nh Samsung tng ng gp vo s

pht trin ca t nc trong thp nin 70s vi cng nghip in t,
trong thp nin 80s vi cng nghip bn dn, chng ti s dn u
kinh t t nc vi cng nghip t. Tuyn b ca ng lm rung
chuyn cc khu vc k ngh t doanh ca Nam Hn, c bit l k
ngh t, lc trong khu vc k ngh ny c mt 3 i cng ty
l Hyundai, Daewo v Kia. Bo ch v cc vin chc qun tr ca
Samsung bn tn khng t v ng lc lm cho Kun Hee quyt
nh tin cng vo th trng t v h cho l v ng ta am m vi
t ch khng phi v t trn tnh ton doanh thng. Theo s
167

tit l ca nhng qun l trong cuc cng nh nhn nh ca gii
quan st, Samsung lc c nhng c hi u t hp dn hn
(profits), chc n hn (risk), kh hp hn vi nhng kinh doanh
Samsung ang c (synergy), v ph hp hn vi kinh nghim ca
Samsung ang c (expertise). Ngc li k ngh t l mt k
ngh kh kim li, vn u t v cng ln, khng dnh dng mt
cht no vi nhng kinh doanh hin c, li khng c n mt cht
kinh nghip, v phi i u vi nhng i th nng k t ti chnh
cho ti kinh nghim. Cha ht, tuyn b c a ra vo lc m
nhng du hiu tin bo cho thy l bo t kinh t ang hnh thnh
v e do t nc. Ri nhng nm tip theo, trn con ng tin
cng, Kun Hee i u vi khng t chng i t nh ti ln, t
trong ni b cho ti bn ngoi, cng nh nhn c khng t nhng
bo ng v bi cnh kinh t, ca Hn Quc ni ring v ca th
gii ni chung, bin i ti mc nm trong giai on cc k nguy
him. Ti nm 1997 th cuc khng hong ti chnh lm cho
ng won ca Hn Quc ph gi nng do gi ca vt liu nhp
cng leo thang nhanh chng. D phng v nhu cu tiu th t
trong ni a cho thy l s rt t 13% tng trng xung cn 4%
mt nm v mc vn dng nng xut ch cn khong 60% t nm
2000 v sau. Vo thi im d phng c cng b, k ngh t
v ang i din vi tnh trng d tha nng xut (overcapacity),
vi nhng cng ty thuc a cho ra 2.4 triu chic trong mt nm
du rng mc tiu th ca ni a ln n 1.6 triu chic mt nm.
Nhng cng ty trong k ngh t nh Nissan v Mazda ang nm
trong tnh trng khn qun ti chnh v doanh thu tut dc do th
phn b thu hp. Ring v Samsung Motor, nu mun cnh tranh
th phi sn xut t nht l 240 ngn chic mt nm. iu ny cng
168
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
c ngha l nu Samsung mun tip tc nh tin cng vo k
ngh t th n phi u t mt s tin rt ln c c nng
xut ny. Nu ch nh vo ti ring, Samsung khng kh nng
thc hin do Samsung bt buc phi mn tin ti tr.
Vn ra bng tin mn trong lc iu kin kinh t c th ni l
ang tn ph cng ty ln dn chng, tn ph ni a v ton vng
v ton th gii th kh c th ni l mt quyt nh khn ngoan.
Hi ng gim c ca tp on cng ln ting ngn cn. Nhng v
Kun Hee Lee nm mt phn rt ln ch quyn ca cng ty cng
thm c tnh mnh m cho nn ting ni ca hi ng gim c
khng th [hoc khng dm] mnh ming ngn cn. Mt mt khc,
chnh quyn Hn Quc ban hnh chnh sch gim thiu ti a
nhng d n bnh trng vo kinh doanh mi ca cc tp on
ngn chn tnh trng d tha cnh tranh v gi s qun bnh
cho ton nn kinh t. Di s hng dn ca chnh sch , b
trng mu dch & k ngh & nng lng ca Hn Quc lc l
Chul Soo Kim kch lit phn i d n bnh trng sang k ngh
t ca tp on Samsung. ng ch ra rng c qu nhiu du hiu
cho thy s d tha nng xut ang din ra trong k ngh t ng
thi mc tng trng ca nhu cu tiu th cng ang chm li.
Phn quyt ca ng l Samsung khng nn v khng th tin hnh
d n v khng nhng n khng c li trong bi cnh kinh t ang
vn hnh m n cn trc tip vi phm chnh sch v gy ra nhng
va chm khng cn thit gia nhng gii chc trong chnh quyn.
Cha ht, p lc chnh tr cng ln Samsung cc mnh trong
yu cu ci t hiu nng ca tp on bng cch ct b mt s
doanh nghip lm gim bt kch c ca tp on. Kun Hee
khng hi lng vi s ph quyt ca chnh quyn. Cho nn, bc
169

k tip l ng dng con bi chnh tr thc hin cho c
mun ca mnh. Kun Hee m n thnh ph Pusan, cn c a
quyn lc ca Young Sam Kim, v tng thng ng nhim lc ,
trnh by vi dn chng a phng v d n ca Samsung.
Trin vng kinh t ca nh my sn xut xe hi t ti Pusan hp
dn dn chng a phng cho nn h ng h d n ca Samsung
v theo gip Kun Hee Lee lm p lc vi tng thng Young Sam
Kim. Sau hai thng iu nh, chnh quyn phi chp nhn. Kun
Hee Lee thng cuc vi l bi Pusan nhng ngc li l phi tr
mt gi rt t, v n ch mi l bc u ca mt hnh trnh i vo
con ng hm gn nh khng li thot ca Samsung Motor.
Pusan khng phi l a im l tng xy xng sn xut v gi
t rt cao. Kt qu l Samsung tn mt s tin khng l l 3 t
USD cho cng trnh Pusan, chit tnh ra l 26.2 triu won trn mt
t (tng ng 21,825 USD) so vi Hyundai ch tn 2.4 triu won
v Daewoo ch tn 3.3 triu won trn mt t. Cha ht, Samsung
li k hp ng i tc vi Nissan ng tr ph royalty 1.6% - 1.9%
tnh trn doanh thu. thi im , nhng i th ca Samsung
Motor ch tr khong 1%. Cui cng xe ca Samsung Motor c mt
trn th trng. Du sn phm c bo ch cho im cao v cng
tc hon thnh xng Pusan vi nng xut hn 240 ngn chic xe
mt nm c ca ngi, Samsung ch bn c mt s lng cha
ti 50 ngn chic trong nm u tin. Trong s ngi tiu th mt
s ln l nhng nhn vin ca Samsung. Trong na nm u ca
nm 1998, Samsung Motor thua l hn 156 t won. N gia tng t
2600 t won cui nm 1997 ln 3600 t won. u nm 1999, cng
ty ph sn v giao cho ngn hng tm cch vt vt phn no tr
cho ch n. Thng 5 nm 2000, 70% ch quyn ca Samsung
170
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Motor bn cho Renault, mt cng ty sn xut xe hi ca Php, vi
gi bo 560 triu USD, so vi vn u t tt c l 5 t USD tnh c
nh my Pusan. Khng phi ch ph sn cng ty con Samsung
Motor m thi, tp on m cng phi bn b hn 10 cng ty
con v loi tr 50 ngn nhn cng ci thin cu trc ti chnh
ca Samsung. May mn l tp on cha b ph sn v cui cng
cng thot nn. Kun Hee Lee khng phi l mt ngi thiu ti
nng. Ngc li c th ni ng ta l mt nh lnh o c bn lnh.
Nhng kht vng thiu hn nhng kim sot khch quan cng vi
s ng mn v c chp lm cho ng bi trn. Kun Hee Lee
khng bit thch ng, t nht l trong trng hp ny. Cm ch
thiu hn nhng kim sot khch quan cn c hiu trn hai cp
. Cp th nht c ni c nhn ca ngi lnh o c tnh
khng s dng nhng thng tin khch quan t ch kht vng
ca mnh. Cp th hai c ni ti c ch lnh o khng c
c hoc nh mt s qun bnh cn thit do mt/nhng c
trnh khch quan trong mt t chc b v hiu qu trong chc
nng kim sot v ngn chn nhng hnh vi thi qu hoc nhng
quyt nh phi l n gy ra tc hi trm trng.
Schwinn Bicycle Company l mt icon ca ca ngi dn
M, t ch l mt cng ty sn xut xe my p hng b th trng
Hoa K gn nh trong sut th k 20 i ti ch gia cng v nhp xe
ngoi di nhn hiu Schwinn t cc nc Chu Thi Bnh
Dng.
Trn hnh trnh gn 100 nm, Schwinn Bicycle
Company tri qua khng t nhng th thch v truyn qua tay

4 th h k t Ignaz Schwinn nhng sau cng phi khai ph sn
vo nm 1992, lc cng ty nm di s lnh o ca Edward R.
Schwinn Jr.. ng Ignaz Schwinn l mt ngi di dn gc c n
171

Hoa K vo nm 1891. Vi s ti tr ca ngi bn gc c tn
Adolph Arnold, ng Ignaz Schwinn ng ra thnh lp cng ty tn
Arnold, Schwinn & Company vo nm 1895 ti Chicago v sau ny
cng ty i tn li l Schwinn Bicycle Company vo nm 1967.
Cng ty Schwinn ra i vo giai on m Hoa K ang trong cn
st xe p m Chicago li l trung tm im ca k ngh ch to xe
p, vi 30 xng sn xut, cho ra hng ngn chic mi ngy. n
u th k 20 th tng lng sn xut trong mt nm ca k ngh xe
p vt trn 1 triu chic. Nhng ch sau mt thi gian ngn
ngi th cn st t ngt h nhit v bin mt. Xe t [xe
hi] v xe m t [xe gn my hai bnh] nhanh chng thay th xe
p trn ng ph nc M. Ti nm 1905 th tng lng xe p
bn ra ch cn li 25% so vi tng lng bn ra nm 1900. Nhiu
cng ty nh khai ph sn hoc bn li cho cng ty ln. Ti Chicago
ch cn li 12 cng ty sn xut xe p. Cng cnh tranh gia
tng mnh, cnh tranh hp ng vi cng ty cung cp ph tng
dng vo sn xut xe p v cnh tranh hp ng vi nhng ca
hng ln chu nhn bn l xe p. Nhn thc l mnh phi bi
ngc dng sinh tn, Ignaz Schwinn thu mua mt s cng ty
nh, xy mt xng sn xut hin i bn cnh ty ca Chicago
c th sn xut hng lot [sn xut i tr] vi gi thnh thp hn.
Ri ng mua Excelsior Motocycle Company nm 1912 v
Henderson Company nm 1917, nhp hai cng ty vo nhau
thnh hnh Excelsior-Henderson, n v sn xut xe m t ca cng
ty Schwinn. Trong iu kin tut dc chung ca k ngh xe p,
n v sn xut xe m t ca Schwinn vn lm n rt kh. Ti nm
1928 th n c xp th ba, sau Indian v Harley-Davision.
Nhng cuc khng hong ca th trng chng khon cui thp
172
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nin 1920 tn ph k ngh m t, v d nhin l n v ExcelsiorHenderson ca cng ty Schwinn cng khng trnh khi b dp vi
trong cn bo . Sn xut ra m khng c ngi mua, ExcelsiorHenderson nh phi dp tim nm 1931. Cng ty Schwinn ng
bn b vc ph sn. Vo lc , con trai ca Ignaz Schwinn, l
Frank W. Schwinn, mi chnh thc bc vo v i lnh o. ng
nhn trch nhim iu hnh cng ty v dc ton lc vo kinh doanh
xe p. Sau mt chuyn i u Chu tm tng sng to, ng
tr li Chicago v sau cho ra i chic xe p Schwinn B-10E
Motorbyke, mt kiu xe p dnh cho tui tr mang dng dp ca
m t. Nm sau, n c ci thin thm v t tn l Aerocycle.
Frank Schwinn thuyt phc American Rubber Co. sn xut loi
v xe c rut c 2.125 cho kiu xe ny trong khi gn thm m chn
nhn ging nh bnh xng ca m t, thm n trc v chung
in. Chic xe tr thnh ni ting vi nickname l paperboy bike
hay cruiser v tr thnh l tiu chun cho xe p m nhng cng
ty khc ua nhau m phng. Thnh cng ca mt sn phm p
vi gi thnh thp khng nhng gip cho cng ty Schwinn ni
danh l mt cng ty sng to m cn gip cho cng ty Schwinn c
c doanh thu khm kh lu di, ngay c trong giai on kinh t tr
tr. Ri Frank Schwinn bo tr cho mt cuc tranh ti xe p ko
di 6 ngy xuyn US vi s tham d ca i nh, do nh to dng
Emil Wastyn dn u, v vi nhng th lc gia tn tui nh l Jerry
Rodman. Vi kinh nghim rt ra t cuc ua, cng ty Schwinn
tung ra th trng lot xe Paramount vo nm 1938, p ng nhu
cu ca th trng xe ua cao gi dnh cho gii th thao. Lin tc
hai mi nm Schwinn vn tip tc sn xut loi xe Paramount vi
s lng nh m sn xe c ch to t nhng phn xng nh
173

do Wastyn qun l, du rng chnh sch chung ca Frank Schwinn
l tp trung vic sn xut tt c cc loi sn ngay trong xng
chnh. Ngy 17 thng 5 nm 1941, tay ua xe p ni ting Alfred
Letourneur, vi chic xe ua do cng ty Schwinn ch to, trn Los
Angeles freeway, lp mt k lc mi vi tc 175 km/gi. n
nm 1950, Frank Schwinn thy n lc v quyt nh ra tay gy
dng mt thng hiu ring cho cng ty. Cho ti thi im ny, tt
c nhng cng ty sn xut xe p ti Hoa K u bn s tng kin
sn phm ca mnh cho nhng ca hng ri ca hng bn l cho
ngi tiu th di thng hiu v bo him ca ca hng (practice
of rebranding). Frank Schwinn mun nhn hiu Schwinn xut hin
trn tt c xe bn ra ch khng phi l tn ca ca hng. i li
nhng i l c quyn phn phi sn phm ca Schwin ti bt c
ca tim no [hardware store, toy store, bicycle shop] t hng vi
h. Nm 1952, Frank Schwinn giao trch nhim hoch nh sch
lc kinh doanh trong tng lai cho mt i ng gm Ray Burch,
qun l tip th, Bill Stoeffhaas, qun l tng qut, v Al Fritz, l
qun l to hnh. Sut thp nin 1950, Schwinn tch cc vun
trng i ng nhng tim bn l v thuyt phc h ch bn xe
p ca Schwinn m thi, hay t ra l hng ca Schwinn phi chim
i a s. V trong thp nin ny tng trng ca k ngh xe p
tuy khng cao nhng n nh, phn ln l n t nhng kiu xe
dnh cho tui tr. Th phn ca Schwinn cng gia tng. Ti u
thp nin 1960 th tng lng xe p bn ra hng nm ti Hoa K
ln n gn 4 triu ri chic. Cui thp nin 1960, tng lng
xe p bn ra ca cng ty Schwinn ln n 1 triu chic. Thp nin
50 v 60 khng phi l khng c nhng th thch. K t nm 1946
s lng xe p ngoi nhp vo Hoa K t nhin leo thang vi
174
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tc nhanh chng, nht l xe ca nhng cng ty Anh Quc sn
xut. English racers, sport roadsters and recreational bikes c
dn Hoa K a chung. p li s e da ny, ngoi vic tung ra
loi xe middleweight English racers [trn cn bn n ging
Enghlish racers ca Anh nhng vi bnh xe to hn v v bnh rng
hn] chng li hng ngoi, Schwinn cng nhng cng ty sn
xut xe p ti Hoa K hp sc vn ng chnh quyn Hoa K dng
thu xut nhp khu ngn chn xe p ngoi nhp vo Hoa K.
Thng 8 nm 1955, Tng Thng Eisenhower ban hnh chnh sch
p thu cho 4 loi xe p, 22.4% cho 3 loi xe p v 11.25% cho 1
loi. Theo , th phn ca xe p ngoi ch cn li 28.5% ca ton
th trng v duy tr mc di 30% cho ti nm 1964. Dn chng
chuyn hng t chung xe p Anh Quc sang xe p gi r hn
ca Ho lan v c Quc. Nm 1961, do s khiu ni ca nhng
nh nhp cng xe p ngoi, to n ca US Custom Appeal tuyn
b hy b vic p thu ca chnh ph Eisenhower. Nhng ngay
sau Tng Thng John F. Kennedy ban hnh lnh p thu 50%
trn tt c cc xe p nhp vo Hoa K v lnh duy tr n nm
1964. Thc ra th gii php p gi ch l tm thi cho nhng
cng ty ni a thi gian lm nhng ci cch cn thit nhm nng
cao hiu qu cnh tranh. Nhng hai th h lnh o k tip ca
Schwinn b l c hi v vn bm vo cng thc xa c ca
ngi trc v m m trc nhng khuynh hng ca thp nin
1970. t ra l c ti 3 chuyn bin ln Schwinn khng nhn thy
hoc l nhn thy m khng i ng ni. Th nht l khuynh hng
thay i s thch ca ngi tiu th. Nhng a tr m xe p
Schwinn ca thp nin 1950 trng thnh. H khng cn thch
nhng chic xe bng long v nng n m h tng mt thi say
175

m tui th. Ci m nhng thanh nin ca thp nin 1970 mun
l nhng chic xe tht nh m
phong cch th thao ca gii tr,
nh l mountain bikes, trail bikes, stunt bikes ra i trong thp

nin 1970 di v sau. Trong khi nhng sn phm ca Anh, , Php
v ngay c Nht Bn o t chim lnh th trng Hoa K th cng ty
Scwinn vn tip tc sn xut nhng chic xe truyn thng rt nng
n, du l c nh hn so vi lc trc, v nht nho t xng sn
xut m v mt k thut li thi v b b li sau lng qu xa.
Sut thp nin 1960 Schwinn cy vo no b ca tr con Hoa
K hnh nh nhng chic xe p do Schwinn sn xut vi chng
trnh truyn hnh Captain Kangaroo v nh m thng hiu
Schwinn n su trong tim thc v bt ln trn ca ming ca cc
a tr khi chng c cha m hi mun mua xe p no. Nhng
xem ra lnh o ca Schwinn cn b cy nng hn, n khng
th vt b ci c ti to ci mi thch hp hn, nn dm chn ti
ch sut hai thp nin. Tuy Schwinn vn bn c mt triu ri
chic trong nm 1974 nhng chnh ci dng nh mt mi xui
cho ny l mt ci by t tin m Schwinn phi tr gi v sau.
Th hai, nhng i l trung thnh ca Schwinn m ca n nhn
sn phm ca nhng cng ty khc vo ca tim ca h khi m sn
phm ca Schwinn mt dn sc hp dn i vi th trng. Trc
, Schwinn c quyn lc thao tng nhng i l xe p.
Kiu tip th c quyn ca Schwinn p t ln nhng i l xe p
gip cho cng ty Schwinn ln ngi b ch ca th trng ni a.
Nhng n gia gn cui thp nin 1950 th c nhng i l
ng ln phn i. Nm 1967, Schwinn b Ti Cao Php Vin Hoa
K phn quyt ti cng ch mu dch (guilty of restraint of trade)
bng cch ngn cm nhng nh phn phi chuyn hng ti nhng
176
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i l khng c Schwinn ng . Thay v tm kim mt gii php
win-win c li cho c i bn khi thy c khuynh hng ny,
Schwinn tn hao sinh lc cho mt cuc chin php l sut 10
nm di ri lm cho nhng doanh nhn v ang l ng minh
bin thnh lc lng i khng. Th ba, l khuynh hng ct gim
chi ph ca Schwinn. Nn lm pht ca thp nin 1970 y cng
nhn ca Schwinn vo tay hip hi lao ng UAW (United Auto
Workers). Vi s chng lng ca UAW, cng nhn i lng bng
cao hn. Ri mt lot nhng va chm lao ng lm cho hiu qu
sn xut sa st. Ri cnh tranh t Chu to thm p lc. Ri k
thut lc hu v s c k ca xng sn xut lm cho hiu nng,
v theo l kh nng cnh tranh, ca Schwinn b b ri pha sau
cng lc cng xa, chng thm p lc ln trn p lc vn t trong
quan h lao ng. Ti nm 1983 th Edward R. Schwinn quyt nh
ng ca xng sn xut ti Chicago ch v quyt thng UAW,
mt chin thng phi tr gi rt t, mt chin thng m v sch
lc bin Schwinn t ch l mt cng ty sn xut thnh ra mt
cng ty nhp khu xe p ngoi. u tin Schwinn tm i tc
Chu ch xut nhng b phn xe p [linh kin] lp rp ti
Hoa K (outsourcing), v k hp ng vi cng ty Giant Bicycle
ca i Loan. Sau chuyn tt c khu sn xut cn li v
Greenville bang Mississippi, ni tr thnh l xng lp rp xe
p cho Schwinn. Vi nm sau, khi nhn ra him ho ty thuc vo
mt i tc cung cp duy nht, Schwinn k hp ng vi mt cng
ty Trung Quc, China Bicycle Co.. Khng hi lng vi Schwinn,
cng ty Giant Bicycle tr a bng cch t ch sn phm cho mnh
v tin cng vo th trng Hoa K. Cha ng, phi ni l nh
thng vo sn nh ca Schwinn bng cch s dng ngay knh
177

phn phi ca Schwinn a hng ca mnh vo cnh tranh vi
hng ca Schwinn. Chnh cng ty Schwinn dy cho nhng cng
ty ca ngi Trung Quc ny bit cch ch to xe p tt hn
[chuyn giao k thut v kinh nghim] v dy cho h ng i nc
bc vo th trng Hoa K ri tr thnh l ming mi ca chnh
con h do mnh nui dy t lc n cn b t. Mt mng th phn ca
Schwinn mt vo tay cng ty Giant Bicycle. Mt mng khc mt
vo tay ca nhng cng ty Hoa K c kh nng a ra nhng sn
phm n khch nh l Trek, Specialized, v Cannondale. Nm
1992, cng ty Schwinn khai ph sn.
Sau gn 100 nm lng ly,
Schwinn t vong v nhng ngi lnh o khng th thch

ng. H khng nhn ra c bi cnh vn hnh mi thi im.
H bm cht vo nhng gi tr tng lm nn vinh quang trong
qu kh nn b l nhiu c hi. H lch lc n khng
nhn ra chn dung ca chnh mnh. H cng khng nhn ra u l
him ha. H t lm tiu hao sc mnh trong nhng cuc chin
ng l l khng nn n xy ra.
V, h t mnh o h chn
mnh vi thi mc h v nhn. Mt ngi lnh o ca cng ty

cnh tranh m t c nhn Edward R. Schwinn l mt ngi lun
cng trn lng ci ta khng l v chnh ci ta ny dn cng ty
ti huyt a. Nhng k s ca ng ta cng vy. H tng tuyn

b vi Gary Fisher l Chng ti rnh v xe p. Cc anh ch l dn
nghip d [khng chuyn nghip]. Chng ti bit hn bt c ai.32
32
Crown, Judith, and Coleman, Glen, No Hands: the Rise and Fall
of the Schwinn Bicycle Company, an American Institution, New

York: Henry Holt, 1996, pp2-3.
178
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
V ngi qun l tip th cng khng khc. ng ta tng tuyn b
Schwinn khng c i th cnh tranh.33 Crown v Coleman, phng
vin v ph bin tp ca Crains Chicago Business cho rng chnh
ci phch li ca Edward R. Schwinn lm hi chua nhng mi
quan h vi i l, vi nhn vin, vi i tc cung hng v thm

vo l mt lot sa chn lm cn kit ti nguyn t i ca
cng ty.34 Tt c cho thy r l h chng bit lng nghe cng

chng c kh nng thch ng.
rn mt con tu tuy c nhiu ngi c th cm li nhng ch c
mt ngi duy nht c th quyt nh con ng hi hnh, l v

thuyn trng. Ngi lnh o khng khc ngi thuyn trng.
Vch ra phng hng hi hnh a thuyn i ti phi l vai tr
ca ngi lnh o.
Ch sau 5 ngy tin qun ca ch tuyn phng th chin
lc ca i Vit b chc thng nhiu l v e da ti tnh hnh ton
cuc. Chnh tay Hng o i Vng Trn Quc Tun thc hin
chin lc phng th ny, dng nh l phng theo chin lc ca
L Thng Kit tng thc hin hn 200 nm v trc. Nhn
c tin t chin trng a v, Trn Nhn Tng khn cp i ra
Hi ng gp Trn Quc Tun bn k i ng vi tnh hnh v
cng bt li ny. Sau cuc hp mt chp nhong vi Trn Quc
33
Atchison, Sandra D., Pump, Pump, Pump at Schwinn, Business
Week, August 23, 1993, p.79.

