Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jedbasdh - Baae#J - DG Fae#Jd 1ah .Sa D A#Gdhd .D Sdtd1. H DGJD.
Jedbasdh - Baae#J - DG Fae#Jd 1ah .Sa D A#Gdhd .D Sdtd1. H DGJD.
1&'(4/5 #&6(*
%MNIEHTNSES R =EJOHDWR
9NLJTJQKPN QDPRLSES
danijel.savi@yahoo.com
%&6: 28(497)"15/18"
;HEOLEWMN HDW
;HNXYEM: 13.01.2014
^=JEDBASDH BAAE#J>-DG=FAE#JD
1AH=.SA;D A#GDHD .D SDTD1.>H
^DGJD.<
@/K()/
D*0* ,- ; .36*1; .8/(6/8 N*.*05/9 :*)4*5*, ,-0*5 /0 B8/,53,3= 3 ;63@*,53,3=
0-823>43= 8-0/2* (2*4*4/ ,- 0-823>43 8-0 B-46*>3,*. Q-823>43 8-0 B-46*>3,*
5*(6*,- 5* ./08;7,; E5*0/)3,- 6/4/+ XIII 3 XIV 2-4*. N*=2*H;,;?3 (2/+
O;50*+-56*)5/+ 4*8*46-8; /)37-5/+ ; (2-/B;=2*65/+ (3548-63<+;, 0-823>43
8-0 B-46*>3,* ./7-64/+ XVI 2-4* ./.83+* >336(4/-*)-236(43 4*8*46-8, 0-6-8+353>;?3 (2/,- 2-8(4/ ;7-1- 4*/ 4/+B35*@3,; 0/46835* >33<+* 3 *)-2363<+*,
/)37-53= 48/< 8*<5- -)-+-56- (;O3<+*, ./+->*53= (* -)-+-563+* 3 /B37*,3+*
4/,3 ./637; 3< =83>?*5(62*, B;03<+*, 5-/.)*6/53<+*, =;8;O3<+* 3 .8*(6*86;8(4- 4;)6;8-. b38-1-+ /6/+*5(4- 3+.-83,-, 3 ;()-0 /08-M-53= 08;>62-5/./)363743= /4/)5/(63, 0-823>43 8-0 B-46*>3,* 0/)*<3 5* N*.*053 :*)4*, 90- 5*
.8/(6/8; E)B*53,- 5*)*<3 (2/,- ;./83>6- 3 /(6*,- 68*,5/ 2-<*5 3(4H;732/ <*
*)B*5(4; ./.;)*@3,; 4/,* 5*(6*1;,- 3 .8/(6/8- D/(/2* 3 N*.*05- C*4-0/53,-.
U/4/+ 28-+-5* (2/9 ./(6/,*1* 0-823>43 8-0 B-46*>3,* B32* 7-(6/ .8-0+-6
./)363743= 35(68;+-56*)3<*@3,*, ./7-2 /0 (68*5- /6/+*5(4- 08G*2- ; 4/,/j (;
();G3)3 4*/ 4/)/53<;,;?3 0-823>3 ; (28=; 3()*+3<*@3,- (6*5/253>62*, 3 0/
*)B*5(4- ./)36374- -)36-, 4/,* 3= ,- 4/83(63)* 4*/ 35(68;+-56 <*8*0 =/+/9-53<*@3,- *)B*5(4/9 08;>62* 5* 8-)393,(4/, /(5/23. _ 6/+ (+3();, ; /2/+ 6-4(6;
(- 0*,- .834*< 5*,2*G53,3= /(/B-5/(63 B-46*>3,(4/9 0-823>4/9 8-0*, 2-<*53= <*
13=/2 5*(6*5*4, /(5/25- 6-/)/>4- 0/46835-, =3,-8*8=3,(4- (68;46;8- <*,-053@-, 2-8(43= 836;*)* 3 .8*4(-, 4*/ 3 >38-1* 5* .8/(6/8; N*.*05/9 :*)4*5* 3
./)36374- 35(68;+-56*)3<*@3,- /0 (68*5- *)B*5(4- ./)36374- -)36- 6/4/+
XVIII 3 XIX 2-4*.
JL2M'/ $/M(: B-46*>3<*+, K*T3 :-46*>, >33<*+, 0-823>3, A*3+ `8*>-83,
E)B*53,*
!
