1

Dhammapakra
Mn Qu Php
Knh biu:
Nhn dp ngy l shapj Rm Thng Su gi l Ngy c-Php-Bo, con xin knh
dng bn dch bi Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun c phn gii thch tm tt ny gi l Php
th.
Con xin thnh knh dng phn php th thanh cao ny n ng b, Cha m, Thy t v
nhng bc n nhn t kip hin ti cho n v lng kip trong qu kh, cng tt c
chng-sinh nht l ph thn, mu thn, b con thn bng quyn thuc, bn hu
Knh xin qu v pht sinh thin tm hoan h phn php th thanh cao ny, cu mong
cho tt c qu v thot khi mi cnh kh, c an lc lu di, nht l to duyn lnh
mong gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong 3 gii 4 loi.
Pht-Lch 2557/2013
Cha T Bu-Long
T Khu H Php
Dhammanand Upsik

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammsambuddhassa

Con em ht lng thnh knh nh l c-Th-Tn, c A-ra-hn, c-Pht-Chnh-ngGic y.
Bi k l bi ni ng tm Isipatana Migadya ni c-Pht GOTAMA thuyt bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun u tin.
Savejanyathna ta, idha cakka pavattita.
Garu karomi pjemi, gantvna idniha.
Hotu me kusala eta, Saccadassanakrana.
Ni y c-Pht Chuyn-Php-Lun,
Gi ni xng-v-g ng tm.
Nay con c duyn lnh n y,
Xin thnh knh l bi cng dng.
Do nh phc thin thanh cao ny,
Lm duyn lnh chng ng chn-l.

Li Ng
Ba Ngy Lch S Trng i Trong Pht-Gio
Theo truyn thng Pht-Gio-Nguyn-Thu c 3 ngy lch s trng i nh sau:
Ngy rm thng t (m-lch) c 3 s kin lch s trng i trng hp theo thi gian khc
nhau:
* c-B-tt Chnh-ng-Gic Siddhattha n-sinh kip cht,
* c-B-tt Chnh-ng-Gic Siddhattha tr thnh c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic c
danh hiu l c-Pht Gotama,
* c-Pht Gotama tch dit Nit-bn.
Ngy rm thng su (m-lch), c-Pht Gotama ln u tin thuyt php bi kinhDhammacakkappavatanasutta: Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun,
Ngy rm thng ging (m-lch), i-hi ch Thnh-A-ra-hn 1.250 v ln u.
1- Ngy rm thng t (m-lch) c 3 s kin lch s trng i theo thi gian nh sau:
* Ngy rm thng t, c-B-tt Chnh-ng-Gic Siddhattha n-sinh kip cht, ti
khu vn Lumbin (nay thuc phn t nc Nepal),
* Ngy rm thng t, c-B-tt Chnh-ng-Gic Siddhattha trn 35 tui, chng c
thnh c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic c danh hiu l c-Pht Gotama, ti khu rng Uruve,
(nay gi l Bodhgay, nc n ).
c-Pht Gotama c s tinh tn khng ngng ngy m thuyt php t chng sinh:
nhn-loi, ch-thin, ch phm-thin rng r trn 45 nm.
* Ngy rm thng t, c-Pht Gotama trn 80 tui, tch dit Nit-bn gi l Khandhaparinibbna: Ng-un-Nit-bn, gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii, ti khu rng
Kusinr (nc n ).
2 - Ngy rm thng su (m-lch), trn ng 2 thng sau khi tr thnh c-PhtChnh-ng-Gic, chp thun li thnh cu ca v i-Phm-thin Sahampati, c-Pht
Gotamang i n khu rng phng sinh nai gi l Isipatana, gn kinh thnh Braas, ni
c nhm 5 t-khu l Ngi i-Trng-lo Koaa, Ngi i-c Vappa, Ngi ic Bhaddiya, Ngi i-c Mahnma, Ngi i-c Assaji.
Vo bui chiu ngy rm thng 6 y, mt tri sp ln hng Ty, mt trng mc
hng
ng,
c-Pht
Gotama
ln
u
tin
thuyt
php
bi kinh Dhammacakkappavatanasutta: Kinh Chuyn- Php-Lun, t nhm 5 t-khu y.
Sau khi nghe c-Pht Gotama thuyt ging xong bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny xong,
nhm 5 t-khu pht sinh thin-tm v cng hoan h trong li dy ca c-Pht.

Trong nhm 5 t-khu y, ch c Ngi i-Trng-lo Koaa l v u tin chng

ng chn-l t Thnh- y theo c-Pht, chng c Nhp-lu-Thnh-o, Nhp-luThnh-qu v Nit-bn, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu u tin trong gio php ca cPht Gotama, c tn mi l Asikoaa.
Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa knh xin c-Pht cho php xut gia tr thnh
Sa-di, t-khu trong gio php ca c-Pht.
c-Pht a bn tay phi, ch bng ngn tr truyn dy rng: Ehi bhikkh!
Svkkhtodhammo, cara brahmacariya sammdukkhassa antakariyya. Tht k diu
thay! Khi c-Pht va chm dt cu, ngay khi y, hnh tng c ca Ngi i-Trnglo Asikoaa bin mt, thay vo tng tng mi, o mo l mt v t-khu c y
8 th vt dng ca t-khu c thnh tu do qu phc thn thng. V T-khu c
tng tng trang nghim, lc cn thanh tnh nh mt v t-khu c 60 h.
Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa tr thnh v t-khu u tin trong gio php
ca c-Pht Gotama. Ngay khi y, Tam-Bo: c-Pht-bo, c-Php-bo, cTng-botrn vn 3 ngi Tam-Bo u tin xut hin trn th gian vo ngy rm thng 6
m-lch.
3- Ngy rm thng ging (m-lch), trn ng 9 thng sau khi tr thnh c-PhtChnh-ng-Gic c danh hiu c-Pht Gotama.
Trong khong thi gian 9 thng, c-Pht ng i mi ni thuyt php t chng
sinh: nhn-loi, ch-thin, ch phm-thin cng chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, c s
chng c Nhp-lu-Thnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu; c
s chng c n Nht-lai-Thnh-o, Nht-lai-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Nht-lai;
c s chng c n Bt-lai-Thnh-o, Bt-lai-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Bt-lai;
c s chng c n A-ra-hn-Thnh-o, A-ra-hn-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Ara-hn.
Tr thnh Thnh-nhn thp hoc cao, bc no l hon ton tu theo nng lc ca cc
php-hnh Ba-la-mt v nht l tu theo nng lc ca 5 php-ch: tn-php-ch, tnphp-ch, nim-php-ch, nh-php-ch, tu-php-ch ca mi v Thnh-thanh-vn t.
C s Thnh-thanh-vn -t xin c-Pht cho php xut gia tr thnh t-khu. cPht xem xt v tin kip ca mi v Thnh-nhn nu tng pht nguyn xut gia theo
cch gi Ehi Bhikkhu th c-Pht cho php xut gia theo cch Ehi
Bhikkhpasampad.
Theo cch ny, c-Pht a bn tay phi, ch bng ngn tr m dy rng: Ehi
Bhikkhu! Svkkhto dhammo cara brahma-cariya samm dukkhassa antakiriyya.
- Ny con hy li y! Con tr thnh t-khu theo nguyn. Chnh-php m Nh-Lai
thuyt ging, hon ho phn u, phn gia, phn cui. Con hy nn thc hnh

phm-hnh cao thng ng n dn n chng c thnh bc Thnh-A-ra-hn cui cng

gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
Nu v Thnh-nhn no khng tng pht nguyn xut gia theo cch gi Ehi Bhikkhu
th c-Pht khng gi Ehi Bhikkhuc.
Vo ngy rm thng ging (9 thng sau khi tr thnh c-Pht-Chnh-ngGic),c-Pht Gotama ang ng ti ngi cha Veuvana, gn kinh thnh Rjagaha. Khi
y, c 1.250 v Thnh-A-ra-hn, mi v u pht sinh ngh ging nhau rng: Ta nn n
hu c-Th-Tn ti ngi cha Veuvana, vo ngy rm thng ging ny.
i-hi ch Thnh-A-ra-hn ln u ny gi l Svakasannipta c 4 chi:
1- Ngy rm thng ging
2- Ch Thnh-A-ra-hn gm c 1.250 v, mi v u t n hu c-Th-Tn m khng
c bo tin cho nhau bit. (1.250 v Thnh-A-ra-hn gm c nhm 1.000 v ca 3 huynh
Kassapa v nhm 250 v ca 2 v Ti-thng-Thanh-vn: Ngi Trng-lo Sriputta v
Ngi Trng-lo Mahmoggallna).
3- Ch Thnh-A-ra-hn gm c 1.250 v ch xut gia theo cch Ehi Bhikkhpasampad
vi c-Pht m thi.
4- Ch Thnh-A-ra-hn gm c 1.250 v u chng c lc-thng.
Khi y c-Pht thuyt dy ovdapatimokkha.
Ba ngy lch-s trng-i ca Pht-gio ny tr nn 3 ngy i-l quan trng trong
Pht-gio.Cho nn hng nm, theo truyn thng Pht-gio, cc nc c Pht-gio, mi
cha, mi nh, mi hng thanh-vn -t l bc xut gia hoc hng ti gia cn-s-nam,
cn-s-n u lm l k nim rt long trng vi mi hnh thc, t lng tn knh ni ngi
Tam-Bo, bi v 3 ngy i-l quan trng ny c ngha c bit:
* Ngy rm thng t l ngy c-Pht-Bo
* Ngy rm thng su l ngy c-Php-Bo
*Ngy rm thng ging l ngy c-Tng-Bo

Rm thng su,
Pht-Lch 2557/2013
Cha T Bu-Long,
Q.9, Tp. H-Ch-Minh.

Son-gi: T-khu H-Php

(Dhammarakkhita Bhikkhu)
(Aggamahpaita)

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammsambuddhassa

DHAMMACAKKAPPAVATTANASUTTA
(KHAI KINH CHUYN-PHP-LUN)
Bhikkhna pacavaggna,
Isipatana nmake,
Migadye dhammavara,
ya ta nibbnappaka.
Sahampati nmakena,
mahbrahmena ycito.
Catusacca paksento,
Lokantho adesayi.
Nandita sabbadevehi,
sabbasampatti sdhaka.
Sabbalokahitatthya,
Dhammacakka bhama he.
Dhammacakkappavattanasutta([1])
Eva me suta, eka samaya Bhagav Brasiya viharati, Isipatane migadye.
Tatra kho Bhagav pacavaggiye bhikkh mantesi.
Dveme bhikkhave, ant pabbajitena na sevitabb. Katame dve?
* Yo cya kmesu kmasukhalliknuyogo hno gammo pothujjaniko anariyo anatthasahito,
* Yo cya attakilamathnuyogo dukkho anariyo anatthasahito.
Ete kho bhikkhave, ubho ante anupagamma majjhim paipad Tathgatena
abhisambuddh cakkhukara akara upasamya abhiya sambodhya nibbnya
savattati.
Katam ca s bhikkhave, majjhim paipad Tathgatena abhisambuddh
cakkhukara akara upasamya abhiya sambodhya nibbnya savattati.
Ayameva ariyo ahagiko maggo.
Seyyathida: Sammdihi, sammsakappo, sammvc, sammkammanto, sammjivo, sammvyamo, sammsati, sammsamdhi.
Aya kho s bhikkhave, majjhim paipad Tathgatena abhisambuddh cakkhukara
akara upasamya abhiya sambodhya nibbnya savattati.
*1- Ida kho pana bhikkhave, dukkha ariyasacca, jtipi dukkh, jarpi dukkh,
bydhipi dukkho, maraapi dukkha, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho, piyehi vippayogo
6

dukkho, yampiccha na labhati, tampi dukkha, sakhittena pacupdnakkhandh

dukkh.
*2- Ida kho pana bhikkhave, dukkha-samudaya ariyasacca, yya tah
ponobbhavik nandirgasahagat tatratatr-bhinandin. Seyyathida: kmatah, bhavatah, vibhavatah.
*3- Ida kho pana bhikkhave, dukkha-nirodha ariyasacca, yo tassyeva tahya
asesavirganirodho cgo painissaggo mutti anlayo.
*4- Ida kho pana bhikkhave, dukkha-nirodhagmin paipad ariyasacca, ayameva
ariyo ahagiko maggo. Seyyathida: sammdihi, sammsakappo, sammvc,
sammkammanto, samm-jivo, sammvyamo, sammsati, sammsamdhi.
1.1- Ida dukkha ariyasaccanti me bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu
cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko udapdi.
1.2- Ta kho panida dukkha ariyasacca parieyyanti me bhikkhave, pubbe
ananussutesudhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj
udapdi, loko udapdi.
1.3- Ta kho panida dukkha ariya-sacca paritanti me bhikkhave, pubbe
ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj udapdi,
loko udapdi.
2.1-Ida dukkhasamudaya ariyasaccanti me bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu
dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko
udapdi.
2.2- Ta kho panida dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca pahtabbanti me bhikkhave,
pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj
udapdi, loko udapdi.
2.3- Ta kho panida dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca pahnanti me bhikkhave,
pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj
udapdi, loko udapdi.
3.1- Ida dukkhanirodha ariyasaccanti me bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu
dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko
udapdi.
3.2- Ta kho panida dukkhanirodha ariyasacca sacchiktabbanti me
bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa
udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko udapdi.

3.3- Ta kho panida dukkhanirodha ariyasacca sacchikatanti me bhikkhave,

pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj
udapdi, loko udapdi.
4.1-Ida dukkhanirodhagmin paipad ariyasaccanti me bhikkhave, pubbe
ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa udapdi, vijj
udapdi, loko udapdi.
4.2-Ta kho panida dukkhanirodha-gmin paipad ariyasacca bhvetabbanti
me bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa
udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko udapdi.
4.3- Ta kho panida dukkhanirodha-gmin paipad ariyasacca bhvitanti
me bhikkhave, pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu cakkhu udapdi, a udapdi, pa
udapdi, vijj udapdi, loko udapdi.
Yvakvaca me bhikkhave, imesu catsu ariyasaccesu eva tiparivaa
dvdaskra yathbhta adassana na suvisuddha ahosi,
neva tvha bhikkhave, sadevake loke samrake sabrahmake sassamaabrahmaiy
pajya sadevamanussya anuttara sammsambodhi abhisambuddhoti paccasi.
Yato ca kho me bhikkhave, imesu catsu ariyasaccesu eva tiparivaa dvdaskra
yathbhta adassana suvisuddha ahosi, athha bhikkhave, sadevake loke
samrake sabrahmake sassamaabrahmaiy pajya sadevamanussya anuttara
samm-sambodhi abhisambuddhoti paccasi.
aca pana me dassana udapdi, akupp me vimutti, ayamantim jti, natthi dni
punabbhavoti.
Idamavoca Bhagav, attaman pacavaggiy bhikkh Bhagavato bhsita
abhinandunti. Imasmi ca pana veyykaraasmi bhaa-mne yasmato Koaassa
viraja vtamala dhammacakkhu udapdi ya kici samudaya-dhamma, sabba ta
nirodhadhammanti.
Pavattite ca pana Bhagavat dhammacakke bhumm dev saddamanussvesu Eta
Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita
appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci
v lokasminti.
* Bhummna devna sadda sutv ctumahrjik dev saddamanussvesu Eta
Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci v
lokasminti.
* Ctumahrjikna devna sadda sutv tvatis dev saddamanussvesu Eta
Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita appai8

vattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci v

lokasminti.
* Tvatisna devna sadda sutv ym dev saddamanussvesu Eta
BhagavatBrasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita
appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci v
lokasminti.
* Ymna devna sadda sutv tusit dev saddamanussvesu Eta Bhagavat
Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita
appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci v
lokasminti.
* Tusitna devna sadda sutv nimmnarat dev saddamanussvesu Eta
Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara dhammacakka pavattita appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v mrena v brahmun v kenaci v
lokasminti.
* Nimmanaratna devna sadda sutv paranimmitavasavatt dev
saddamanussvesu Eta Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara
dhammacakka pavattita appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v
mrena v brahmun v kenaci v lokasminti.
*Paranimmitavasavattna devna sadda sutv brahmakyik dev
saddamanussvesu Eta Bhagavat Brasiya Isipatane migadye anuttara
dhammacakka pavattita appaivattiya samaena v brahmaena v devena v
mrena v brahmun v kenaci v lokasminti.
Itiha tena khaena tena layena tena muhuttena yva brahmalok saddo abbhuggacchi.
Ayaca dasasahassilokadhtu sakampi sampakampi sampavedhi. Appamo ca uro
obhso loke pturahosi atikkamma devna devnubhvanti.
Atha kho Bhagav ima udna udnesi
Asi vata bho Koao! Asi vata bho Koao! ti. Iti hida yasmato
Koaassa Asikoao tveva nma ahosti.
Atha kho yasm Asikoao diha-dhammo pattha-dhammo viditadhammo
pariyoghadhammotiavicikiccho vigatakathakatho vesrajjapatto aparappaccayo
satthussane Bhagavanta etadavoca.
Labheyyha Bhante, Bhagavato santike pabbajja, labheyya upasampadanti.
Ehi bhikkhti Bhagav avoca,Svkkhto dhammo, cara brahmacariya
sammdukkhassa antakiriyyti
Sva tassa yasmato upasampad ahosti.
9