34
From the website of the Publisher Weely

179

Tun, v thm nh li tinh thn chin u ca v tng t lnh
chin trng, Trn Nhn Tng ra lnh cho Trn Hng o iu
qun cc l v hi ngh Vn Kip thc hin phng n mi: rt
lui chin lc v phn cng chin lc. Ton b din bin cho thy
b phn lnh o nh Trn thay i phng n mt cch dt
khot v trit nhm p ng vi tnh hung mi. N h m cho
thy cung cch lm vic hiu qu ca b phn lnh o nh Trn.
Hiu qu khng th c c nu Trn Nhn Tng hoc Trn
Quc Tun khng bit thch ng. V, vi vai tr l ngi lnh o
ti cao ca t nc, thuyn trng Trn Nhn Tng v mt hi
trnh mi a thuyn vt bo. Vi vai tr l tng t lnh chin
trng, hoa tiu Trn Quc Tun a thuyn vt bo theo con
ng hi hnh mi.
Cung cch chng chc, v chc chn l
tng knh nhau, ca c hai th hin ti nng v c ca nhng

ngi lnh o ln. Hng o i Vng khng mc vo ci
bnh kiu binh sai lm l tng ngoi chin trng khng cn nghe
lnh vua v Trn Nhn Tng khng b ci nh kin cn khn ti
ngoi dnh cho tng lnh chi phi th hin ng lc v ng
mc ci bn lnh v trch nhim ca mt ngi lnh o ti cao.
y chnh l biu hin ca kh nng thch ng.
Sau khi qun Minh thua trn Ty ng, trong trn Tham
Tn Qun V Trn Hip v Ni Quan L Lng b git, Chinh Di
Tng Qun Vng Thng v Tham Tng M Anh chy v c th
thnh ng Quan v cho ngi i cu cu. Tha th thng li qun
ch lc ca Bnh nh Vng L Li tin ra ng , mt mt vy
cht Vng Thng, mt mt khc L Quc Hng nh thnh iu
Diu v thnh Th Kiu, Trnh Kh v L Khuyn nh thnh Tam
Giang, L St v L Th nh thnh Xng Giang, Trn Lu v L
180
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Bi nh thnh K n. Chng bao lu u ly c c ri nhanh
chng thu phc cc chu huyn, thit lp chnh quyn, bnh nh
vng ti chim. c tin nguy ngp ca bn Vng Thng vua
Minh Thnh T lin c Chinh L Ph Tng Qun An Vin Hu
Liu Thng, Tham Tng Bo nh B Lng Minh, c Thi
T, Binh B Thng Th L Khnh, Cng B Thng Th Hong
Phc v B Chnh S Nguyn c Hun em 100,000 qun cng
20,000 nga chin i ng Qung Ty sang nh ca Ba Ly.
Vua Minh cn sai Chinh Nam i Tng Qun Kim Quc Cng
Mc Thnh, Tham Tng Anh Hng B T Hanh v Ty Ninh B
m Trung dn qun i ng Vn Nam sang nh ca L Hoa.
Khi hay tin vin binh ca ch ang ko sang, b phn lnh o ca
khng chin qun xng k hoch xut ton lc ro rit nh
chim thnh ng Quan trit ng ni ng. Nhng L Li c
mt ci nhn khc. ng ni vic nh thnh l h sch, nay ta hy
c dng binh i qun ch n th ra nh. H vin qun m

thua, th qun trong thnh tt phi ra hng. Th c phi lm mt
vic m c hai hay khng?35 Ri ng ra lnh phng th nghim
nht cc ni v bt dn Lng Giang, Bc Giang, Tam i, Tuyn
Quang v Quy Ha trit thoi ra khi vng, b ng trng trnh
qun Minh. L Li li ra lnh cho L St, Lu Nhn Ch, L Linh,
inh Lit v L Th em 10,000 qun v 5 con voi ln mai phc sn
ca Chi Lng v ra lnh cho L L, L Vn An em 30,000 qun
dn ra i ch. Khi qun Minh tin nh ca Ba Ly, Trn Lu
lui qun v gi ca Ai Lu ri lui v gi ca Chi Lng. Liu Thng
35
Trn Trng Kim, Vit Nam S Lc, trang 90, nxb Trung Tm
Hc Liu B Gio Dc
181

c ui trn. L Li gi v cho ngi dng th xin lp Trn Cao
ln lm vua v xin bi binh. Liu Thng khng c th v tip tc
tin nh. Qun Liu Thng p o Chi Lng. L St c Trn Lu
ra nh ri gi thua b chy. Liu Thng la i binh pha sau ch
dng 100 k binh ui theo ri b dn d vo ch bn ly c qun
mai phc. Cui cng Liu Thng b chm u ti ni o M Pha,
nay l M Yn Sn, vo ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1428. Qun ch lc
ca L Li tha thng nh mnh. Lng Minh b chm, L Khnh
t t, Thi T v Hong Phc b bt, Mc Thnh chy di. i qun
ca ch hon ton tan v. Chin thng Chi Lng dn n vic
Vng Thng cu ha ln th hai v kt thc chin tranh. Vi vai
tr lnh o ti cao, L Li quyt nh thay i phng n t bao
vy ng Quan sang tiu dit vin binh, mt quyt nh a n
chin thng dt im. Thuyn trng L Li v mt hi trnh mi
a thuyn vt bo ngay khi va nhn thy du hiu e da.
Ton b din bin cho thy b phn lnh o khng chin v bn
thn L Li thay i phng n mt cch dt khot v trit
nhm p ng vi tnh hung mi. N h m cho thy cung cch
lm vic hiu qu ca h. Hiu qu khng th c c nu L
Li khng lm trn trch nhim ca mt thuyn trng v b phn
lnh o khng chin khng c kh nng lng nghe hoc khng c
kh nng thch ng.
hng coi chng, mt ngi thuyn trng tng vt qua nhng
cn bo bin ln trong qu kh khng bo m l s vt qua c

cn bo bin trong hin ti v nhng cn bo bin trong tng lai.
182
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Ngi lnh o cng th, tng vt qua nhng th thch ln trong
qu kh khng bo m s vt qua th thch ln ca hin ti v
nhng th thch ln trong tng lai. Th thch ca qu kh c th
ging vi th thch ca hin ti hoc ca tng lai, nhng gii php
ca qu kh khng bo m s p dng c cho hin ti v tng
lai.
V ngay c kinh nghim ca nhng ln vt bin trong qu
kh cng khng chc s gip c cho hin ti v tng lai. Ngi

lnh o phi thc r mi mt th thch l mt cn bo bin v
cn bo bin no cng c kh nng nhn chm con tu ca ngi
thuyn trng gi kinh nghim tng vt qua nhiu sng gi. Do
vy, khng nn bm vu vo bt c mt con ng hi hnh no
tng vt bo trong qu kh vt bo trc mt. Khng nn
li vo kinh nghim qu kh n thiu cnh gic. Li cng
khng nn m ng trn con ng hi hnh ang theo.
Stanley C. Gault l ngi lnh o cao nht ca
Rubbermaid t nm 1981 cho n nm 1991. Sau 31 nm phc v,
Stanley la General Electric gia nhp cng ty Rubbermaid vi
chc v ch tch ca hi ng gim c kim tng gim c cng
ty. Rubbermaid Inc. l hu thn ca cng ty Wooster Rubber Co.,
mt cng ty sn xut chi bong bng do 5 doanh nhn thnh lp
t nm 1920, trong c cha ca Stanley. Wooster Rubber bc
vo sn xut gia dng bng nha vo nm 1934 vi sn phm
u tin l xc bi (dustpan). n nm 1957 n mi i tn
thnh Rubbermaid Inc..
Tnh vo nm 1981, doanh thu ca
Rubbermaid ch vo khong 350 triu USD. Ri di s lnh o

ca Stanley trong sut mt thp nin Rubbermaid tr thnh l
mt cng ty thnh cng vt bc. Doanh thu ca cng ty gia tng
gp 4 ln. Li thu gia tng gp 6 ln. c Fortune Magazine bnh
183

chn l cng ty ng ngng m nht (most admired) trong nm
1993.
Trong tin trnh chuyn ha, Stanley ti t chc
Rubbermaid v thi vo n mt ngun sinh lc mi a n t

ch l mt cng ty nh chuyn sn xut gia dng thnh mt
cng ty danh ting hot ng ti nhiu quc gia. Mt mt, Stanley
bn b (divestiture) ht nhng n v kinh doanh khng t hiu
qu. Mt mt khc Standley thu mua (acquisition) nhng n v
doanh thng c th gip cho Rubbermaid m rng a bn. Sch
lc ca Standley l n lc m rng c hai mt , (1) m rng mng
phn phi bng con ng a hng thm nhp vo department
stores, super markets, discount stores, grocery stores v (2) m
rng sn phm bng cch thu mua nhng cng ty cho ra sn phm
mi (external acquisitions) v bng cch t ra nhng sn phm
mi (internal innovation). K sch m rng thc ra cng c
nhng v lnh o tin nhim ca Rubbermaid thc hin nhng c
khc l di thi Stanley n c thc hin nhanh, mnh v hiu
qu hn. C nhiu yu t lm nn s thnh cng ca Rubbermaid.
Tuy nhin c mt yu t ni tri hn ht l kh nng t ra sn
phm mi. Rubbermaid tr thnh l mt c my sn phm mi
t hiu qu ti mc hng nm c hn 365 mn hng mi c
a ra th trng, tc l mi ngy c mt mn hng mi ra i. To
tc sn phm mi (product innovation) l kh nng ct li (core
competency) ca Rubbermaid. C trnh to tc sn phm (product
development process) ca Rubbermaid c hon thin ti c
th gip n bin mt tng mi thnh sn phm mi vi tc
khng c i th theo kp. V ci li ca c trnh l (1) tip cn
tht st vi khch hng, (2) tht t hoc khng cn th nghim th
trng, v (3) s dng nhng ton c nhim hng ngang (cross184
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
functional teams) c trch mt dng sn phm tn dng kin
thc v kinh nghim tng thch ri nh pht huy u th tc .
Rubbermaid tp trung v vn dng sc mnh ca hai yu t sn
phm mi v tc gip n tung honh gn nh c b th
trng. V theo gip n nng mc li thu cng nh nng cao
quyn lc i vi pha i tc l nhng cng ty bn hng l
(retailers). Nhng l cu chuyn ca thp nin 1980, giai on
m ngi tiu th ch bit bn rn tiu tin (shop-till-you-drop) ch
khng quan tm nhiu n gi c v cng ty bn l ch bit chp
nhn gi hng do cng ty sn xut nh t ch khng lm g hn.
Khi bc vo thp nin 1990 th bi cnh vn hnh khc trc.
Ngi tiu th tr nn so k hn nhiu. H quan tm n gi tr
tng xng gia sn phm v ng tin b ra mua n (seeking
good value). Nhng cng ty bn l p ng quan tm ca ngi
tiu th vi chiu bi gi h, lc no cng vy (low prices, as
always). c th thc hin ng li cam kt vi ngi tiu th
th, bn cnh nhng n lc t lc m tha t bn trong, d nhin l
nhng cng ty bn l phi quay sang nhng i tc t bn ngoi
gip h thc hin vic gim gi. Song song, cc cng ty bn l
cng u t rt nhiu vo nhng k thut tin tin hn. S p
dng su rng k thut tin tin vo vn hnh khng dng li h
thng ni b ca nhng cng ty bn l m n cn phi lin kt vi
tt c h thng ca cc i tc bn ngoi thnh mt mng mi c
th t hiu qu mong i. iu ny tr thnh l mt sch lc ln
v di hn m cc cng ty sn xut phi hp tc nu mun tip tc
l i tc. V cc cng ty bn l nhiu ln ln ting yu cu
Rubbermaid. Nhng yu cu ny thot nghe qua dng nh khng
kh p ng i vi mt cng ty c ting tm lng ly. Nhng vi
185

Rubbermaid th qu thc l kh. Kh v Rubbermaid qu quen
thuc nhng cuc chi cao gi t thp nin 1930 ---mn xc
bi bng nha u tin bn vi gi gp 3 ln xc bi bng thic-- mi cho n u thp nin 1990. Quen thuc n kh thay i
t duy. V kh v Rubbermaid kin c ha c my sn phm
mi n mc nh mt s uyn chuyn cn phi c ca mt
cng ty . Ni mt cch khc, Rubbermaid khng mun v khng
th p ng nhng yu cu ca cc i tc. Rubbermaid vn ngi
ng trong tng quan c ca cn cn quyn lc gia nhng cng ty
sn xut v cng ty bn l cho nn khng nhn ra l quyn lc
quyt nh gi hng chuyn t tay cng ty sn xut qua tay ca
cng ty bn l. V v khng sm nhn ra s chuyn i quyn lc
ny cho nn khng sm quan tm v quan tm ng mc n
tnh hung cc k nguy him c th xy ra l mt khi nhng cng ty
bn l c tm c, chng hn nh Walmart, quyt nh tm i tc
mi th ngoi vic to ra mt l thng doanh thu tht to cho
Rubbermaid, th d nh Walmart chim ti 14% doanh thu ca
Rubbermaid, n cn to ra mt vi i th khng l xut hin ngay
sau . Khng cn sai lm no ln hn khi quan st chung quanh
khng thy c i th vi kt lun l khng c i th. V v
khng thy ht him ha ny cho nn Rubbermaid khng mun,
hay t ra l khng tch cc, p ng nhng yu cu ca cc i tc.
Cha ht, Rubbermaid l mt cng ty s trng v to tc sn
phm mi vi tc v ch th. N nhun nhuyn vi s trng
ti mc lm cho ton b cng ty tr nn x cng. Nu phi
la b s trng, hot ng ca cng ty s khng trnh khi tnh
trng b phn lit, t nht l trong mt thi gian kh di. Di iu
kin nh vy, Rubbermaid khng th nhanh chng v hiu qu tin
186
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
hnh nhng sch lc khc nhm h gi thnh ca sn phm
p ng yu cu gim gi cng nh nhm p ng nhng yu cu
khc ca pha i tc. Trong bi cnh Stanley Gault, nhn vt
huyn thoi ca Rubbermaid, mng o thoi n v Wolfgang
Schmitt nhn lnh vai tr lnh o cao nht ca Rubbermaid.
Wolfgang Schmitt khng phi l mt nhn vt n t bn ngoi.
ng l nhn vin ca Rubbermaid t nm 1966; l tng gim
c ca n v Home Product Division t nm 1984 ti 1990; l ph
tng gim c cng ty t nm 1987 ti nm 1991; l tng gim c
iu hnh cng ty (COO) t nm 1991; nm chc v tng gim c
cng ty (CEO) vo thng 11 nm 1992; ri kim nhim chc v ch
tch hi ng qun tr vo thng 9 nm 1993. Ni mt cch khc
ng l mt trong s nhng ngi lnh o cao nht ca cng ty;
l mt trong nhng ngi tip tay kin to c my vn hnh v
kin to thnh qu ca cng ty; l mt trong nhng ngi sao gip
cho cng ty ta sng ho quang. Ri sau khi Wolfgang Schmitt tip
nhim vai tr lnh o ti cao, con tu Rubbermaid vn tip tc i
trn hi trnh c, mt hi trnh v ang mang n nhng thng
li vinh quang.
Nhng cui cng th hi trnh dn
Rubbermaid ti u? Ch ba nm sau Rubbermaid t ngi v c

ngng m nht trong nm 1993 rt xung v tr th 100 trong nm
1996 v cui cng phi bn vo tay mt i th, cng ty Newell,
trong nm 1998. Mt cng ty c ngng m nht khng th
thch ng sinh tn. Nhng ngi lnh o ca mt cng ty c
ngng m nht cng khng th thch ng sinh tn. Ci k
nng to tc sn phm mi vi tc kinh ngi, i ti ch tt cng,
lm cho Rubbermaid vinh quang mt thi th cng chnh l ci
o l su nht chn n. Nhng cng trnh s ca Rubbermaid
187

khng th ph v ci c my kin c do chnh tay h to ra
kin to li mt c my mi thch hp hn cho mt bi cnh mi
ang vn hnh. Con tu Rubbermaid khng th i ng vi
nhng thay i cn bn (fundamental changes) trong cch hot
ng ca i tc v trong nhu cu ca i tc. Cn bo ca thp
nin 1990 nhn chm con tu ca ngi thuyn trng gi kinh
nghim tng vt qua nhiu sng gi.
Motorola l tn c i li t nm 1947 ca Galvin
Manufacturing Corporation, mt cng ty do hai anh em Paul Galvin
v Joseph Galvin thnh lp nm 1928. T bc u v sut nhiu
thp nin v sau Motorola chng t l mt cng ty c kh nng
sng to v tch ly di do nhng kin thc ln kinh nghip trong
lnh vc k thut in t. T radio trong thp nin 1930 cho ti
walkie-talkie trong thp nin 1940 cho ti TV trong thp nin 1950
cho ti mircroprocessor trong thp nin 1970 cho ti cell phone
trong thp nin 1980. Gia thp nin 1950 Motorola hp tc
trong chng trnh khng gian ca Hoa K v cung cp dng c
cho hu ht cc chuyn bay. n thp nin 1980 th Motorola
tr thnh l mt cng ty ng cp quc t trong lnh vc k thut.
Gii thng Malcolm Baldrige do quc hi Hoa K trao tng nm
1988 lm cho tn tui ca Motorola chi sng khp th gii. Ti
nm 1990 th doanh thu ca Motorola vt qua 10 t USD v
chim lnh hn 45% th trng cell phone ca th gii cng vi 85%
th trng pager ca th gii. Ri th trng in thoi di ng tip
tc m rng v Motorola xng xo theo ui c hi. T nm
1992 cho ti nm 1995 Motorola tng trng trung bnh l 27%
mt nm a doanh thu ln ti 27 t USD trong nm 1995 vi li
nhun trung bnh 58% mt nm hay l 1.8 t USD trong nm 1995.
188
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Nhng thnh tch ny lm cho cc cng ty khc phi khm phc v
Wallstreet tn dng. Doanh nghip ca Motorola gn nh l c
xy dng ton b trn nn mng k thut a-na-lc (analog
technology). Nh CEO Robert Galvin pht biu, we were the
unbridled leader in analog devices around the world. Nhng, trong

lc Motorola ang bn rn vi vinh quang th my en cng xut
hin r rt chn tri trc mt. in thoi di ng k thut in s
(digital mobile telephony) thu ht c s ch ca nhng cng
ty ti sng v tuyn (wireless carriers). K thut in thoi a-na-lc
ti nhng cuc in m di dng sng m thanh. c tnh ca
k thut ny l hay b nhiu, thng b rt, v d b nghe ln (for
interloopers to eavesdrop).
Cn k thut in thoi i-gi-t ti
nhng cuc in m di dng tn hiu s cho nn c th m ha

bo mt (could be encrypted) v c th lp trnh ha chng
nhiu (could be programmed out). Nh vy, k thut mi so ra cho
thy c nhiu li im hn. Cha ht, cho cng mt chiu rng
bng tn nhng mng i-gi-t (digital networks) c th phc v cho
mt s lng khch hng nhiu gp 10 ln so vi nhng mng ana-lc (analog networks). Rt d chuyn i (to manipulate) v
cng rt d nn (to compress) l hai c tnh c o ca k thut
i-gi-t so vi k thut a-na-lc c k. iu ny c ngha l, nhn t
gc kinh doanh, nhng cng ty u t vo mng i-gi-t c th
tri rng ra rt nhiu chi ph c nh (fixed cost) ca n v nh vy
gi thnh cung cp dch v cho mi u ngi s dng dch v
s thp hn nhiu. Cha ht, mng i-gi-t li c th ti c thng
tin in ton. Kt hp nhng li im k thut vi nhng li im
kinh doanh, k thut i-gi-t c th ni l ha hn s m ra mt
thi i in thoi di ng cho tt c mi ngi trn mt t.
189

Khng kh hiu ti sao k thut mi ny sm thu ht nhng cng
ty cung cp dch v in thoi di ng.
V nhng i tc ca
Motorola, nhng cng ty cung cp dch v in thoi, ln ting

cho bit nhu cu ca h. Phi ni l nhiu ln ln ting cho bit
nhu cu ca h. Nhng Motorola khng mun nghe ting ni ca
h v khng mun thy nhng g ang din bin.
Nh Emilio
Eclave, tng gim c min ng ca AT&T wireless service, mt

i tc ca Motorola, k li Chng ti ni vi h l: Chng ti cn
i-gi-t. Chng ti cn i-gi-t. Chng ti cn i-gi-t. [Nhng] h

a ra th trng in thoi a-na-lc Star-TAC. . . . Chng ti n
tn Shaunburg, tng hnh dinh ca Motorola ti Illinois vo nm
1993 v nm 1994 [ ni cho h bit yu cu ca chng ti] nhng
h khng nhc nhch. H li ni vi chng ti l 'cc anh khng bit
cc anh ang ni g.' Ri trong nm 1996, sau khi h nh mt
t c hi u tin, chng ti ni vi h l chng ti cn in thoi
dual band, dual mode v l tt c nhng g chng ti mun bn
[cho khch hng]. Nhng ln i thoi ny khng c thn
thin.
Motorola khng chu [p ng yu cu ca chng ti].
Chng ti phi hp tc vi Ericson v sau l vi Nokia. Nhng

i tc khc ca Motorola nh Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, Ameritech,
GTE cng c nhng mu chuyn tng t. Khng phi ch c duy
nht i tc ca Motorola cho bit v nhu cu in thoi i-gi-t.
Nhng ngi nghin cu th trng v nhng i th ca Motorola
cng cho bit v nhu cu ny, trc tip v gin tip. L mt
cng ty tin phong trong k ngh sn xut in thoi, Motorola
khng phi l khng bit g v k thut i-gi-t. Ngc li, Motorola
nm trong tay mt s bn quyn in thoi i-gi-t v k hp
ng cho i th ca mnh nh l Ericson v Nokia c quyn
190
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
s dng. Ph s dng da trn doanh thu thu c t nhng cng
ty ny cho thy r nh ban ngy l s yu chung ca khch hng
tiu th i vi loi in thoi i-gi-t cng ngy cng gia tng. S
gia tng chnh l ch du ca khuynh hng tiu th ngy cng
r nt. Thm vo nhng bo co cng khai v khch quan v
khuynh hng ca th trng cng cho thy rt r. Nhng Motorola
khng mun nghe v khng mun thy. Lnh o ca Motorola ch
mun tin vo nhng d phng ca ni b. V d phng ca h l
in thoi a-na-lc vn l tt hn (would be better off) cho nhng
cng ty cung cp dch v. H tin l khch hng ch mun nhng
in thoi a-na-lc xinh hn v tt hn thi. Trong tay h c ti 43
triu khch hng s dng in thoi a-na-lc. Bn mi ba triu
khch hng a-na-lc khng th sai, l kt lun Robert N.