TV$/35V 0/$6(Y3VW $/0& a/3N&Y(4&
=EPSD[NUKPN HEW WEHIN[D MDKSDJ UE PDJ UEWDM JW XMJOJaHJUMNZ
KRQNUKPNZ ]JPHESD R NKLDXR, PJUN KR KE HDTINUDLN MD ]HJKSJHR =LNKPJO
+KSJPD SJPJX XI N XII IEPD. /DNXE, R SJ IHEXE, aHJUMN XNKNJMDHN, ]JTMDSN
142
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
143
*EV KDWH`N KLJID DHD]KPJO DLQDaESD, JW PJUNZ KIDPJ ]HEWKSDIYD JWHE_EMN aHJU.
:aNH aHJUEID ]HEWKSDIYD OJWNMR, PJUR KDX KDWH`DU HEVEMN^E IETRUE TD JWHE_EMN
WJOD_DU. +KSJ KE JWMJKN N MD JKSDLE NTWIJUEME HEVN R MDKSDIPR SEPKSD. &ESDYMNUE
INWN R Birge, 1937: 34-35.
3
0IDPDPJ WD ]JKSJUE IN[E IEHTNUD ]HNVE PDPJ UE )DcN =EPSD[ WJaNJ NXE. ;JHEW
MDIEWEME R SEPKSR, ]JXEMR\EXJ N SRXDVEbE PJUE NTMJKN DRSJH Seyed Asghari, D
]HEXD PJUJU MD SRHKPJX UETNPR bek TMDVN OJK]JWDH, WJP tash ]HEWKSDIYD KSEMR
(Asghari, 2008: 3-4).
144
145
;HEXD aEPSD[NUKPJX RVEbR ,,KIDPN VJIEP ]HEWKSDIYD cDXNUR, KIDPJ YRWKPJ LN^E
UE LN^E KDIH[EMKSID (vechi Pamil) bEOJIJO WRZJIMJO IJ_E NLN XRH[NWD (Birge,
1937, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD Doja, 2006: 91).
6
;HEXD JaUD[bEbR UEWMJO XRH[NWD MD ]HNXEHR [E\EHD, [EHNUDS ]HEWKSDIYD
PD]NUR TMDbD PJUN MDX ]JPDTRUE [SD UE RNKSNMR [E\EH N VEXR KLR`N, SDHNPDS MDX
]JPDTRUE PDPJ KE [E\EH ]HDPSNVMJ PJHNKSN N PDPJ KE bNXE HRPRUE, XDHNQES MDX
]JPDTRUE ]HDIN RPRK [E\EHD N KIR bEOJIR KLDKS, WJP ZDPNPD ]HEWKSDIYD K]JTMDUR N
]JNKSJIE\EbE KD KDXNX [E\EHJX (Birge, 1937: 102).
146
0SNZJIN UEWME ]EKXE ]JNKSJIE\RUR )DcN =EPSD[D N .LNUD, D JMN OLDKE:,,(MDU PJUN
UE KEWEJ MD ]RSR PDJ LDI. (MDU PJUN UE NK^E_EM KJP JW OHJ`_D. (MDU PJUN ]JMEKE KJ]KSIEMR KDZHDMR. 8JK]JWDH )DcN =EPSD[ UE .LN KDX. (Birge, 1937: 135).
8
6HJT ^ELJPR]MR WJPSHNMR SHJUKSID, ]D KDXNX SNX N JaJ`DIDbD NXDXD .LNUD,
aEPSD[NTDX UE ROHDWNJ WID JKMJIMD ]HNM^N]D, KIJUKSIEMD KINX [NNSKPNX JOHDM^NXD, D SJ KR Tevelld NLN YRaDI ]HEXD KINXD PJUN ]J[SRUR .LNUD N VLDMJIE ;JKLDMNPJIE PR\E, N Teherra NLN XH`bD ]HEXD KINXD PJUN ME ODUE ]J[SJIDbE N YRaDI
]HEXD bNXD (Birge, 1937: 140).
