Substation Insulation Coordination Studies-Sparacino

InsulationCoordinationStudies
TheSelectionofInsulationStrength
March25,2014
AdamSparacino
MITSUBISHIELECTRICPOWERPRODUCTS,INC.
POWERSYSTEMENGINEERINGSERVICES
DefinitionofInsulationCoordination1
Insulation Coordination (IEEE)
The selection of insulation strength consistent with expected
overvoltages to obtain an acceptable risk of failure.
The procedure for insulation coordination consists of (a)
determination of the voltage stresses and (b) selection of the
insulation strength to achieve the desired probability of failure.
The voltage stresses can be reduced by the application of surge
protective devices, switching device insertion resistors and controlled
closing, shield wires, improved grounding, etc.
(1)IEEEStd 1313.11996IEEEStandardforInsulationCoordination Definitions,Principles,andRules.

FourBasicConsiderations
Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Strength
Designing Methods for Controlling Stresses
Designing Insulation Systems

DefinitionofOvervoltages
Overvoltage
Abnormal voltage between two points of a system that is greater than
the highest value appearing between the same two points under
normal service conditions.2
Overvoltages are the primary metric for measuring and

quantifying power system transients and thus insulation
stress.
(2) IEEE Std C62.221991 IEEE Guide for the Application of MetalOxide Surge Arresters for AlternatingCurrent
Systems, 1991.
VocabularyofVoltage
PeaklinegroundVoltage
RMSVoltagelineground=(Vpeak/2)
PeakVoltagelineground=VLL_rms2/3
IllustrationofOvervoltages

ElectricalInsulation
Insulation can be expressed as a dielectric with a function to
preserve the electrical integrity of the system.
The insulation can be internal (solid, liquid, or gaseous), which is
protected from the effects of atmospheric conditions (e.g.,
transformer windings, cables, gasinsulated substations, oil circuit
breakers, etc.).
The insulation can be external (in air), which is exposed to
atmospheric conditions (e.g., bushings, bus support insulators,
disconnect switches, line insulators, air itself [tower windows, phase
spacing], etc.).
InsulationStrength
TypicalVoltTimeCurveforInsulationWithstand
StrengthforLiquidFilledTransformers
Source: IEEE Std 62.22-1997, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Systems
10
InsulationStrength
Example for Transformers Windings
Normal system operating voltage
345 kVLL_RMS (1.00 p.u.)
Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV)

362 kVLL_RMS (1.05 p.u.)
Basic switching impulse insulation level (BSL)

745/870/975 kVLN_Peak
Basic lightning impulse insulation level (BSL)

900/1050/1175 kVLN_Peak
Chopped wave withstand (CWW)

1035/1205/1350 kVLN_Peak
11
FrequencyofDifferentEvents
10-20 minutes
seconds
Power System Control

& Dynamics
Power
Frequency
milliseconds
microseconds
Transients
& Surges
12
Duty and Magnitude of applied voltage

Ability to withstand applied stress

13
PotentialOvervoltageMitigation
1. Surge Arresters
Need to be sized and located properly to clip overvoltages.
2. PreInsertion Resistors/Inductors
Need to be sized according to equipment being switched (only help

during breaker operation) to prevent excessive overvoltages from
being initiated.
3. SynchronousClose/Open Control
Need to use independent pole operated (IPO) breakers and program

controller based on equipment being switched (only help during
breaker operation) to prevent excessive overvoltages from being
initiated.
4. Surge Capacitors
Need to be sized and located to slow the front of incoming surges
14
Duty and Magnitude of applied voltage

Ability to withstand applied stress

15
InsulationCoordinationProcess
1. Specify the equipment insulation strength, the BIL and BSL of
all equipment.
2. Specify the phaseground and phasephase clearances that
should be considered.
3. Specify the need for, location, rating, and number of surge
arresters.
16
InsulationCoordinationStudies
1. Very Fast Transients (VFT) Analysis (nanoseconds time frame)
GIS disconnected switching.

Quantify the overvoltages throughout the substation.
Primary intent of determining location and number of surge arresters
within the substation.
2. Lightning Surge Analysis (microseconds time frame)
Quantify the overvoltages throughout the substation.

Primary intent of determining location and number of surge arresters
within the substation.
3. Switching Overvoltage Analysis (milliseconds time frame)
Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties associated

with switching events and fault/clear operations.
Primary intent is to verify that transient overvoltage mitigating devices
(e.g., surge arresters, preinsertion resistors, synchronous close control)
are adequate to protect electrical equipment.
Capacitor, Shunt Reactor, Transformer, and Line Switching Studies.
17
InsulationCoordinationStudies(cont.)
4. Temporary Overvoltage Analysis (seconds time frame)
Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties as produced

by faults, resonance conditions, etc.
Primary intent is to verify conditions that cause problems within the
system and develop the necessary mitigation.
Fault/Clear, load rejection, ferroresonance studies.
5. Steady State Analysis (minutes to hours time frame)
Quantify voltage during various system configurations.