(Dhammacakkappavattanasutta nihita)

Namo tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammsambuddhassa.

Con em ht lng thnh knh nh l c-Th-Tn, c A-ra-hn, c-Pht-Chnh-ngGic.

Bi Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun
(Dhammacakkappavattanasutta)
Ngha K Khai Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun
Bhikkhna pacavaggna...
V i-Phm-thin Sa-ham-pa-ti,
Thnh cu c-Pht, thuyt php sinh,
c-Pht i bi nhn li cu thnh
Thuyt php ging gii php t Thnh-,
Chnh php cao thng chng ng Nit-bn
T chng sinh, nhm nm t-khu
Ti khu rng rm, ni phng sinh nai
Tn gi l I-si-pa-ta-na,
Mong s li ch cho ton chng-sinh,
Lng nghe bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny,
Thnh tu kt qu ci ngi, ci tri,
Nit-bn tch tnh an lc tuyt i
Chng ti tng kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun y.

Ngha Bi Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun

Li Ngi i c nanda bch vi Ngi i Trng-Lo Mahkassapa rng:
- Eva me suta
- Knh bch Ngi i-Trng-lo Mah-kassapa kh knh, Con l nanda c nghe
bikinh Chuyn-Php-Lun t c-Th-Tn nh vy:
Mt thu n, c-Th-Tn ng ti khu rng phng sinh nai, gi l Isipatana, trc kia
ch Pht-c-Gic thng ng xung. Ti y, c-Th-Tn gi nhm 5 t-khu l Ngi
i-Trng-lo Koaa, Ngi i-c Vappa, Ngi i-c Bhaddiya, Ngi i-c
Mah-nma v Ngi i-c Assaji m dy rng:
Hai Php Thp Hn (Dve ant)
- Ny ch T-khu! C 2 php cc oan thuc v hai bin kin m ngi xut gia
khng nn hnh.

10

Hai php y nh th no?

* Mt l vic thng th hng khoi lc trong ng-dc do tm tham-i hp vi
thng-kin, l php thp hn ca hng phm-nhn trong i, khng phi l phphnh ca bc Thnh-nhn, khng em li li ch an lc,
* Hai l vic thng t p xc hnh kh mnh do tm sn v c on-kin, thuc phphnh-kh-hnh ca ngoi o, khng phi l php-hnh ca bc Thnh-nhn, khng em
li li ch an lc.
Php-Hnh-Trung-o (Majjhimapaipad)
- Ny ch T-khu! Khng thin v hai bin kin y, Nh-Lai hnh theo php-hnhtrung-o, nn chng ng chn l t Thnh- bng tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho tu
nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii pht sinh, lm vng lng mi phin no,
lm cho tr-tu siu-tam-gii pht sinh chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c 4
Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
- Ny ch T-khu! Th no gi l php-hnh-trung-o m Nh-Lai chng ng
chn l t Thnh- bng tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thintu siu-tam-gii pht sinh, lm vng lng mi phin no, lm cho tr-tu siu-tam-gii
pht sinh chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nitbn.
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh-trung-o chnh l Thnh-o hp 8 chnh cao
thng l chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinhtn, chnh-nim,
chnh-nh.
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh-trung-o l Thnh-o hp 8 chnh cao thng
ny, m Nh-Lai chng ng chn l t Thnh- vi tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho tu
nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii pht sinh, lm vng lng mi phin no, lm
cho tr-tu siu-tam-gii pht sinh chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o,
4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.

T Thnh-
1- Kh-Thnh- (Dukkha ariyasacca)
- Ny ch T-khu! Kh-Thnh- l chn-l m bc Thnh-nhn chng ng, l:
* Ti sinh l kh, gi l kh, bnh l kh, cht l kh.
* Phi gn gi, thn cn vi ngi khng thng yu l kh.
* Phi xa la ngi thng yu l kh.

11

* Mong mun ng c sinh, ng c gi, ng c bnh, ng c cht m khng th no

c nh l kh.
Tm li, chp th trong ng-un do tm tham-i v t-kin l kh.
2- Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca)
- Ny ch T-khu! Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l chn-l m bc Thnh-nhn chng
ng, l tham-i l nhn dt dn ti sinh, hp vi tham mun, hi lng, say m trong cc
i tng,
m say trong kip sng.
Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- y l:
* Dc-i (kmatah: Tham-i trong 6 i tng i: (sc-i, thanh-i, hng-i, v-i,
xc-i, php-i).
* Hu-i (bhavatah): Tham-i trong 6 i tng i hp vi thng-kin, hoc thami trong 3 ci (dc-gii, sc-gii v v-sc-gii).
* Phi-hu-i (vibhavatah): Tham-i trong 6 i tng i hp vi on-kin.
3- Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhanirodha ariyasacca)
- Ny ch T-khu! Dit-Kh-Thnh- l chn-l m bc Thnh-nhn chng ng,
l Nit-bn l php dit-on-tuyt mi dc vng do tm tham-i y khng cn d st
bng 4 Thnh-o-tu, x ly, t b chp th trong ng-un, gii thot kh, khng cn
luyn i, khng cn dnh mc.
4- Php-Hnh Dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-
(Dukkhanirodhagamin paipad ariyasacca)
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh- l
chn-l m bc Thnh-nhn chng ng, l Thnh-o hp 8 chnh l chnhkin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim,
chnh-nh.
Tam-Tu-Lun Trong T Thnh-
1- Tam-Tu-Lun Trong Kh-Thnh-
1.1- Tr-Tu-Hc Bit Kh-Thnh- (Saccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn (cakkhu) thy r Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tr-tuthin-tu (a) thy r tht-tnh Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tr-tu sng sut (pa)
thy r kh sinh, kh gi pht sinh, tu-minh (vijj) thy r, thu sut hon ton Kh12

Thnh- pht sinh, nh sng tr-tu (loka) dit mn v-minh che n Kh-Thnh-
pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai trong mi php Kh-Thnh-, m trc y, khi cha thnh
Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh tt c cc
php, sc-php, danh-php trong tam-gii, ngoi tr tm tham-i ra (v tham-i l Nhnsinh-Kh-Thnh-), u l Kh-Thnh-.
1.2- Tr-Tu Hnh Phn S Bit Kh-Thnh- (Kiccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu, tr-tu sng sut..., tuminh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php Kh-Thnh, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c bit
rng: Tht-tnh cc php (danh-php, sc-php) Kh-Thnh- y l php nn bit r
bng tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii.
1.3- Tr-Tu Thnh Hon Thnh Xong Phn S Bit Kh-Thnh- (Kataa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu, tr-tu sng sut..., tu
minh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php Kh-Thnh-, m
t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c bit
rng: Tht-tnh tt c cc php (danh-php, sc-php) Kh-Thnh- y l php nn
bit, th bit r bng 4 Thnh-o-tu ri.
2- Tam-Tu-Lun Trong Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh-
2.1- Tr-Tu Hc Bit Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh- (Saccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn thy r tham-i l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh,
tr-tu-thin-tu thy r tht-tnh ba loi tham-i l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh,
tr-tu sng sut thy r 108 loi tham-i l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tuminh thy r, thu sut Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, nh sng tr-tu dit mn
v-minh che n Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php
Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c
nghe, cha tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh 3 loi tham-i y l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh.
2.2- Tr-Tu Hnh Phn S Dit Nhn-Sinh Kh-Thnh- (Kiccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu, tr-tu sng sut..., tu
minh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php Nhn-sinh-KhThnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c
bit rng: Tht-tnh ba loi tham-i l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- y l php nn dit bng
tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii.
2.3- Tr-Tu Thnh Hon Thnh Phn S Dit Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh- (Kataa)