9
&IDMDEKS NXDXD, NTXE_R JKSDLJO, ]HEXD aEPSD[NUKPJX IEHJIDbR KNXaJLNTRUR N
NTLEVEbE WR[E JW WIDMDEKS TDLD, D SJ KR: 1DXD, :DaJHDIMJKS, 8HEZ, /EJWJYNI RPRK,
=ETMDWE`MJKS, 3E]D JWE\D, (aJ`DIDbE `NIJSNbD, .HJODM^NUD, fEYD TD JKIESJX,
/EKSH]YEbE, 1ROD TaJO MERK]EZD N :DaJHDIMJKS =JOD (Asghari, 2008: 7).
10
0IESJIMD NXEMD WIDMDEKS NXDXD KR: 1. Ali ibn Abu Talib, 2. Hasan ibn Ali, 3.
Husayn ibn Ali, 4. Ali ibn Husayn, 5. Muhammad ibn Ali, 6. Ja'far ibn Muhammad, 7.
Musa ibn Ja'far, 8. Ali ibn Musa, 9. Muhammad ibn Ali, 10. Ali ibn Muhammad, 11.
Hasan ibn Ali, 12. Muhammad ibn al-Hasan.
11
OKMNIDVEX ZRHRQNTXD KXDSHD KE NHDMKPN XNKSNP 9DWNL .KSHDaDWN (Fadl Allah
Astarabadi) (1340-1394) (Asghari, 2008: 8).
147
148
149
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
19
150
151
TDUEWMN^R N ]JKSDJ UEWDM JW KSRaJID DLaDMKPJO MD^NJMDLMJO ]JPHESD, ]HJ[NHNI[N KIJU RSN^DU N MD ]HJKSJHE 6JKJID N 4DPEWJMNUE (Duijzings, 2005:
113-114).
$EWMJ JW KHEWKSDID ]JXJ\R PJUNZ UE aEPSD[NUKPN WEHIN[PN HEW [NHNJ KIJU RSN^DU XE_R KSDMJIMN[SIJX MDIEWEMNZ ]HJKSJHD UEKSE TDWJaNUDbE
ZHN[\DMKPNZ KIESNLN[SD N XDMN]RLD^NUD KLDIYEbEX KIESD^D. /DNXE, HEW
UE ]JPR[DIDJ WD ]HERTXE ZHN[\DMKPD KIESNLN[SD, ]D KDXNX SNX N PJMIEHSRUE IEHMNPE ]JNKSJIE\RUR\N KIJUE KIE^E23 KD KIE^NXD PJUN KR aNLN MDU]J[SJIDMNUN R MDHJWR PJUN UE MDKEYDIDJ JWHE_EMN ]HJKSJH (Duijzings, 2005:
113-114). /DUID`MNUN aEPSD[NUNKPN KIESD^, PJUN UE R]JSHEaYDIDM R SR
KIHZR aNJ UE 0DHN 0DLSRP.24 /DNXE, 0DHN 0DLSRP UE MDUVE[\E ]JIETNIDM KD
KI. /NPJLJX N KI. kJH_EX, WID MDU]J[SJIDMNUE KIE^D MD SNX ]HJKSJHNXD,
PJUD KR TDUEWMJ ]J[SJIDLN N ZHN[\DMKPN N XRKLNXDMKPN IEHMN^N
(Duijzings, 2005: 114).
4E_RSNX, N ]JHEW VNbEMN^E WD UE ]JPR[DIDJ WD ]HERTXE ZHN[\DMKPD KIESNLN[SD MD SDU MDVNM, HEW MNPDWD MNUE TDaHDbNIDJ ZHN[\DMKPD
ZJWJVD[\D. /D]HJSNI, [SD IN[E, HEW UE N ]JWKSN^DJ ZHN[\DMKPD ZJWJVD[\D R KIJUD KIESNLN[SD N SJLEHNKDJ KLDIYEbE ZHN[\DMKPNZ KIESD^D,25
]HN SJXE ]JPR[DIDUR\N WD JKSIDHN IEHKPR MDWXJ\ N IJ_KSIJ MDW DLaDMKPNX
ZHN[\DMKPNX N XRKLNXDMKPNX IEHMN^NXD, KD PHDUbNX ^NYEX WD ]JKSDME
DLaDMKPD MD^NJMDLMD ^HPID (Duijzings, 2005: 114).
