Dharamsala

This article is about the town in Himachal Pradesh. For shl (). A loose translation into English would be
other uses, see Dharamshala.
'spiritual dwelling' or, more loosely, 'sanctuary'. Rendering a precise literal translation into English is problematic
Dharamsala (also Dharamshala) (Hindi:
- due to the vast[1]and conceptually rich semantic eld of the
word dharma and the cultural aspect of India.
, dharmal) (pronounced [d rmala] or
[d rmala]) is a city and a municipal council in In common Hindi usage, the word dharamshala refers
Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims. TradiIt is the district headquarters. It was formerly known tionally, such dharamshalas (pilgrims rest houses) were
as Bhagsu. The Dalai Lama's residence in romil commonly constructed near pilgrimage destinations (ofMcLeodGanj and the headquarters of Central Tibetan ten in remote areas) to give visitors a place to sleep for the
Administration (the Tibetan government in exile) are night. When the rst permanent settlement was created
in Dharamshala. Dharamshala is 18 kilometres from in the place now called Dharamshala, there was one such
Kangra.
pilgrims rest house on the site, and the settlement took
its name from that dharamshala.[2]

Description

3 History

Dharamshala is a city in the upper reaches of the Kangra

Valley and is surrounded by dense coniferous forest consisting mainly of stately Deodar cedar trees. The suburbs
include McLeodGanj, Bhagsunath, Dharamkot, Naddi,
ForsythGanj, Kotwali Bazaar (the main market), Kaccheri Adda (government oces such as the court, police, post, etc.), Dari, Ramnagar, Sidhpur, and Sidhbari
(where the Karmapa is based).

3.1 Before the Raj

From the earliest times until the British Raj, Dharamshala

and its surrounding area was ruled by the Katoch Dynasty
of Kangra. The Katoch Dynasty is said to be the oldest
serving Royal Family in the world.[3] The Royal Family
still keeps a residence in Dharamshala, known as 'Clouds
The village of McLeodGanj, lying in the upper reaches, End Villa'.
is known worldwide for the presence of the Dalai Lama. The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and
On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gy- the surrounding region) are the Gaddis, a predominantly
atso) established the Tibetan exile administration in the Hindu group who traditionally lived a nomadic or seminorth Indian hill station of Mussoorie. In May 1960, nomadic (transhumant) lifestyle. Due to the lack of perthe Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) was moved to manent settlements in the area, some Gaddis lost their
Dharamshala.
seasonal pastures and farmland when the British and the
Dharamshala is the centre of the Tibetan exile world in Gurkhas arrived to settle.
India. Following the 1959 Tibetan uprising there was an
inux of Tibetan refugees who followed the 14th Dalai
3.2 Settlement by the British and the
Lama. His presence and the Tibetan population has made
Gurkhas
Dharamshala a popular destination for Indian and foreign
tourists, including students studying Tibet.
In 1848, the area now known as Dharamshala was anOne of the main attractions of Dharamshala is Triund hill. nexed by the British.
Jewel of Dharamshala, Triund is one day trek at the upper
reaches of McLeodGanj, about 9 km from McLeodGanj.
Dharamsla lies on a spur of the Dhaola Dhr,
16 miles north-east of Kngra, in the midst
of wild and picturesque scenery. It originally
2 Etymology
formed a subsidiary cantonment for the troops
stationed at Kngra, and was rst occupied as
Dharamshala (Devanagari: ; ITRANS: Dhara station in 1849, when a site was required for
mashaalaa; IAST: Dharmal) is a Hindi word (derived
a cantonment to accommodate a Native regifrom Sanskrit) that is a compound of dharma () and
ment which was being raised in the District. A
1

3
site was found upon the slopes of the Dhaola
Dhr, in a plot of waste land, upon which stood
an old Hindu resthouse, or dharmsla, whence
the name adopted for the new cantonment. The
civil authorities, following the example of the
regimental ocers, and attracted by the advantages of climate and scenery, built themselves
houses in the neighbourhood of the cantonment; and in 1855 the new station was formally
recognised as the headquarters of the [Kngra]
District.[4]

