ANGLE MODULATION RECEIVERS AND SYSTEMS

QUESTIONS:
7-2. Draw the schematic diagram for a single-ended slope detector and describe its
operation.
The tuned circuit (La and Ca) produces an output voltage that is proportional to the input
frequency. The maximum output voltage occurs at the resonant frequency of the tank circuit,
and its output decreases proportionately as the input frequency deviates above or below fo. The
circuit is designed so that the IF center frequency falls in the center of the most linear portion of
the voltage-versus-frequency curve. When the intermediate frequency deviates above fc, the
output voltage increases; when the intermediate frequency deviates below fc, the output voltage,
decreases. Therefore, the tuned circuit converts frequency variations to amplitude variations.
Di,Ci, and Ri make up a simple peak detector that converts the amplitude variations to an input
voltage that varies at a rate equal to that of the input frequency changes and whose amplitude is
proportional to the magnitude of the frequency changes.
7-4. Draw the schematic diagram for a Foster-Seeley discriminator and describe its
operation.
7-6. Describe the operation of a PLL FM demodulator.
The operation of the Phase-Locked-Loop FM demodulator is probably the simplest and
easiest to understand among others. It requires no tuned circuits and automatically
compensates for changes in the carrier frequency due instability in the transmit oscillator.
After the frequency lock had occurred, the VCO would track frequency changes in the
input signal by maintaining the phase error at the input of the phase comparator. Therefore, if
the PLL input is a deviated FM signal and the VCO natural frequency is equal to the IF fc, the
correction voltage produced at the output of the phase comparator and fed back to the input of
the VCO is proportional to the frequency deviation and is thus the demodulated information
signal.
7-8. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of FM demodulator circuits discussed.
Sinlge-ended slope detector is simple and can be used to provide FM demodulation
when only an AM detector is present and enables FM to be detected without any additional
circuitry. The disadvantages of this are it is not linear `as the output is dependent upon the curve
of a filter. It is not particularly effective as it relies on centering the signal part of the way down
the filter curve where signal strengths are less. Both frequency and amplitude variations are
accepted therefore much higher levels and noise interference are experienced.
The advantages of Foster-Seeley discriminator is that it is easy to construct with discrete
components and offers good level of performance and reasonable linearity. On the other hand, it
typically lends itself to use in the only circuits using discrete components and not integrated
within an IC.
7-10. Describe FM thresholding.
It is an important aspect of analog FM satellite systems where the signal level is above
noise received carrier-to-noise ratio and demodulated signal-to-noise ratio. However, it does not
apply when the carrier-to-noise ratio decreases below a certain point(1 dB), for the signal-tonoise ratio decreases.

7-12. Draw the block diagram for a two-way FM radio transmitter and explain its
operation.
The figure shown is a four-channel unit that operates in the 150 to 174-MHz frequency
band. The channel selector switch applies power to one of the four crystal oscillator modules
that operates at a frequency between 12.5 and 14.5 MHz, depending on the final transmit
carrier frequency. The oscillator frequency is temperature compensated to ensure a stability of
+0.0002%. The phase modulator uses a varactor diode that is modulated by the audio signal at
the output of the audio limiter. The audio signal amplitude is limited to ensure that the
transmitter is not over deviated. The modulated IF carrier is amplified and is then multiplied by
12 to produce the desired RF carrier frequency. The RF signal is further amplified and filtered
prior to transmission.(Fig. 7-28)
7-14. Describe the operation of an electronic push-to-talk circuit.
The electronic push-to-talk (PTT) circuit is used rather than a simple mechanical switch
to reduce the static noise associated with contact bounce in mechanical switches. Keying the
PTT applies DC power to the selected transmit oscillator module and the RF power amplifiers.
Keying the PTT switch grounds the base of Q1 , causing it to conduct and turn off Q2.
With Q2 off, VCC is applied to the transmitter and removed from the receiver. With the PTT switch
released, Q1 shuts off , removing VCC from the transmitter, turning on Q2, and applying VCC to the
receiver. (Fig. 7-29)
7-16. Briefly explain how a composite FM stereo signal is produced.
The L and R audio channels are combined in a matrix network to produce the L + R and
L R audio channels. The L R audio channel modulates a 38-kHz sub-carrier and produces a
23 53-kHz L R stereo channel. Because there is a time delay introduced in the L R signal
path as it propagates through the balanced modulator, the L + R stereo channel must be
artificially delayed somewhat to maintain phase integrity with the L R stereo channel for
demodulation purposes. The composite signal baseband produced is then fed to the FM
transmitter, where it modulates the main carrier.
7-18. What is the purpose of the 19-kHz pilot in FM stereo broadcasting?
The 19-kHz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency and with a
precise phase relationship, is transmitted at 8-10% of overall modulation level and used by the
receiver to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase.
The final multiplex signal from the stereo generator contains the Main Channel (L+R),
the pilot tone, and the sub-channel (L-R). This composite signal, along with the other subcarriers, modulates the FM transmitter.
7-20. Describe the basic concept of cellular telephone.
Mobile telephone uses full-duplex transmission and operates much the same as the
wireline telephone service provided by the local telephone companies. Mobile telephone permits
two-way simultaneous transmission and for privacy, each mobile unit is assigned a unique
telephone number. Coded transmissions from the base station activate only the intended
receiver.
7-22. What is the purpose of the electronic switching center in a cellular radio system?
The electronic switching center is a digital telephone exchange and is the heart of the
cellular system. The switch performs two essential functions: (1) it controls the switching