6DWD UE R ]NSDbR WELJIDbE DLaDMKPE ]JLNSNVPE ELNSE R KIESLR
[NHEbD DLN N ]JLNSNVPE NMKSHRXEMSDLNTD^NUE aEPSD[NUKPJO WEHIN[PJO
HEWD, PDJ [SJ UE IE\ N MD]JXEMRSJ, JMJ KE XJHD ]JKXDSHDSN PHJT ]HNTXR
SE`bE TD KRTaNUDbEX RMRSHD[bNZ ]JWELD MD HELNONUKPJX ]LDMR TDHDW
]JKSNTDbD JWHE_EMNZ ]JLNSNVPNZ ^NYEID (Duijzings, 2005: 212-214). % SJX
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
]HJKSJH $ROJNKSJVME 'IHJ]E D N [NHE, N WDMDK ]HEJILD_RUR VESNHN PJMQEKNUE:
PDSJLNVDMKSIJ MD KEIEHR, ]HDIJKLDIYE MD UROR N UROJNKSJPR, KRMNSKPN NKLDX R
^EMSHDLMJX WELR N aEPSD[NTDX MD UROR (Doja, 2006: 87).
23
=EPSD[NUKPN KIE^N KR MDUVE[\E NXDLN NKSE K]JYME N ZDLNJONJOHDQKPE JKJaNME
PDJ N bNZJIN ZHN[\DMKPN ]DMWDMN, N ]HEWKSDIYDMN KR PDJ KR]EHNJHMD HENMPDHMD^NUD ZHN[\DMKPNZ ]HEWZJWMNPD (Duijzings, 2005: 114).
24
0DHN 0DLSRP UE ]HEXD aEPSD[NUKPJX ]HEWDbR aNJ LRSDUR\N WEHIN[ PJUN UE
[NHNJ NKLDX MD ]HJKSJHR =LDPDMD SJPJX XIII IEPD, XMJOJ ]HE WJLDKPD JSJXDMKPNZ
1RHDPD. 0PJHJ KID SRHaESD JIJO KIE^D KR ]JIETDMD KD HEWJX aEPSD[NUD (Duijzings,
2005: 114-115).
25
+XD MEPJLNPJ ]HNXEHD PJUN SJ ]JSIH_RUR. % aEPSD[NUKPJU SEPNUN R 1ESJIR
(4DPEWJMNUD), ZHN[\DMN KR KLDINLN KI. +LNUR (Hasluk, 1929, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD
Duijzings, 2005: 116). 1EPNUD MD IHZR ]LDMNME 1JXJH (.LaDMNUD) aNLD UE JWHEWN[SE
XDHNUDMKPJO ZJWJVD[\D (Bartl, 1968, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD Duijzings, 2005: 116). %
1EPNUN R 6DMDSLDH^NXD (4DPEWJMNUD) ZHN[\DMN KR KLDINLN KI. /NPJLR (7orAeviB,
1984, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD Duijzings, 2005: 116). % SEPNUN R .LEPKDMWHJIR (4DPEWJMNUD)
ZHN[\DMN KR KLDINLN kRH_EIWDM, KLDIR KI. kJH_D (Evans, 1901, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD
Duijzings, 2005: 116).
152
KXNKLR RVEbE aEPSD[NUKPJO WEHIN[PJO HEWD ]HEWKSDIYDLJ UE MDUDWEPIDSMNUN NMKSHRXEMS TDHDW ZJXJOEMNTD^NUE DLaDMKPJO MD^NJMDLMJO PJH]RKD, KD
PHDUbNX ^NYEX JLNVEMNX R INWR KSIDHDbD METDINKME DLaDMKPE WH`DIE KD
aEPSD[NTXJX PDJ MD^NJMDLMJX HELNONUJX .LaDMD^D. 0SJOD, XJHDXJ NTWIJUNSN WELJIDbD .LN ;D[E26 N /DNXD 9HD[EHNUD,27 PDJ WID MDUNKSDPMRSNUD
]HN]DWMNPD ]JLNSNVPE ELNSE KIJO IHEXEMD, PJUN KR HDWNLN MD SJX ^NYR
(Duijzings, 2005: 116, 221).