In 1860, the 66th Gurkha Light Infantry was moved from

Kangra, Himachal Pradesh to Dharamshala, which was
at rst made a subsidiary cantonment. An ideal position for the new base was found on the slopes of the
Dhauladhar Hills, near the site of a Hindu sanctuary, or
Dharamshala, hence the name of the town.[5][6] The Battalion was later renamed the historic 1st Gurkha Ries,
this was the beginning of the legend of the Gurkhas, also
known as the 'Bravest of the Brave'. Consequently, fourteen Gurkha platoon villages grew from this settlement,
and exist to this day, namely Dari, Ramnagar, Shyamnagar, Dal, Totarani, Khanyara, Sadher, Chaandmaari,
Sallagarhi, Sidhbari, Yol, and so on. The Gurkhas worshipped at the ancient Shiva temple of Bhagsunag. The
Gurkhas referred to Dharamshala as 'Bhagsu' and referred to themselves as Bhagsuwalas.
The 21st Gurkha Regiment from Dharamshala performed heroic feats during World War I and the North
West Frontier Province campaigns. The Gurkha cantonment then reached its zenith during World War II,
when battalions from Dharamshala made history. Many
place names in the town still retain their former cantonment terminologies: Depot Bazaar, Pensioners Lines,
Tirah Lines (named after the 19th century Tirah Campaign), Bharatpore Lines (named after the 1826 Battle of
Bharatpore).

HISTORY

was moved to the upper station in 1894-5....

The public gardens, which were, before the
earthquake, laid out with much taste in lawns
and terraces, contained a valuable collection of
indigenous and imported trees and shrubs, and
were overlooked by the Assembly Rooms, a
handsome building comprising a public hall, a
library and reading-room and a billiard-room.
The church was beautifully situated in a recess
of the mountain.[7]
In 1905, the Kangra valley suered a major earthquake.
On April 4 of that year, the earth shook, demolishing much of the cantonment and the neighbouring city
of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh as well as the Bhagsunag
temple. Altogether, the 1905 Kangra earthquake killed
20,000 people. 1,625 persons perished at Dharamsla
alone, including 15 Europeans and 112 of the Gurkha
garrison.."[8]
The Gurkhas rebuilt the town along with the temple,
which today is acknowledged as the 1st Gurkha Ries
heritage. The British had planned to make Dharamshala
the summer capital of India, but moved to Shimla after
the disaster.
Not only did the Gurkhas of Dharmshala make a major contribution to Indias defence, many were freedom
ghters for the Indian National Army, which had been
founded by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The Indian
National Army Captain Ram Singh Thakur, a Gurkha
from the village of Khanyara, composed some of Indias most popular and stirring patriotic songs, including "Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja". He is acknowledged so
by the Netaji Research Bureau, Kolkata. The important
contribution of the noted Gurkha social commentator,
the late Master Mitrasen Thapa, from the village of Totarani, has been acknowledged by the Himachal Pradesh
government. Recently, a park dedicated to the memory
of the late Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa, MVC, the 'Hero
of Skardu', has been opened alongside the road between
Lower and Upper Dharamshala.