between the public telephone network and the cell sites for all wireline-to-mobile, mobile-towireline, and mobile-to-mobile calls; and (2) it processes data received from the cell-site
controllers conc erning mobile unit status, diagnostic data, and bill-compiling information. The
electronic switch communicates with the cell-sites controllers with the data link using X.25
protocol and a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps full-duplex.
7-24. What is the purpose radio transceivers in a cellular radio system?
The radio transceivers used for cellular radio are narrowband FM with an audio
frequency band of 300 Hz to 3 kHz and +12-kHz frequency deviation for 100% modulation. This
corresponds to a bandwidth of 30kHz using Carsons rule. Each cell contains one radio
transmitter and two radio receivers tuned to the same frequency. Whichever radio receiver
detects the strongest signal is selected.
7-26. Briefly describe how a wireline-to-mobile call is established in a cellular radio
system.
The cellular systems switching center receives a call from a wireline party through a
dedicated interconnect line from the public switched telephone network. The switch translates
the received dialing digits and determines whether the mobile unit to which the call is destined is
on or off hook (busy). If the mobile unit is available, the switch pages the mobile subscriber.
Following a page response from the mobile unit, the switch assigns an idle channel and
instructs the mobile unit to tune into that channel. The mobile unit sends a verification of
channel tuning via the controller in the cell site and then sends an audible call progress tone to
the subscribers mobile telephone, causing it to ring. The switch terminates the call progress
tones when it receives positive indication that the subscriber has answered the phone and
conversation between the two parties has begun.
7-28. Briefly describe how a mobile-to-mobile call is established in a cellular radio
system.
To originate a call to another mobile unit, the calling party enters the called number into
the units memory via the touchpad on the telephone set and then presses the send key. The
switch receives the callers identification number and the called number and then determines if
the called unit is free to receive a call. The switch sends a page command to all cell-site
controllers, and then called party receives a page. Following a positive page from the called
party, the switch assigns each party an idle user channel and instructs each party to tune into
their respective user channel. Then the called partys phone rings. When the system receives
notice that the called party has answered the phone, the switch terminates the call progress
tone, and the conversation may begin between the two mobile units.
If a mobile subscriber wishes to initiate a call and all user channels are busy, the switch
sends a directed retry command instructing the subscriber to reattempt the call through a
neighboring cell.

PROBLEMS:

7-2. For an FM receiver with a 100kHz bandwidth, a noise figure NF= 6dB, and an input
noise temperature T=200C, determine the minimum receive carrier power to achieve a
post detection S/N=40dB.
7-4. For an FM receiver with an input voltage deviation f= 40kHz and a transfer ratio
K=0.01 V/kHz, determine Vout.
7-6. For the Foster-Seeley discriminator, VC1=1.2V and VC2=0.8V, determine Vout.
7-8. For an FM demodulator with an FM improvement factor of 23dB
S/N=26dB, determine the post detection S/N.

and an input