Power and Measurements of

Pressure Flows

I. Power in Fluid Flow

II. Flow Measurement

Three common devices used to

measure the flow through

pipes are
Venturi meter
Nozzle meter
Orifice meter

Flow Measurement
Venturi, Nozzle, Orifice
Venturi, flow nozzle, and orifice meters all consist of a convergent

section followed by a divergent section.

They operate on the principle that an increase in velocity at the
converging section causes a reduction in pressure according to the
energy equation.
Pressure difference between the position just before the converging
section and the throat is measured by a differential manometer and
used to calculate the flow discharge as follows:

Flow Measurement
Pitot Tube, Pitometer
The flow through a pipe can also be

measured using the following devices:

Pitot tube
Pitometer

Flow Measurement
Pitot Tube, Pitometer
Pitot tube is a bended tube with an

opening pointing directly into the flow.

The water moving into the tube is

brought to rest. The resulting vertical

water column represents the stagnation
pressure, which includes the static
pressure and the dynamic pressure (i.e.,
velocity head).
The static pressure is measured from a

separate tube that is connected and

flushed to the pipe. The difference
between the stagnation pressure and the
static pressure is the dynamic pressure
(i.e., velocity head).
6

Flow Measurement
Pitot Tube, Pitometer
Pitometer is similar to the pitot

tube except that static head is

measured through a side
opening on a tube that encases
the tube for the stagnation
pressure.
The flow velocity can be

calculated from the dynamic

pressure as follows: