Answer

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

PAPER 1
1C

2D

3C

4D

5C

6A

7C

8B

9C

10 D

PAPER 2
Section A
1

(a) (i) Concentration of hydrochloric acid

(ii) Temperature change of the reaction mixture
(iii) The volume and the concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the
volume of hydrochloric acid
(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture increases with the increasing concentration of
hydrochloric acid.
(c) Measuring cylinder, thermometer, plastic cup
(d)
Measurements

Concentration of hydrochloric acid/mol dm-3

0.1

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Initial temperature of
hydrochloric acid/C
Initial temperature of aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution/C
Final temperature of reaction
mixture/C
Temperature rise/C

(e) The hypothesis is accepted. Temperature of the reaction mixture increases when the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases.
Section B
1

(a)

Making observation
Making an inference
Identifying problems
Proposing a hypothesis
Identifying and controlling variables
Planning the experiment
Collecting data
Analysing and interpreting data
Drawing a conclusion
Writing a report

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(b)

Day:
Date:
Title/aim:
Problem statement :
Hypothesis:
Variables:
- fixed
- manipulated
- responding
Materials or chemicals:
Apparatus and their set up:
Procedure:
Results or observations:
Analysis and interpretation of data:
Discussion:
Conclusion:

(c) There are three types of variables involved in an experiment:

Fixed variables: Situations or conditions that are fixed and intentionally kept under
control.
Manipulated variables: Situations or conditions that are intentionally manipulated or
changed its relationship with the responding variables can be observed.
Responding variables: The dependent variable that changes according to the
change of manipulated variables. Responding variables are recorded as the data of
the experiment.
(d)
Temperature/C

Time taken to complete the reaction/s

30

120

35

80

40

60

45

45

50

30

PAPER 3
1

Aim:
To find out the effect of the temperature rise of solvent on the solubility of a salt
Problem statement:
What is the effect of temperature rise on the solubility of potassium chlorate(V) in water?
Hypothesis:
The solubility of potassium chlorate(V) increases with the temperature of the water.
Variables:
Manipulated variable : Temperature of water
Responding variable : Solubility of potassium chlorate(V)
Constant variable
: Volume of water used

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Apparatus:
250 cm3 beaker, 100 cm3 beaker, 50 cm3 measuring cylinder, thermometer, glass rod,
tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, beam balance, spatula
Materials:
Potassium chlorate(V) crystals, distilled water
Procedure:
potassium
chlorate(V)
crystals

stir
glass rod

spatula

beaker
distilled water

Bunsen
burner

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Potassium chlorate(V) crystals are placed in a small beaker until full.

The beaker and its contents are weighed and the initial mass, x, is recorded.
50 cm3 of distilled water is measured using a measuring cylinder and then poured
into a 250 cm3 beaker. The temperature of the water, t, is measured, and kept at this
temperature.
Potassium chlorate(V) crystals are added, a little at a time using spatula, into the
distilled water. The mixture is stirred to dissolve potassium chlorate(V) crystals.
Potassium chlorate(V) is continuously added until a little of it remains in the solution,
not being able to dissolve.
The small beaker with the remaining potassium chlorate(V), y1, are weighed again and
its final mass is recorded.
Steps 1-6 are repeated by heating the distilled water at higher temperatures of 35 C,
40 C and 50 C respectively.
A graph of mass of potassium chlorate(V) dissolved in 50 g of distilled water against
temperature is plotted.

Results:
Experiment number

Temperature of water/ C

35

40

45

50

Initial mass/g

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

Final mass/g

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

x1- y1=z1

x2- y2=z2

x3- y3=z3

x4- y4=z4

x5- y5=z5

Mass of potassium
chlorate(V) dissolved/g

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Discussion:
Mass of potassium
chlorate(V) dissolved/g

z5
z4
z3
z2
z1

10

20

30

40

50

Temperature of
water/oC

Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted because the solubility of potassium chlorate(V) in water
increases with the rise of temperature.

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