;HIN KMD`MNUN SDLDK [NHEbD aEPSD[NUKPJO WEHIN[PJO HEWD XE_R
DLaDMKPJX ]J]RLD^NUJX JWINUD KE ]JW ]JLNSNVPJX ]DSHJMD`JX N ]JWH[PJX .LN ;D[E, JW KSHDME JSJXDMKPE WH`DIE ME]HNTMDSJX R]HDIYDSEYR
JaLDKSN JPJ OHDWD $DbNMD MD KEIEHJTD]DWR WDMD[bE 8HVPE, R ]EHNJWR JW
1788. WJ 1822 OJWNME (Doja, 2006: 94). /DNXE, .LN ;D[D UE PJHNKSNJ
JHODMNTD^NUR N IEHKPJ RVEbE aEPSD[NUKPJO WEHIN[PJO HEWD WD aN KSEPDJ
MDPLJMJKS N ]JWH[PR LJPDLMJO KSDMJIMN[SID, ]HJ[NHNJ KIJU ]JLNSNVPN
RSN^DU N NKSDPDJ KIJUR METDINKMJKS JW ^EMSHDLME JSJXDMKPE ILDKSN. ;JW
bEOJINX ]JLNSNVPNX ]JPHJINSEYKSIJX aEPSD[NUKPN WEHIN[PN HEW UE
NKLDXNTJIDJ IELNPN aHJU ZHN[\DMD, ]JIE\DI[N aHJU KIJUNZ KLEWaEMNPD N
bEXR ]JXJODI[N WD ]JIE\D ]JLNSNVPR XJ\ N TDWJaNUE PJMSHJLR MDW MJINX
SEHNSJHNUDXD28 (Duijzings, 2005: 116). 6JHNKSE\N MDIEWEMR KDHDWbR KD
aEPSD[NUKPJX WEHIN[PNX HEWJX, PJUD UE JVNOLEWMJ aNLD ]JLNSNVPN XJSNINKDMD N R PJUJU UE aEPSD[NUKPN WEHIN[PN HEW INWEJ KUDUMR XJOR\MJKS
[NHEbD N ]HJ]DONHDbD KJ]KSIEMJO RVEbD, .LN ;D[D UE RK]EJ WD KIJUR
ILDKS ]HJ[NHN N MD ]HJKSJHE UROJNKSJVME N ^EMSHDLME .LaDMNUE29 (Doja,
2006: 95-96).
/DPJM, ]JHDTD .LN ;D[E SJPJX 1822. OJWNME N TIDMNVME TDaHDME
SJPJX 1826. OJWNME, aEPSD[NUKPN WEHIN[PN HEW, IE\ RPJHEbEM XE_R DLaDMKPNX KSDMJIMN[SIJX MDKSDIN\E JS]JH ]HEXD JSJXDMKPJU WH`DIN. :aJO KIJO
KNMPHESNKSNVPJO WRZD N SEMWEM^NUDXD TD DKNXNLD^NUJX KSHDMNZ ELEXEMDSD,
R KIJUE WJPSHNME ROHDWN\E N DLaDMKPN MD^NJMDLNTDX, [SJ \E KDXJ ]JIE\DSN
bEOJIR ]J]RLDHMJKS N aHJU KLEWaEMNPD SJPJX XIX IEPD (Doja, 2006: 96).
.LaDMKPN MD^NJMDLMN ]JPHES UE NMDVE JW ]JVESPD, PDJ [SJ UE IE\ N
MDIEWEMJ, aNJ KRJVEM KD IELNPNX RMRSHD[bNX ]JWELDXD MD HELNONUKPJX
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
26
153
]LDMR. ;JVEI JW XIX IEPD RLDODMN KR KSDLMN MD]JHN WD KE MDKLE_EMN IEHKPN HDKPJLN MERSHDLNTRUR. 0]E^NQNVMJKS DLaDMKPJO WHR[SID KE, R JWMJKR
MD WHR[SID NLN MDHJWE NT bNZJIJO JPHR`EbD, JOLEWD R SJXE [SJ UE UETNP
]HERTEJ ]HNXDS ]HNLNPJX QJHXNHDbD MD^NJMDLMJO NWEMSNSESD R JWMJKR
MD HELNONUR. =RWR\N WD UE HDTLNVNS JW MDUaLN`NZ KRKEWD, DLaDMKPN UETNP KE,
R SDPINX WHR[SIEMNX JPJLMJKSNXD, MDXESMRJ PDJ UEWNMN VNMNLD^ PJUN UE
XJODJ WD ]HEXJKSN HDTLNPR NTXE_R HDTMNZ IEHD N HEONJMDLMNZ NWEMSNSESD30
(Duijzings, 2005: 213-214). 4E_RSNX, N ]JHEW KSDLMNZ MD]JHD WD KE HELNONUD MERSHDLNTRUE, ]JKSJUDLN KR N ]JPR[DUN WD MDHDKSDUR\N MD^NJMDLMN
]JPHES WJaNUE UDPR HELNONUKPR JKMJIR N KIJU JKLJMD^ MD_E R aEPSD[NUKPJX
WEHIN[PJX HEWR (Duijzings, 2005: 221).