Power flow/stability studies.
18
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
STUDYFORINSULATIONCOORDINATION
LIGHTNINGSURGEANALYSIS
19
500 kV LINE
Refer to Figure 2 for

details of line
terminations.
BML00

details of line
terminations.
BLU00
BML01
All lengths shown in meters.
BLU01
la = 30.70
lb = 25.66
lc = 21.76
la = 23.47
lb = 22.56
lc = 21.64
500 kV LINE
la = 21.19
lb = 20.74
lc = 23.64
la = 23.47
lb = 22.56
lc = 20.64
WEST500kVBUS
GWB06
la,b,c = 8.323
la,b,c = 19.59
G752W
G952W
CB
CB
G752E
la = 26.42
lb = 25.51
lc = 24.59
la = 9.518
lb = 8.603
lc = 7.689
G762W
G962W
CB
CB
G952E
CB
G762E
G772W
la = 12.47
lb = 11.55
lc = 10.64
EAST500kVBUS
CB
CB
G772E
G872E
GML00
la,b,c = 8.323
GEB06
la = 70.62
lb = 76.69
lc = 82.77
G972W
G872W
G4A00
DUMMYBUS(POSITIONFOR
FUTUREBREAKER)
XFMR
la,b,c = 5.634
CB
CB
G962E
la,b,c = 19.59
G3A00
la,b,c = 8.323
la = 26.42
lb = 25.51
lc = 24.59
G972E
GLU00
la,b,c = 8.323
la,b,c = 5.634
la = 70.15
lb = 76.25
lc = 82.30
B3A01
B4A01
B3A00
B4A00

details of XFMR
terminations.
XFMR

details of XFMR
terminations.
20
ExampleforLine/XFMRTermination
500 kV Line
Line Trap1
To Transformer
Surge
Arrester
Gas-toAir
Bushing
CCVT
To GIS
Bay #6
Gas-to-Air
Bushing
550 kV GIS
350 MCM
Ground Lead
(38)
Surge
Arrester
Notes
To GIS
Bay
550 kV GIS
(1) Line traps only on phase A and C for 500 kV lines. In

EMTP model, phase B has a 2.53 m section of
conductor modeled in place of line trap.
350 MCM
Ground
Lead (38)
21
DetailedAnalysis
ScreeningAnalysis
ApproachforEvaluationtheInsulationCoordinationof
the550kVGasInsulatedSubstation
Step 1:
A severe voltage surge was injected into the substation for

operating configurations to screen for maximum potential overvoltages.
Step 2:
The resulting overvoltages were compared to the Basic Lightning Impulse

Insulation Level (BIL) of the equipment and the protective margin1 for the
equipment was calculated.
Step 3:
If overvoltages resulted in less than a 20% protective margin in the initial

screening analysis for cases with the full system in or N1 contingencies, a more
detailed analysis was performed to identify the protective margins resulting from a
reasonable upper bounds lightning surge based on the configuration
of
the
substation and connected transmission lines.
various
For the detailed analysis, specific details of the transmission lines such as conductor
characteristics, shielding design, ground resistivity, keraunic level, etc. are considered to
determine a reasonable upper bounds to place on the lightning surge impinging on the
substation.
(1) Protective Margin = [ BIL / Vmaximum_peak 1] x 100%
22
LightningSurgeIncomingFrom500kVLine
PhasetoGroundVoltageofIncomingLightningSurge
MLFULL_halfSRC>MLSRCA(Type 1)
4000
Peak = 3264 kV (1.2 x 2720 kV CFO)

Time-to-peak = 0.5 microseconds.
Voltage (kV)
3000
2000
Lightning surge impinges
substation from 500 kV Line.
1000
Lightning surge initiated at
1.0 microseconds.
0
0
10
Time (us)
15
20
23
LightningSurgeIncomingFrom500kVLine
HighestPhasetoGroundVoltageObservedinGIS
MLFULLB>G752WB(Type 1)
2000
GIS Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) = 1550 kV
Voltage (kV)
1500
Protective Margin = 40%
([1550/1109 1] x 100%)
Peak overvoltage =
1109 kV.
1000
500
0
0
10
Time (us)
15
20
24
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
TRANSMISSIONLINESWITCHINGANALYSIS
25
TransmissionLineSwitchingAnalysis
PotentialEquipmentConcerns
ExcessiveTransientOvervoltagesand
thePossibilityofaFlashoverDuring
EnergizingorReClosing
OvervoltagesExceedingGuidelines
UsedtoDevelopLineClearances
Transmission line is energized
(normal energizing or re-closing).
Applicable Criteria
BasicSwitchingImpulseLevel(BSL)
ProbabilityofFlashovers
PotentialMitigationTechniques
SynchronousCloseControl
PreInsertionResistors/Inductors
SurgeArresters
ShuntReactors
26
StatisticalSwitchingMethodology
Source-Side Voltage
cycle window
Case simulated with