The second Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India died here (at the
1st Gurkha Ries Ocers Mess) in 1863 and is buried
in the cemetery of St. John in the Wilderness, a small
Anglican church distinguished by its stained-glass windows. Dharamshala became a popular hill station for the 3.3 Establishment of Tibetan exile community
British working in or near Delhi, oering a cool respite
during the hot summer months.
The Tibetan settlement of Dharamshala began in 1959,
when His Holiness the Dalai Lama had to ee Tibet and
Before the earthquake of 1905, the upper part
the Prime Minister of India allowed him and his folof the station, which rises to a height of 7,112
lowers to settle in McLeodGanj (in Upper Dharmshala),
feet [2,168 metres], contained the European
a former colonial British summer picnic spot. There
houses, the station church, and the ocers
they established the "government-in-exile" in 1960.
mess and lines of the 1st Gurkhas, together
Dharamshala had been connected with Hinduism and
with the public gardens, post oce, and two
Buddhism for a long time, many monasteries having been
bazars, the Forsythganj and McLeodganj. The
established there in the past, by Tibetan immigrants in the
public oces, a bazar, and a few European
19th century.
houses made up the lower station, as low as
4,500 feet [1,372 metres]. The 1st battalion of
the 1st Gurkhas used to be stationed here, but

In 1970, The Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, opened the

Library of Tibetan Works and Archives which houses

3.5

Transcription and pronunciation

3
important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.
Dharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh.
The Legislative Assembly is at Sidhbari, near the
Chinmaya Tapovan Ashram, and the winter sessions of
the Government are held there.

3.5 Transcription and pronunciation

The main street in McLeodGanj

Due to a lack of uniform observance of transliteration and

transcription conventions for Hindi (and the Devanagari
script in which Hindi is written), the name of the town has
been transcribed into English (and other languages using
Romanic scripts) variously as Dharamshala, Dharamsala and, less frequently, Dharmshala and Dharmsala.[2]
These four permutations result from two variables: the
transcription of the word (dharma)particularly
the second syllable ()and that of the third syllable
().
A strict transliteration of as written would be
'dharma' [drma]. In the modern spoken Hindi of
the region, however, there is a common metathesis in
which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including ) are transposed,
which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' (pronounced somewhere between [drm] and [drm], depending on the
speaker). Thus, if the goal of the transcription is phonetic accord with modern spoken Hindi, then 'dharam'
and 'dharm' are both legitimate options.
Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari corresponds to the English sh sound, []. Thus is transcribed in English as 'shala'.

Library of Tibetan Works and Archives

over 80,000 manuscripts and other important resources

related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is
considered one of the most important institutions for
Tibetology in the world, the new director is Geshe Lahkdor, the old translator of H.H. the Dalai Lama.

3.4

Today

Several thousand Tibetan exiles have now settled in the

area, and most live in and around McLeodGanj in Upper
Dharamshala, where they have built monasteries, temples
and schools. McLeodGanj is sometimes known as 'Little
Lhasa", after the Tibetan capital city, or 'Dhasa' (a compound of 'Dharamshala' and 'Lhasa'). It has become an

Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the

Hindi into Roman script for common (nontechnical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less
commonly, 'Dharmshala',[9] both of which render the sh
(//) sound of
in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharamshala' [drmala]
or 'Dharmshala' [drmala]). Nonetheless, the alternate spelling 'Dharamsala' continues to be used in some
cases despite its inaccuracy, and all four spelling permutations can be found in the English language materials of
the local and state governments, in publications, and on
the Internet.[10]
Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the sh sound (//).[11] In actual practice,
the spelling variant that is most common and most concordant with standards of transcription and native pronunciation is 'Dharamshala'. The ocial Indian English
spelling is 'Dharamshala'.

CONNECTIONS

Demographics

As of the 2001 India census,[12] Dharamshala had a population of 19,124. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of
59.5%: male literacy is 80% and, female literacy is 73%.
In Dharamshala, 9% of the population is under 6 years of
age.
As of Census of India 2001:[13]
Number of Households - 4,342
Average Household Size(per Household) - 4.0

View of Dharamshala valley from McLeodGanj

Population-Total - 19,124
Population-Urban - 19,124
Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
Population-Rural - 0

the valley for use by buses and trucks. McLeodGanj is

surrounded by pine, Himalayan oak, and rhododendron.
The main crops grown in the valleys below are rice, wheat
and tea.