% SJX KIESLR XJHDXJ NTWIJUNSN WELJIDbE /DNXD 9HD[EHNUD, DLaDMKPJO MD^NJMDLMJO ]EKMNPD, PJUN UE IEHJIDJ WD KDXJ IETD TDKMJIDMD MD
HELNONUN XJ`E RVIHKSNSN UEWNMKSIJ .LaDMD^D. =LN`E HEVEMJ, /DNX
9HD[EHN UE ^ELJO KIJO `NIJSD NK]JYDIDJ MDPLJMJKS ]HEXD aEPSD[NUKPJX
WEHIN[PJX HEWR. (WHDKSDJ UE R KELR 9HD[EHN (Frashri), MD UROR .LaDMNUE,
OWE UE VEKSJ ]JKE\NIDJ aEPSD[NUKPR SEPNUR, PJUD \E N KDXD PDKMNUE ]JKSDSN
UEWDM JW OLDIMNZ ^EMSDHD DLaDMKPJO MD^NJMDLMJO ]JPHESD (Clayer, 1990,
]HEXD Duijzings, 2005: 223). 2D`NJ UE TD JaHDTJIDMJO VJIEPD N ]HJKIESNSEYD PJUN KE TDMNXDJ PDPJ TD TD]DWMR SDPJ N TD NKSJVMR PRLSRHR N
SHDWN^NUR. % KIJUNX WELNXD, ]JOJSJIR R ]DKSJHDLMJU ]JETNUN, ]HNHJWME
LE]JSE .LaDMNUE VEKSJ UE ]JIETNIDJ KD aEPSD[NUKPNX ]DMSENKSNVPNX NWEUDXD, PJUE KR KIEXR WDIDLE JWHE_EMR HELNONUKPR N XNKSNVMR aJUR (Duijzings,
2005: 222).
+ ]JHEW SJOD [SJ UE IE\NMD bEOJINZ WELD, ]HE KIEOD, aNLD ]DSHNJSKPN MDWDZMRSD, WJP KR HELNONUKPN ELEXEMSN KLR`NLN TDHDW ]JSPHE]YNIDbD
N ]HJWRaYNIDbD MD^NJMDLMNZ NWEDLD, JSIJHEMR ]JWH[PR aEPSD[NUKPJX
WEHIN[PJX HEWR /DNX 9HD[EHN UE NTHDTNJ R WELR ,,:-46*>3,(4*
B-)-G53@* NLN ,,Fletore e Bektashinjet, JaUDIYEMJX SJPJX 1896. OJWNME.
0DXJ WELJ, PJUE ]HEWKSDIYD KDOLEWDIDbE aEPSD[NUKPE IEHE, RT JaUD[bEbE
SEJLJ[PNZ WJPSHNMD N J]NKJX HNSRDLD, JHODMNTD^NUE N ]HDPSNVME ESNPE
HEWD, ]HIEMKSIEMJ UE MDXEbEMJ .LaDM^NXD PJUN KR aNLN KRMNSKPN XRKLNXDMN NLN ZHN[\DMN, PDPJ aN NZ ]HNIRPLJ N KUEWNMNLJ MD MD^NJLMDLMJU
JKMJIN, PHJT HELNONUKPR31 (Duijzings, 2005: 224-225). +]DP, OLDIMN WJ]HN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
30
154
MJK /DNXD 9HD[EHNUD R E]KPJX `DMHR, D KIE R KIESLR ]HJ]DONHDbD aEPSD[NUKPJO RVEbD, ]HEWKSDIYD E]KPJ WELJ ,,D-8B-)* NLN ,,Qerbelaja, JaUDIYEMJ SJPJX 1898. OJWNME.32
0DX E] KDWH`N WIDWEKES ]ES ]EIDbD N J]NKRUE aNSPR PJUD KE JWNOHDLD SJPJX 680. OJWNME R aLNTNMN 6EHaELE, MD ]HJKSJHR WDMD[bEO +HDPD.