200-400 energizations
3 = cycle 2 = 2.08 ms
Each pole can close at anytime
within the cycle window centered
around the closing time (Tclose) for
each energization. Random closing
times based on a normal (Gaussian)
distribution
Tclose
Three poles closing
centered around closing
time (Tclose)
Sliding cycle window for pole

closing shifted over a half cycle
timeframe using a uniform
distribution
27
ElectroGeometricLineModel
Example345kVTransmissionLine
14.5
ShieldWire:
Alumoweld7#8
Outsidediameter=0.385
RDC=2.40Ohm/mi
14.5
78
(63atmidpoint)
B
27
27
54
(24atmidpoint)
Center
Line
PhaseConductor:
ACSRLapwing
2/cBundle18spacing
Outsidediameter=1.504
RDC=0.059Ohm/mi
Thick/Diam=0.375
LineLength(total)=85mi
Untransposed
Groundresistivity=37Ohmm
28
StatisticalSwitchingOvervoltageStrengthCharacteristics
andSOVdensitiesoftheline
29
StatisticalDistr.OfOvervoltagesAlong500kVLinewith
NOSurgeArresters
StatisticalDistributionofOvervoltagesAlongLine
110%
Statistical
distributionbasedon
thecasepeak
methodfromIEEE
Std1313.21999.
ProbabilitytoExceedOvervoltage(%)
100%
Estimatedinsulation
withstandforthe
transmissionline:CFO=3.53
p.u.,f/CFO =5%.
90%
80%
70%
SendingEnd
60%
1/4Point
98%oftheovervoltagesalong
thelineare2.62p.u.(1070
kV).
50%
40%
1/2Point
3/4Point
Highestovervoltageatthe
remoteendoftheline=2.75
p.u.(1123kV).
30%
20%
RemoteEnd
ExampleCFO
E2isthevalueinwhichthe
overvoltagesexceed2%ofthe
switchingoperations.
10%
0%
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
PeakOvervoltage(PerUnitona500kVBase)
30
StatisticalDistr.OfOvervoltagesAlong500kVLinewith
LineEndSurgeArresters
StatisticalDistributionofOvervoltagesAlongLine
110%
ProbabilitytoExceedOvervoltage(%)
100%
Estimatedinsulation
withstandforthe
transmissionline:CFO=3.53
p.u.,f/CFO =5%.
90%
80%
Statistical
distributionbasedon
thecasepeak
methodfromIEEE
Std1313.21999.
70%
SendingEnd
60%
1/4Point
98%oftheovervoltagesalong
thelineare2.16p.u.(882
kV).
50%
1/2Point
3/4Point
40%
RemoteEnd
30%
ExampleCFO
20%
Highestovervoltagealongthe
line=2.21p.u.(902kV).
E2isthevalueinwhichthe
overvoltagesexceed2%ofthe
switchingoperations.
10%
0%
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
PeakOvervoltage(PerUnitona500kVBase)
31
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
SHUNTCAPACITORSWITCHINGANALYSIS
32
ShuntCapacitorSwitchingAnalysis
Capacitor bank is energized and

transient inrush currents flow
through capacitor bank breaker
and voltage surges propagate
into the system.
ContactWearfromExcessiveInrush
CurrentDuty
ExcessiveTransientOvervoltages
InducedVoltagesandCurrentsin
ControlCircuits
StepandTouchPotentialsDuring
Switching
ApplicableCriteria
ANSI/IEEEInrushCurrentLimits
BasicSwitchingImpulseLevel(BSL)
BreakerCapabilityBeyondStandards
IEEEStd 80forgrounding
CurrentLimitingReactors
PreInsertionResistors/Inductors
SurgeArresters
33
CapacitorBankReStrike
DuringDeEnergization
CurrentThroughSwitchingDevice
Highfrequency
currentis
interrupted
Firstrestrike
occursand
currentisre
established
Secondrestrikeoccursand
currentisreestablished
VoltageonEachSideofSwitchingDevice
Peakovervoltage
from1st restrike
Voltageonsystem
sideofswitching
device
Currentis
interrupted
Voltageoncapacitor
banksideof
switchingdevice(DC
trappedcharge)
Peakovervoltage
from2nd restrike
34
VoltageMagnification
When a shunt capacitor bank is energized with a nearby
capacitor at a lower voltage, the potential for voltage
magnification may exist when the following condition is true:
1
Furthermore,whenC1>>C2,andL1<<L2 theconditioncanbe
exaggerated
35
VoltageMagnification(Cont.)
Example 4.39 p.u. overvoltage at LV
bus when capacitor bank is switched.
Example 1.95 p.u. overvoltage at HV