Sex Ratio - 824

Population(06 years) - 1,819

6 Major suburbs

Sex Ratio(0-6 year) - 913

Bhagsunag

SC Population - 2,611

Cheelgari

Sex Ratio (SC) - 861

Dari

Proportion of SC (%) - 14.0

Kachehri

ST Population - 99

Khaniyara

Sex Ratio (ST) - 833

Kotwali Bazar

Proportion of ST (%) - 1

Mant Khas(Ramnagar and Shyamnagar)

Literates - 14,462

McLeodGanj

Illiterates - 4,662

Sakoh

Literacy Rate (%) - 77.0

Sidhbari
Sheela Chowk

Geography

Dharamshala has an average elevation of 1457 metres

(4780 feet), covering an area of almost 8.51 km.[14]

Yol

7 Connections

Dharamsala is located in the Kangra Valley, in the shadow

of the Dhauladhar mountains.
Dharamshala town is reached by Gaggal Airport, (IATA:
The city is divided into two distinct sections. Kotwali DHM, ICAO: VIGG), about 15 km to the towns south
Bazaar and the surrounding markets are referred to as and about 10 km north of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
Lower Dharamshala or just Dharamshala. Further up town. To reach Dharamshala by train, one has to reach
the mountain is McLeodGanj separated in between by the Kangra, Himachal Pradesh town by Kangra Valley Railvillage of Ganchen Kyishong, the home of the Tibetan way line from Pathankot 94 km away and then take a bus
government-in-exile. A steep, narrow road connects or a taxi.
McLeodGanj from Dharamshala and is only accessible Pathankot is a broad gauge railway head. There is anto taxis and small cars, while a longer road winds around other railway line from Pathankot to Jogindernagar, a part

5
of the Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh, which is a
narrow-gauge line. The nearest station to Dharamshala
on this line is Chamunda Marg, half an hour away, where
a Shaktipitha is; the town is well connected by road to
other parts of the country.

engage in one-on-one mentoring sessions with established

lmmakers.

DIFF is presented by White Crane Arts & Media trust,

established by lmmakers Ritu Sarin and Tenzing Sonam
to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent
Buses of all classes (deluxe, air-conditioned, and regular) media practices in the Himalayan region.
ply daily between Dharamshala and major cities such as
Chandigarh, Delhi, and Shimla. Several buses each night
connect McLeodGanj with Majnu Ka Tila, the Tibetan 10 Important educational institusettlement in Delhi.

tions

Climate

Central University of Himachal Pradesh

Degree College Dharamshala

Dharamshala has a monsoon-inuenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa). Summer starts in early April, peaks
in early June (when temperatures can reach 36 C) and
last till mid-June. From July to mid-September is the
monsoon season when up to 3000 mm (120 inches) of
rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of
the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts
from October to the end of November.
Autumn temperatures average around 1617 C. Winter starts in December and continues until late February.
Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper
Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag and
Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little solid precipitation except hail. The snowfall of January 7, 2012 was
an exception. It was caused by deep low pressure entering the Kangra district. Winter is followed by a short,
pleasant spring until April. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long,
however, in recent years they have been losing their snow
blanket during dry spells.

Government
Dharamsala

College

of

Teacher

Education

Sacred Heart Sr. Sec. School (Sidhpur)

Regional Center Himachal Pradesh University
School of Legal Studies
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Library.

11 Trekking

Dharamshala is a starting point to a number of trekking

trails that especially lead trekkers across Dhauladhar into
the upper Ravi Valley and Chamba district. En route, you
cross through forests of deodar, pine, oak and rhododendron, and pass streams and rivers and wind along vertiginous cli tracks, and the occasional lake waterfall and
The best times to visit are the autumn and spring months. glacier.