13

- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu , tr-tu sng sut...,

tu- minh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php Nhn-sinhKh-Thnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha
tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh ba loi tham-i l Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- y l php
nn dit, th dit-on-tuyt bng 4 Thnh-o-tu ri.
3- Tam-Tu-Lun Trong Dit-Kh-Thnh-
3.1- Tr-Tu Hc Bit Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Saccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn thy r Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu
thy r Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tr-tu sng sut thy r tht-tnh Nit-bn
pht sinh, tu minh thy r, thu sut Dit-Kh- Thnh- pht sinh, nh sng tr-tu
dit mn v-minh che n Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi
php Dit-Kh-Thnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe,
cha tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh Nit-bn l php Dit- Kh-Thnh-.
3.2- Tr-Tu Hnh Phn S Chng Ng Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Kiccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu , tr-tu sng sut...,
tu- minh,... nh sng tr-tu... pht sinh n vi Nh Lai trong mi php Dit-KhThnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c
bit rng: Tht-tnh Nit-bn l Dit-Kh-Thnh- y l php nn chng ng bng trtu-thin-tu tam-gii.
3.3- Tr-Tu Thnh Han Thnh Phn S Chng Ng Dit-Kh-Thnh-
(Kataa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu, tr-tu sng sut..., tu
minh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi php Dit-Kh-Thnh,m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c bit
rng: Tht-tnh Nit-bn l Dit-Kh-Thnh- y l php nn chng ng, th chng
ng Nit-bn bng 4 Thnh-o-tu ri.
4- Tam-Tu-Lun Trong Php-Hnh Dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-
4.1- Tr-Tu-Hc Bit Php-Hnh Dn n Dit- Kh-Thnh- (Saccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn thy r Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht
sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu thy r Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, tr-tu
sng sut thy r tht-tnh ca chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy pht sinh, tu-minh thy r,
thu sut Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh, nh sng tr-tu dit mn
v-minh che n Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai,
trong mi Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, NhLai cha tng c nghe, cha tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh Thnh-o hp 8
chnh l php-hnh-bt-chnh-o dn n chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
14

4.2- Tr-Tu Hnh Phn S Tin Hnh Php-Hnh Dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-

(Kiccaa)
- Ny ch T-khu, tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu , tr-tu sng sut...,
tu- minh,... nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi Php-hnh dn
n Dit-Kh-Thnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe,
cha tng c bit rng: Tht-tnh Thnh-o hp 8 chnh l php-hnh dn n
chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh- y l php nn tin hnh chng ng Nitbn, Dit-Kh-Thnh- bng tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii.
4. 3- Tr-Tu Thnh Hon Thnh Xong Phn S Tin Hnh Php-Hnh Dn n
Php-Hnh-Dit-Kh Thnh- (Kataa)
- Ny ch T-khu! Tu nhn pht sinh, tr-tu-thin-tu, tr-tu sng sut..., tuminh..., nh sng tr-tu pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, trong mi Php-hnh dn n
Dit-Kh-Thnh-, m t trc khi cha thnh Pht, Nh-Lai cha tng c nghe,
cha tng c bit rng:
Tht-tnh Thnh-o hp 8 chnh l php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, DitKh-Thnh- y l php nn tin hnh, th tin hnh chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-KhThnh- bng 4 Thnh-o-tu ri.
Vai Tr Quan Trng Ca Tam-Tu-Lun
- Ny ch T-khu! Khi no tr-tu-thin-tu thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca t Thnhtheo tam-tu-lun (tr-tu-hc, tr-tu-hnh, tr-tu-thnh), thnh 12 loi tr-tu hon ton
trong sng, thanh tnh cha pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai,
- Ny ch T-khu! Khi y Nh-Lai cha truyn dy rng: Nh-Lai chng c thnh
c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic v thng trong ton ci th gii chng-sinh: nhn-loi, Vua
cha, Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch-thin, ma-vng v phm-thin c thy.
- Ny ch T-khu! Khi no tr-tu-thin-tu thy r bit r tht-tnh ca t Thnhtheo tam-tu-lun, (tr-tu-hc, tr-tu-hnh, tr-tu-thnh), thnh 12 loi tr-tu hon
ton trong sng, thanh tnh pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai.
- Ny ch T-khu! Khi y, Nh-Lai dng dc khng nh truyn dy rng: Nh-Lai
chng c thnh c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic v thng trong ton ci th gii
chng-sinh: nhn-loi, Vua cha, Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch-thin, ma-vng v phm-thin
c thy.
Tr-Tu-Qun-Trit (Paccavekkhaaa)
Tr-tu qun-trit pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai, bit r rng: A-ra-hn-Thnh-qu-tu
gii thot ca Nh-Lai khng bao gi b h hoi, kip ny l kip cht, sau kip ny, chc
chn khng cn ti sinh kip no na.
15

Trng Lo Koaa Chng Ng Chn-L T Thnh-

c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny xong, nhm 5 t-khu pht
sinh thin-tm v cng hoan h vi li gio hun ca c-Pht.
Trong khi c-Th-Tn thuyt bi kinh vn xui ny xong, th Ngi i-Trng-lo
Koaa pht sinh php-nhn chng ng chn-l t Thnh- u tin, chng c Nhplu-Thnh-o-tu, tm khng cn nhim bi phin no, t-kin, hoi-nghi na, nn Ngi bit
r rng, chc chn rng: Tt c cc php no trong tam-gii c trng-thi-sinh, th tt c
php y u c trng-thi-dit.
Ton Th Ch-Thin, Phm-Thin Tn-Dng Ca-Tng
Khi c-Th-Tn thuyt ging kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun va xong, ch-thin trn a
cung thanh tn dng ca tng rng:
c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun v thng ti khu rng phng
sinh nai gi l Isipatana, gn thnh Bras, cha tng c Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch-thin,
ma-vng, phm-thin hay bt c mt ai trong i ny c th thuyt ging nh vy c.
* Ch-thin ci t i-Thin-vng nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin a cu,
cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh ChuynPhp-Lun v thng
* Ch-thin ci Tam-thp-Tam-thin nghe li
tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci t i-Thin-vng cng ng thanh tn dng ca
tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ...
* Ch-thin ci D-Ma-thin nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci Tam-thpTam-thin cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun ...
* Ch-thin ci u-sut--thin nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci Dma-thin cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun ...
* Ch-thin ci Ha-lc-thin nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci u-sut-thin cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun ...
* Ch-thin ci Tha-ha-t-ti-thin nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci Halc-thin cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun ...
* Ch phm-thin ci tri sc-gii nghe li tn dng ca tng ca ch-thin ci Thaha-t-ti-thin cng ng thanh tn dng ca tng rng: c-Th-Tn thuyt ging bi kinh
Chuyn-Php-Lun v thng ti khu rng phng sinh nai gi l Isipatana, gn thnh
16