Weisshappel, ngi lnh o cao nht ca n v kinh doanh in
thoi di ng, mt k s ti ba v l ngi c cng dng nn
doanh nghip in thoi di ng cho Motorola. Th l Motorola tip
tc ngi ng. Nhng gic ng ca n cng khng c di lm v
vi tc bnh trng ca in thoi i-gi-t v v i tc ri b,
nn n khng th khng b nh thc. Khi git mnh tnh gic v hi
h lao vo sn xut in thoi i-gi-t vo nm 1997 th Motorola
nh mt mt mng ln th phn vo tay ca nhng i th nh
Nokia, Ericson, Qualcom. T v th nm c 60% ca th trng
Hoa K trong nm 1994 Motorola ch cn nm c 34% tnh vo
cui nm 1997, trong khi Nokia t 11% gia tng ln 34% trong cng
khon thi gian. Cng tnh vo nm 1997, mc tng trng ca
Motorola ch cn li 5% mt nm, li thu tut 33% k t nm 1995,
v shareholder return trung bnh cha ti 1% mt nm trong 3 nm
cui so vi 3 nm trc .
u nm 1997 Chris Galvin, con trai

191

ca Robert Galvin, tr thnh CEO v thng tm cng nm
Weisshappel ri cng ty. Thng 6 nm 1998, Motorola tuyn b
nh ch cng vic ca 20 ngn nhn vin, m u cho mt giai
on trt di v mt lot n lc ti phi tr phc hi v th. i
vi mt i cng ty th tht bi ny cha lm n ph sn. Tuy
nhin nu nhn t gc chnh n l cng ty u tin m ra th
trng in thoi di ng, d l sng ch u tin thuc v Bell Lab
vo thp nin 1970, m li cho c hi vut mt v li a cng ty
n tnh trng suy sp th qu l mt tht bi khng nh. Mt
Motorola sng chi ho quang ca u thp nin 1990 khng
th thch ng trc cn bo c hi ca thp nin 1990. Nhng
ngi lnh o giu kinh nghim ca Motorola khng th thch
ng trc bi cnh mi ang vn hnh. Tht bi ca Motorola suy
cho cng c th quy vo vi ch: khng bit lng nghe v khng
bit thch ng. S tht bi ca Motorola cng chng minh mt iu
l: nhng thnh cng trong qu kh khng bo m c s thnh
cng trong tng lai.
Nm 1994 Quaker Oak, di s lnh o ca tng gim
c cng ty William D. Smithburg, lao vo mua cng ty Snapple
Beverage Corporation vi gi 1.7 t USD ti tr bng tin vay mn
(leverage buyout; LBO), ci gi tnh ra tng ng vi 330%
doanh thu v gp 28.6 ln li thu ca Snapple. S vic ny thu
ht gii quan st ngay t lc bt u v c khng t thng tin nng
xut hin trn trang ba ca bo ch. Quaker Oak l mt cng ty
thc phm lu i nht ti Hoa K, c mt t nm 1891. Trong qu
kh, cng di s lnh o ca William D. Smithburg, cng ty
Quaker Oak tng to chin thng vinh quang vi v thu mua
Stokely-Van Camp nm 1983 v bin n thnh mt quc ca
192
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nc gii kht cho ngi th thao (sport drink) vi tn gi Gatorade.
Cng ty Snapple hot ng t nm 1972 di tn gi c
Unadulterated Food Products Inc. do hai anh em ct cho lm ngh
lau chi ca king, Leonard Marsh & Hyman Golden, v ng ch
ca mt ca hng thc phm sc khe (health food store), Arnold
Greenberg, khai sinh. n nm 1986 th cng ty bt u sn xut
nc tri cy lm bng s-a vi nc khong thin nhin, di
chiu bi Made from the best stuffs on earth, v phn phi ti
nhng ca hng thc phm sc khe. Nm k tip Snapple i vo
th trng tr p lnh va mi tng hnh ti Hoa K vi sn phm
tr ho hng RTD (ready to drink) rt l new age. S tham d vo
th trng tr ng lnh ca Snapple cho thy l cng ty ny
nhp cuc rt ng lc. Nm 1993 cng ty Snapple ln sn chng
khon. V nng thng hiu ln ng cp quc gia, mt mt
cng ty nh n nhn vin Wendy Kaufman hnh nh thn
mt ca c trn TV a Snapple vo lng qun chng bnh d v
mt mt khc nh n nhng siu sao radio nh Howard Stern v
Rush Limbaugh a Snapple ti gn vi qun chng c khuynh
hng sng bi o ngng hoc c khuynh hng khc ngi
bnh thng. Snapple c coi l mt cng ty c kh nng sng
to, tin phong trong c trnh ng gi nng (hot packaging
process) cho tr m sau ny tr thnh tiu chun ng gi
(category standard), v sng to ra nhng my bn hng t
ng (vending machines) v nhng t lnh ca king (coolers) rt
bt mt v c o. Nhng ci c o hn ht ca Snapple nm
ch n c mt mng li rt rng v rt ng tin cy gm nhng
ngi kinh doanh c lp chu trch nhim ng gi v phn phi
sn phm cho cng ty (independent copackers and distributors
193

network). Snapple u t rt nhiu thi gian v nng lc to
dng h tng kin trc ny. S tng hp ca 3 yu t (1) sn phm
mang tnh sng to (innovative products), (2) qung co kho
(ingenious marketing), v (3) mt h thng phn phi rt trung
thnh v hiu qu gip cho Snapple tr thnh mt c my to
tin. Quaker Oak nht quyt thu mua Snapple v tin rng n l mt
Gatorade th hai mang vinh quang v cho cng ty. William rt
t ho vi thnh tch c: Chng ti dng Gatorade t ch ch l
mt [n v] kinh doanh 90 triu USD trong nm 1983 thnh hn 2 t

USD ngy nay [1/2001] v vn tip tc tng trng mc 2 con s
(double-digit growth) v vn chim lnh 80% th trng mc d [hai
cng ty] Coke v Pepsi tin vo th trng u thp nin 1990. H
khng th thng c chng ti.36 V d nhin l ng cng khng
km t tin: Ti Gatorade chng ti c mt i ng bn hng v tip
th rt tuyt. Chng ti tin rng mnh bit lm th no xy dng

thng hiu, bit lm th no a doanh nghip i ti, v k
vng ca chng ti l s mang c Snapple ln Gatorade ln nc k
tip.37 William v ban qun tr ca Quaker Oak tr liu, khng mt
cht hoi nghi, l s khai thc c s kh hp (synergy) gia
Gatorade v Snapple lm nn thnh qu ln. Kt qu ra sao?
Ch mt ch vn vn: Thua. Cui cuc chin, Quaker Oak buc
phi bn li Snapple cho cng ty Triarc nm 1997 vi gi 300 triu
USD, mt vn c lm thua l 1.4 t USD cha tnh vo ci gi ca
36
Sydney Finkelstein (2003) Why Smart Executives Fail, page 81. New York:
Penguine Group
37
Sydney Finkelstein (2003) Why Smart Executives Fail, page 81. New York:
Penguine Group
194
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
s tiu hao thi gian, nng lc, danh ting v c hi kinh t.
Quaker Oak thua m v khng hiu r i tng ca mnh.
Snapple khng phi l Gatorade nh William ngh. Dng sn
phm ca Snapple thuc v image drink products trong khi dng
sn phm ca Gatorade thuc v fluid replacement products.
Thnh cng ca Snapple xy trn nn tng squirky marketing
to ra ci gi l a cult drink trong khi thnh cng ca Gatorade l
nh vo chit th rt ro (agressively segmented) v qung b sn
phm vi phong cch truyn thng. Snapple cy vo mng li
phn phi ca nhng doanh nhn tiu thng y nhit huyt
(distributing networks of entrepreneurs) trong khi Gatorade s dng
h thng kho cha (warehouse system). Quaker Oak thua m v
sai lm trong sch lc, mt h ly tt yu khi t sai lm v i
tng dn n sai lm v sch lc. Sau khi mua xong Snapple,
Quaker Oak thnh lp ngay mt n v kinh doanh mi, the
Beverage Division, bao gm Gatorade v Snapple, ri tin hnh
kin to mt h thng phn phi lng tnh (a hybrid distribution
system). Nhng n lc b tht bi ngay t u v hai l do: (1)
nhng tiu thng c lp m trch ng gi v phn phi
khng tn nhim lnh o ca Quaker Oak v (2) quyn li ca
nhng tiu thng ny b xm phm do quyt sch ca Quaker Oak
trong cch kin to h thng mi. Theo , Quaker Oak khng th
khai thc c s kt hp nh mun. T hn, Quaker Oak li
phi i din vi mt s tnh hnh ngoi tin liu: kh nng sn xut
ca Snapple chm hn l h d tnh, hng Snapple tn kho ng
qu nhiu, nhn vin bn hng a theo nhau ngh vic, ri hai trong
ba nhn vt khai sinh Snapple la b cng ty. Vy m, ngay c
nhn vt cn li vi kinh nghim v hiu bit v Snapple l Leonard
195

Marsh li khng c s dng n ni phi than th Ti l ph
tng gim c c giao trch nhim ngi chi xi nc (in-charge

of nothing). Mi cho n thng 5 nm 1996, Quaker mi c th
nn ra c mt h thng phn phi coi l chy vic kh n. Tuy
nhin, ti khi th qu tr. Cnh tranh trn th trng cho dng
sn phm ca Snapple gia tng cao khi t nm 1994. C
hi i qua v Quaker Oak khng cn cch no c th dnh ly
th phn lt vo tay nhng cng ty mi nhp cuc nh Arizona
Iced Teas, Nantucket Nectars, v Mystic. Cha ht, Quaker Oak li
phi bn mt mt s n v kinh doanh (divested) ang cung cp
dng li thu rt n nh cho cng ty, nh l n v kinh doanh thc
phm gia sc (pet food business) v n v kinh doanh cc loi ko
(candy business), ly tin tr bt n v cng cuc chinh phc
Snapple c ti tr bng vay mn bn ngoi. Thu nhp t
vic bn cc n v kinh doanh ny li a n gnh nng ti chnh
l phi tr thu t bn (capital gian tax). Cng c th ni ci gc r
lm cho Quaker Oak thua m l v s t ph v ti nng ca
mnh, v nh kin sai lm v i tng, v ng chin trng no
cng ging nhau, v cho men vinh quang c lm cho thiu tnh
to trc chin trn mi. Nh mt thnh vin trong mng li phn
phi ca Snapple nhn xt, Quaker khng bit g v kinh doanh
ca chng ti (just didn't know our business). Tng gim c cng

ty ca Triac l Michael Weinstein cng nhn xt, Quaker tin
rng 3 ngi t Brooklyn [3 ng ch thnh lp cng ty] vp chn

m dm phi ci ny v sau n tr thnh mt thnh tu ln
(stumbled onto this thing that became a great success). a mt
nhm ngi thng minh vo s lm cho n hot ng tt hn nhiu
(bringing on board some smart guys would make it work better) . . .
196
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Quaker khng hiu c bn cht ca doanh nhn tiu thng
trong doanh nghip (just didn't understand entrepreneurial nature of
the business.) V William Smithburg cng nhn nhn, Li lm
ca chng ti l khng hiu rnh h hay ni cch khc khng
hiu rnh v doanh nghip cng nh vn ha ca h (Our error was
not understanding them or their business and culture as well as we
should have) . . . qu hng khi vi chuyn c thm mt thng
hiu mi, mt thng hiu c chn ng (There was so much
excitement about briging in a new brand, a brand with legs). ng
l chng ti phi c vi ngi tranh lun ngc li trong lc thm
nh (We should have had a couple of people arguing the 'no side'
of the evaluation). Mt cng ty tng thnh cng ln trong vic
thu mua cng ty khc khng th thnh cng ln na. Mt ngi
lnh o gi kinh nghim tng lng ly vi ti nng bin con mi
b chinh phc thnh g trng vng khng th thnh cng ln
na. Tt c ch v khng bit lng nghe v khng bit thch ng.
Thm mt ln na, s tht bi ca Quaker Oak cho thy thnh cng
trong qu kh khng bo m cho thnh cng trong tng lai.
i ln gp bo l mi ln ngi thuyn trng phi v li mt
con ng hi hnh mi vt qua e da trc mt. Bit v li

con ng hi hnh mi ca ngi thuyn trng chnh l ci o
thch ng ca ngi lnh o.
Ngay sau khi va c c nm 1932, tng thng Franklin
Delano Roosevelt (FDR) phi i din vi mt cn bo ln: kinh
t Hoa K rt vo tnh trng khng hong trm trng (Great
197

Depression). H thng ngn hng sp , doanh nghip ph sn,
nng tri dy cht, tht nghip leo thang, n my xut hin trn
ng ph . . . ngi dn sng trong tnh trng tuyt vng v s hi.
Roosevel t bit l bi cnh ang vn hnh khng cho ng mt
s chn la no khc, nu nhn theo gc bi quan, ngoi tr mt
c hi him c, nu nhn theo gc lc quan, v li mt con
ng hi hnh mi cho t nc Hoa K. Mun v li hi trnh mi
chnh bn thn Roosevel phi la b nhng suy ngh v nhng
quyt sch quen thuc b ng khung bi ci gi l truyn thng.
Mun v li con ng Roosevel cng phi nh n s gip
ca nhng khi c ln khng nm trong khi nhn ti b ng khung
bi ci gi l cc b.
Franklin D. Roosevel khng cho ci
t duy chnh quyn khng can thip vo kinh t v ci l ba Bill

of Right phn ranh gia chnh quyn v t nhn tri buc c ng
nh nhng ngi i trc b tri buc, th d nh Groover
Cleveland, v tng thng tin nhim, hoc Herbert Hoover, mt i
th ca ng. Franklin D. Roosevel cng khng chn nhng chnh tr
gia lo luyn gip ng lm cng vic nh mi chnh tr gia
thng lm. Tri li ng tp hp nhng gio s, nhng l thuyt
gia, nhng chuyn gia, ni chung l nhng ngi nhn thy mt
hng i mi v ang thuyt ging v hng i , gip ng v
ra mt hi trnh mi m ng ang cn. Trong s phi k n
Samuel Roseman, Raymond Moley, Basil O'Connor, Rexford Guy
Tugwell, Adolf Berle Jr., Jane Adams, John Dewey. V nh h,
Franklin D. Roosevel c c mt hi trnh mi cho t nc, ci
gi l the New Deal. Mt hi trnh dn ngi dn Hoa K tch
khi con ng c hu m trn h i xuyn sut 150 nm.
S gia gi New Deal ca FDR l mt ng thi cch mng.
198
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Hi trnh mi a t nc ra khi khng hong v m ra mt
chn tri nhiu ha hn. Khng mt cht hoi nghi thuyn trng
ti ba Franklin D. Roosevel l mt nh lnh o bit thch ng. Kh
nng thch ng ca ng ko theo s thch ng ca c mt dn
tc, mt th ng lc cn thit a t nc tin ti phn thnh.
Du hiu e da t nc thc ra xut hin t thi Trn
mt v my en n ln ngy cng dy theo nhng bin ng chnh
tr ni b ca i Vit.
n khi qun Minh p t h thng cai tr
ca chng th con thuyn t quc hon ton b vy hm trong cn

bo xm lc. Trong sut thi gian t 1403 cho ti 1413 cng c
nhng ngi thuyn trng ng ln c gng gnh vc s mng
lo li a n ra khi cnh b dp vi. Hai khun mt ng k l
Trng Quang Trn Qu Khoch (1403-1413) v Gin nh
Trn Ngi (1407-1409). Nhng nhng ngi ny ch bit nng
vo ci tinh thn trung qun ca qun chng vi hy vng dng li
Trn triu t nhng ph liu mc nt. V h cng khng c ti
nng, du l c m lc i mt vi qun th vng vy mt
phen. a s s phu thi cng khng vt khi ci nh kin trung
qun nn chn con ng ph Trn th hin lng i quc ca
h. Qun Minh xm lc a ra ci chiu bi ph Trn dit H
m mt qun chng ngy th v li dng nhng tn n ti bn
nc. Trong bi cnh tm ti , L Li v Nguyn Tri nhn ra
mt iu l hng i ph Trn s khng bao gi dn con thuyn t
quc ra khi cn bo d. Mt qung thi gian di b tc, t 1413
cho n 1418, sau s tht bi ca hai cuc khi ngha ph Trn lm
cho L Li v Nguyn Tri cng tin chc vo nhn xt ca mnh.
Ri L Li quyt nh pht c khi ngha xng l Bnh nh Vng
nm 1418 v Nguyn Tri gia nhp lc lng nm 1420. Hai con
199

ngi ti ba ny a ra mt chiu bi mi vc dy sinh lc
khng chin chng Minh: Vic nhn ngha ct yn dn, qun iu
pht ch v kh bo . . . Du cng nhc c lc khc nhau, song

ho kit i no cng c. . . em i ngha thng hung tn, ly
ch nhn m thay cng bo.
L Li v Nguyn Tri vch ra
mt quan im rt cch mng thuyt phc qun chng: (1) i

tng phc v l nhn dn ch khng phi l ch ; (2) trung
qun khng ng ngha vi i quc; (3) nu mt ch mc nt
th phi thay n i t quc c sng cn, mi chnh l i
quc thc s; (4) s dng chin tranh ch nh bo quyn,
mang li ha bnh v xy dng mt th ch nhn o phc v cho
dn ch khng th s dng chin tranh cho tham vng ca mt
dng h hoc mt ng phi. V hai ng khng nhng thuyt
phc c qun chng m cn vn ng c qun chng sau
cng t n chin thng vinh quang dnh li ch quyn cho t
nc. Thuyn trng L Li vi s gip ca mt Nguyn Tri ti
hoa v ra mt hi trnh mi a con thuyn dn tc ra khi
cn bo xm lc ti tm ko di gn mt phn t th k. V c
con ng hi hnh cho cng cuc khng chin gii phng dn
tc l kt qu ca kh nng bit lng nghe v bit thch ng vi ci
bi cnh ang vn hnh.
Sau khi cc i Danh (Daimyo) v giai cp t sn ly danh
ngha ph tr vua mi dn mt ngn kim s (sumarai) v Giang H
(Edo xa, nay l ng Kinh Tokyo) nh bi v lt Mc Ph
(Tokugawa) vo thng 12 nm 1867, chm dt hai trm nm tim
quyn, m ng cho chnh quyn trung ng nm ly thc quyn
t nc, Minh Tr Thin Hong (Meiji-Tenno) nhanh chng thc
hin mt cuc ci cch ln v to bo cha tng c trong lch s
200
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Nht bn.
Cuc cch mng Minh Tr Duy Tn (Meiji-ishin) l mt
n lc chuyn i bin Ph Tang t mt t nc phong kin,

lc hu v ngho i thnh ra mt quc vn minh v cng
thnh. Mt cuc ci cch thay i su rng cu trc vn ho, x hi
v chnh tr ca Nht Bn. Thc ra Mc Nhn (Mutsuhito), tn ca
Minh Tr Thin Hong, v hong th 122 ca nc Nht, l con
trai ca Hiu Minh Thin Hong (Komei-Meiji) vi b hong phi
Trung Sn Khnh T (Nakayama Yoshiko), c chnh thc
truyn ngi v bc ln h v gia cn bo ni, cn bo ln
khng cho ng mt s chn no khc, nhn theo gc bi quan,
ngoi tr mt c hi, nhn theo gc lc quan, v li mt hi
trnh mi cho Ph Tang. Din bin ca lch s cho thy ch hai nm
sau khi ng cho i, Nht Bn b chin hm en ca Hoa K
tn cng ti vnh Giang H (Edo bay) khin Mc Ph phi k hip
c bt bnh ng m ca cho M vo bun bn. Theo chn Hoa
K, cc nc Anh, Php, c cng gy p lc v k nhng hip
c tng t. Nhn dn Nht bn v cng phn n trc s thao
tng ca ngoi bang cng vi s bt bnh v ngho i, v bt cng,
v su cao thu nng, v khong cch giu ngho, v giai cp, vn
vn nn qui ti Mc Ph v ni ln chng li Mc Ph trong sut
thp nin 60 ca th k 19. Giai cp t sn v cc i Danh cng
khng b l c hi tin hnh m mu nm ly chnh quyn. Cng
giai on lch s ny c nhng hc gi ca Nht Bn mnh dn
ch xng trit canh tn t nc. Lng danh nht phi k n
bc s Pht Trch D Ct (Fukuzawa Yukichi, 1834-1901), ngi
m i hc t thc Keio Gijuku u tin ti Nht, v c hai tc phm
tiu biu l Vn Minh Lun Khi Lc v Khuyn Hc. Theo ng,
cch gi nc hay nht l "lm cho t nc trn y khng kh t
201

do c lp, khng phn bit sang hn, trn di mi ngi gnh vc
trch nhim quc gia, ngi ti k ngu, ngi sng k m, nht nht
phi rng sc gnh vc bn phn ca ngi dn nc ." Vi ng,
c lp c ngha l bit t mnh lo toan cho chnh mnh m khng
nh ngi khc v phng sch gi gn c lp khng th tm u

ra ngoi vn minh." ng nhn nh, th nht, ng-Ty c nhng
gi tr o c v quan nim kinh t khc nhau, u c nhng u v
khuyt im ring.
Tuy nhin, nu nh gi hai nn vn minh
ng-Ty trn tiu chun "ph quc cng binh v hnh phc ca
tuyt i a s" th r rng cc nc ng Phng thc s l khng
th snh vi cc nc Ty Phng. L do l v "nn gio dc Nho
Gio ng Phng, v hu hnh khng ti vic bi dng li

suy ngh khoa hc v v v hnh khng ch trng n tinh thn c
lp ca mi c nhn." V Trung Quc thi chnh l ci bng
chng v l bi hc trnh. Th hai, trong cuc u tranh gi
gn c lp ngoi giao l quan trng nht. i u vi Ty Phng,
nguy him nht ca Nht "khng phi l qun s m l thng mi,
khng phi l v lc m l tr lc." Cho nn ng ch trng phi

hc theo kp Ty Phng. Gio dc ng n s nng cao dn
tr, tin ti vn minh l phng sch gi gn c lp. a t nc

tin ln i vn minh l mt bin php chin lc bao trm gio
dc, kinh t v quc phng." Mun vy phi khch quan nh gi
ci mnh v ci yu ca mnh, m rng tm mt hc hi, thu np
ci hay ca ngi. Ni mt cch khc Pht Trch D Ct v nhng
ngi ng h t tng ca ng ch trng l Nht Bn dt khot
phi thot khi Chu i theo Chu u tr thnh cng quc.
Vi nhng din bin mnh m nh vy, nht l v mt chuyn i
t tng ca thi i, mt v hong thng minh nh Minh Tr c
202
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
l u khng nhn ra mt iu n gin l vo thi im lch s
t nc Ph Tang cn c mt hi trnh mi. V nh th, vi s
gip sc ca cc cng thn, Minh Tr dng cao ngn c Minh
Tr Duy Tn. S dt khot ca Minh Tr trong quyt tm canh tn
t nc gip ng chinh phc c qun thn, nm c thc
quyn t h v v sau tr nn mt v Thin Hong bt t trong
lng dn Nht.38 Khng ai c th hoi nghi Minh Tr Thin Hong l
mt v thuyn trng ti ba bit v mt hi trnh mi a thuyn
vt bo, mt nh lnh o bit lng nghe v bit thch ng vi bi
cnh ang vn hnh.
ngi lnh o khng nhng phi bit v li con ng hi
hnh m cn phi v li con ng hi hnh ngay khi mi nhn

c d bo. Ngi ta d b nhn chm v cho ci yn lnh
ca bin lm cho mt cnh gic khng ch n nhng du hiu vi
t.
Va ln ngi l Trn Nhn Tng phi i u vi him
ha xm lc ca Nguyn Mng. ng bit r sc mnh qun s
ca k th ng s ny. Nu mun bp c d tm ca chng,
ng cn phi huy ng tt c mi tim lc ca i Vit. Cu hi
kh khn nht cho ngi lnh o ti cao ca t nc lc ny l:
lm th no huy ng mi tim lc ca t nc di iu kin
hin hu? Trn Nhn Tng hoch nh v ban hnh mt lot
chnh sch x hi, kinh t, ngoi giao, chnh tr v qun s nhm
38
Minh Tr Thin Hong, 1999, ti t www. conghoa.com