Dharamsala International Film

Festival (DIFF)

Main article: Dharamsala International Film Festival

The third edition of DIFF will showcase approximately
24 full-length feature lms and documentaries, and a selection of short animation lms, selected from the best
of contemporary independent cinema, from the 30th of
October to the 2nd of November, in McLeod Ganj.
The 2014 edition of the festival will count with 12 lmmakers from India and abroad, lm critics, and industry
and media personnel, to attend the festival and participate in Q&A sessions. This years festival will mark the
start of the DIFF Film Fellows Programme, in which a selected number of young lmmakers from the Indian Himalayan regions will be selected to come to the festival,
attend lm screenings, masterclasses and workshops, and

A 2-km amble takes one to Bhagsu, and then a further

3-km walk will lead the trekkers to Dharamkot. If one
wishes to go on a longer walk then he/she can trek 8-km
to Triund. The snow line of Ilaqa Got is just a 5-km walk.
Other trekking trails that lead you to Chamba from
Dharamshala are:
Toral Pass (4575m) which begins from Tang
Narwana (1150m) that is nearly 10 km from
Dharamshala
Across Bhimghasutri Pass (4580m) via near-vertical
rocky ascents, steep clis and dangerous gorges.
This is a highly dicult level trek and takes around
six days to complete.
DharamshalaBleni Pass (3710m) Dunali. Compared to other trekking trails, this one is much easier
and takes around four or ve-days to complete. The
trek leads you through alpine pastures, woods, and
streams, before ending at Dunali, on the Chamba
road.

15

Dharamshala is an ideal destination for rock climbing enthusiasts. One can go rock climbing over the ridges of the
Dhauladhar range.

EXTERNAL LINKS

14 Notes and references

[1] Dharma#Etymology
[2] Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 301

Kareri Lake (near Kareri village) is also a famous

trekking destination for travellers.

12

Dharamshala Cricket Stadium

Main article: Dharamshala Cricket Stadium

[3] Seminar on Katoch dynasty trail. Tribune India. 200911-04. new ndings by researchers suggest the Katoch
dynasty dates back to 8,000 years and its 300 rulers ruled
in the pre-Mahabharata period and the present scion of
this clan, Aditya Dev Katoch, is the 488th member of the
clan in the lineage The researchers claimed this dynasty
is not only the oldest ruling clan of India but also the oldest
dynasty of the world and its founder, Adipursha, had come
from Mongolia about 11,000 years back.

Dharamshala Cricket Stadium (DCS) is a cricket sta- [4] Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908), Vol. II, p. 301.
dium of international reputation, which serves as the [5] www.mcllo.com A Non-Prot Informative, Travel and
home ground to the Himachal Pradesh state cricket team
Community website of Dharamshala, McLeodGanj and
and for the IPL team Kings XI Punjab to a limited exKangra Valley
tent. By virtue of its natural backdrop, it is one of the
[6] Dharamshala The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p.
most attractive cricket stadiums in India. In addition to
301.
Ranji matches, some international matches are held here.
The rst One day International held at the ground was [7] Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908), Vol. II, pp. 301-302.
played between India and England on Sunday, 27 January [8] Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908), Vol. II, p. 302.
2013 which England won by 7 wickets. In May 2011 a
match between Kings XI Punjab and Chennai Superk- [9] Devanagari_transliteration#Consonants
ings was held here in which His Holiness the Dalai Lama [10] See, for example, http://hptdc.nic.in/access.htm, which
graced the match of the Indian Premier League (IPL)
includes both common spellings on the same page.
at the picturesque Himachal Pradesh Cricket Stadium in
[11] See Devanagari transliteration#Consonants
Dharamshala.[17]
The snow-capped mountains can be easily viewed
throughout the year. An additional feature is the
Dharamshala College nearby which is surrounded by pine
trees on one side.

[12] Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on
2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
[13] Census of India
[14] Area of Dharamshala Town (PDF).