Bras, cha tng c Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch-thin, ma-vng, phm-thin hay bt

c mt ai trong i ny c th thuyt ging nh vy c.
Ngay khi y, ngay lc y, ngay st-na y, li tn dng ca tng ln n ci sc-gii
phm-thin tt nh l Sc-cu-cnh-thin (Akanih), mi ngn th gii ny u rung
chuyn, rung ng, nh sng ho quang ca c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic ta rng v
bin khp cng ton th gii, hn hn oai lc ch-thin, phm-thin c thy.
Ngi i-Trng-Lo Koana Tn L Asikoaa
Khi Ngi i-Trng-Lo Koaa chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c Nhplu-Thnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu, c-Th-Tn hoan
h t tht ln cho ton th gii bit rng:
- Ny ch v! Qu tht Koaa chng ng chn l t Thnh- ri!
- Ny ch v! Qu tht Koaa chng ng chn l t Thnh- ri!
Cho nn, Ngi i-Trng-lo Koaa c gi tn l Asikoaa (Ngi iTrng-lo Koaa chng ng).
Ngi i-Trng-Lo Asikoaa Xin Th T-Khu
Khi y, Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa pht sinh tr-tu-thin-tu chng ng
chn-l t Thnh- u tin y theo c-Pht, chng t n chn-l t Thnh-,
bit r tht-tnh ng theo chn-l t Thnh-, thu r, thng sut chn-l t Thnh, nn dit- on-tuyt hon ton mi iu hoi-nghi ni c-Pht, c-Php,
khng cn hoi-nghi no na vi tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii ca mnh, chng ng
chn-l t Thnh- ng theo li gio hun ca c-Th-Tn, nn khng cn tin ni
ngi no khc na. Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa thnh knh nh l c-ThTn ri bch rng:
- Knh bch c-Th-Tn cao thng! Con xin nng nh ni c-Th-Tn, knh xin
Ngi cho php con c th Sa-di v T-khu.
c-Th-Tn t bi a ngn tay tr ch v truyn dy rng:
-Ehi bhikkhu! Svkkhto dhammo cara brahmacariya samm dukkhassa antakiriyya.
- Ny Koaa! Con hy n vi Nh-Lai. Con tr thnh T-khu theo nguyn.
Chnh-php m Nh-Lai thuyt ging, hon ho phn u, phn gia, phn cui.
Con hy nn c gng tinh tn hnh phm hnh cao thng chng c A-ra-hn-Thnho, A-ra-hn-Thnh- qu v Nit-bn, cui cng gii thot kh t sinh lun hi.
c-Th-Tn ch truyn dy nh vy, Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa tr
thnh t-khu.
(Xong bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun)

17

Tam-Bo Xut Hin Trn Th Gian

c-Pht Gotama thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny xong, trong nhm 5
t-khu ch c Ngi i-Trng-lo Aasi- koaa chng ng chn-l t Thnh-
u tin y theo c-Pht, chng c Nhp-lu-Thnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu v Nitbn, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu u tin trong gio php ca c-Pht Gotama, cng
vi 180 triu ch-thin, phm-thin cng chng ng chn-l t Thnh- y theo c-Pht
Gotama chng c Thnh-o, Thnh-qu v Nit-bn ty theo cc php-hnh Ba-la-mt
v nng lc 5 php-ch: tn-php-ch, tn-php-ch, nim-php-ch, nh-php-ch, tuphp-ch ca mi v.
Sau khi tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu, Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa c
c-Pht cho php xut gia t-khu theo cch Ehi bhikkhpasampad.
c-Pht a bn tay phi, ch bng ngn tr v pha Ngi i TrngloAsikoaa truyn dy rng:
Ehi Bhikkhu! Svkkhto dhammo cara brahmacariya samm dukkhassa antakiriyya.
Tht k diu thay! Khi c-Pht va chm dt cu, ngay khi y, hnh tng c ca
Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa bin mt, thay vo tng tng mi, o mo l
mt v t-khu c y 8 th vt dng ca t-khu c thnh tu do qu phc thn
thng. V T-khu c tng tng trang nghim, lc cn thanh tnh nh mt v t-khu c
60 h.
c-Pht Gotama thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ln u tin vo ngy rm
thng su (m-lch). Ngi i-Trng-lo Asikoaa tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu
u tin trong gio php ca c-Pht Gotama. c-Pht cho php Ngi i-Trng-lo
Asikoaa xut gia tr thnh v t-khu u tin.
Ngay khi y, Tam-Bo: c-Pht-bo, c-Php-bo, c-Tng-bo trn vn 3 ngi
Tam-Bo u tin xut hin trn th gian vo ngy rm thng 6 m-lch.
c-Pht Tip Tc Dy 4 V T-Khu
Trong nhm 5 t-khu, Ngi i-Trng-lo Aasikoaa tr thnh bc ThnhNhp-lu u tin v cng tr thnh v t-khu u tin trong gio php ca c-Pht
Gotama, cn li 4 v t-khu khc, c-Pht cn phi ch dy.
* Sng ngy 16 thng 6, c-Pht khng ng i kht thc, li ti khu rng, ch
dyNgi Vappa v Ngi Bhaddiya, cn 3 v T-khu: Ngi i-Trng-lo
Asikoaa, Ngi Mahnma v Ngi Assaji i kht thc, em v dng vt thc n
c-Pht, phn vt thc cn li phn chia u cho 5 T-khu trong ngy.
Ngy hm y, Ngi Vappa chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Nhp-luThnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu v c c-Pht cho php
xut gia tr thnh t-khu cng theo cch Ehibhikkhpasampad.
18

* Ngy 17 thng 6, c-Pht ch dy Ngi Bhaddiya v Ngi Mahnma, cn Ngi

i-Trng-lo Asikoaa, Ngi i-c Vappa v Ngi Assaji i kht thc, em
v dngvt thc n c-Pht, phn vt thc cn li chia u cho 5 T-khu.
Ngy hm y, Ngi Bhaddiya chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Nhp-luThnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu v c c-Pht cho
php xut gia tr thnh t-khu cng theo cch Ehibhikkhpasampad.
* Ngy 18 thng 6, c-Pht ch dy Ngi Mahnma v Ngi Assaji, cn Ngi iTrng-lo Asikoaa, Ngi i-c Vappa v Ngi i-c Bhaddiya i kht thc,
em v dng vt thc n c-Pht, phn vt thc cn li chia u cho 5 v T-khu.
Ngy hm y, Ngi Mahnma chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Nhp-luThnh-o, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu v c c-Pht cho
php xut gia tr thnh t-khu cng theo cch Ehibhikkhpasampad.
* Ngy 19 thng 6, c-Pht ch dy Ngi Assaji, cn 4 v T-khu i kht thc, em
v dng vt thc n c-Pht, phn cn li chia u n 5 v T-khu.
Ngy hm y, Ngi Assaji chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Nhp-lu-Thnho, Nhp-lu-Thnh-qu tr thnh bc Thnh-Nhp-lu v c c-Pht cho php xut
gia tr thnh t-khu cng theo cch Ehibhikkh-pasampad.
Nh vy, nhm 5 t-khu u tr thnh 5 bc Thnh-Nhp-lu trong gio php ca
c-Pht Gotama.
nng nhm 5 t-khu Thnh-Nhp-lu ln bc Thnh A-ra-hn,
* Ngy 20 thng 6, c-Pht thuyt ging bi kinh Anattalakkhaasutta: Kinh TrngThi- V-Ng.
Tht vy, sau khi nghe c-Pht thuyt ging bi kinh Trng-Thi-V-Ng xong, nhm
5 t-khu u chng-ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c t Nht-lai-Thnh-o, Nhtlai-Thnh-qu, tr thnh bc Thnh-Nht-lai; chng c Bt-lai-Thnh-o, Bt-lai-Thnhqutr thnh bc Thnh-Bt-lai; cho n chng c A-ra-hn-Thnh-o, A-ra-hnThnh-qu,dit-on-tuyt mi phin-no, mi tham-i khng cn d st, tr thnh
bc Thnh-A-ra-hn cao thng trong gio php ca c-Pht Gotama.
Nh vy, ngoi c-Pht ra, cn c 5 v Thnh A-ra-hn xut hin trn th gian ny.