dEMSHDLMD QNORHD E]D UE NXDX )RKENM, WHRON KNM NXDXD .LNUD, N bEOJID
KXHS. % SJX KIESLR, RT XDLR WNOHEKNUR, )RKENMJID ]JONaNUD, PDJ N ]JONaNUD
IN[E VLDMJID bEOJIE ]JHJWN^E, TD KIE IEHMNPE PJUE ]HN]DWDUR [NNTXR,
NLN MEPJX bEOJIJX JOHDMPR, ]HEWKSDIYD SHDONVMN N RTIN[EMN VNM XRVEMN[SID TD NKSNMKPR N ]HDIR IEHR. % TMDP KE\DbD MD )RKENMJIR KRWaNMR, R
[NNSKPJX ]HEWDbR J]NKDMR R XMJOJaHJUMNX ]EKXDXD N LEOEMWDXD, [NNSN
KE MD OJWN[bN^R aNSPE HEWJIMJ JPR]YDUR R 6EHaELN, OWE ]JKEaMNX HNSRDLNXD KDXJPD`bDIDbD N KDXJHDbDIDbD JaMDIYDUR TDIES JWDMJKSN N JWDUR
]J[SJIDbE )RKENMJIJU ZHDaHJKSN N ]J`HSIJIDMJKSN (TanaskoviB, 2010:
201-202).
0 WHROE KSHDME, PDWD UE KDX E] R ]NSDbR, XJ`EXJ OD ]JKXDSHDSN PDJ
]JPR[DU WD KE [NNSKPD SEXD ]DSbE N NKPR]YEbD ]HNLDOJWN MD^NJMDLMJU
]RaLN^N, KIE KD ^NYEX KSIDHDbD KIEMD^NJMDLME ]JEXE PJUD \E KE JaHD\DSN
KINX WELJINXD WHR[SID N PJUD \E aNSN IEHKPN NTIJH MDWDZMR\D TD aJHaR
]HJSNI JSJXDMKPE ILDWDINME (Noris, 1993, MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD Duijzings, 2005:
230-231, Stoyanov, 2013: 176). % SJX KIESLR, TD KDXJO DRSJHD, E] UE IN[E JW
]HE]HNVDIDbD NKSJHNUKPJO WJOD_DUD, IE\ ]HEHDKSD R bEOJIR ]HEQJHXRLD^NUR, OWE KD ]HNM^N]JX ZRXDMNKSNVPJO XJHDLD YRWKPJ K]DKEbE KE
]JNKSJIE\RUE KD MD^NJMDLMNX JKLJaJ_EbEX (Doja, 2013: 120). 0ZJWMJ
SJXE, E] KE TDIH[DID R MEK]JHMJX MD^NJMDLNKSNVPJX SJMR, OWE KE WJOD_DUN
NT 6EHaELE ]JIETRUR KD KSHDWDbEX .LaDMD^D, ]JW JSJXDMKPJX ILDWDINMJX
N OWE DRSJH ]JTNID .LaDM^E WD R 6EHaELN MD_R MDWDZMR\E TD JS]JH N
JKLJaD_DbE (Duijzings, 2005: 230-231). '] KE TDIH[DID KSNZJINXD: ,,(
=J`E, R NXE 6EHaELE. % NXE )DKDMD N )RKENMD. % NXE WIDMDEKS NXDXD, [SJ
]DSN[E WJP `NIE[E. % NXE KIE SE ]DSbE. % NXE XJUE MDUWRaYE SROE, ME
WJTIJLN WD .LaDMNUD ]DWME NLN MEKSDME. &JTIJLN WD `NIN TDRIEP.
(Frashri, 1978, ]HEXD Duijzings, 2005: 232).