203

chy ua vi thi gian nng cao mi tim lc ca quc gia trc
khi huy ng vo cng cuc chin tranh v quc. Tip theo Trn
Nhn Tng cho triu tp Hi Ngh Bnh Than, thng 2 nm 1282,
mt cuc hi ngh va mang tnh cch qun s bn k chng gic
va mang tnh cch chnh tr nhm vn ng t tng v thng nht
quyt tm khng chin chng gic. Mc tiu ca Trn Nhn Tng
ti Hi Ngh Bnh Than l to s on kt rng ln gia mi thnh
phn, nht l gia nhng v thn vng quan li, v chinh phc
nhn tm. Trn Nhn Tng kch ng tinh thn dn tc v
thc ch quyn lnh th gy kh th quyt tm gi nc. Trong
hi ngh ny ng tha ti cho Trn Khnh D, cho phc hi tc hiu
c cng ngi vi cc vng hu bn vic nc. ng thi ng
phong cho Trn Quang Khi lm Thng Tng Thi S. Thng 11
nm 1283, Trn Nhn Tng cho hi tt c vng hu em ton binh
lc thy b tp trn ri phong cho Trn Quc Tun lm Quc Cng
Tit Ch Thng Lnh Thin H Ch Qun S v giao trch nhim
cho nhng tng ti chun b chin tranh. ng khng do d giao
quyn tng ch huy qun i cho Trn Quc Tun, du bit r quyt
nh c th tr thnh mi ha dit thn v mt ngai vng nu
Trn Quc Tun li dng c hi tr th cho cha, mi him khch
do nhng i trc gy ra. Chnh s trong sng ca tm hn, s
dng cm ca hnh ng, s thc trch nhim cao c ca ngi
lnh o v lng yu nc nhit thnh ca Trn Nhn Tng vnh
vin chinh phc anh em con chu Hng o Vng Trn Quc
Tun v binh tng nh Trn. Ri chnh sch i on kt ca
Trn Nhn Tng --nhm vn ng tim nng ca mi thnh phn,
khng phn bit giai cp, tui tc, tn gio, ngun gc dn tc-c m rng v i su vo qun chng qua li hch ca Hng o
204
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
i Vng. V sau ht Hi Ngh Din Hng c triu tp, nh
du nh cao v l im cui ca on ng chun b chin tranh
v quc. Thuyn trng Trn Nhn Tng bit v mt hi trnh
a con thuyn t quc vt bo ngay t lc du hiu d bo
va mi hnh thnh; l vic Tha Tng Lc T Phu cng vua
Nam Tng nhy sng t vn. Trn Nhn Tng khng th v c
hi trnh ny nu ng khng bit lng nghe v khng bit thch ng
vi bi cnh ang vn hnh.
hng th d trn cho thy mt ngi lnh o bit thch ng
nht nh phi on tr nhng tri buc v hnh: bo th, ng mn,

m chp, gio iu, cung vng v nhng qun tnh khng hay.
Mt ngi lnh o bit thch ng nht nh phi tnh thc, phi xt
li, phi uyn chuyn, phi nhn thu, phi bit la b khi cn thit.
Bit Ti To
hm mt ln na, nh ni, mt ngi thch hp lnh o
phi bit gi mnh trong lc ang lnh o, gnh vc cng vic

lnh o mt cch hiu qu v cn c hi tip tc gnh vc vai
tr lnh o trong tng lai. Bit gi mnh c ngha l bit lng
nghe, bit thch ng, v bit ti to.
Mt dy leo kh ci tr chi non hi sinh, mt ht ging mc
mm ha thnh cy, mt con thn ln mc ra ci ui mi thay cho
205

ci b ct, mt con cua mc ra ci cng mi thay cho ci b
gy, mt con g thay b lng mi c mu sc ti p hn, mt con
rn lt da di ln hn, mt gic ng su cho sinh lc trn y khi
thc dy, mt a con ra i cho mt th h mi k tip . . . l
hin tng nhn thy trong thin nhin n t ci gi l kh nng ti
to (regenerative capability). Cn nh mi mc ln t mt nn nh
chy, cu ng c kin to t li mn v mng rch, rng cy
c trng li xanh tt sau t thu hoch, t c bn phn tr
thnh mu m hn cho v ma mi, mn n c ch to bin ci
vi v s mi v, qun o c to mu thay hnh vi mun mu
sc, mt gi thuyt c khi xng t s sp nn tng ca mt
gi thuyt khc, mt bi hc c khai sinh t tro bi lch s, mt
minh trit c rt ra t chng nghim bn thn, mt sn phm vn
ha c nho nn t au kh ca qu kh, kinh t x hi c
kin to li sau mt cuc chin tranh tn hy, chnh quyn mi c
thnh lp v x hi n nh hn sau mt bin ng chnh tr . . . l
hin tng nhn thy trong sinh hot ca loi ngi n t ci gi l
kh nng ti to.
Ti to l trng thi phc sinh v chuyn ha, l s sng
mi vn ln t bn th c, l s hnh thnh ca mt ngun nng
lng tinh khi t nhng mi mt quay qut, l s sng to mc ln
t nhng trm tch bun t, l s thot thn t nhng tri buc lc
hu. Bit ti to c ngha l bit vn dng v thc y kh nng ti
to; cng l bit vn dng v thc y trng thi phc sinh v
chuyn ha c nhn (individual), tp th (team), t chc
(organization).
206
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ing trong gii hn ca nhng iu ang ni v s vn dng
bn thn ca mt ngi lnh o, cm t bit ti to c bit ch

trng n vic (1) bit lt xc bin thnh con ngi mi cho vai tr
mi trong giai on mi; (2) bit lm cho thuc vin v qun chng
hi phc sinh lc sau nhng tiu hao ln; (3) bit bo dng sinh
lc ca thuc vin v qun chng vn dng lu di v hiu qu;
(4) bit ly hnh ng gng mu ca bn thn hoc ca nhng
nhn vt ng thi dn dt hnh ng ca thuc cp hoc ca
qun chng; (5) bit lm sng li nhng hnh ng gng mu ca
nhng nhn vt thi trc hoc xin dng thnh tch ca h
dn dt hnh ng ca thuc cp hoc ca qun chng; (6) bit lin
tc tm kim v o to nhn ti p ng nhu cu trong hin ti
v trong tng lai; (7) bit chn la v un nn ngi k nhim
tip ni vai tr lnh o trong tng lai; (8) bit g, b, ph, la . . .
nhng c cu, trit thuyt, sch lc, nguyn tc, gi tr, phng
thc, mc tiu, nh ch . . . li thi, khng cn hiu qu,
khng p ng c, lm x cng . . . ri ti kin, ti lp, ti
hun . . . c th p ng nhu cu mi, iu kin mi, bi cnh
mi . . . mt cch hiu qu hn.
ng ging nh kh nng thch ng, kh nng ti to l mt yu
t v cng cn thit. Khng bit ti to, ngi lnh o khng

nhng khng th thi lung sinh kh mi vo t chc/ cng ty/ quc
gia nm di s lnh o ca mnh m cng khng th duy tr c
lu sinh kh ang c. Nu l nh vy, th v lu v di s dn n
207

s suy vong. Ti to l mt nng lc tuyt vi m mt ngi lnh
o khng th khng c.
Nguyn Tri l mt ngi khoa bng sau li bin thnh mt
chin s khng chin, l mt quan chc ca nh H vi chc v Ng
S i Chnh Chng sau li bin thnh mt nh cch mng ti
hoa ca Bnh nh Vng L Li, l mt thiu nin khng n thy
cha b y nn chy theo xe khc lc sau li bin thnh mt nh
lnh o ln ca dn tc. Nguyn Tri l th d in hnh ca mt
con ngi bit lt xc bin thnh con ngi mi cho vai tr mi
trong giai on mi. Tng t, Dng Vn Nga l mt ngi n b
c m t l mt vai gnh vc c 3 sn h. B chnh thc thnh
hn 3 ln trong cuc i vi 3 v vua --Ng Xng Vn, inh B
Lnh, L Hon-- ni lin 3 vng triu Ng, inh v Tin L. Dng
Vn Nga l con gi ca s qun Dng Tam Kha. Ln u tin
trong cuc i, b thnh hn vi Nam Tn Vng Ng Xng Vn,
v vua cui cng ca triu i nh Ng, l con trai th hai ca Ng
Quyn vi Dng Th Nh Ngc, v sinh ra Ng Nht Khnh. Nm
965 Ng Xng Vn qua i, m ra thi k binh lon 12 s qun, v
con ng l Ng Nht Khnh chim c ng Lm. Nm 976 inh
Tin Hong bc hng Ng Nht Khnh, ly m ca Ng Nht
Khnh lm v, g con gi cho Ng Nht Khnh, v ci em gi ca
Ng Nht Khnh cho inh Lin. Thm mt ln na Dng Vn Nga
thnh hn vi mt v qun vng, mt gii php chnh tr. Sau khi
Vn Thng Vng inh Tin Hong b u c cht, b tr thnh
Hong Thi Hu, ri gip L Hon ln lm vua ly hiu i Hnh
Hong v tr thnh i Thng Minh Hong Hu. Hn nhn ln
ba ca b cng li l mt gii php chnh tr. Vi nhng bin ng
din tin trong sut ba triu i, v b lc no cng nm trong trng
208
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tm ca ca nhng cn lc chnh tr , Dng Vn Nga lt xc
nhiu ln bin thnh con ngi mi cho vai tr mi trong giai
on mi. V mi giai on b xng ng vi vai tr ca mt
ngi lnh o c kh nng. Nguyn Tri v Dng Vn Nga thc
s l nhng ngi chng t c mt kh nng ti to ngoi
hng.
Trong mi nm khng chin Bnh nh Vng L Li c
ba ln chy v n trn ni cn c Ch Linh. Trong ln th ba lc
lng khng chin b tn hao nhiu v tinh thn ca ngha binh v
cng kit qu. Trc e da b tan r, Bnh nh Vng nh sai
L Trn i cu ha vi gic c thi gian khi phc. Vi nm
sau Bnh nh Vng phc hi c lc lng v khi qun nh
tip. Ton b din bin ny cho thy L Li bit ti to li sinh
lc cho binh s ca mnh ni ring v sinh lc ca cuc khng chin
ni chung sau nhng tiu hao trm trng.
Ma xun ca nm 1038, vua L Thi Tng ng ra ca B
Ci d l cy rung tch in. Vua sai hu ty dn c p n ri
ch thn lm l t cng Thn Nng. T xong vua t cm cy
mun lm l t cy. Cc quan i theo ng can ngn v ni
l vic lm ca nng phu, cn g b h phi lm th. Vua ni trm

khng t cy th ly g lm xi cng, ly g cho thin h noi theo?
Ni xong vua y cy 3 ln ri thi. L mt ngi rt chm lo n
sn xut nng nghip, ngoi vic hoch nh chnh sch tch cc v
tin b i vi nng nghip, L Thi Tng nhiu ln t mnh i
lm rung, ly lm hnh ng thit thc c v nng dn v
nng nghip. Mt s kin khc, vo thng 2 nm 1040 vua L Thi
Tng thnh tu trong vic dy cung n dt c gm vc. Cng
trong thng y nh vua xung chiu m kho pht ht gm vc
209

mua ca nc Tng trc y may o ban cho cc quan, t ng
phm tr ln th o bo bng gm, t cu phm tr ln th o bo
bng vc. Nh vua lm vy l t l t y v sau vua s
khng dng gm vc ca nc tng na.39 Bn v hai vic ny, s

gia Nguyn Khc Thun ni Mt ln vua cm cy hn ngn ln
vua xung chiu khuyn d, mt ln vua gn dn hn ngn ln vua

h ho c v. Thi y, nc i Vit ta l mt trong nhng quc gia
hng cng vng ng Nam . Mt trong nhng ci ngun ca
sc mnh i Vit l y chng? V Cung n m cn dt vi, th
dn ai dm ni ngh dt l thp hn. Mun khp thin h dng
hng ni, trc hong phi lm gng. ng ch tn m cn
mc hng la l trong nc sn xut, quan dn cc hng ai dm
ch l mt hng ch ra g. Vua L Thi Tng t ni. t ch
s lp ngn, ch lo lng lm gng cho thin h. Xem ra, gng y
khng phi ch sng mt i cho quan qun mt thi.40 Nhng li
ny r rng mun khng nh gi tr v hiu qu ca vic nh vua
vn dng hnh ng gng mu ca bn thn dn dt qun
thn v dn chng. Cha ht, nm 1044 nhn thy c ma ln,
L Thi Tng tuyn b nu trm h no , trm lo g khng no
ri ra lnh x mt na thu cho c nc. Thm mt ln na

ng chng thc bng hnh ng cho qun chng thy r th no l
gng bit khoan sc dn v bit t nim tin dn. Ri trong
39

dch 1985-1992
40
Nguyn Khc Thun, Vit S Giai Thoi Tp 2, trang 19-21, xb nm 2004 ti TP
HCM, nxb Gio Dc
210
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
mt ngy ma ng gi rt vo thng 10 nm 1055, vua L Thnh
Tng, con trng ca L Thi Tng v Kim Thin Thi Hu, xt xa
ni vi quan t hu rng Trm trong cung si than xng th,
mc o lng chn cn rt th ny, ngh n [nhng] ngi t b

giam trong ngc, kh s v gng cm, cha r ngay gian, n khng
no bng, mc khng kn thn, khn kh v gi rt, hoc c k cht
khng ng ti, trm rt thng xt. Vy lnh cho hu ty pht chn
chiu, v cp cm n ngy hai ba.41 ng dy cho qun thn
bi hc v lng v cch i x nhn bn i vi nhng ngi t
nhn, bt k l c ti hay v ti. Nm 1127, vua L Nhn Tng, con
ca L Thnh Tng v Linh Nhn Thi Hu, di chiu nh sau:
Trm nghe phm cc loi sinh vt khng loi no khng cht. Cht
l s ln ca tri t, l ng nhin ca mi vt. Th m ngi i

khng ai l khng thch sng m ght cht. Chn ct hu lm mt
c nghip, tang lu lm tn tnh mnh, trm khng cho th l
phi. Ta t c, khng ly g lm cho trm h c yn, n khi
cht i li khin cho th dn mc o s gai, sm ti khc lc, gim
n ung, b cng t, lm cho li ta thm nng, thin h s bo ta l
ngi th no! Trm xt phn tui th phi ni ngi bu, trn
cc vng hu, lc no cng nghim knh s hi. 56 nm nay,
nh anh linh ca t tng, c hong thin ph h, bn bin yn
lnh, bin thy t bin, cht m c xp sau cc bc tin qun l
may ri, cn phi thng khc lm g? . . .Vic tang th ch 3 ngy
b o tr, nn thi thng khc; vic chn th nn theo Hn Vn ,
41

dch 1985-1992
211
ct phi kim c, khng xy lng m ring, nn ta hu bn

cnh tin . . . . Cc ngi nn tht lng knh nghe li trm, bo r
cho cc vng cng, by t trong ngoi.42 Trc khi ra i, L Nhn
Tng vn cn dng chnh ci cht ca bn thn mnh dy bi
hc kim c, khim tn, gin d v nhn t cho qun thn v b
tnh noi theo. Xem ra cng v lnh o ti cao, nhng minh
qun triu L qu thc bit tn dng mt kha cnh thc dng
nht ca kh nng ti to: t lm gng.
Trong 3 ln chin tranh v quc chng Nguyn Mng, tt c
hong thn quc thch nh Trn u ra tuyn u ch huy chng
gic, ngay c Hong ng nhim v vua cha Thi Thng
Hong cng ra ch huy mt trn. Thay v pha sau hu phng ra
lnh xung phong, h ni bng hnh ng vi dn qun ca
mnh l hy theo ti tin ln dit gic cu nc. Trong cuc chin
chng Nguyn Mng xm lc ln th hai nm 1285, sau cc trn
Vn Kip, Ph Li v Bnh Than ch tin nh V Ninh v ng
Ngn ri tin xung Gia Lm trong khi dn qun i Vit rt v
Thng Long theo ng sng Thin c. Qun Nguyn Mng tip
tc theo gt nh vo hai c im Thin Mc v A L. i Vit hi
qun v i Hong v sau thc hin mt cuc trit thoi chin
lc v Thin Trng. Xut pht t Thng Long, ch thn Thot
Hoan tin qun nh vo c im i Hong trong lc i Vit
ang hi qun ti . Mt trn nh ln din ra ti y v mt
trn nh ln khc ti bn Ph Tn. Sau thi im ny ton b
42

dch 1985-1992
212
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
qun ch lc ca i Vit cng vi cc n v a phng tp
trung v Thin Trng ri t tip tc trin khai trit thoi chin
lc v Thanh Ha ti ca bin Giao Thy trnh hai gng km,
mt ca Thot Hoan t hng Bc nh xung v mt ca Toa
t hng Nam nh ln. Ri ton b binh lc ca Nguyn Mng
nm trn ti vng ng bng Bc B trong khi ch lc ca i Vit
th ng ti Thanh Ha. V hnh trung ch ri vo tnh hung v
cng kh khn: chng b treo l lng gia mt m li thin la a

vng ca qun dn i Vit. Trong sut hnh trnh trit thoi chin
lc, chnh bn thn ca hai vua Trn Thnh Tng v Trn Nhn
Tng nhiu ln em mng mnh ra lm mi nh c lm tiu
hao lc lng qun ch v dn d chng ln su vo trn a bt
li ri sau dn qun i Vit c th trin khai chin lc bao
vy v tiu dit. Qua hnh ng ca bn thn hai vua th hin
mt cch v cng thc t v gn gi ci g thc s l dn vi qu,
x tc t chi, qun vi khinh ca ngi lnh o c d ti v c.
Sau khi p tan t xm lc th ba, Trn Nhn Tng c Trung
i Phu Trn Khc Dng i cng phng vt, nm 1288, v km
theo l mt l th ln n ti c chin tranh. Vua Trn Nhn Tng
vit: Nm Ch Nguyn th 23 (1286), bnh chng A L Hi tham
cng ngoi bin gii, lm tri thnh ch. Do th, tiu quc sinh linh
mt phng phi chu lm than. . . . Ma ng nm Ch Nguyn th
24 (1287) li thy i qun thy b u tin sang, thiu t cha
chin khp nc, o bi m m t tin, bt git ngi dn gi tr,
p ph sn nghip trm h, cc hnh ng tn nhn ph phch
khng g l khng lm. . . . Tham chnh M Nhi lu nm binh
thuyn ring ra ngoi bin, bt ht bin dn vng bin, ln th git
cht, nh th bt i, cho n c treo tri x m, mnh u khp
213
chn. Trm h b bc ti ch cht, bn dy ln ci ha con th chn

tng. y c l l vn bn ln n ti c chin tranh xa nht ca
th gii, bn vn t co ti c dit chng d man ca bn quan
tng Nguyn Mng trn t Vit, bn lun ti chnh sch gy chin
tn c dnh cho Ht Tt Lit. V trong l th y, sau khi ln n ti
c tri khng dung t khng tha trong hai cuc chin tranh va
qua, Trn Nhn Tng ch ng biu th lng nhn i ca mnh v
dn qun i Vit bng cch thng bo cho bit s tha cho cc t
binh m dn qun i Vit bt c trong cuc chin h v nh
on t vi gia nh. Cng ln n chin tranh v ti c ca chin
tranh th ngi ln n cng phi t ra mnh l mt ngi c lng

nhn hu rng lng bao la.43 Trong mt l th ngn ngi v hnh
ng thc tin, Trn Nhn Tng v b phn lnh o nh Trn
lm cho ting ni nhn bn c thng hoa. i vi s phn ca
nhng ngi tham cu mng sng cam tm u hng gic trong b
chim ng, vua Trn Thnh Tng cng c bit khoan hng. Khi
ngi Nguyn vo cp [nc], vng hu quan liu [i Vit] phn

nhiu n xin qui phc [h]. n khi gic thua, [ta] bt c mt
hm cc t biu xin u hng. Thng Hong sai t i yn
lng k phn trc. Ch nhng k u hng trc y th d bn
thn ang triu nh gic cng b kt n vng mt . . .44
ng
nh s gia L Mnh Tht nhn xt, s kin ny th hin tm lng
lng ca bn thn nhng ngi lnh o quc gia i vi mt
43
L Mnh Tht, Ton Tp Trn Nhn Tng, trang 174, xb nm
2000 ti TP HCM, nxb TP HCM

44
nxb TP HCM
214
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
b phn dn tc c lm l. Khng ch c th, n chng t mt
ng li chnh tr nhn o n nh t nc sau chin tranh,
lm cho mi ngi cm thy yn tm lao ng xy dng t
nc.45 Ri khi chin tranh qua i, t nc cn phi nhanh chng
dn s ha ti kin v pht trin. Nhng khi nhn thy danh
sch b phong quan tc ca vua Trn Anh Tng c tn ca qu
nhiu ngi, vua Trn Nhn Tng ch trch sao li c mt nc
b nh bn tay, m phong quan tc nhiu n th. Quan im

ny ca Trn Nhn Tng cho thy mt cch r rt l ng khng tin
vo mt chnh quyn nng n quan liu. ng khng tin nh nc l
mt ni khai thc lm giu cho nhng ngi c chc c quyn.
Ngc li, ng dt khot . . . khng cho b my ny tr thnh
mt b my cng knh bn rt mu m ca dn46 mc d vic dn

s ha b my hnh chnh rt cn thit vo lc . Trn Nhn
Tng tin chc vo mt nguyn tc trong vic t chc v vn hnh
chnh quyn v th hin n mt cch ng n.
Thng 3 nm
1301, Trc Lm u Trn Nhn Tng thc hin mt chuyn

Nam du vo tn t Chim Thnh. Trn Ch Chnh vit C lc ngi
vin du ha cho cc nc ln bang, pha nam n tn Chim

Thnh, tng kht thc trong thnh. Vua nc Chim Thnh
bit c iu , ht sc knh trng thnh mi, dng cng trai l,
sp sn thuyn b nghi trng, thn hnh tin ngi v nc v em
t hai Chu lm l cng dng cho ngi. y l t Thn Chu v
45
L Mnh Tht, Ton Tp Trn Nhn Tng, trang 162-163, xb nm 2000 ti TP
HCM, nxb TP HCM

46
nxb TP HCM
215
Ha Chu nay vy.47 Ngc li vi cu ni thng dn ngi ta

mi chim x ngi ca Thnh Ct T Hn nm no, trong tri tim
sng knh ca vua Ch Mn c l th thm thng dn ta nn
mi gi gm x ta vo tay ngi khi em hai chu L dng ln

cho v Vua Pht. Trn mt t ny c l duy nht ch c mt Trn
Nhn Tng l c c s cng dng ln lao ny. S sng knh
ca Ch Mn dnh cho v Vua Pht khng phi l chuyn kh tin v
cng khng xy ra mt sm mt chiu. N l thnh qu ca c mt
qu trnh hu ngh, trong Chim Thnh tng nhn c s
vin tr ca i Vit 2 vn qun v 500 chin thuyn nm 1283 v
trong c mu xng dn qun i Vit tng xung bo
v s ton vn lnh th ca Chim Thnh du l cho v li ch lu
di ca i Vit, cng vi uy tn v c ngoi hng ca vua quan
nh Trn. Ri nm 1305, Ch Mn cho mt phi b sang i Vit
xin hi ci Cng Cha Huyn Trn. Triu thn khng ng . Vn
Tc Vng Trn o Ti ch trng ngh bn v Thng Tng
Trn Khc Chung tn thnh kin. Quyt nh sau cng vn l
Cng Cha Huyn Trn ln kiu hoa v lm du Chim Thnh, v
d nhin ch kin nng k nht bn sau quyt nh khng ai khc
hn l Trn Nhn Tng. Chuyn nguyn trc Thng Hong vn
du n Chim Thnh trt ha ri ghi li trong i Vit S K