19

Tm Hiu Tht-Tnh Ca T Thnh-

Trong b Visuddhimagga: Thanh-Tnh-o([1]) ging gii 16 tht-tnh ca t Thnh-
nh sau:
1- Kh-Thnh- (Dukkha ariyasacca) l ng-un-chp-th, hoc sc-php, danhphp trong tam gii, c 4 tht-tnh l:
1.1- Tht-tnh kh l lun lun hnh h,
1.2- Tht-tnh kh l do nhn-duyn cu to,
1.3- Tht-tnh kh lm nng ny,
1.4- Tht-tnh kh l do lun lun bin i.
2- Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhasamudaya- ariyasacca) l 3 loi tham-i l Nhnsinh-Kh-Thnh-, c 4 tht-tnh l:
2.1- Tht-tnh lm nhn sinh Kh-,
2.2- Tht-tnh lm cho pht sinh Kh-
2.3- Tht-tnh rng buc trong Kh-,
2.4- Tht-tnh dnh mc trong Kh-.
3- Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhanirodha ariya-sacca) l Nit-bn l Php-Dit-KhThnh-, c 4 tht-tnh l:
3.1- Tht-tnh gii thot Kh-Thnh-,
3.2- Tht-tnh khng b rng buc trong Kh-Thnh-,
3.3- Tht-tnh khng b nhn-duyn no cu to,
3.4- Tht-tnh khng cn t sinh lun hi.
4- Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhanirodhagamin paipad
ariyasacca) l php-hnh bt-chnh-o: Chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnhnghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh, c 4 tht-tnh l:
4.1- Tht-tnh l php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn,
4.2- Tht-tnh l php-hnh chng ng chn- l t Thnh-,
4.3- Tht-tnh l php-hnh gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong 3 gii 4 loi.
4.4- Tht-tnh l php-hnh dn u lm phn-s: bit Kh-Thnh-, dit Nhn-sinhKh-Thnh-, chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
Tt c 16 thc-tnh ca t Thnh- ny ng thnh tu cng mt lc trong 4 Thnho-tm.
Tam-Tu-Lun (Tiparivaa)
c-Pht dy rng:
Yato ca kho me bhikkhave, imesu catsu ariyasaccesu eva tiparivaa dvdaskra
yathbhta adassana suvisuddha ahosi, athha bhikkhave, sadevake
lokesamrake sabrahmake sassamaabrahmaiy pajya sadevamanussya anuttara
samm-sambodhi abhisambuddhoti paccasi

20

- Ny ch T-khu! Khi no tr-tu-thin-tu thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca t Thnh theo tam-tu-lun (tr-tu-hc, tr-tu-hnh, tr-tu-thnh) thnh 12 loi tr-tu hon
ton trong sng thanh tnh pht sinh n vi Nh-Lai
- Ny ch T-khu! Khi y, Nh-Lai dng dc khng nh truyn dy rng: Nh-Lai
chng c thnh c-Pht-Chnh-ng-Gic v thng trong ton ci th gii chngsinh nhn-loi, vua cha, Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch-thin, Ma-vng, Phm thin c thy.
T Thnh- theo Tam-tu-lun l th no?
Tam-tu-lun l 3 loi tr-tu lun chuyn theo tun t trong t Thnh- l:
1- Saccaa: Tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh-,
2- Kiccaa: Tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh-,
3- Kataa: Tr-tu-thnh hon thnh xong phn s trong t Thnh-.
Ging Gii
1- Saccaa: Tr-Tu-Hc Trong T Thnh-
Hnh gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, iu trc tin cn phi hc v phn phphcca t Thnh-, l 4 tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- cho hiu r cc chi php ca mi
Thnh- nh sau:
1.1- Tr-Tu-Hc Trong Kh-Thnh-
Tr-tu-hc trong Kh-Thnh- l hc v ng-un-chp-th
(pacupadnakkhandha)ngha l ng-un l i-tng ca 4 php-chp-th (tham-dcchp-th, t-kin-chp-th, php-thng-hnh-chp-th,ng-kin-chp-th).
Ng-un-chp-th c 5 un l:
1- Sc-un-chp-th l 28 sc-php, l i-tng ca php-chp-th.
2- Th-un-chp-th l th tm-s ng sinh vi 81 tam-gii-tm, l i-tng
caphp-chp-th.
3- Tng-un-chp-th l tng tm-s ng sinh vi 81 tam-gii-tm, l itng ca php-chp-th.
4- Hnh-un-chp-th l 50 tm-s (tr th v tng tm-s) ng sinh vi 81 tamgii-tm, l i-tng ca php-chp-th.
5- Thc-un-chp-th l 81 tam-gii-tm, l i-tng ca php-chp-th.
* Mi tm pht sinh chc chn c mt s tm-s ng sinh vi tm y, nn c 4 un
pht sinh:
- Tm y thuc v thc-un,
- Th tm-s ng sinh vi tm y thuc v th-un,
- Tng tm-s ng sinh vi tm y thuc v tng-un,
- S tm-s cn li ng sinh vi tm y thuc v hnh-un.
- V vatthurpa l ni nng nh ca tm vi tm-s y pht sinh thuc v sc-un.
* i vi tt c chng-sinh tr trong 11 ci dc-gii v ch phm-thin tr trong 15 ci
sc-gii (tr ci tri V-tng-thin) u c ng-un.
21

* i vi tt c ch phm-thin tr trong 4 ci v-sc-gii ch c 4 danh-un m thi,

khng c sc-un.
* i vi tt c phm-thin tr trong ci sc-gii V-tng-thin ch c 1 un l scun.
Trong ng-un-chp-th ny:
* Sc-un-chp-th thuc v sc-php,
* Th-un-chp-th, tng-un-chp-th, hnh-un-chp-th, thc-un-chp-th thuc
vdanh-php.
Nh vy, ng-un-chp-th hoc sc-php, danh-php trong tam-gii l Kh-Thnh m bc Thnh-nhn chng ng.
1.2-Tr-Tu-Hc Trong Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh-
Tr-tu-hc trong Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l hc v cc loi tham-i.
Tham-i c 3 loi, 6 loi, 18 loi, 54 loi, 108 loi
* Tham-i c 3 loi l:
1- Kmatah: Dc-i l tham-i trong 6 i-tng: sc-i, thanh-i, hng-i, v-i,
xc-i, php-i.
2- Bhavatah: Hu-i l tham-i trong 6 i-tng (sc-i, thanh-i, hng-i, v-i,
xc-i, php-i) hp vi thng-kin, v tham-i trong thin sc-gii-tm, thin v-scgii-tm, trong ci tri sc-gii, ci tri-v-sc-gii.
3- Vibhavatah: Phi-hu-i l tham-i trong 6 i-tng (sc-i, thanh-i, hng-i,
v-i, xc-i, php-i) hp vi on-kin.
* Tham-i c 6 loi l:
1- Rpatah: Sc-i l tham-i trong i-tng sc-dc
2- Saddatah: Thanh-i l tham-i trong i-tng thanh-dc,
3- Gandhatah: Hng-i l tham-i trong i-tng hng-dc,
4- Rasatah: V-i l tham-i trong i-tng v-dc,
5- Phohabbatah: Xc-i l tham-i trong i-tng xc-dc,
6- Dhammatah: Php-i l tham-i trong i-tng php-dc,
* Tham-i c 18 loi l 3 loi tham-i nhn vi 6 i-tng thnh 18 loi tham-i.
* Tham-i c 54 loi l 18 loi tham-i nhn vi 3 thi:
- Thi qu-kh c 18 loi tham-i,
- Thi hin-ti c 18 loi tham-i,
- Thi v-lai c 18 loi tham-i,
Trong 3 thi gm c 54 loi tham-i.
* Tham-i c 108 loi l 54 loi tham-i nhn vi 2 bn:
- Bn trong ca mnh c 54 loi tham-i,
22

- Bn ngoi mnh, ca ngi khc, vt khc c 54 loi tham-i.