4E_RSNX, N ]JHEW KINZ ]JPR[DUD aEPSD[NTDX, R]HPJK IELNPJU
]J]RLDHMJKSN, IHEXEMJX MNUE RK]EJ WD NTaHN[E ]JKSJUE\E IEHKPE ]JWELE N
K]HEVN [NHEbE WHRONZ, SHDWN^NJMDLMNZ IEHKPNZ TDUEWMN^D. :D IHEXE
=DLPDMKPNZ HDSJID N SJPJX ;HIJO KIESKPJO HDSD IE\NMD SEPNUD UE aNLD
RMN[SEMD. ;JVESPJX WIDWEKESNZ OJWNMD XX IEPD, R IEHKPE HNSRDLE aEPSD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
KIEOD IJLE KIJUR TEXYR N KIJUE KRMDHJWMNPE UEH SJ UE MDUIE\D JW KINZ IHLNMD
(Hasluck, 1929 MDIEWEMJ ]HEXD Duijzings, 2005: 225-226, Doja, 2013: 122).
32
1JPJX NKSE OJWNME JaUDIYEMJ UE UJ[ UEWMJ WELJ, PJUE K]DWD XE_R MDUTMDVDUMNUD R
^ELJPR]MJX PbN`EIMJX J]RKR /DNXD 9HD[EHNUD, ]JW MDTNIJX ,,+KSJHNUD 0PEMWEHaEOD NLN ,,Hisrori e Sknderbeut, PJUE ]HEWKSDIYD ]HIN E]KPN J]NK aJHaE ]HJSNI 1RHDPD PJUE UE MD]NKDJ UEWDM XRKLNXDM (Duijzings, 2005: 229).
155
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
33
156
157
158
Osmani, Edlira (2012): ,,God in the Eagles Country: The Bektashi Order, Quaderns
de la Mediterrnia, vol. 17: 107-116, raspolo@ivo na http://www.iemed.org/obser
vatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/qm-17-originals/qm17_Osmani.pdf,
poslednji put pristupljeno 11.1.2014.
TanaskoviB, Darko (2010): ,,Islam-Dogma i $ivot, Beograd, Srpska knji@evna zadruga.
Usluer, Fatih and Yildiz, Firat (2010): ,,Hurufism among Albanian Bektashis, The
Journal of International Social Research, vol: 3 (15): 268-280, raspolo@ivo na
http://www.academia.edu/2550391/Hurufism_Among_Albanian_Bektashis, poslednji put pristupljeno 11.1.2014.
VukomanoviB, Milan (2008): ,,Sufizam Unutra?nja dimenzija Islama, Filozofija i
dru"tvo, vol: 2: 129-147, raspolo@ivo na http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/
0353-5738/2008/0353-57380802129V.pdf, poslednji put pristupljeno 11.1.2014.
Zeidan, David (1999): ,,The Alevi of Anatolia, Middle East Review of International
Affairs, vol: 3 (4): 74-89, raspolo@ivo na http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/199
9/12/zeidan.pdf, poslednji put pristupljeno 11.1.2014.
159
!
Danijel Savi+
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Belgrade
danijel.savi@yahoo.com
BEKTASHISM: SHIA-ALEVI DIMENSION OF ISLAM IN THE WESTERN
BALKANS
Summary
When it comes to the Western Balkans, one of the numerous and influential dervish
orders certainly is Bektashi dervish order. Bektashi dervish order originates in the
region of Anatolia in XIII and XIV century. Due to its fundamental characters that
embodied in the comprehensive syncretism, Bektashi dervish order early XVI century
takes Shiite - Alevi character, determining their religious teachings as a combination of
the doctrine of Shiism and Alevism, embodied through the various elements of Sufism,
mixed with elements and traditions that originating from Christianity, Buddhism,
Platonism, Hurufism and ancient Turkish culture. The expansion of the Ottoman
Empire, and due to certain socio-political circumstances Bektashi dervish order comes
in the Western Balkans, where the territory of Albania has its stronghold and remains
permanently attached exclusively to the Albanian population, including part of the
Albanian population inhabiting Kosovo and Western Macedonia. During the time of its
existence Bektashi dervish order happens often subject to political instrumentalization,
starting by the Ottoman state in which they served as a colonizing dervishes in order
Islamization of the population, and the Albanian political elite, who used them as an
instrument for the sake of homogeneity of Albanian society on a religious basis. In this
context, this paper gives an overview of the most important features of the Bektashi
dervish order, related to their origin, the basic theological doctrines of their religious
teachings, hierarchical structure of the community, religious rituals and practices, as
well as expansion in the Western Balkans and the political instrumentalization of the
Albanian political elite in the XVIII and XIX centuries.
Key words: Bektashism, Hadji Bektash, shi'ism, dervishes, Naim Frasheri, Albania