13

Notable residents

Tenzin Gyatso
Barry Kerzin, Physician to the Dalai Lama, Professor of Medicine and Buddhist monk.
Namrata Singh Gujral, Hollywood actress
Palden Gyatso, monk, international speaker, author
of Fire Under the Snow and subject of the lm of the
same name (2008)
Passang Lhamo, nun and activist, and former inmate
of Drapchi Prison
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, died here.
Alfred W. Hallett, artist who exhibited twice in
Royal Academy of Arts London and lived 41 years
at Dharamkot in upper Dharamshala died here in
1986.

[15] Dharamsala Climatological Table Period: 19511980.

India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10,
2015.
[16] Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up
to 2010 (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
[17] http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/
cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/
rsood

Verma, V. 1996. Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas. Indus Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
Handa, O. C. 1987. Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
ISBN 81-85182-03-5.

15 External links
Kangra photo gallery

16

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

16.1

Text

Dharamsala Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala?oldid=674522963 Contributors: Menchi, Ahoerstemeier, Andres, Mxn,

Vardion, Jredmond, Sunray, Nat Krause, Rudolf 1922, Orangemike, Tom Radulovich, Sukh, Ragib, Utcursch, Esperant, D6, Discospinster,
Rich Farmbrough, Kbh3rd, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Chirag, Jojit fb, Arthena, Sl, Andrew Gray, Snowolf, Super-Magician, Dimi z, Sfacets,
Gene Nygaard, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Scriberius, Priyatu, Tabletop, John Hill, Isnow, SDC, BD2412, Nlsanand, Rjwilmsi,
Koavf, Harro5, Lairor, FlaBot, Hottentot, Patken4, Chobot, Bgwhite, RussBot, David Woodward, Shell Kinney, Rudyh01, Neilbeach, Katoch, Capt Jim, Planemad, SmackBot, Saravask, CRKingston, ZerodEgo, Kintetsubualo, Duke Ganote, Ohnoitsjamie, Chris the speller,
Bluebot, Freedom skies, Ctbolt, Colonies Chris, Ramas Arrow, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Shivap, Rrburke, Grover cleveland, Khoikhoi,
Kundansen, WarrenA, Saransh, Andrew Dalby, Odonian, Shyamsunder, Aleenf1, JHunterJ, Moszczynski, Jeev, CapitalR, Ganeshbot,
Maverickvarun, Zeus1234, Cydebot, Ramitmahajan, Doug Weller, Arvind Iyengar, Thijs!bot, Anupam, Marek69, Ctu2485, Steave John,
Nick Number, Pariti, Deipnosophista, Cadra, Chloe jayne b, Dr. Blofeld, IndianGeneralist, Random user 8384993, Yewlongbow, Jssfrk, Ekabhishek, MER-C, Albany NY, NeilHynes, Sushant gupta, Faizhaider, Nposs, Tenjikuronin, Bilavl, Johnpacklambert, Adavidb,
OceGirl, Naniwako, AntiSpamBot, SJP, Mvramesh99, Prbali, Greatestrowerever, Jevansen, Idioma-bot, Deor, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT,
McM.bot, Katimawan2005, Nikkul, !dea4u, Roland zh, SieBot, Samardeepthapa, Flyer22, Avaarga, Fratrep, Capitalismojo, Shalabh.w,
Maralia, Angelo De La Paz, Explicit, Gr8opinionater, Toprohan, Mr. Granger, Dakinijones, Lewesian1982, Podzemnik, Drmies, Mild
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Vikaskukreja, Sunnysood, JaconaFrere, Gauravkumar23, Gauravsood0289, Contactmouli, SkateTier, Mynamekaka, Himveda, Philipxd,
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16.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Dharamsala-valley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Dharamsala-valley.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
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International Borders: University of Texas map library - India Political map 2001
Disputed Borders: University of Texas map library - China-India Borders - Eastern Sector 1988 & Western Sector 1988 - Kashmir
Region 2004 - Kashmir Maps.
State and District boundaries: Census of India - 2001 Census State Maps - Survey of India Maps.
Other sources: US Army Map Service, Survey of India Map Explorer, Columbia University
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