Ton Th c l ch l mt phng cch Trn Nhn Tng gi
quan tng nh Trn vo ci th phi chp nhn cuc hn ny v
khng th lm thng tn uy tn ca vua, bn cnh , s khc t
lt lng rt c th a n nhng v ngoi giao phng hi n
47
nxb TP HCM
216
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
an ninh quc gia. Vn nhn trong nc lm th ch ci khng t.
n nm 1307 on Nh Hi c c ti hai chu v an b tnh
Chim Thnh nay tr thnh l con dn i Vit, v ng hon
thnh tt p s mng ny. Nhn li nhng din bin trn, c
v bn sc siu vit ca Trn Nhn Tng li cng ni cm. Qua
hnh ng thc tin (1) ng chng minh vi mi ngi rng bi tr
dng thm nhun trn bn thn ca nhng ngi lnh o c kh
nng mang li ha bnh thc s cho con ngi; (2) ng chng minh
vi nhn dn i Vit rng m mang b ci khng nht thit phi
xm lng x ngi m ngc li c th thc hin bng con ng
ha bnh v s m mang b ci khng nhm bp v tc
ot quyn sng ca dn tc km u th; (3) ng ni vi nhn dn
Chim Thnh rng trong i mt ca ch Pht tt c chng sanh
u bnh ng v v th trong tri tim ng khng c s phn chia
ngn ngi hay coi nh dn tc Chim Thnh; (4) ng ni vi b tnh
Vit-Chim rng nhng con ngi khng cng chng tc c th
sng hp qun trong ha bnh; (5) ng ni vi giai cp lnh o
rng hnh phc an lc ca tt c b tnh mi thc s l cu cnh
chn chnh v n lc mang n hnh phc an lc cho tt c b tnh
mi l mc tiu chn chnh chnh quyn hin hu v phc v.
B phn lnh o ca i Vit v bn thn hai vua Trn thc s
bit vn dng ti a hnh ng gng mu ca bn thn, hoc th
hin qua ng li sch lc, ti to nguyn tc t chc v vn
hnh, ti to nim tin t ni ngi lnh o, ti to sinh lc ca
qun chng, ti to o l sng, ti to ting ni nhn bn, ti to
ci nhn bnh ng v thn phn con ngi, ti to ha bnh.
V trong s nhng tm gng ni bt ghi li trong lch s
dn tc khng th no khng ni ti vic lm ca L Li ngy ton
217

thng qun Minh. Sau khi Thnh Sn Hu Vng Thng chp nhn
u hng v iu kin, v l k kt vn kin c cc anh hng
trong b phn lnh o khng chin t tn khi hi l hi th ng
Quan, L Li quyt nh cho th ht qun Minh v nc. Ngy 12
thng 2 nm 1427, Vng Thng cho qun trit thoi. By gi cc
tng s nc ta rt cm th qun Minh git hi cha con, thn

thch h, lin r nhau ti khuyn vua git bn chng i. Vua d
rng: 'tr th bo on l thng tnh ca mi ngi, nhng khng
thch git ngi l bn tm ca bc nhn c. V li ngi ta
hng, m mnh li git l im xu khng g ln bng. Nu ct
h ni cm gin trong chc lt m mang ting vi mun i l git
k hng, th chi bng tha mng sng cho c vn ngi, dp
tt mi chin tranh cho i sau, s xanh ghi chp, ting thm mun
i, h chng ln lao sao?' [Vua ni xong] bn ra lnh: cnh ng
thy, cp 500 chic thuyn, cho Phng Chnh, M K m nhn.
Cnh ng b, cp lng tho, cho Sn Th, Hong Phc lnh
nhn. Cn hn hai vn ngi b bt hoc u hng v hai vn con
nga th do M Anh lnh nhn. Chinh man tng qun Trn Tun
em qun trn th i theo.48 Bn qun Minh u ko nhau ti dinh
B ly t trc khi v. Bn Phng Chnh ri nc mt,
phn v cm xc, phn v h thn. Vi quyt nh ny, L Li
chng thc bng hnh ng gng mu cho qun chng v ngay
c k th thy r th no l qun iu pht ch v tr bo . . . em
i ngha dit hung tn, ly ch nhn thay cng bo. V mt
48

dch 1985-1992
218
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
gng sng lnh o, L Li (1) th hin s kh hp ton vn
ca t tng, sch lc v hnh ng; (2) chng thc c
chnh ngha ca ngi chin thng; (3) cng c c nim tin v
hy vng ni mt triu i va thnh hnh. V nh nhng iu ny,
mt dng sinh lc mi c khai m vc dy mt t nc
kit qu sau nhiu nm chin tranh tn hy. L Thi T th hin
ci gng li ni v hnh ng i song i v chng t mt kh
nng ti to tuyt vi.
Sau nhng cuc chin tranh v quc, bn cnh nhng n
lc ti thit i sng vt cht cho t nc, Trn Nhn Tng cng
quan tm su sc n vic gy dng mt qu kh thn thnh
cho dn tc49 th hin qua vic phong thn tp th cho nhng

ngi c cng trng vi t quc trong qu kh v s ra i, ln u
tin, ca mt thn in Vit Nam. Phong thn khng phi l iu
mi m. Trc ng tng c L Thi T phong thn cho Ph
ng Thin Vng v L Phc Man, L Anh Tng phong thn cho
Nh Trng, L Thi Tng phong thn cho M v Phm C Lng,
Trn Thi Tng phong thn cho L Hong, v cn rt nhiu v khc
na. Tuy nhin y l ln u tin vic phong thn c thc hin
mt cch tp th, c sch lc v c mc ch r rt. Con ngi
sc phong cho thn linh v cng chnh con ngi qu ly thn linh
l th hin mt thi v trit l c bit: quan h tng knh gia
con ngi vi thn linh. Ngi dn Vit qu li linh thn nc Vit v
tri n v knh phc nhng cng c h ng gp cho i, t
bit l lc sng, ch khng qu ly v s st quyn lc v hnh.
49
L Mnh Tht, Ton Tp Trn Nhn Tng, trang 169-171, xb nm 2000 ti TP
HCM, nxb TP HCM
219

Sng c hin dng tt cng cho i sng dn Vit th khi cht mi
xng ng lm linh thn ca nc Vit. Dng ln nhng linh thn
Vit trong dng sng Vit l mt n lc chng li s xm lc vn
ha ca Bc phng, mt hnh thc xm lc m thm, bn b,
thm c v hiu qu. Dng ln nhng linh thn Vit cho dng
sng Vit l mt hnh thc nhc nh ngi dn Vit v cng trng
ca tin nhn nc Vit, mt hnh thc tng thng v khch l
tinh thn phc v qun chng, mt hnh thc cho bit th no l
cch sng xng ng c ngi i tn vinh. Dng ln nhng
linh thn Vit t dng sng Vit l cho tinh anh Vit thng hoa t
dng sng ca dn Vit v nghn i khng kht vi t Vit. Trn
Nhn Tng qu thc bit lm sng li nhng tm gng tuyt vi
b bo ca tin nhn v dng hng dn t duy, o c v
hnh ng ca qun chng. Trn Nhn Tng chng t mt kh
nng ti to c mt khng hai.
Sau trn i thng Tt ng-Chc ng, b phn lnh
o ca Lam Sn c mt ti ngoi thnh ng Quan chun
b trn nh quyt nh v sau cng vi qun Minh. Lc y Bnh
nh Vng L Li dng lu nhiu tng dinh B , ngay trn b
sng L. T i bn doanh B ny Bnh nh Vng L Li
ban hnh mt s php lnh, nm 1427, trong c php lnh tm
kim nhn ti. Ni dung ca php lnh ny nh sau: H lnh cho
cc tng hiu, cc quan cp l, phi tm kim nhng ngi c ti

lc tr dng, c th lm c cc chc nh T M hoc l Thng
Tng, mi vin tin c ly mt ngi.50 Php lnh ny khng ch
50
Nguyn Khc Thun, Vit S Giai Thoi, trang 25, xb nm 2004, ti TP HCM, nxb
Gio Dc
220
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ni ln thi cu nhn ti mt cch tng qut m cn ch th
hnh ng thc tin trong vic tm kim v tuyn dng nhn ti.
Php lnh vch ra trch nhim tm kim v tuyn dng nhn ti
l trch nhim chung v mi ngi trong cc cp lnh o phi thc
thi trch nhim . N ni kt trch nhim, v mt ngc li l vinh
d v quyn li, gia ngi tin c vi ngi c tuyn dng v xa
hn na l gia nhng ngi ang lnh o hin ti vi nhng
ngi c o to tr thnh cp lnh o trong tng lai.
Li minh chng hng hn rng ng bit s dng chnh sch

nhm lin tc tm kim v o to nhn ti p ng nhu cu
trong hin ti v trong tng lai. y chnh l kh nng ti to.
Vua Trn Thi Tng ngi 33 nm (1225-1258) sau
nhng ngi tui 41 v ra sc o to ngi lnh o t nc k
tip trong vai tr Thi Thng Hong. Kt qu l t nc c c
v minh qun Trn Thnh Tng. Cng ging nh cha, Trn Thnh
Tng ngi 21 nm (1258-1279) sau nhng ngi tui 39 v
ra sc o to ngi lnh o t nc k tip trong vai tr Thi
Thng Hong. Kt qu l t nc c c mt v minh qun tip
ni l Trn Nhn Tng. Ri, i theo con ng ca cha v ng ni,
Trn Nhn Tng ngi 14 nm (1279-1293) sau nhng ngi
tui 36 v ra sc o to ngi lnh o t nc k tip trong vai
tr Thi Thng Hong. Kt qu l l t nc c c v minh
qun Trn Anh Tng. Sau Trn Anh Tng cng ch ngi 21
nm v nhng ngi tui 38 v ra sc o to ngi lnh o t
nc k tip trong vai tr Thi Thng Hong. Kt qu l t nc
c c v minh qun Trn Minh Tng. Tng t, vo triu i nh
L, lc Hong T Cn c ln ngi ch mi 7 tui. M ca ng l
Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu nhip chnh thay ng v ch thn
221

m trch vai tr o to v vua ny cho n khi ng 20 tui mi
giao li quyn hnh. Sau b vn tip tc c vn v du dn v
vua ny trong vai tr Thi Thng Hong. Kt qu l t nc c
c v minh qun L Nhn Tng ngi 45 nm. Tt c nhng
nhn vt lnh o ti ba mt thi ca t nc va nu trn u c
mt im ging nhau: c o to bi mt ngi lnh o c ti v
tr thnh mt ngi lnh o c ti (take a great leader to
produce a great leader). Da trn chng c c th ni cc v vua
Trn cng nh Linh Nhn Hong Thi Hu nh gi ng mc
trch nhim o to v du dn ngi lnh o k tip ca quc gia,
thc hin trch nhim ny vi tt c s cn trng, v thnh
cng trong vic lm ca h. H chng minh kh nng ti to
ca mnh.
Tin Abraham Lincohn c c c nhng i th ca ng
n nhn mt cch lnh v bun, nu khng mun ni l qu xc.
H ngh rng t nc chn lm ngi giao ph s mng;
giao ph cho mt tn lut s v danh tiu tt vng su vng xa
ch mi bc chn vo chnh trng qua mt nhim k dn biu v
cng chng to c bao nhiu thnh tch. Cc i th ca ng
u l nhng chnh tr gia thng thng.
William H. Seward l
thng ngh s sng chi ca New York sut hn mt thp nin v l

v thng c lin tip hai nhim k ca tiu bang trc khi v
Washington. Ni v ti nng ca Seward, ng Henry Adams vit
[ng ta] c th lm cho con b b khch ng ch vi mt cu tuyn
b v Carl Schurz cng ni [ng ta l] mt ngi lnh o ca

phong tro chnh tr chng t trng n l. T ng ta, gia nhng
no ng ca giao tranh, chng ti tip nhn ting kn xung trn, v
l mt trong nhng tr ct i khi [ng ta] dn ng d lun thay v
222
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ngoan ngon i theo d lun. Seward c ngi ta cho l nhn
vt cp tin ca ng Cng Ha. Trong bui sng sm ca ngy
18 thng 5 nm 1860, trc gi khai mc b phiu, Seward vn cn
nhn c t William Evart, ch tch ca i biu on, mt in
vn lc quan Mi th cho thy ng chc chn s c c. Mt
i th khc, Salmon P. Chase, l mt chnh tr gia y quyn r v
mt th hnh, nh mt phng vin tng nhn xt mt ngoi hnh
hon ho ti cha tng bao gi thy. Chase li l mt con ngi

rt sng o v lun lun gi ng theo nguyn tc, qui c, thng
l, gi gic. Chase khng ung ru, khng ht thuc, khng tn
gu v rt him khi thy ng ta ci. Mt con ngi t buc mnh
trong khun kh gii c. V mt chng t trng n l Chase cp
tin hn c Seward, l lun cho nguyn tc ca mnh trn cn bn
v ngn ng ca gio l. Trong nghin cu v khi thy ca ng
cng ha, William Gienapp vit, ni v ti tr lnh o trong
phong tro chng t trng n l v kh nng t chc ca Chase,
trn ng di, khng mt ai khc gp phn vo s thnh hnh ca
ng Cng Ha nhiu nh l Chase lm. Vi tun trc ngy

i hi ng, t nht bo ca ng Cng Ha The Ohio State
Journal vn ng ti khng ai trong t nc xng ng hn,
khng ai bn lnh hn . . . lun lun ht lng vi nhng nguyn tc

ca t do ph cp, xuyn sut s nghip chnh tr. V hn ai ht,
bn thn Chase t tin l mnh s c chn. Mt i th khc na,
Edward Bate, cao tui hn ht trong s i th, l a con cng ca
St. Louis, ni m ng ti nh c t khi n cn l mt ci lng
bn da th ch c lo to vi ba cn nh ri bn thp nin sau tr
thnh mt thnh ph hoa l vi mt h thng ng x, trng hc,
bnh vin, gio ng, th vin, bo tng vin, v nh to rng
223

ca t nhn, mt vng t vi nhng iu kin sng c mt khng
hai trong t nc thi . Trong sut cuc i chnh tr Bate
tng kinh qua nhng chc v v vai tr quan trng nh l i biu
i hi son tho hin php u tin ca Hoa K, ngh s ca tiu
bang, dn biu ca quc hi Hoa K, chnh thm ca St. Louis land
Court. Nhng cao vng chnh tr ca Bate nht dn vo 20 nm
sau cng, ch v ng gn b vi gia nh hn v do mun dnh
tt c thi gian v s quan tm cho gia nh ng. Cng v l do ny
m ng nhiu ln t chi nhn lnh nhng chc v ln trong
chnh quyn khi c mi tham chnh. Tuy l vy, ho quang v t
th chnh tr ca Bate khng st km trong cuc tranh c ny.
Ngc li, vi bn cht n ha cng vi nhng nm thng n mnh
nm ngoi vng u tranh quyt lit ca nhng phe phi chnh tr,
ngi ta tin rng Bate l ngi c th dp tt c mm mng ni
chin, hn gn c nhng rn nt ca t nc, to c s on
kt a t nc tin ti thnh vng. Tm li, c ba nhn vt
u l thi sn bc u trn chnh trng. Khng ai trong ba ngi
c ngh l Lincohn c th nh gc h. Tt c u tin rng mnh
xng ng hn ai ht v chc rng mnh s c c. Tuy nhin lch
s khng din ra nh h mong i. Ngi dn Hoa K chn
la Abraham Lincohn. D nhin l h au lng m nut cay ng.
Nhng sau khi c c Abraham Lincohn lm mt quyt nh
cha c ngi tng lm trc ; l, b nhim nhng i th mi
va so ti vi ng vo nhng chc v quan trng nht trong ni cc.
Seward tr thnh l b trng ngoi giao, Chase l b trng ngn
kh, Bate l tng chng php l (attorney general). Ngoi ba nhn
vt thng thng ny Abraham Lincohn cn b nhim ba nhn vt
kit lit khc ca ng dn ch l Gideon Welles, vo chc v b
224
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
trng hi qun, Montgomery Blair, vo chc v tng chng bu
tn (postmaster general), v Edward Stanton, vo chc v b trng
chin tranh. Tt c thnh vin trong ni cc do Abraham Lincohn
b nhim u l nhng ngi c hc thc hn ng, c danh ting
hn ng, v c kinh nghim phc v cng chng nhiu hn ng.
Gii quan st thi e ngi rng ho quang v bn lnh ca tp th
ni cc khng thn thin ny s lm chm xung vai tr lnh o
ca ng lut s nh qu va c c tng thng. Nhng Abraham
Lincohn nhanh chng chng minh cho mi ngi thy ng chnh
l mt thuyn trng ti ba. Ri vi thi gian, Seward l ngi u
tin chuyn thi khinh th sang thn phc ri tr thnh ngi bn
v l ngi c vn thn tn ca Lincohn. Bate tng ch Lincohn l
ngi c lng vi t nc nhng cha ti qun tr phi
tuyn b Lincohn l mt nh lnh o v ch th v l mt con
ngi gn nh ton vn. Staton tng i x gn nh mit th

Lincohn sau cng phi nh nc mt sut my tun l sau ci
cht ca ng. Ngay c Chase, ngi khng cam tm chu thua,
cui cng cng phi nhn nhn l Lincohn qu tht hn ng.51
Abraham Lincohn bin mt tp th gm nhng nhn vt khng
tng thch cng khng ngi ra tay nghin nt ng trong c my
chnh tr thnh ra mt tp th lnh o tn tm phc v t nc
nh vo c hnh khim cung ca ng ---th hin qua s mn cm
(sensitivity), s thng cm (empathy), s chn tht (honesty), lng
t mn (kindness) v lng bi mn (compassion) i vi mi ngi--cng vi ti nng lnh o sn c. Abraham Lincohn bit t
51
Doris Kearns Goowin. Team of Rivals: The Political Genious of Abraham Lincohn.
NY: Simon & Schuster, 2005.
225

chuyn ha bn thn t vai tr ca mt i th sang vai tr ca mt
nguyn th quc gia, bit chuyn ho nhng him khch trong tranh
c thnh s gn b trong s mng lnh o t nc, bit chuyn
ha t mt ngi thng nhiu ngi thua, mt ngi vinh quang
nhiu ngi chu nhc thnh tt c u thng, tt c u vinh
quang, bit chuyn ha t trng thi tiu hao v phn tn sau mt
cuc so ti quyt lit sang trng thi hi phc v kt hp. Khng ai
c th hoi nghi v kh nng ti to ca Lincohn.
Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) sau khi tt nghip t trng
v b West Point tham d vo Mexican War vi cp bc thiu y.
Sau b sai thi khi qun i v phm ti say ru. n khi cuc
ni chin n ra th Grant li tip tc cuc i binh nghip v nhanh
chng tr thnh mt s quan gii ca Bc qun (Union Army) nn
leo dn ln chc v ch huy cao cp. n 1864 th Tng Thng
Abraham Lincohn vinh phong Grant l Tng T Lnh Bc Qun sau
chin thng Vicksburg, ng t r ti nng tuyt vi trong vn
dng chin thut, v chin thng Chattanooga, trn nh dt im
dn n kt thc ni chin.
Ngy Nam qun (Frederate Army)
bung v kh u hng th tng Grant tin vo Appomatox Court

House gp tng Lee bn chuyn ``tip thu. Grant, trong b
b bt bn t chng khc lc chin trng, c v bun trn mt,
cho hi Lee ri ngi chuyn vn mt cch l v kin nhn
vi ngi bi tng. Lee trong b qun phc tm tt, tip i
ngi thng trn vi tt c s trm tnh v oai phong c hu. Hai
ngi chng ng n chuyn u hng, l do m h cn phi gp
mt, v mi cho n khi Lee m li trc th vn mi c bn
ti. iu kin Nam qun u hng l tt c binh s c v nh
sau khi gii gip v c hon ton t do nu tip tc tun th lut
226
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
php. Nhng Grant lm hn th. ng cho binh s Nam
qun gi li thanh gm. ng cung cp lng thc v qun o cho
nhng chin binh ngho i ca Nam qun. ng cn nn n h gi
li la v nga chin em v qu dng vo cy cy cho v ma
sp ti. V khi m Bc qun nh trng thi kn, pht c reo h
chin thng th Grant ra lnh dp b tt c. ng ni Chin
tranh i qua. Nhng k phin qun tr li l ngi ng

hng. giy pht nhng li ni ca Grant, mt mu ngi
nh th v trm lng, tuy n gin nhng bay cao v bay xa,
vang di n ngy sau, ging nh li ca Winton Churchill ni
y l ngy vinh quang nht trong s nghip ca Grant v cao vi
trong cu chuyn ca Hoa K. Grant l mt ngi lnh o c kh

nng ti to tuyt vi.
hng th d va ri cho thy ngha ca hai ch ti to cn
c hiu rng ra trn nhiu bnh din. Ti to cuc i, kh nng,

s nghip; ti to vai tr, quyn lc, uy tn; ti to hnh ng, thnh
qu, k tch; ti to sinh lc, tim nng, ch; ti to c tin, hy
vng, thnh tn, ha bnh, on kt . . . V s ti to c th hin
di nhiu hnh thc. Th hin bng hnh ng ca bn thn, th
hin qua hnh ng ca tp th, th hin di chnh sch v php
lnh.
227
Bit Ri B
V i Lnh o
t ngi thch hp lnh o khng nhng phi bit

dn mnh trc khi bc ra gnh vc vai tr lnh o,
phi bit gi mnh trong lc ang gnh vc vai tr lnh
o, cn phi bit ri b v i lnh o trao li gnh nng cho

ngi khc, trao li ng lc v cho ng ngi nu c th c.
Mt ngi tng l mt thc th thch hp lnh o trong mt
bi cnh ang vn hnh v thc s thnh cng vi vai tr lnh o
trong bi cnh c th nhanh chng i din vi thc trng s tr
thnh ngi lnh o li thi v (1) vng trn bn thn khng ln
so vi nhng nhu cu mi qu ln mc d bi cnh, trn cn bn,
vn nh c hoc v (2) bi cnh bin i hon ton v ngi lnh
o khng c c mt thc th khc thch hp lnh o
trong bi cnh mi ang vn hnh.
James Madison (1751-1836) ln ln nng tri Montpelier
thuc tiu bang Virginia v theo hc ti Collge of Virginia, nay l i
Hc Princeton. L mt hc sinh xut sc, ng tt nghip i hc ch
trong vng hai nm. Nm 1776 ng tham d i Hi Virginia vi t
cch l mt i biu. Sau ng phc v trong Virginia i Biu
228
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Vin (1776-1777); ngi trong Hi ng C Vn Virginia (17781779); tr thnh l thnh vin ca Continental Congress (17801783); tr li phc v trong Virginia i Biu Vin ln th nh (17831786); trip tp i Hi Hin Php (1786); l Ngh Vin Hoa K
(1789-1797); son tho Ngh Quyt Virginia (1798); phc v trong
Virginia i Biu Vin ln th ba (1799-1800); nm chc v Tng
Trng Ngoi Giao (1801-1809); v tr thnh v tng thng th t
ca Hoa K lin tip hai nhim k (1809-1817). Madison c coi
l cha ca Hin Php Hoa K. Nm 1978 ng vit hn 1/3 trong
s 85 bi tiu lun, sau c kt tp di tn Federalist Papers,
ng trn bo nhm thuyt phc qun chng h tr cho hin php
lin bang, v nhng bi vit ca ng c nh hng rt ln, mi
cho ti nay, i vi Hoa K. Quc Hi, Madison lm vic st vi
Tng Thng George Washington t chc mt chnh quyn lin
bang mi. Cng cn ca ng trong vic ny nhiu hn c Thomas
Jefferson v Hamilton.
Cng vi Thomas Jefferson, Madison t
chc ng Cng Ha, sau i tn l ng Dn Ch Cng Ha. Vi

vai tr l Tng Trng Ngoi Giao ca Jefferson, Madison c
vn v mua t Lousiana, nng din tch quc gia ln gp i, v
bo tr cho D Lut Cm Vn nm 1807. Vi cng v tng
thng, Madison a Hoa K vo cuc chin i u Anh Quc
nm 1812, tn thnh vic thit lp thm mt Ngn Hng Quc Gia
[ngn hng th hai] v nng thu xut nhp khu bo v doanh
nghip trong thi chin. Trc khi tr thnh Tng Thng ca Hoa
K, Madison c m t l mt ngi trm lng, cn trng, lun
lun lng nghe ngi khc (k c ngi cht), mt k ti v l thuyt
chnh tr, c k nng m phn v iu nh gia nhng nhm
chnh khch. ng lng l lm vic trong nhng y ban. ng ghi
229
ch nhng g c bn ci trong tng bui hp. ng a ra nhng

kin quan trng. ng li du n ca mnh trong nhng vn
bn quan trng nht ca nhn loi. Khi ng ni th mi ngi u
lng nghe. V, h i theo ng . . . Virginia ng vt ln vi lc
lng chng lin bang do Patrick Henry cm u, nhng sau rt
ng cng dn dt bang Virginia n ch ph chun Hin Php . . .
Trong tin trnh ph chun Hin Php, mt s tiu bang, nh l
North Carolina, ch ng vi iu kin l phi c mt Tuyn Ngn
Nhn Quyn i km bo v t do v quyn li ca h. V th khi
Quc Hi u tin nhm hp ti thnh ph New York, James
Madison ng ra lnh o son tho 10 iu khon u tin
ni ting [gi l] Bill of Rights . . . Cm t nguyn thy We the
people of the United States l ca Madison . . . Sng theo hun th
'we the people do Madison ch xng, trong mt gc cm nhn,
l chng ta vn nghe theo ng.52 Sau khi tr thnh Tng Thng
Madison c m t l mt ngi thiu thc tc; din mo khng
gy n tng; ging ni yu t; i lc hoang mang v b ngp bi

nhng d kin; khng c kh nng khi dy cht t hng say hoc
cm xc, du l vi nhng ngi bn; c x tiu cc i vi Quc
Hi; ngoan c n ngu xun; khng kh nng lo li trnh
c cuc chm trn vi Anh Quc, dn t nc n cuc chin
tranh 1812; khng c kh nng cung ng mt s lnh o mnh
m trong thi chin.53 Ci yu km trong vai tr tng thng ca
52
James L. Garlow (2002). 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership (p.74). Thomas Nelson
Publisher. Nasvill:Tennessee. USA