bus when capacitor bank is switched.
36
EXAMPLEAPPLICATION
SHUNTREACTORSWITCHINGANALYSIS
37
ShuntReactorSwitchingAnalysis
Shunt reactor is energized and

inrush current flows through the
system and circuit breaker.
ExcessiveInrushCurrentsfrom
Energizing
TransientandTemporaryOvervoltages
fromResonanceConditions
GenerationofHarmonics
ResonancefromParallelLines
ApplicableCriteria
EquipmentInsulationLevels
VoltageSag/DipCriteria
HarmonicDistortion
SurgeArresters
AppropriateRelaySettings
OperationalLimitations
38
ResonanceOvervoltages
345kVSubstation
345kVSubstation
VoltageMeasuredonEnergizedLine
Lineinservice
(breakersclosed
atbothends)
Lineoutofservice
(breakersopenat
bothends)
345kVSubstation
345kVSubstation
39
ResonanceOvervoltages
Line breakers open to

trip the line at 200 ms.
Peak overvoltage
= 2.94 p.u.
It is anticipated that the line equipment

would be capable of withstanding at
least 1.5 p.u. for 100 ms.
Anticipated temporary overvoltage

(TOV) capability (1.5 p.u. for 100 ms).
The shunt reactors should be tripped

within 550 ms of the line breakers
tripping to avoid excessive
overvoltages for this case.
40
Summary
Insulation Coordination is the selection of insulation strength.
Determine maximum insulation stress.
Determine the minimum insulation strength with margin taking into
account stress reducers (surge arresters, preinsertion resistors,
synchronous close control, etc.) that can withstand the maximum
stress.
Studies help in quantifying the maximum anticipated stress

and determining the rating/location of overvoltage mitigating
devices.
A key component of insulation coordination is pairing the
correct strength to the correct stress.
As a rule of thumb, the shorter the time the overvoltage is applied to
the insulation the greater the magnitude of overvoltage the insulation
can withstand before failure.
41
THANKYOUFORYOUATTENTION
42

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InsulationCoordinationStudies

(1)IEEEStd 1313.11996IEEEStandardforInsulationCoordination Definitions,Principles,andRules.

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Overvoltages are the primary metric for measuring and

Understanding Insulation Stresses

Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV)

Basic switching impulse insulation level (BSL)

Basic lightning impulse insulation level (BSL)

Chopped wave withstand (CWW)

Power System Control

Understanding Insulation Strength

Designing Methods for Controlling Stresses

Need to be sized and located properly to clip overvoltages.

Need to be sized according to equipment being switched (only help

Need to use independent pole operated (IPO) breakers and program

Need to be sized and located to slow the front of incoming surges

Understanding Insulation Strength

Designing Methods for Controlling Stresses

GIS disconnected switching.

2. Lightning Surge Analysis (microseconds time frame)

Quantify the overvoltages throughout the substation.

3. Switching Overvoltage Analysis (milliseconds time frame)

Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties associated

Quantify the overvoltages and surge arrester energy duties as produced

5. Steady State Analysis (minutes to hours time frame)

Quantify voltage during various system configurations.

Refer to Figure 2 for

Refer to Figure 2 for

All lengths shown in meters.

Refer to Figure 3 for

Refer to Figure 3 for

(1) Line traps only on phase A and C for 500 kV lines. In

A severe voltage surge was injected into the substation for

The resulting overvoltages were compared to the Basic Lightning Impulse

If overvoltages resulted in less than a 20% protective margin in the initial

(1) Protective Margin = [ BIL / Vmaximum_peak 1] x 100%

Peak = 3264 kV (1.2 x 2720 kV CFO)

GIS Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) = 1550 kV

Case simulated with

Sliding cycle window for pole

Capacitor bank is energized and

Example 1.95 p.u. overvoltage at HV

Shunt reactor is energized and

Line breakers open to

It is anticipated that the line equipment

Anticipated temporary overvoltage

The shunt reactors should be tripped

Studies help in quantifying the maximum anticipated stress

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