Trong 2 bn gm c 108 loi tham-i.
Cc loi tham-i u thuc v Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- m bc Thnh-nhn chng
ng.
1.3- Tr-Tu-Hc Trong Dit-Kh-Thnh-
Tr-tu-hc trong Dit-Kh-Thnh- l hc v cc loi Nit-bn.
* Nit-bn c 2 loi:
1- Sa updisesanibbna: Hu-d-Nit-bn l Nit-bn i vi ch bc Thnh-A-rahn dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i, mi phin-no khng cn d st, cn gi l phin-noNit-bn (kilesaparinibbna), nhng ng-un vn cn tn ti cho n khi ht tui th.
2- Anupdisesanibbna: V-d-Nit-bn l Nit-bn i vi ch bc Thnh-A-rahn dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i, mi phin-no khng cn d st; n lc ht tui th,
bcThnh-A-ra-hn tch dit Nit-bn, cn gi l ng-un-Nit-bn (khandhaparinibbna),
gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
* Nit-bn c 3 loi:
1-Animittanibbna: V-hin-tng-Nit-bn l Nit-bn i vi hnh-gi thc-hnh
php-hnh-thin-tu c tr-tu-thin-tu thy r, bit r s sinh, s dit ca danhphp hocsc-php, hin r trng-thi-v-thng (aniccalakkhaa) hn trng-thi-kh, trngthi-v-ng,do nng lc ca tn-php-ch (sadhindriya) hn 4 php-ch khc (tn-phpch, nim-php-ch, nh-php-ch, tu-php-ch). Hoc do nng lc ca gii (sla), dn
n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Thnh-o, Thnh-qu v Nit-bn. Nitbn y gi lAnimittanibbna: V-hin-tng-Nit-bn l Nit-bn khng c hin tng
ca cc php-hu-vi.
2- Appaihitanibbna: V-i-Nit-bn l Nit-bn i vi hnh-gi thc-hnh phphnh-thin-tu c tr-tu-thin-tu thy r, bit r s sinh, s dit ca danh-php hoc scphp, hin r trng-thi-kh (dukkhalakkhaa) hn trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-vng,do nng lc ca nh-php-ch (samdhindriya) hn 4 php-ch khc (tn-php-ch,
tn-php-ch, nim-php-ch, tu-php-ch). Hoc do nng lc ca nh (samdhi) dn
n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Thnh-o, Thnh-qu v Nit-bn. Nitbn y gi l Appaihita-nibbna: V-i-Nit-bn l Nit-bn khng c tham-i nng
nh.
3- Suatanibbna: Chn-khng-Nit-bn l Nit-bn i vi hnh-gi thc-hnh
php-hnh-thin-tu c tr-tu-thin-tu thy r, bit r s sinh, s dit ca danhphp hoc sc-php, hin r trng-thi-v-ng (anattalakkhaa) hn trng- thi-v-thng,
trng-thi-kh,do nng lc ca tu-php-ch (paindriya) hn 4 php-ch khc (tnphp-ch, tn-php-ch, nim-php-ch, nh-php-ch). Hoc do nng lc
ca tu (pa), dn n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c Thnh-o, Thnh-

23

qu v Nit-bn. Nit-bn y gi lSuatanibbna: Chn-khng-Nit-bn l Nitbn hon ton v-ng, khng phi ta, khng phi ca ta.
Nhng Nit-bn ny u thuc v Dit-Kh-Thnh- m bc Thnh nhn chng
ng.
1.4- Tr-Tu-Hc Trong Php-Hnh Dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-
Tr-tu-hc trong Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- l hc v php-hnh-Btchnh-o.
Bt-chnh-o c 8 chnh:
1- Sammdihi: Chnh-kin l tr-tu chn-chnh, tr-tu-thin-tu chng ng chnl t Thnh-,
2- Sammsakappa: Chnh-t-duy l t duy chn-chnh, c 3 php:
- T duy thot ra khi ng-dc (sc-dc, thanh-dc, hng-dc, v-dc, xc-dc).
- T duy khng lm kh mnh, kh ngi,
- T duy khng lm hi mnh, hi ngi.
3- Sammvc: Chnh-ng l li ni chn-chnh c 4 iu:
- Khng ni di,
- Khng ni li chia r,
- Khng ni li th tc,
- Khng ni li v ch.
4- Sammkammanta: Chnh-nghip l ngh nghip chn-chnh c 3 iu:
- Khng st sinh,
- Khng trm cp,
- Khng t dm.
5- Samm-jva: Chnh-mng l nui mng chn-chnh, trnh xa cch sng t-mng do
thn hnh c-nghip, khu ni c-nghip.
6- Sammvyma: Chnh-tinh-tn l tinh tn chn chnh c 4 php:
- Tinh tn ngn c php khng cho sinh,
- Tinh tn dit c php pht sinh,
- Tinh tn lm cho thin php cha sinh, c pht sinh,
- Tinh tn lm tng trng thin php pht sinh.
7- Sammsati: Chnh-nim l nim chn chnh, c 4 php-hnh t-nim-x:
- Thn-nim-x: Thn l i-tng ca chnh- nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
- Th-nim-x: Th l i-tng ca chnh- nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
- Tm-nim-x: Tm l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
- Php-nim-x: Php l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic.

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8- Sammsamdhi: Chnh-nh l nh-tm chn-chnh trong 4 hoc 20 Thnh-otm v 4 hoc 20 Thnh-qu-tm thuc v siu-tam-gii-tm, c i-tng Nit-bn siutam-gii.
Bt-chnh-o l 8 loi tm-s:
* Chnh-kin l tr-tu tm-s ,
* Chnh-t-duy l hng-tm tm-s,
* Chnh-ng l chnh-ng tm-s ,
* Chnh-nghip l chnh-nghip tm-s,
* Chnh-mng l chnh-mng tm-s,
* Chnh-tinh-tn l tinh-tn tm-s,
* Chnh-nim l nim tm-s,
* Chnh-nh l nht-tm tm-s.
8 loi tm-s ny gi l bt-chnh-o ch cng ng sinh vi 8 hoc 40 siu-tam-giitm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii m thi, bi v trong bt-chnh-o c 3 titchtm-s (viraticetasika): chnh-ng, chnh-nghip, chnh-mng thuc v loi niyata
ekatocetasika, 3 tm-s c nh ch cng ng sinh vi 8 hoc 40 siu-tam-gii-tm c
i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii m thi.
* Chnh-ng tm-s, chnh-nghip tm-s, chnh-mng tm-s l 3 tit-ch tms thuc v loi aniyatayogcetasika: bt-nh tm-s cn thuc loi nnkadci: mi tm-s
ring r ng sinh vi 8 dc-gii-i-thin-tm, bi v mi tm-s ny c mi i tng
khc nhau.
Bt-Chnh-o TheoTam-Gii V Siu-Tam-Gii
Bt-chnh-o c 8 chnh m mi chnh c nhiu loi, phn bit bt-chnh-o tamgiiv bt-chnh-o siu-tam-gii nh sau:
* Chnh-kin (Sammdihi) l tr-tu chn chnh thy ng, bit ng c 5 loi:
1- Kammassat sammdihi: Chnh-kin-s-nghip l tr-tu thy ng, bit ng
thin- nghip v c-nghip m ta to ri l thuc ca ring ta, ch c ta l ngi tha
hng qu an lc ca thin-nghip v chu qu kh ca c- nghip y m thi.
2- Vipassan sammdihi: Chnh-kin-thin-tu l tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii
(lokiyavipassan)
thy r, bit r s sinh, s dit ca danh-php, sc-php, nn hin r 3 trng-thi-chung:
trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng ca danh-php, sc-php.
3- Maggasammdihi: Chnh-kin-Thnh-otu l tr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tam-gii (lokuttara- vipassan) chng c Thnh-o-tu c itng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.

25

4- Phalasammdihi: Chnh-kin-Thnh-qu-tu l tr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tam-gii