53
230
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Madison hin r nt theo ci kt cuc thm hi ca trn chin 1814.
Qun Anh, di s ch huy ca Tng Robert Ross, tin t
Chesapeake Bay ti Washigton, D.C. Madison ku gi qun chng
tham gia nhng n v dn qun v trang bo v Th . Ch
c 7,000 ngi hng ng. Ri qun M giao chin vi qun
Anh ti mt ni ch cch thnh ph Bladensburg khong 5 dm.
Qun M sau khi bn vi pht sng, b t vong vi ngi, b
chy. Qun Anh trn vo Washington D.C. chiu ngy 24 thng 8,
vo tn Nh Trng t ph. Gia nh Tng Thng ch va thi
gian chy trn. Kh nhn ra Madison l mt v tng thng.54
Bng vo nhng chng c lch s, c th ni trc khi tr thnh
tng thng, Madison l mt nh lnh o tuyt vi. Nhng mt
cng v mi, cng v Tng Thng Hoa K, ng khng cn l
mt nh lnh o ti hoa na, hay ni cho ng hn, ng nhanh
chng tr thnh mt nh lnh o li thi. Ho quang ca mt thu
khng cn theo ng na. Ting ni ca ng mai mt trong lng ca
qun chng. Khng cn g t hn khi mt v nguyn th ca quc
gia khng th vc dy lng yu nc ca dn ng ln chng
li ngoi th.
Mao Trch ng (1893- ) c mt trong mt giai on lch s
m nc Tu c ghi nhn l ang lc b phn ha trm trng.
Ngy tn ca Thanh triu rt trong vng xoy ca bin ng x hi
v kinh t khng ngoi ra c. Ti nguyn thin nhin ca t nc
th chp vo tay nhng ngoi bang tham lam, m theo nh ngn
ng ca Mao ni vi Edward Snow l s phn thy r tht Trung
54
231
Quc ch c hnh ng anh hng ca tui tr Trung Quc mi c

th cu ni n.55 Ri ci gic m ca Mao thu ht c dn Tu
v xi dc nhng cuc cch mng st mu vt xa bin gii Tu.56
thp nin 1930 v 1940, Trung Hoa ang cn c mt ngi lnh
o quyt tm cho vin nh ca mt trt t mi trn t nc v c
kh nng m ng i ti vin nh bng cch git sp h
thng ang tn ti c ch cho mt h thng mi hnh thnh.
Mao c c bn lnh ny nn ta sng ho quang trong bi
cnh ang vn hnh. Ngi dn i theo ting gi ca lng mng
ch ngha trong chnh tr m Mao l th lnh, th lng mng cha
y mu tanh v ting khc bi ai trong tin trnh i ly mt thin
ng trn mt t. Sau khi cuc cch mng chnh tr thnh
cng, ng l tip theo phi l mt giai on cng c v n nh cn
c cho mt h thng mi va c thnh lp th Mao li tip tc lao
vo s tn ph khc vi ci gi l Cuc Cch Mng Vn Ha.57
Cui cng l trong thp nin 1970, vi s tt hu thm hi ca
Trung Quc ni ring v vi s nhn thc r rt v s tht bi ton
din ca h thng cng sn ni chung, dn Tu mun nhn thy
mt s thay i nhng khng hng th vi loi cch mng p
na (revolution) m ch mun thy s thay i trong n nh. Trung
Quc n lc cn ti mt ngi lnh o c kh nng mi gii
cho mt cuc ci cch. V ng Tiu Bnh c bn lnh ny
nn ta sng ho quang trong bi cnh mi. Mao, cng nh
55
Jonathan Spence, Mao Zedong, Time Magazine, April 13, 1998.
56
Jonathan Spence, Mao Zedong, Time Magazine, April 13, 1998.
57
L Quang Diu, cu Th Tng Singapore, pht biu trong bui mn m v lnh
o (Converstion on Leadership) nm 2000-2001, Center of Leadership.
232
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nhng th lnh cng sn khc, l chuyn vin p . ng ta bit
lm th no ph sp mt t chc, mt on th, mt giai cp x
hi, mt chnh quyn, mt quc gia. ng ta chim hu kh nng
v chng minh l ng ta c th lm cng vic p mc
tuyt vi. Nhng khi lch s sang trang, Trung Quc bc sang
mt giai on mi, giai on hu cch mng cn ngi c kh nng
xy dng li t nc t v tan hoang, th kh nng ca Mao
nhanh chng tr nn li thi trc bi cnh mi ang vn hnh.
Thay v nhng li v i cho ngi khc, Mao c bm vu
quyn lc ri a t nc ca ng ta n st bn b vc. Nu
khng c chnh sch engagement ca M vo u thp nin 1970
v s tri dy ca ng Tiu Bnh [ngi tng c m mt
trong cng xng u Chu khi cn l sinh vin v che y s
thn phc ca mnh v hiu nng sn xut ca th gii t bn tn
y lng] cha ai bit chc Trung Quc phi tip tc ph sn ti
mc no.
V vy, mt ngi lnh o thc thi phi bit trao li vai tr lnh
o cho ngi khc ng lc. Bit trao li gnh nng ng lc
bo tn cng nghip ln uy tn to c, duy tr nh hng tt
p ang c, to iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn i sang
mt vai tr lnh o khc thch hp hn nu vn cn mun tip tc
gp mt, v quan trng hn ht l khng cn bc tin hoc lm
thng tn n tp th hay t nc. V, mt ngi lnh o sng
sut phi t bit u l gii hn ca mnh dng li trc nhng
quyn r ca c hi.
Trng , ngi Ph i huyn ng Li, nay thuc tnh
Hi Hng, l ngi thanh lim, thng thn, khng b ng, c ch
233

ln. Lc tr b nh i du hc, thi u tin s, rt ni danh, lm quan
di thi Trn Du Tng, chc v Ng S i T Gin nh y t
Khanh Trung Ph Tng Qun. Lc Trn Du Tng nghe theo li
xi gic ca T Bnh quyt nh t mnh dn qun i trng pht
Ch Bng Nga, Ng S i Phu c gng phn tch tnh hnh
nng nh cho vua nghe v khuyn ngn khng nn ra qun nh
Chim Thnh. Sau ba ln can gin, Trn Du Tng vn khng
nghe, ng treo m t quan. ng khng hnh ng bc ng v
hn gin. ng quyt nh treo m t quan v ng bit r l ng
khng th tip tc gnh vc hiu qu vai tr Ng S i Phu na.
Trng bit trao li gnh nng ng lc bo ton cng
nghip v uy tn cho chnh ng.58
V Vng inh Tu con ca Dng Thi Hu c lp ln
lm vua lc mi 6 tui. K t Dng Thi Hu lm triu dng
Nguyn Bt, inh in v L Hon lm ph chnh.
Thp o
Tng Qun L Hon l ngi c ti nn c Dng Thi Hu u

i v giao ph phn ln cng vic chp chnh cho ng m trch.
Nhm Nguyn Bt, inh in, Phm Hp khng cam phc nn a
n vic ng binh. Nc Tng bit c nhng xo trn trong ni
b ca triu nh nh inh nn tha c hi xua qun sang nh.
Nhn thc c nhng him ha trc mt, trong b e da bi
mm mng tranh ginh quyn lc ngoi b e da bi bng dng
ngoi xm, v hiu r ng vua con cng bn thn mnh khng
58
L Vn Hu & Ng S Lin & Phan Phu Tin, i Vit S K Ton
Th Bn K, trang 269-270, xb nm 2001, n bn in t do Vin

Khoa Hc X Hi Vit Nam chuyn dch 1985-1992
234
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
kh nng m ng vai tr lnh o t nc trc cn bo ln
sp xy ra nn Dng Thi Hu chnh thc v vui lng giao li
trch nhim cho Thp o Tng Qun L Hon --bng cch
cho tin hnh vic trut ph ngai v ca con mnh-- L Hon ln
ngi mt cch m p, nhanh chng gii quyt c nhng e da
ti hu phng, thng nht c ni lc, rnh tay lo vic i ph vi
ngoi xm v chin thng c binh Tng. Dng Thi Hu sau
kt hn vi L i Hnh Hong tr thnh i Thng Minh
Hong Hu v ng sau lng v vua ny tip tay ng lo vic lnh
o t nc. Dng Thi Hu l mt ngi bit trao li gnh
nng ng lc cu nguy t nc v nng theo tip tc
lnh o trong mt vai tr khc.
Dick Hackborn, mt k s in tt nghip t i hc
Minnesota, gia nhp cng ty HP ngay sau khi va tt nghip vi vai
tr l mt chuyn vin trong nhm nghin cu & sng ch cng c
in t tr s ti Palo Alto. L mt ngi tr thch n chi nhy
nht, nhng li l mt ngi c kh nng nn mt thp nin sau
leo ln chc v d n trng (a project leader) ca HP. Nm 1977
vi s khuyn khch ca Dave Packard, Hackborn nhn trch nhim
lnh o khi doanh nghip da (disc-drive business division) ca
HP v dn ton b doanh nghip v thnh ph Boise ca tiu
bang Idaho. Ti y, cch xa bn doanh trung ng hn 500 dm
nn t b quy ry. Ngoi cng vic phi lo thng ngy, lnh cha
ca mt phng Hackborn cn c d thi gian truy cu c hi
cho tng lai. ng t hi Trong th gii k thut, s thay i th
trng no ln nht? V cch no tt nht to tc ng ln?

Ti u nm 1982 th Hackborn c th thy r PC gi r s lm nn
mt s thay i su rng t nh cho ti cng s ca mi ngi. V
235

th ngay sau v trong sut 3 nm lin tc, Hackborn vn
ng khoa hc gia (scientists) v chuyn gia sn xut
(manufacturing specialists) ca HP rng sng ch cho c mt
loi my in s dng k thut laser (laser printer) tt v va ti tin
khch hng c th ni vo PC ca h v in mt cch d dng
bt c th g do h sng to trn my PC ca h. Khi khi nim
ny va a ra th c rt nhiu ngi trong cng ty chng i v h
cho rng ng ang lm mt iu khng kh d. Nhng vi s h tr
ca Bill Hewlett v Dave Packard, d n c tin hnh v c m
ca Hackborn cui cng cng thnh tu. My in c nhn u tin
xut hin trn th trng m ra mt c hi v cng ln. Ri nh lch
s ghi nhn, ti nm 1992 th tr gi th trng ca cng ty HP ln
n 18 t trong c gn phn na, theo c tnh ca Wallstreet, l
nh vo gi tr ca doanh nghip my in c nhn (printer business)
do Hackborn khai sinh v qun l. Ma xun nm 1992, Dave
Packard ch thn tm ti Idaho yu cu Hackborn nhn lnh
cng mt lc ba chc v ch tch ca hi ng gim c (chairman
of the board), chc v tng gim c cng ty (president) v chc v
tng qun iu hnh (CEO). Vi nhng du hiu cho thy cng ty
HP c th ang i dn vo mt cn bo, Dave Packard tin rng ch
c Hackborn mi c ti nng lnh o cng ty an ton tin ti.
i vi bt c ai, thc tnh m ni vic ny l mt vinh d ln, mt
phn thng ln, mt c hi ln, mt s kin kh tin m c thc. V
th, kh c ai mun t chi s mi mc ny. Nhng Hackborn
lm nh vy. ng thng thng t chi. Khng phi Hackborn l
ngi khng dm nm bt c hi. Cng khng phi ng l ngi
hu danh v thc, v bng vo ti nng ca mnh ng nm c
mt na giang sn ca HP trong tay v ch vi mt ci gt u
236
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ng s m trn. Hn na Michael Maccoby, mt nh nghin cu
bn ngoi cng ty c nhn xt khch quan, tng vit 56 trang
trong quyn sch The Gameman ni v nhn vt Dick Hackborn
th r rng ti nng ng khng phi l khng thc. Nhng Hackborn
mnh dn t chi l bi v ng bit r hn ai ht ch thm mt bc
na thi l ng s thnh ngi lnh o li thi trong v tr mi.
Trong a dng thc th ca bn thn ng, khng c mt thc th
thch hp cho vai tr ch tch v cho vai tr tng gim c.
iu
ny khng l. Mt chn ti phi bit r mnh, r ngi v r vic.

V ng l mt chn ti ch thc nn ng hiu bn thn mnh v
ng hiu vic. ng khng cho s ham mun danh v hy dit
mnh v lm hi n cng ty. ng bit nhng li v i lnh
o cho ngi khc. Thay vo ng nhn vai tr c vn v gi
mt chn trong hi ng gim c trong mi thi gian ngn ri sau
gi t cng ty v thoi n. n ngy hm nay ng vn c
tn trng l k ti ca mt thi, vn l huyn thoi trong gii doanh
thng.
rn v i lnh o khng c ch ng cho nhng ngi lnh
o li thi. S tht ny lun lun ng trong qu kh cng nh

trong hin ti v tng lai. Cho nn mt ngi lnh o tnh thc
phi bit khi no nn dt khot ri b v i lnh o. Khng dt
khot ri b, v khng nhn thc c bi cnh i mi v bn
thn khng cn thch hp hoc v mun cy vo cng lao trc
cng cu trc li quyn lc v danh v hoc v nhng gn b tnh
cm su m, thng dn n mt kt thc khng hay.
237

L St, ngi lng B Ng thuc Lam Sn, tnh Thanh Ha,
l mt ngi lnh o qun s c ti, theo L Li t nhng ngy
u ca cuc khng chin. ng l mt v tng lp c cng
ln trong trn Quan Du Thanh Ha nm 1420, trn Kh Lu
Ngh An nm 1424, v c bit l trn Xng Giang Bc Giang
nm 1427. Sau khi L Li ln ngi Hong , ng c xp hng
th hai trong danh sch khai quc cng thn, c phong tc hiu
l Huyn Thng Hu. Nm 1433 L St c phong hm i T
chu c mnh ca L Thi T ph t L Thi Tng. V nm
1434, L St c trao quyn T Tng, ln ti tt nh danh vng.
Nhn xt v ng nhiu s gia vit Tuy ng bit quyt on
nhanh chng, nhng li l ngi t ch ngha, khng kho x s vi

ngi chung quanh; c tnh thng thn nhng hay ni nng lm cn
khng ngh ti hu qu; t hiu i th chnh tr nn thng hay lm
theo ring.59 Ni mt cch khc, ng l mt tng ti ca chin
trng nhng l mt T Tng ti trong chnh trng. L St khng
nhn thc c iu ny. ng ch nhn thy nhng cng trng to
ln lc trc ca ng ch khng nhn thy ci li thi ca mnh
trong bi cnh mi, mt bi cnh ang cn nhng khi c nhiu
cht xm v nhng tri tim trong sng khng nhim qun tnh st
pht xy dng mt chnh quyn vn minh thin c c kh nng
duy tr s n nh lu di cho t nc v c kh nng nhanh chng
ci thin i sng vt cht ln tinh thn cho ton dn. ng say sa
vi ho quang ca qu kh, vi quyn uy ang c, vi danh vng
59
Nguyn Khc Thun, Danh Tng Vit Nam Tp 2, trang 149-
150, xb nm 2004 ti TP HCM, nxb Gio Dc

238
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
tham cu cng lc cng cao. ng lao su vo nhng tranh chp
quyn lc, nhng mu toan dng vua ot v, nhng tnh ton en
ti. Ri ng php phng lo s nhng th lc i khng t pha dn
chng cng nh t pha quan li, lo s cho chic gh di mt
ngi nhng trn c trm h ca ng b ngi khc tc ot, lo
s ngi v mu nghi thin h ca con gi ng l Ngc Dao Nguyn
Phi b ngi khc dnh mt v th ng cng vn dng nhiu hn
nanh vut mt v v ta vo sc mnh qun i bp nhng
phn khng, nhng chng i, nhng ting ni bt li cho c
nhn v gia nh ng. Trong bn tay ca T Tng L St, ng
bin triu nh thnh chin trng, bin triu chnh thnh chin trn,
bin chnh tr thnh khng tr, bin vn mnh t nc thnh tr
chi ca tn cn . C th ni L St l mt c nhn t hc li
khng kin thc gnh vc vai tr an bang t th trong thi
bnh nhng li l mt c nhn tm vc quy cho c nc
bo c nh vo bn lnh st pht quen tnh ca mt v tng thi
lon. Nhng ri vic g th cng c lc phi h mn. Vo mt ngy
ca thng 6 nm 1437, tai ha ging xung u ng. Vua L Thi
Tng xung chiu bt ti L St chuyn quyn, nm gi vic nc
[m] ght ngi ti, git Lu Nhn Ch ra oai, trut Trnh Kh

mong ngi phc, bi chc ca i hng bt ming b quan, ui
Cm H ra bin i ngn li ngn quan. . . Mi vic hn u lm
tri vi o lm ti. Nay ta mun khp hn vo hnh lut t r
php nc, nhng v hn l vin c mnh i thn, tng c cng vi
x tc nn c c cch khoan th, nhng phi tc b ht chc
tc.60 Sau mt thng, vua L Thi Tng li ph Nguyn Phi L
60
Nguyn Khc Thun, Danh Tng Vit Nam Tp 5, trang 55-56, xb nm 2004 ti
239

Th Ngc Dao lm thng dn v ban xung chiu ch th hai ni
Ti ca L St ng phi git, khng th dung th c. L phi
em chm rao, nhng trm c n min cho, khng git, duy c

ng c l k by mu cho L St, lm nguy hi n x tc th
phi chm bu u.61 V sau cng xt thy khng th dung tha,
vua li xung chiu L St nay li ngm nui bn v s, liu cht
hi cc bc trung thn lng tng, mu k tht xo quyt, nh

gian phi qu r, l ra phi em chm rao. . .62
Vua ra lnh
cho L St phi t t ti nh, v con v in sn u b tch thu.

Tht ng tic! Mt thin ti ca chin trng, mt nhn vt trong
b phn lnh o ca Bnh nh Vng L Li, mt anh hng ca
dn tc khng nhn ra c gii hn ca bn thn trong bi
cnh mi mnh dn t b v i lnh o nhng ch cho
nhng ngi mi thch hp hn trong giai on mi ca lch s. T
hi hn, L St coi cng trng gii phng t nc l mt th
trao i, nh vy, nhng ngy gian kh khng chin c lc phi
c n b tng xng cho nn ng mc nhin th hng. Ri
ng cho vinh quang, tin ti, danh vng, quyn lc cun ht v
lm chm m trong nhng tranh chp c k dn ti mt kt thc
khng hay.
L Ngn, ngi x m Di thuc Lam Sn, tnh Thanh Ha,
l mt trong s nhng ngi tham d cng cuc nh ui qun
TP HCM, nxb Gio Dc

61
Nguyn Khc Thun, Danh Tng Vit Nam Tp 2, trang 149-150, xb nm 2004
ti TP HCM, nxb Gio Dc

62
240
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Minh ngay t nhng ngy u khi ngha. L Ngn bc l ti nng
qun s ca mnh rt sm v tr thnh mt v tng cao cp ca
Lam Sn. Trong sut 10 nm di khng chin ng lp c
nhiu thnh tch xut sc. in hnh chin cng ca ng gm c:
cng ch huy vi tng L Thch, inh B, Nguyn L trong trn
Lc Thy nm 1418; lm tng tin phong trong trn Kh Lu-B i
nm 1424; cng ch huy o qun tip ng vi tng L Vn An, L
Trin, L Bi trong trn Tn Bnh-Thun Ha nm 1425; ton quyn
ch huy vy hm thnh Ngh An nm 1427. Sau khi L Li ln ngi
Hong v cho dng bn khc tn 93 v khai quc cng thn nm
1429, tn ng ng hng th t vi tc phong Hu. Nm 1434
ng c phong hm T Khu, chc Tng Qun Hnh Qun
Bc o v c cng vi i T L St nm quyn ph chnh.
n khi cy i th L St ng xung vo thng 7 nm 1437, L
Ngn c trao quyn T Tng vi tc phong Nhp Ni i
c, Phiu K Thng Tng Qun, c Tin Khai Ph Nghi ng
Tam Ti, Thng Tr Quc, tc Thng Hu. Cng c hng n
sng c bit ny, con gi ca ng l Chiu Nghi L Nht L c
sch phong lm Hu Phi ca vua L Thi Tng. Nhng nhng
ngy vinh hoa ph qu ca ng khng c lu. Thng 12 nm
1437, L Ngn b buc phi ung thuc c cht ti nh, ton b ti
sn b tch thu, con gi b ging xung hng Tu Dung. ng b h b
vi bn n C ngi co gic i c L Ngn th pht b
Quan m trong nh cu cho con gi mnh l Hu Phi c nh

vua thng yu hn.63 Ni cho r ra l L Ngn b b phi
63
Nguyn Khc Thun, Danh Tng Vit Nam Tp 2, trang 139, xb nm 2004 ti TP
HCM, nxb Gio Dc
241

Nguyn Th Anh, i th ca con gi ng l Hu Phi L Nht L, v
quan T M tham tri chnh s L Thn, i th ca chnh ng, b
mt b tr ngi t co rng ng mi thy ph thy Trn Vn
Phng v nh lp bn th Pht B v dng t thut gip Hu
Phi L Nht L m hoc nh vua, mt m mu tranh ginh ngi
bu. Li co buc trn c Trn Th, mt ngi v l tr p ca
L St b em ban pht cho L Ngn lc L St b trit h, lm
chng v cung khai trc mt vua v cc quan thm vn. Mt
chic li c ging ra v T Tng L Ngn nhanh chng tr
thnh con c nh nm trn tht.64
65
L Ngn trong thi khng
chin l mt bc ti cao, dng mnh v mu lc. Nhng khi lm
quan trong thi thi bnh li l mt con ngi cng rn, hp hi v

thiu bn lnh chnh tr.66 Khng khc vi L St, L Ngn i trn
cng mt con ng dn n tuyt l. Mt thin ti ca chin
trng, mt nhn vt trong b phn lnh o ca Bnh nh Vng
L Li, mt anh hng ca dn tc khng nhn ra c gii hn
ca bn thn trong bi cnh mi mnh dn t b v i lnh o
nhng ch cho nhng ngi mi thch hp hn trong giai on mi
ca lch s. T hi hn, cng ging nh thi ca L St, L
Ngn coi cng trng gii phng t nc l mt th trao i
nh vy nhng ngy gian kh khng chin c lc phi c n b
tng xng cho nn ng mc nhin th hng. Ri ng cho vinh
64

65
inh Cng V, Cc Bc Khai Quc Triu L, trang 223-245, xb nm 2003 ti TP
HN, nxbVn Ha Thng Tin

66
HCM, nxb Gio Dc
242
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
quang, tin ti, danh vng, quyn lc cun ht v lm chm m
trong nhng tranh chp c k dn ti mt kt thc khng hay.
Chin lc gia thin ti, linh hn ca ca nhng v cng
hin hch m Lam Sn dnh c. . . .Vi Bnh Ng Sch,

Nguyn Tri c cng xy dng nn tng t tng vng chc cho
ton b qu trnh hnh thnh, pht trin v thng li v vang ca
Lam Sn. . . . Nguyn Tri khng ch l ngi vch ra chin lc m
cn l ngi trc tip ch huy thc hin mt cch ti ba. . . . ch
thn Nguyn Tri tng bao phen ln mnh vo ming cp tc l
dng cm vo tn so huyt ca k th u tr vi chng. Thc
tin si ng ca nhng nm u th k th 15 cho thy rng ting
ni v ngi bt tuyt vi ca Nguyn Tri c sc mnh chng km
g 'c vn qun thin chin.' Hng chc nhng thnh tr kin c ca
gic, k c so huyt nguy him cui cng ca chng l thnh
ng Quan u phi h v kh u hng bi loi hnh tn cng c
bit ny. . . . ng l nh qun s li lc, nh chnh tr thin ti, nh
ngoi giao xut sc v cng l nh vn ha ln. Danh thm ca
Nguyn Tri vt khi bin gii ca nc nh, hi nhp vo i
ng nhng ngi c cng lm rng r cho vn hin chung ca nhn
loi. Nm 1980 . . . UNESCO trn trng ghi tn Nguyn Tri vo
hng danh nhn ca nhn loi. ng l ngi Vit Nam th hai c
vinh d ln lao ny.67 l nhng g xa v nay ngi ta nhn
nh v gi tr v cng lao ca Nguyn Tri. Th nhng sau khi L
Li ln ngi Hong v tin hnh nh cng phong thng, trong
s 221 ngi c 93 ngi c ban tc v theo 9 bc cao thp
67
Nguyn Khc Thun, Danh Tng Vit Nam Tp 2, trang 40-45, xb nm 2004 ti
TP HCM, nxb Gio Dc
243

khc nhau, tn ca Nguyn Tri ng vo mt trong s 26 ngi
ca bc th 7 vi tc v khim nhng l Hu. Sau mt thi
gian ngn, Nguyn Tri c giao cho chc Hnh Khin ng u

ban vn trong triu nh. Vi cng v ny, Nguyn Tri khng th
bc l v pht huy ti nng a dng ca mnh. ng sng trong
nhng ngy vui bun kh t.68 ng hi ti sao c th nh th
c? L Li tha hiu v vai tr v cng cn ca Nguyn Tri
trong cng cuc khng chin chng Minh gii phng t nc. L
Li tha hiu nu khng c Nguyn Tri bn cnh cha chc g ng
lm nn lch s. L Li cng tha hiu v tm vc an bang t
th ca Nguyn Tri, lc thi lon cng nh lc thi bnh. Nhng
L Thi T khng t, hay ni ng hn l khng dm t,
Nguyn Tri vo chc v an bang t th. Vi cch xp t phong
quan ca L Thi T, bn sau l xy dng mt b phn lnh o
cao cp nht ca chnh quyn L Triu, mt s tht hin nhin phi
by l Nguyn Tri n c gia mt tp th v bin nhiu cng
trn, mt s khng nh trong bn h li dt nt v tham lam v
k nhng ngi c hc thc. Vi mt chc v khng th p cht
rui ng ch c th ng nhn v cm nhn s bt lc ca chnh

mnh trc mt tp on ang i vn ln li vi t nc. Nu
nh khi xng pha trn mc, tng lnh Lam Sn gn b cht ch vi

nhau, th khi thi bnh, mt b phn rt ng k ca h ch bit vun
qun cho c nhn. Nguyn Tri au lng trc mt lot nhng d
68
HCM, nxb Gio Dc
244
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
kin xu din ra ngay cung nh.69 ng bun hn l sau ng
b chnh ci triu i do mnh gp phn sng lp ra v do lnh
ca mt con ngi c gi l minh qun tng rt tn nhim mnh
bt giam v nghi ng c quan h vi Trn Nguyn Hn v Phm
Vn Xo.70 May nh c lng quan Trung Tha Ng S Bi Cm
H ht lng bnh vc nn mi thot khi b ghp vo ti mu phn,
nhng L Thi T vn ra lnh cho L T Tn ging chc Nguyn
Tri xung Nhp Ni Hnh Khin v ch cn gi c tc Vinh Lc
i Phu. Ri L Thi T qua i, ngi c 6 nm, L Thi Tng
ln k nghip cha. Trong vng 4 nm sau khi ln ngi, hai v T
Tng ln lt b trit h v phi t kt liu cuc i. inh Lit, mt
v quan khc, ln thay. Sau khi cc ng L St, ri L Ngn ,
pha cung cm, tnh hnh cng phc tp hn na. T khi cc b phi
con hai ng T Tng b ph hoc b ging, cung cm li ri vo s
u hn lon ca cc b phi k tip. Tnh hnh phc tp hn v
cc b phi mi ny c ti, c sc, c nhiu mu nham him hn
cc b phi c, nht l h li c lng vua v lin h cht ch vi
bn quan th, vi cc i thn c th lc. c bit l b phi Nguyn
Th Anh.
B ta khng nhng da vo cc i thn mnh nh L
Thn, Trnh Kh, m cn lin h cht ch vi bn hon quan trong

cung ni do T Thanh cm u, li c bn Nguyn Thc Hu, L
Cnh Xc, Lng ng . . . y mu m dn sc h tr. Bn
hon quan ny tuy cha phi l i thn nhng nm nhng u mi
69
HCM, nxb Gio Dc

70
inh Cng V, Cc Bc Khai Quc Triu L, trang 157, xb nm 2003 ti TP HN,
nxbVn Ha Thng Tin
245
rt quan trng trong triu, ang tm cch m hoc vua v ly gin

nhng ngi i lp.71 Trc tnh hung cc lng quan tm
cch v tm ngi can gin ng vua tr ngang ngc kh di lc
nh v c c tnh am m sc dc tui trng thnh. Trong n

lc Thi Bo Ng T tm ti Nguyn Tri v yu cu ng hy
cho ngi v th l Nguyn Th L n tip cn vua vi vai tr
L Nghi N Hc S c dp khuyn ngn vua. Sc thuyt phc
ca bn hu Ng T khin cho Nguyn Tri v Th L kh t chi.
Ai cng bit quan Thi Bo Ng T [c h hng bn ngoi vi vua,
li] thuc dng di Ng Nht i Thanh ha, cng mt dng vi

Ng Quyn, ngi anh hng lng danh ca chin thng Bch ng
nm xa. Ng T ra i Lam Sn, ly nng inh Th Ngc K tc
ch rut ca cc tng inh L, inh Lit, inh B. Cho nn di
con mt ca bn gian thn lc y th T Tng inh Lit c quan h
thn thuc vi Tip D Ng Th Bnh, hn l c quan h tt vi
Nguyn Tri.72 Nhng quan h ny lm cho bn gian thn lo s.
Vin nh tay ba inh Lit nm v, Nguyn Tri nm vn, Th L
nm vua73 lm cho bn quyn gian b e da v bt buc phi

hnh ng. Hai cy gai Nguyn Tri-Th L tr thnh mc tiu ln
h phi trit h, hai mc xch d b nht trong b ba lin minh v s
71
inh Cng V, Cc Bc Khai Quc Triu L, trang 246, xb nm
2003 ti TP HN, nxbVn Ha Thng Tin

72

73

246
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
trong sng v cao thng ca hai nhn vt ny. Trong dng xoy
tranh chp quyn lc gia cc i thn ca nc, gia cc b phi
tn ca vua, gia nhng nhm quan li a chuyn c nc bo
c Nguyn Tri b bn quyn gian dng mu y v Cn Sn

lm quan gi cha, tch ri v chng ng cho d b mu hi,
cho ng khng cn ting ni chn chnh gia triu ng,
cho mi ti nng ca ng li dn, ng tr thnh mt con ngi v

thc.74 Chic li v hnh cng ngy cng sit cht hn. Ri thm
n L Chi Vin n ra nh mt ting st. Bn quyn gian chp ly
c hi trong ci cht t ngt ca L Thi Tng ti t gia ca
Nguyn Tri gn cho h ti danh m mu git vua. Ci n tru di
tam tc chm dt cuc i ca Nguyn Tri v Th L, hai con
ngi ti hoa ca mt thi. Tht ng tic! ng l Nguyn Tri
phi bit r trong v i lnh o khng c ch ng cho nhng
ngi lnh o li thi, s tht ny lun lun ng. V ng l
mt ngi lnh o rt li thi. ng li thi ngay t khi L Li ln
ngi. ng li thi khng phi v km ti nng cng khng v km
c .
ng li thi v L Thi T mun ng li thi. ng li
thi v bi cnh ang vn hnh ch dnh t ng cho nhng v

phu km ti. ng li thi v bn quyn gian h lng triu nh c
vua ngm ngm ng tnh. ng li thi v o c v gi tr sng
ca ng khng cho php ng nhp cuc tm kim li ch c k
ging nh h v s dng th on nham him lng on ging nh
h. Nguyn Tri tng n cn khuyn vua K ra th i lon trng
v, thi bnh trng vn. Nay qu rt ng l phi ch ra cc loi
74

247
nh nhc. Nhng nhc phi c gc mi ng, phi c vn mi

hnh. Ha bnh l gc ca nhc, thanh m l vn ca nhc vy.
Thn vng chiu son nhc, dm u khng dc ht sc ra m lm,
nhng v hc thut th nng cn, ch s thanh lut chng c hi
ha. Ci xin b h thng yu v nui nng mun dn, khin cho
mi xm lng khng cn ting on hn bun kh, nh th mi gi
c gc ca nhc.75 Nhng li l thng thit ca Nguyn Tri ch
l ting tht n iu lc lng gia chn triu nh. ng l ng
phi sm nhn ra s tht ny v phi dt khot ri b v i lnh
o, ng cho nhng tnh cm thn thit v nhng trn tr v dn
v nc tri buc mi ri b vi dp trong dng cun nghit ng.
May mn l lch s dnh cng l cho ng. Nhng c bao nhiu
ngi lnh o sao khi b vi dp c c ci may mn nh vy?
Nu Nguyn Tri sng thm 10-20 nm na v trong thi gian
o to c mt lp ngi tr tr thnh nhng ngi lnh o
chn chnh trong tng lai th c phi l hay hn khng?
hng th d va ri cho thy mt ngi lnh o tnh thc phi
bit khi no nn dt khot ri b v i lnh o. Khng dt khot

ri b, v khng nhn thc c bi cnh i mi v bn thn
khng cn thch hp hoc v mun cy vo cng lao trc cng
cu trc li quyn lc v danh v, nh trng hp ca L St v L
Thn, hoc v nhng gn b hay quan tm su m, nh trng
75
Nguyn Khc Thun, Vit S Giai Thoi tp 5, trang 53, xb nm
2004, ti TP HCM, nxb Gio Dc

248
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
hp ca Nguyn Tri v Th L, thng dn n mt kt thc khng
hay.
249
Khng Rt Vo
Con ng H Hoi
au rt, bit vn dng bn thn cng c ngha l khng

cho bi cnh ang vn hnh a y mnh vo con ng
h hoi. Mt ngi lnh o rt c th i vo con ng
h hoi. S h hoi ca mt ngi lnh o c th dn n mt

kt thc khng vinh quang. Quan trng hn, mt ngi lnh o i
vo con ng h hoi thng gy ra nhng h ly trm trng cho
bn thn, cho gia nh, cho tp th hoc cho t nc m h ang
lnh o.
Bernard Ebbers bc vo cng ty LDDS (Long Distance
Discount Services, Inc.) nm 1985 vi vai tr Tng Gim c Tng
Qun Cng Ty (CEO).
LDDS c thnh lp nm 1983 ti
Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Nm 1989 Bernard Ebbers a LDDS ln

sn chng khon qua vic st nhp vi cng ty Advantage
Company Inc.. Ri cng ty c i tn thnh LDDS WorldCom
nm 1995 v sau i thnh WoldCom. Trong giai on chuyn
ho t khi cn l cng ty LDDS cho ti khi thnh i cng ty
WorldCom, Bernard Ebbers thc hin mt lot mua v st nhp
cng ty trong sut thp nin 1990 v u thp nin 2000 trong
250
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
gm c Advanced Communications nm 1992, Metromedia
Commu-nication nm 1993, Resurgens Communications Group
nm 1993, IDB Commu-nications Group nm 1994, Williams
Technology Group nm 1995, v MFS Communications Company
nm 1996 trong bao gm c UUNet Technologies, MCI
Communication nm 1997, Compuserve 1998, Sprint 1999, Digex
2001. Trong nhng n lc ca Bernard Ebbers, ln nht l v sp
nhp vi MIC Communication v vi Sprint. Thng 11 nm 1997,
cng ty WorldCom v cng ty MCI Communication tuyn b sp
nhp vo nhau, vi tr gi tng cng l 37 t USD, tnh ti thi im
th y l mt v sp nhp cng ty ln nht lch s, a n s
thnh hnh ca cng ty MCI WorldCom chnh thc i vo hot ng
vi danh ngha mi ngy 15 thng 9 nm 1998. Ri thng 10 nm
1999, MCI WorldCom v Sprint Corporation li tuyn b sp nhp,
vi tng gi tr ln n 129 t USD. Nu nh khng gp s phn i
ca B T Php Hoa K v ca Lin Hip u Chu, v quan ngi s
dn n tnh hung c quyn, th sau v sp nhp ny MCI
WorldCom s vt qua AT&T v tr thnh l mt cng ty truyn
thng ln nht Hoa K. V sp nhp khng thnh v hai cng ty
phi tuyn b hy b k hoch vo thng 7 nm 2000. Sau v ny
MCI WorldCom ci tn li thnh WorldCom. Trn hnh trnh m
ci Bernard Ebbers tr thnh mt i gia nh vo nm gi
mt s lng ln c phiu ca WorlCom. Tuy nhin n thi im
ca nm 2000 th k ngh vin thng bc vo giai on tr tr,
sch lc tng trng bo (aggressive growth strategy) ca
WorldCom b khng li sau v st nhp khng thnh vi Sprint, cho
nn c phiu ca cng ty b rt gi. Bernard Ebbers b nng
di p lc ti chnh c nhn v s dng margin calls trn c
251

phiu WorldCom ti tr cho nhng lc th vinh hoa ca mnh.
Ri trong nm 2001, Bernard Ebbers thuyt phc c Hi ng
Gim c ca cng ty ng ra bo chng v cho ng ta mn hn
400 triu USD t ti sn ca cng ty ng ta cover ch thiu ht
ca margin calls. HG ng cho ng ta mn tin v mun
ngn chn tnh trng c phiu ca cng ty b rt gi su hn, nu
nh Bernard Ebbers b bc bch n phi bn tho mt s lng
ln c phn trong mt thi gian ngn. Nhng n lc ca HG
khng em li kt qu mong mun v cui cng l Bernard Ebbers
b y ra khi v i lnh o vo thng 4 nm 2002, thay th bi
John Sidgmore, cu Tng Gim c Tng Qun Cng Ty ca
UUNet Technologies. Khong thi gian t gia nm 1999 cho n
thng 5 nm 2002, Bernard Ebbers cng vi mt s ngi trong b
phn qun tr cao cp ca cng ty trong c Tng Gim c Ti
Chnh (CFO) Scott Sullivan, Tng Kim Qun (Controller) David
Myers, Gim c K Ton Tng Qut (Director of General
Accounting) Buford Buddy Yates s dng th on gian ln
k ton nh bng kt qu ti chnh ca WorlCom vi mc ch
nng gi c phiu WorldCom.
Trong nm 2002 mt nhm nh
thnh vin thanh tra ni b (internal auditors) m thm iu tra

v khm ph ra 3.8 t USD gian ln. HG (BOD) v y Ban
Thanh Tra (Audit Committeee) ca cng ty c thng bo ni tnh
v nhanh chng hnh ng. Sullivan b mt vic, Myers t chc,
SEC m mt cuc iu tra trong thng 6 nm 2002. Ti cui nm
2003, kt qu iu tra c tnh l gi tr ca cng ty c thi
phng ln v vt trn gi tr thc khong 11 t USD. WorldCom
khai ph sn vo thng 7 nm 2002, v ph sn ln nht lch s
tnh ti thi im .
Ngy 15 thng 3 nm 2005, Bernard Ebbers

252
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
b kt n 25 nm t vi nhng ti danh gian ln, m mu, v bo
co khng ng vi c quan kim qun. Bn n vnh vin kt thc
s nghip ca mt ngi m ci cho WorldCom v cng chnh l
ngi bc t WorlCom. Bernard Ebbers, mt nh lnh o kinh
doanh c tm vc, cho bn thn i vo con ng h hoi.
S h hoi lm hi chnh bn thn ng ta, lm hi ti cng ty do
chnh tay ng ta ti bi, v lm hi ti hng ngn nhn vin thuc
cp.
Jimmy Lee Swaggart sinh nm 1935 v ln ln ti thnh
ph Ferriday ca bang Louisiana. tui 17, Swaggart thnh hn
vi Frances Anderson v sinh a con trai u lng, Donnie
Swaggart, vo nm 1954. ng phi lm nhiu cng vic tp nhp
kim sng. Trong giai on ny ng cng bt u ht thnh ca
Southern Gospel cho mt s nh th Baptist v Pentecostal chung
quanh vng v ln ng i vo s nghip ging o. Nm 1955,
trn sn chic flatbed trailer c ca ngi ta cho, Swaggart
cng hin ton thi gian cho cng vic ging o. Theo hi k ca
Swaggart, ng v v con sng trong ngho kh cho n ht thp
nin 1950, ging o nhng ni ho lnh ca Louisiana, xoay s
sinh tn vi 30 USD li tc mt tun v c i khi phi i ng vi
ci bng i, khng c c mt ngi nh nn phi u di
nh hm ca nhng nh th hoc tm nh ca nhng mc s hay
nhng nh ng ti tn. Trong thi gian ny ng dn dn thu
ht mt s tn v vn ng h pht trin qua chng trnh
revival meeting khp American South. Nm 1957 Swaggart ghi
danh theo hc Bible college. Nm 1960 ng bt u thu bng nhc
thnh ca trong khi c gng thu ht mt s thnh gi qua nhng
chng trnh pht thanh ca o. Nm 1961 ng tt nghip Bible
253

college v c th phong vi Assemblies of God. Mt nm sau
ng bt u chng trnh ging o trn i pht thanh. n nm
1969 th chng trnh c tn gi The Camp Meeting Hour ca
Swaggart pht thanh ton thi gian trn nhiu trm ph sng khp
vng ai Bible Belt [phn ln thuc min nam US]. Vo khong
cui thp nin 1960 Swaggart cng thnh lp mt nh th ti
baton Rouge bang Louisiana ly tn The Family Worship Center.
Thnh vin ca nh th ny t 40 ngi nm 1970 tng ln trn 500
ngi nm 1975 ri trn mt ngn ngi nm 1980. Trong thp
nin 1970 Swaggart m rng hot ng qua nhng knh truyn
hnh. Ti nm 1983 th Jimmy Swaggart tr thnh l mt nh
ging o trn i truyn hnh ni ting nht Hoa K.
ng ta c
hn 200 trm pht sng a chng trnh The Jimmy Swaggart

Telecast n vi hn 2 triu gia nh mi tun. Cng trong thp
nin 1980 chng trnh Telecast ca Jimmy Swaggart c lc
tng pht sng trn 3000 trm v h thng cp mi tun vi s
lng 8 triu ngi nghe xem ti Hoa K v 500 triu ngi trn
ton th gii, cn c theo ni dung ca trang web jsm.org. Ri nm
1988 mt v tai ting tnh dc n ra, bt ngun t s tr th ca
mc s Marvin Gorman, mt thnh vin trong mc s on ca
Assemblies of God. Marvin Gorman tng b t co l nhiu ln
ngoi tnh. Nm 1986, Swaggart cng khai phi by chuyn ca
Gorman ra trc cng chng. tr th Gorman mn ngi theo
di v ln chp hnh b mt ca Swaggart. Ri ngy 16 thng 2
nm 1988, Gorman cng b bng chng phm ti mua dm ca
Swaggart trong phng s 7 vi Debra Murphree Travel Inn trn
ng Airline Highway ti thnh ph New Orlean. n ngy 21 th
Swaggart cng khai th ti, vi cu ni ni ting I have sinned
254
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
against you, my Lord, and I would ask that your precious blood
would wash and cleanse every stain until it is in the seas of God's
forgiveness." Jimmy Swaggart, mt con ngi ti hoa vn ln t
ngho i, t tay khng dng c cho ring mnh mt vng quc,
cho bn thn rt vo con dng h hoi. Jimmy Swaggart,
mt nh lnh o tn gio ni danh khp c th gii, cho bn
thn rt vo con ng h hoi. S h hoi khng nhng lm hi
bn thn ng m cn gy thit hi uy tn v ti chnh cho nhng
gio hi Tin Lnh ti Hoa K v tn ph khng t c tin ca tn
Tin Lnh.
Richard Milhous Nixon l v Ph Tng Thng th 36 ca
Hoa K t nm 1953 cho ti nm 1961 v l v Tng Thng th 37
t nm 1969 cho n nm 1974. ng l ngi duy nht hai ln c
c v tr Ph Tng Thng cng hai ln c c v tr Tng Thng v
cng l v nguyn th duy nht trong lch s Hoa K b buc phi t
chc.
Sinh ti Yorba Linda bang California nm 1913, tt nghip
ngnh lut ti i Hc Duke nm 1937, gia nhp qun lc sau s

kin Pearl Habor b tn cng, trong lc ang hnh ngh ti La
Habra, ri tham d vo Nh Th Chin v leo ln ti chc Thiu
T Hi Qun. Sau cuc chin, Nixon tham gia vo chnh trng v
c c vo H Vin nm 1946 ri vo Thng Vin nm 1950.
Sau ng li c ng Cng Ho chn ng chung lin danh
vi Dwight D. Eisenhower ri thng c trong nm 1952 v tr v
Ph Tng Thng tr tui nht ca t nc. Nm 1960 Nixon tranh
c Tng Thng vi John F. Kenedy v thua vi s phiu kht khao.
Nm 1962 Nixon tranh c chc v Thng c California nhng b
thua thm mt ln na. Sau mt thi gian ngn rt lui khi chnh
trng, Nixon li ti xut v c c chc v Tng Thng nm 1968
255

v ti c c vo nm 1972, vi khong cch s phiu cao nht lch
s l 23.2% (hn 18 triu l phiu) so vi i th l Thng Ngh S
George McGovern. Bc vo Ta Bch c trong thi im nh
ca Cuc Chin Tranh Lnh m Vit Nam l mt a bn chin lc
Nixon cn phi dn xp. u tin ng cho leo thang cng
chin tranh Vit Nam nhng sau li cho trit thoi dn binh s
Hoa K v m phn vi H Ni. Mt mt khc Nixon ngm thit
lp quan h ngoi giao vi Trung Quc v cng khai ti ving thm
Bc Kinh nm 1972, chnh thc m ra mt i sch mi ca Hoa
K, ci c gi l Strategic Engagement Policy. V, l mt h qu
ng nhin, Hoa K k hip c ngng bn vi H Ni nm 1973
ri sau l trit thoi tt c binh s Hoa K ra khi Vit Nam. Vi
Lin Bang X Vit , Nixon cng ch ng Dtente (/
razryadka) v k kt Anti-Ballistic Missle Treaty.
V mt ni tr,
Nixon ban hnh nhng chnh sch kinh t mi, a ti vic hy

b gold standard v vic thit lp wage and price control. Bc
vo nhim k th hai, Nixon i din vi khng hong t nhiu mt.
Kinh t ca quc gia nm trong giai on kh khn. X hi cng
thng vi nhng cuc biu tnh chng chin tranh. V mt lot tai
ting chnh tr li n ra ng lc, v Watergate. Chnh v tai ting
ny kt thc s nghip chnh tr ca Richard Nixon. Cu chuyn
khi u t mt v bt gi 5 ngi ln lt xm nhp vo b ch
huy ca DNC (Democratic National Committee) to lc trong mt
cao c [va l vn phng, va l chung c, va l khch sn] mang
tn WaterGate vo ngy 17 thng 6 nm 1972. Ri nhng cuc
iu tra ca FBI, ca Senate WaterGate Committee, ca House
Judiciary Committee, v ca bo ch phi by mt lot hnh vi
phm php do b tham mu ca Nixon ch ng.
256
Trong s
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nhng ti danh bao gm: la o tranh c, s dng mt v chnh
tr, ngm ngm ph hoi, xm nhp bt hp php, t my nghe
ln, b mt phm php t chc v s dng qu bi trn (slush fund)
mua chuc nhng i tng trong tm ngm, dng tin bt
ming (hush money) nhng nhn chng.
Sau hai nm di, vi
nhng bng chng cng lc cng nhiu v cng r trong c c

bng ghi m nhng cuc m thoi ca chnh Nixon vi nhng
nhn vt trong ban tham mu ca ng v tr thnh l bng chng
buc ti [the Smoking Gun], s tht cho thy Nixon c che
du nhng hnh ng phi php v cn tr cng l. Vi mt H Vin
sn sng trut ph Tng Thng v mt Thng Vin sn sng
kt n, Nixon khng cn con ng khc la chn. Ngy
9 thng 8 nm 1974, Richard Nixon cng b t chc. Ph Tng
Thng Gerald Ford lp tc tip nhn chc v Tng Thng v sau
, ngy 8 thng 9 nm 1974, ban hnh lnh n x cho Richard
Nixon, nh vy m ng khng b truy t. Mt v Tng Thng tm
vc ca Hoa K cho mnh rt vo con ng h hoi. S lm
dng quyn lc hnh php ca Nixon, v nhng th on en ti i
km theo , khng nhng chm dt s nghip chnh tr ca ring
ng mt cch thm hi m cn li cho ngi dn Hoa K mt vt
thng kh lnh trong tm thc chnh tr.
inh Tin Hong, tn hy l B Lnh, l ngi ng Hoa L,
chu i Hong, nay l tnh Ninh Bnh, con ca Th S chu Hoan
tn inh Cng Tr. inh B Lnh c ti nng, sng sut hn ngi,
v v cng dng cm mu lc.
ng thi 12 s qun t xng
hng trng, mi ngi chim c mt phng, inh B Lnh khi

binh nh dp. ng nh u thng nn vang danh l Vn
Thng Vng. Dp xong lon s qun ng ln ngi lm vua, t
257

tn nc l i C Vit, di kinh p v ng Hoa L, dng mi,
p thnh o ho, xy cung in, t triu nghi, qun thn dng
tn hiu l i Thng Minh Hong . ng c coi l mt v qun
ch ti ba.76 Nhng v sau inh Tin Hong li am m tu dc,
b b triu chnh, x vic bt minh gin tip gy ra cnh anh git
em v tranh ngi v. Cui cng ng b m st cht, cng vi con l
Nam Vit Vng inh Lin, trong lc ang say mm nm ng ngoi
sn. V Vng inh Tu, con ca Dng Th, c lp ln lm vua
lc mi 6 tui. V vua cn qu nh nn Dng Thi Hu phi cng
lm triu dng Nguyn Bt, inh in v L Hon lm ph chnh.
Ri tranh chp quyn lc ni b xy ra, a n vic ng binh hao
tn mu xng ca tng lnh v dn binh, to c hi cho nc
Tng dy qun xm ln. n khi Dng Thi Hu gip cho L
Hon ln ngi lm vua, m ra mt triu i mi, mi s mi yn t
. Mt ng vua dng nc, mt chin tng trm trn trm thng,
mt ngi lnh o li lc nhng sau li hon cnh y a vo
ng h hoi lm cho i nghip b dit vong v b tnh b mt
phen du si la bng.
Trong ngy Hi Th ti Lng Nhai, vo u thng 2 nm
1416, L Li cng L Lai, Nguyn Thn, L Vn An, L Vn Linh,
Trnh Kh, Trng Li, L Liu, Bi Quc Hng, L Him, L Ninh,
V Uy, Nguyn Tri, inh Lit, Lu Nhn Ch, L Bi, Nguyn L,
inh Lan, Trng Chin minh th rng L Li cng vi L Lai,
xung n Trng Chin, cng c thy 19 ngi, tuy h hng qu
76
S gia L Vn Hu vit c l tri v t Vit ta m li sinh bt thnh trit tip
ni quc thng ca Triu Vng chng? Trch t i Vit S K Ton Th, Trang
59.
258
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
qun khc nhau, nhng nguyn kt tnh thn nh mt t lin cnh,
phn vinh hin du c khc nhau, ngha vn thm nh chung mt
h. . . . Qun bng ng xm ln, vt ca quan lm hi, cho nn,
L Li cng vi L Lai, xung n Trng Chin, cng c thy 19
ngi, cng chung sc chung lng, gi cho t nc c yn,
khin xm lng c n, th sng cht c nhau, khng dm qun
li th son st . . .77 Ngy 7 thng 2 nm 1418, Lam Sn long
trng lm l xut binh. Bnh nh Vng st cnh vi 35 v tng,
vi quan vn, cng vi qun thit t, ngha s, dng s, tng cng
trn di khong hai ngn, cng 14 voi chin, t ln mnh vo
gi bo khng chin rng r sut 10 nm. Trn on ng sinh t
no l trn Bn sm vang chp git, trn Tr Ln trc ch
tro bay, no l Ninh Kiu mu chy y sng, tanh hi mun dm,

Tt ng thy phi y ni, thi ngn thu, no l nh mt trn
sch khng knh ngc, nh hai trn tan tc chim mung, no l
Lng Sn, Lng Giang thy cht y ng, Xng Giang, Bnh
Than mu tri nc, no l Lnh Cu mu chy thm dng,

nc sng m c, an X thy chng thnh ni, c ni nhum
hng. V sau cng th Bnh nh Vng cng qun dn i Vit
qut sch qun Minh ra khi b ci. Ri ngy 14 thng 4 nm
1428, L Li chnh thc ln ngi Hong , m ra triu i hu L
t . Sau khi ln ngi L Thi T xy dng mt b my chnh
quyn quan li v nhng ngi d phn l nhng ngi c cng lao
trong s nghip chin u gii phng t nc. Nhng i thn a
s l nhng thin ti qun s c thnh tch ly lng. n ngy 22
77
HCM, nxb Gio Dc
259

thng 8 nm 1433, vua t gi cuc i. Ch ngi vn vn c 6
nm. Nhng ng tic trong 6 nm ngn ngi , Hong L
Thi T git cht hai v cng thn ca Bnh nh Vng L Li l
Trn Nguyn Hn v Phm Vn Xo, hai v anh hng ca dn tc,
hai con ngi ti kim vn v c hnh song ton, hai ng ch
cng L Li vo sinh ra t trng chinh sut 10 nm, hai con ngi
gp phn rt ln mang li vinh quang cho t nc v mang li
vng nghip cho L Thi T. Phm Vn Xo l ngi ti tr vt
bc. Phm Vn Xo l mt trong bn v tng ch huy cao cp nht
v lp cng ln nht trong trn nh chin lc Tt ng-Chc
ng. Phm Vn Xo l tng ch huy lc lng nh chn 5 vn
qun ca Mc Thnh i L Hoa, gp phn to ln vo thng li ca
trn nh chin lc Chi Lng-Xng Giang p tan hy vng sau
cng ca Vng Thng. Phm Vn Xo c khc tn trong danh
sch khai quc cng thn, ng hng th ba. Phm Vn Xo c
ban quc tnh h L v phong hm Thi Ph, tc Huyn Thng
Hu. Tn Phm Vn Xo vang di khp ni. Th m cha kp phi
ht bi chin trng th Phm Vn Xo b L Thi T h ch git
cht. Cn Trn Nguyn Hn, hu du ca Trn Quang Khi, chu
ni ca Trn Nguyn ng, anh em c cu vi Nguyn Tri, l mt
con ngi c hc thc v gii binh php. Trn Nguyn Hn l mt
trong nhng v tng siu qun ca L Li.
Trong sut cuc
trng chinh cu nc, Trn Nguyn Hn l thin tng uy nghi lm

lit ca khng chin qun, l hung thn c st ca gic. Trong Hi
Th ng Quan, Trn Nguyn Hn l mt trong nhng i din ca
Lam Sn, v tn ng c xp ngay sau tn L Li. Trn Nguyn
Hn c ban quc tnh h L v phong chc Tng Quc. Tuy
c phong thng trng hu nhng ng khng tham ph qu v
260
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
xin t quan v n c qu nh. Cha kp an hng nhng ngy
thng t ti th Trn Nguyn Hn phi nhn ly mt ci cht y
oan c. Ni v hai v n ny, s gia vit: Nguyn do l bi vua
L Thi T tui cng kh cao li lm bnh . . . Hong T L

Nguyn Long cn qu nh, trong lc Phm Vn Xo v Trn
Nguyn Hn u l nhng bc khai quc cng thn, lm cng lao,
c ngi i trng vng. Trn Nguyn Hn vn l dng di qu
tc h Trn xa, Phm Vn Xo l ngi kinh thnh Thng Long,
Thi T lo rng nu ng vua nh tui ln cm quyn th nhng
ngi ny s nui ch khc, cho nn, b ngoi tuy t ra trng vng,
nhng bn trong th vn cht cha nghi ng. Bn inh Bang Bn,
L Quc Ch, Trnh Hong B, Nguyn Tng Ch v L c D
on bit c vua lin tranh nhau dng mt s ln, khuyn vua
phi quyt tr b i. Nhng ai m chng khng bng lng u b
chng vu l b ng ca Phm Vn Xo v Trn Nguyn Hn, b
em ra xt x v b cm t rt ng. Cc quan ai ai cng u s
ming li ca chng. Sau ny, vua L Thi T hi hn, thng hi
nhng ngi y b git oan, li bit r bn L Quc Ch u ch l
hng tiu nhn xo quyt, nn rt ght chng, khin chng u b
ui. Vua xung chiu cho trm quan bit rng bn [h] . . . du c
ti cn cng khng c dng li na. Trong m b ti, gi th c
k lm phn, cn phi t co, th cng khng cho bn chng c
quyn t co. D lun lc y khng ai khng thun c. Vi mt
bn lnh lnh o gi dn nh L Li, b l vng ti lm sao c
th mc ln c trc mt ng, ngoi tr chnh ng cuc t,
gieo ht v ti nc? Bn thn L Li khng e ngi hai nhn vt
ny. ng ch e ngi gim cho Hong T L Nguyn Long sau khi
ng la th. V mun bo v ci ngai vng cho a con trai b bng
261

ny, L Thi T Hong thm c by tr lm ln nghe li
gian thn khuynh o c c dit tr Trn Nguyn Hn v Phm
Vn Xo trc, hai c nhn c tm vc v hu thun kh d c
th ngi trn chic ngai ng ang ngi, chic ngai m trc y
khng lu thuc v h Trn. Ci vng tay bao trm thin h nh
bit em i ngha dit hung tn, ly ch nhn thay cng bo ca
Bnh nh Vng thu trc gi ch cn ln m ly ci ngai
vng ph phim. Con tim Hi Th Lng Nhai ca Bnh nh Vng
L Li cng khng cn sc son chi cho lm, v bn trong cha
ng qu nhiu toan tnh c k. Trn ci ngai vng ch cn st
li mt Hong L Thi T bnh hon, gi nua v thiu bao dung,
nu khng mun ni l thm him. Cha ht, trong ci en ti ca
nhng toan tnh, L Thi T khng nhng nhn tm cp i
mng sng ca Trn Nguyn Hn v Phm Vn Xo, khng nhng
ra lnh y i giam cm Nguyn Tri v hng trm ngi khc,
ng cn hy dit lun cuc i ca Quc Vng L T T, a con
trai trng cng ng vo sanh ra t trong sut 10 nm khng
chin, a con m ngi m ca hn chin u v anh dng hy
sinh trong nhng ngy u khi ngha gi li cho ng, a con
m s ra i ca n l kt tinh ca mt cuc tnh trong sng v ho
hng, a con m ng tng t nhiu k vng, a con m s
gia nhn xt l mt v anh hng chng Minh y cng c, uy tn,
hon ton xng ng c ni ngi . . . li b h b a con

ngi v th . . . l L Nguyn Long, tc cn chm, khng cht
cng lao no . . .78 Nhn xt v L Thi T, T Tng inh Lit
78

262
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
cng tng vit Trong thu hn vi bng sng ngha. Ha bnh
hnh phc d m nhn. Cm cn m cn sai lch. Nt o cha

con ti ngha thn. Xem ra, nhng ngy cui i ca L Li
cho mnh rt vo con ng h hoi. Chng trch sao nhng ngy
k tip ca triu hu L y nhng bt an v mu l thanh trng.
Trn Minh Tng, con ca Thi Thng Hong Trn Anh
Tng v Thun Thnh Bo T Hong Thi Hu, c s gia nh
gi l mt v minh qun c ti lnh o. [Trn Minh Tng] bit
phn nh nhng im yu im mnh trong khoa hc qun s. Bit

u th ca tng th lc khi ra qun chinh pht, do tng s c
yn tm khi dn thn vo trn mc. . . . Minh Tng cng thng cm
vi ni kh ca nhn dn. . . . Qu trnh lm vua Minh Tng Hong
lo lng sa sang cng vic ni tr ngy cng lm rng r t tng,
em vn minh v cho nc. ng l ngi c tm lng trung hu,
bit lo xa cho nc v cho c hong tc. Chm ch dy d cc
hong t, ly iu hay khch l, em vic d ngn nga, hy
vng i ng k cn s l vua hin tng gii. Vi trm quan ng
khng thin v v rt trng hin ti, khuyn dy hoc nghim tr i
vi mi hnh vi tham , tc trch trong cng vic, k c t th, cch
pht ngn mong cho ging mi c vng bn, qun thn ca
triu tt p. ng cn l ngi coi nh ngi v vng. . . . c
sng ca Minh Tng l nh vy. . . . Minh Tng ngi 15 nm, 28
nm lm Thi Thng Hong l ngi bo m cho b ci bnh
yn, mm do nhng cng quyt trong i ngoi, nho hc c
cao, pht hc c gim dn (ng cm cc Hong T khng c
i tu). Vua ti lo thnh v tui tr u thi th ti nng, cng hin

263
cho t nc.79 Th nhng vo nm 1328, lc sp nhng ngi,

Trn Minh Tng mc phi mt sai lm rt ng tic. Sai lm ny
mi mi m nh ng, khin ng phi ngm ngi au kh. Trn

Minh Tng nghe theo li vu co m mu lm phn ca k gian
nn bt tng ngc cha v l Quc Chn, cng 100 ngi khc, v
b i Quc Chn cho n cht. V cha ht, cui i ca [Trn
Nhn Tng] phe phi ny sinh, thanh ton ln nhau vua khng cn
sng sut khin sut i m hn.80 Ti sao mt v minh qun c ti
lnh o li c mt kt cc ng tic? Phi chng nguyn nhn
su xa nht l ng theo ui sch lc nho hc c cao,
Pht hc gim dn, mt bc ngot ca Trn triu, mt nh v mi
cho vn ha v (culture shift) v vn tr? ng tn vinh nho hc n
nghim tr . . . k c t th, cch pht ngn. Hnh nh nhng
c tnh bnh d, bao dung, t ha ca cc v vua quan nh Trn
nng mi thin trc khng sc thuyt phc Trn Minh
Tng. Ch trch ng vi v nghim tr c cha v ca mnh trc
khi lm cho sng t s vic. V hnh nh ci ch thuyt c trn lc
o ca Trn Nhn Tng v s nghip v cng vn tr da trn ch

thuyt ca ngi trc khng sc thuyt phc Trn Minh
Tng. ng mun nhn thy tui tr v lo thnh u thi th ti
nng, cng hin cho t nc theo quan im nho gia. ng thc

hin c c mun ca mnh. iu ng bun l n vt xa hn
th. Qun thn ca ng hng say tranh ua lp cng n b
79
Trng Khnh, Hong Triu Trn: Ci Ngun, n Tng Dn Gian, trang 129-
143, xb nm 2003 ti TP HN, nxb Vn Ho Dn Tc

80
Trng Khnh, Hong Triu Trn: Ci Ngun, n Tng Dn Gian, trang 129-
143, xb nm 2003 ti TP HN, nxb Vn Ho Dn Tc
264
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
phi ny sinh, thanh ton ln nhau. Phi chng y l nhng hu
qu ngoi s tin liu (unintended consequences)? V trong bi
Vit Gii do Trn Minh Tng sng tc lm cho ngi c phi
t du hi v ci t duy su kn ca ng bn sau ngn ng ng s
dng: T minh tng tip gii. Ch cch M Ngu phong.
Ngn
ng v a bit. Y quan bt kh ng. Nguyt sinh giao tht lnh.

Nht lc ngc m khng. Khng hn Hoa Di ngoi. T ng th
vc chung. Dch ra l: T minh ni bin gii. Cch tr chng bao
xa. Ting ni hi khc bit. o khn cng chng ng. Trng ln
m giao lnh. Sng t vng su quang. Hoa Di no phn bit.
Ci th t cng ln. Ti sao l Hoa Di m khng l Hoa Vit hay
Vit Hoa? t nc triu Trn l t nc i Vit m. Phi chng
ng tn sng vn ha Bc phng n nghim nhin chp
nhn hai ch man di m bn ngi phng Bc ngo mn
ng du ln mt dn Vit? Chng trch sao ng nhit tnh theo
ui chnh sch nho hc c cao, Pht hc gim dn. Du
mun hay khng mun chp nhn th s tht vn cho thy Trn
Minh Tng chnh l mt cng trnh s a Trn triu bc qua
mt ng r. V t ng r ny v sau l mt chui di ca nhng bt
hnh dn n s tn li ca Trn triu. Trn Minh Tng cho
bi cnh vn hnh dn ng vo con ng h hoi, mt s h hoi
vi t.
hng th d trn cho thy mt ngi lnh o c th i vo con
ng h hoi. S h hoi c th din ra di nhng hnh thc th

ph, nh l h hoi t cch c nhn. Hoc s h hoi c th din
265

ra di nhng hnh thc tinh vi hn, nh l s h hoi l tng hoc
h hoi c tin, v s h hoi c phng hin qua nhng chnh
sch hay nhng php lnh dng nh hp l v ng n.
266
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Trc Khi Khp Li
lnh o l khoa hc v ngh thut vn dng: vn dng bn

thn, vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v vn dng i
tng. Mt ngi lnh o bit vn dng bn thn c ngha
l (1) bit chn la v ph by mt thc th thch hp lnh o;

(2) bit lin tc vun bi kho tng bn thn; (3) bit dn mnh trc
khi bc vo v i lnh o; (4) bit gi mnh trong lc gnh vc
vai tr lnh o; (5) bit ri khi v i lnh o ng lc; (6) v bit
gi mnh khi rt vo con ng h hoi.
t ngi lnh o nht nh l phi bit lng nghe. Bit lng
nghe l:
bit thit lp mt h thng thng tin thong hot v hiu

qu;
bit lt ly, ghi nhn, phn tch v tn dng thng tin,

c bit l ch ti nhng ch du cho thy nhng
nguy c c th xy ra;
bit to lp v bi dng mt mi trng thong hot

mi ngi c th tch cc ng gp ting ni xy
267

dng, khng lo ngi b trng pht n ni ch gi im
lng hoc ch ni mt chiu theo thng cp;
bit tm n nhng ngi ti gii hn mnh tht nhiu

tham vn v li ko h v vy bc chung quanh;
bit hi ng ngi ty theo vic v ng lc ty theo

tnh hnh;
bit chp phn s ph phn ca bn v ca i phng

ri dng lm c s ti thm nh li vn v
iu chnh li k sch; v quan trng hn ht l
bit nhn li v cm n nhng ngi ch im s sai

lm hoc s thiu st hoc s nng cn; dm ni ti
sai l c tnh ca mt ngi lnh o t tin v c m
lc.
t ngi lnh o nht nh l phi bit thch ng. Bit thch
ng l:
khng bo th, c chp, bm vo nh kin sai lm,

nhng nguyn nhn t chy sinh lc v lm kh
cn u c ln tm huyt ca mi ngi chung
quanh;
khng ng mn v ch quan, nguyn nhn a n

nhng tht bi t hi nhn thy trc v c th
ngn chn;
khng thin kin ca chnh mnh v ca nhng

ngi vy quanh lm m la, phi nhn thy s tht
268
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
ng vi s tht nh chnh n th mi c th ci
thin c hon cnh v nm c c hi tt;
khng gio iu v cung tn, nguyn nhn lm cho

th gii nh hp li v y tang tc;
khng b thc y bi cung vng, kht vng t

n l sc mnh nhng cung vng li l ng lc
dn n s hy dit ca chnh mnh v nhiu ngi
khc;
khng ng qun trn vinh quang ca qu kh cng

khng men vinh quang ca qu kh lm say
m hin ti, nguyn nhn lm cho ngi ta tip tc
quanh qun mi mt ch ng l phi ri b t
lu;
bit cht t nhng qun tnh lnh o khng thnh

cng;
bit nghi vn v ti thm nh tt c nhng gi tr,

nhng iu, nhng ci ngh rng l c nghim
nhin chp nhn, khi phung ph sc lc v ca
ci xy dng nhng cng trnh trn nn tng sai
lm hoc khi phung ph m hi v xng mu
theo ui nhng o nh;
bit iu chnh v ti iu chnh, nhanh chng v

ng lc, khi nhn c du hiu cho thy bi cnh
ang bt u bin i;
bit n nhn v nh gi ng mc nhng tc lc

n t bn ngoi v khi t bn trong, lm k
hoch v quyt sch i ng; v
269
bit v li con ng hi hnh, nh mt ngi

thuyn trng lo li mt con tu trn i dng.
t ngi lnh o nht nh l phi bit ti to. Bit ti to l:
bit lt xc bin thnh con ngi mi cho vai tr

mi trong giai on mi;
bit lm cho thuc vin v qun chng hi phc

sinh lc sau nhng tiu hao ln;
bit bo dng sinh lc ca thuc vin v qun

chng vn dng lu di v hiu qu;
bit ly hnh ng gng mu ca bn thn hoc

ca nhng nhn vt ng thi dn dt hnh
ng ca thuc cp hoc ca qun chng;
bit lm sng li nhng hnh ng gng mu ca

nhng nhn vt thi trc hoc xin dng thnh
tch ca h dn dt hnh ng ca thuc cp
hoc ca qun chng;
bit lin tc tm kim v o to nhn ti p

ng nhu cu trong hin ti v trong tng lai;
bit chn la v un nn ngi k nhim tip ni

vai tr lnh o trong tng lai;
bit g, b, ph, la . . . nhng c cu, trit thuyt,

sch lc, nguyn tc, gi tr, phng thc, mc
tiu, nh ch . . . li thi, khng cn hiu
qu, khng p ng c, lm x cng . . .
ri ti kin, ti lp, ti hun . . . c th p ng
270
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
nhu cu mi, iu kin mi, bi cnh mi . . . mt
cch hiu qu hn.
uy vn dng bn thn ch l mt trong ba yu t quyt nh hiu
nng lnh o, nhng li l mt yu t tin quyt v cho s t quyt

gn nh ton vn m mt ngi c th c c. Chnh v yu tnh
tin quyt v t quyt m yu t vn dng bn thn tr nn c bit
quan trng. Mt ngi thch hp lnh o phi nhn ra c
iu ny v s khng b l c hi pht trin v pht huy ti a
u th ca bn thn trc khi, trong khi, v ngay c sao khi t b
vai tr lnh o.
271
272
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
Cng Mt Tc Gi
Sch Pht Hnh
T Hp u T
C Phiu V Th Trng
Kinh T Cng H (V M)
Vit Dch
Sch S Pht Hnh
Khoa Hc V Ngh Thut Lnh o: Yu T Vn
Dng i Tng
Khoa Hc V Ngh Thut Lnh o: Yu T Vn
Dng Bi Cnh ang Vn Hnh
273
274
Yu T Vn Dng Bn Thn
H Hng Quc Sinh qun ti Rch Gi. Chuyn gia

kinh t. Tt nghip A.S.E.C., B.S.B.M., M.B.A., Ph.D. ti
cc i hc Hoa K. Hai mi nm kinh nghim qun tr
kinh doanh.
L tc gi ca mt s sch kinh t, ti
chnh, qun tr, chnh tr v vn hc n hnh trong v

ngoi nc. Hin ang c tr ti Arlington ca tiu bang
Texas, Hoa K.
Cc bn c th lin lc qua eMail:
khoinguyen.publisher@gmail.com
275
Ha Hung Quoc, Ph.D.
LANH DAO
KHOI
NGUYEN
PUBLISHER

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Ha Hung Quoc, Ph.D.

H Hng Quc, Ph.D.

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

Published by Khoi Nguyen Publisher

Xut Mt M Hnh Cho L Thuyt Lnh o

Nhng Hoang ng Trong Vn Lnh o

Tn Mn V Nhng Tri Nghim Chung Quanh Vn

Bit Chn La V Ph By Mt Thc Th Thch Hp

Bit Vun Bi Kho Tng Bn Thn

Tr.127 Bit Dn Mnh Bc Vo V i Lnh o

Bit Lng Nghe

Tr.228 Bit Ri B V i Lnh o

Trc Khi Khp Li

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

nh o l mt vn xa nh tri t. C l t khi con

ty c hng ngn quyn sch vit v vn lnh o. Hoc l

Cng c mt s lng khng nh

nhng ch dn lnh o. Khng mt cng thc no ging mt cng

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

(Merton, 1957; Blake & Mouton,1961; Pfeffer & Salancik,

1975). Trng phi ca nhng l thuyt lnh o xt theo tng tc

lnh o xt theo tng tc c ch ging nhau v ch khc nhau. Ch ging nhau l

Lnh o l mt hin tng x hi

phc tp khng c ranh gii r rt v khng c nh ngha r rng

al., 1998). Nhng b su tp ca hnh vi, ca s c x, ca thnh

Leadership Through Metaphores). Tnh trng m m bi giu sang

tc nhn rng hn v bao hm nhng yu t tr ng [d tr trc i ng vi sai

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

What is leadership? There is no precise definition or widely accepted vocabulary

How can leadership scholars and educators develop a common language?

Speakers and participants offered a number of potential approaches. Ronald Heifetz,

inspiring vision. A fourth approach would be to define the expected outcomes of

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

Hnh 1: M Hnh L Thuyt Lnh o ca HHQ

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

Hnh 2 - Kh Nng Vn Dng Mc Ti a

rC = CB / Cos (30 ) = (1) / 0.866025 = 0.5/0.866025 = 0.5773

Ngng Vn Dng Ti Thiu: rC = 0.5773

Hnh 3 - Kh Nng Vn Dng Ngng Ti Thiu

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

Hiu Nng Lnh o Ngng Ti Thiu:

Hnh 4 - Hiu Nng Lnh o Ngng Ti Thiu

Hiu Nng Lnh o Mc Ti a:

Hnh 5 - Hiu Nng Lnh o Mc Ti a

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

Vi nhng cng trnh

nghin cu nh vy, hai nhm i tng s c kho st, nh gi

Kahn, 1978, p. 528). Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an

accomplishment of a goal through the direction of human assistants. A leader is one

September/October 1961 vol. 39 no. 5 p.143). Leadership requires using power to

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

organizational effectiveness New York: AMACOM 1981). Leaders are individuals

Leadership is the art of influencing others to their

maximum performance to accomplish any task, objective or project (Cohen, W.A.

Organizational Learning Center at MIT).

Leadership is an activity-an influence

recourse to formal position or authority moves the group to the accomplishment of

Leadership is giving direction in times of change,

Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and

KHOA HC & NGH THUT LNH O

vn dng bn thn, vn dng bi cnh ang vn hnh, v vn dng

thuc vo mc giao hng ca kh nng vn dng bn thn,