(lokuttara-vipassan) chng c Thnh-qu-tu c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
5- Paccavekkha sammdihi: Chnh-kin-qun-trit l tr-tu qun trit Thnh-o,
Thnh-qu v Nit-bn, phin no no b dit-on-tuyt v phin no no cha b dit.
Trong 5 loi chnh-kin ny, chnh-kin-s-nghip, chnh-kin-thin-tu, v chnhkin-qun-trit thuc v tam-gii.
Chnh-kin-Thnh-o-tu v chnh-kin-Thnh-qu-tu thuc v siu-tam-gii.
Chnh-kin l tr-tu tm-s (paindriya-cetasika) ng sinh vi 4 i-thin-tm hp
vi tr-tu, 4 i-duy-tc-tm hp vi tr-tu, 5 sc-gii-thin-tm, 5 sc-gii-duy-tc-tm,
4 v-sc-gii-thin-tm, 4 v-sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi tr-tu tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-kin thuc v tamgii.
* Nu khi tr-tu tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm th chnhkin thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-t-duy (Sammsakappa) l t duy chn-chnh c 3 iu:
1- T duy thot ra khi ng-dc,
2- T duy khng lm kh mnh, kh ngi,
3- T duy khng lm hi mnh, hi ngi,
Chnh-t-duy l hng-tm tm-s (vitakkacetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thin-tm, 8
i-duy-tc-tm, nht thin sc-gii-thin-tm, nht thin sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4
Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
*Nu khi hng-tm tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-t-duy thuc v tamgii.
* Nu khi hng-tm tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qutm thchnh-t-duy thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-ng (Sammvc) l li ni chn-chnh, c 3 loi:
1- Kath sammvc: Chnh-ng li-ni l li ni hay, ni tht, li ni chn-chnh em
li s li ch, s tin ho, s an lc lu di n cho ngi nghe.
2- Cetan sammvc: Chnh-ng tc- l tc- thin-tm trnh xa 4 t-ng:
- Trnh xa li ni di, m ni li chn-tht,
- Trnh xa li ni chia-r, m ni li ho-hp,
- Trnh xa li th-tc, m ni li du dng
- Trnh xa li v-ch, m ni li hu-ch.
3- Virati sammvc: Chnh-ng tit-ch l tit-ch-tm-s trnh xa t-ng, khi ang
thc hnh php-hnh-thin-tu.
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Trong 3 loi chnh-ng ny, chnh-ng li-ni v chnh-ng tc- thuc v tam-gii.
Chnh-ng tit-ch ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm thuc v siu-tamgii.
Chnh-ng l chnh-ng tm-s (samm-vccetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thintm, 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi chnh-ng tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii tm y th chnh-ng thuc v tamgii.
* Nu khi chnh-ng tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qutm thchnh-ng thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-nghip (Sammkammanta) l ngh nghip chn-chnh c 3 loi:
1-Kriy sammkammanta: Chnh-nghip hnh- ng l hnh ng thin-nghip em li
s li ch, s tin ho, s an lc lu di n cho mi ngi, mi chng-sinh.
2- Cetan sammkammanta: Chnh-nghip tc- l tc- thin-tm trnh xa t-nghip:
- Trnh xa s st-sinh,,
- Trnh xa s trm-cp,
- Trnh xa s t-dm.
3- Virati sammkammanta: Chnh-nghip tit-ch l tit-ch tm-s trnh xa t-nghip,
khi ang thc hnh php-hnh-thin-tu.
Trong 3 loi chnh-nghip ny, chnh-nghip hnh-ng v chnh-nghip tc- thuc
v tam gii.
* Chnh-nghip tit-ch ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm thuc
vsiu-tam-gii.
Chnh-nghip l chnh-nghip tm-s (sammkammantacetasika) ng sinh vi 8
i-thin-tm, 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi chnh-nghip tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-nghip thuc v
tam-gii.
* Nu khi chnh-nghip tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qutm thchnh-nghip thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-mng (Samm-jva) l nui mng chn-chnh c 2 loi:
1- Viriya samm-jva: Chnh-mng tinh-tn l tinh tn nui mng chn-chnh, t b
cch sng t-mng do thn hnh c-nghip, khu ni c-nghip.
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2- Virati samm-jva: Chnh-mng tit-ch l tit-ch tm-s trnh xa cch sng tmng, khi ang thc hnh php-hnh-thin-tu.
Trong 2 loi chnh mng ny, chnh-mng tinh-tn thuc v tam gii.
* Chnh-mng tit-ch ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm thuc
v siu-tam-gii.
Chnh-mng l chnh-mng tm-s (samm-jvacetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thintm, 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi chnh-mng tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-mng thuc v
tam-gii.
* Nu khi chnh-mng tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qutm thchnh-mng thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-tinh-tn (Sammvyma) l tinh-tn chn chnh, c 4 iu:
- Tinh tn ngn c php khng cho sinh,
- Tinh tn dit c php pht sinh,
- Tinh tn lm cho thin php cha sinh, c pht sinh,
- Tinh tn lm tng trng thin php pht sinh.
Chnh-tinh-tn l tinh-tn tm-s (viriya-cetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thin-tm, 8
i-duy-tc-tm, 5 sc-gii-thin-tm, 5 sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4 v-sc-gii-thin-tm, 4
v-sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi tinh-tn tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm th chnh-tinh-tn y thuc v
tam-gii.
* Nu khi tinh-tn tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm th chnhtinh-tn thuc v siu-tam-gii.
* Chnh-nim (Sammsati) l nim chn-chnh trong 4 php-hnh t-nim-x:
1- Thn-nim-x: Thn l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
2- Th-nim-x: Th l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
3- Tm-nim-x: Tm l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic,
4- Php-nim-x: Php l i-tng ca chnh-nim, tr-tu-tnh-gic.
Chnh-nim l nim tm-s (saticetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thin-tm, 8 i-duytc-tm, 5 sc-gii-thin-tm, 5 sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4 v-sc-gii-thin-tm, 4 v-scgii-duy-tc-tm, 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi nim tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-nim thuc v tamgii.

28

* Nu khi nim tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm th chnhnim thuc v siu-tam-gii.

* Chnh-nh (Sammsamdhi) l nh chn-chnh trong 4 hoc 20 Thnh-o-tm v
4 hoc 20 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
Chnh-nh l nht-tm tm-s (ekaggat-cetasika) ng sinh vi 8 i-thin-tm, 8
i-duy-tc-tm, 5 sc-gii-thin-tm, 5 sc-gii-duy-tc-tm, 4 v-sc-gii-thin-tm, 4
hoc 20 Thnh-o-tm, 4 hoc 20 Thnh-qu-tm.
* Nu khi nht-tm tm-s ng sinh vi tam-gii-tm y th chnh-nh thuc v tamgii.
* Nu khi nht-tm tm-s ng sinh vi 4 hoc 20 Thnh-o-tm v 4 hoc 20
Thnh-qu-tm th chnh-nh thuc v siu-tam-gii.
l 4 tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- thuc v Php-hc-Pht-gio (Pariyattissana).
2- Kiccaa:Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong T Thnh-
Sau khi hc hi, hiu r tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- xong thuc v phn Php-hcPht- gio, lun chuyn sang tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- thuc v
phn Php-hnh- Pht-gio.
Hnh-gi bt u thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu l thc-hnh theo tr-tu-hnh phns trong t Thnh-.
Tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong mi Thnh- khc nhau nh sau:
- Tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit Kh-Thnh-,
- Tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn dit Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh-
- Tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn chng-ng Dit-Kh-Thnh-,
- Tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn tin-hnh Php-hnh-Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
2- Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong Mi Thnh-
2.1- Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong Kh-Thnh-

Kh-Thnh- (Dukkha ariyasacca) l ng-un-chp-th hoc sc-php, danh-php

trong tam-gii l php m hnh gi c tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit (parieyya) khvi tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii thy r, bit r danh-php, sc-php y l kh-. (khng
phi nn dit, nn chng ng, nn tin hnh).
2.2- Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh-

29

Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca) l tham-i l php m

hnh-gi c tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn dit([1])(pahtabba) nhn-sinh-kh-Thnh- vi
tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii dit tng thi tham-i. (khng phi nn bit, nn chng ng, nn
tin hnh).
2.3- Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong Dit-Kh-Thnh-
Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhanirodha ariya-sacca) l Nit-bn l php m hnh-gi
ctr-tu-hnh phn-s nn chng ng (sacchi-ktabba) Dit-Kh- vi tr-tu-thintu-tam-gii chng-ng-tng-thi Nit-bn([2]) (khng phi nn bit, nn dit, nn tin
hnh).
2.4- Tr-Tu-Hnh Phn-S Trong Php-Hnh Dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-
Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- (Dukkhanirodhagamin paipad ariyasacca)
lphp-hnh bt-chnh-o l php m hnh-gi c tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn tin
hnh(bhvetabba) php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu-tamgii ang tin hnh php-hnh bt-chnh-o. (khng phi nn bit, nn dit, nn chng
ng)
Trong 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- ny, th tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit
Kh-Thnh- l chnh, ng vai tr quan trng trong php-hnh-thin-tu, nh sau:
* Khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, nu c tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii thy
r, bit r danh-php hoc sc-php l kh- th l tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit kh.
* Khi tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit kh- y, th tham-i khng th nng nh ni
danh-php hoc sc-php y m pht sinh, ngha l dit tham-i, l tr-tu-hnh phn-s
nn dit-tng-thi (tadagappahna) tham-i, Nhn-sinh-Kh-.
* Khi tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn dit-tng-thi (tadagappahna) tham-i, Nhn-sinhKh-, th l tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn chng-ng-tng-thi (tadaganibbna) Nit-bn,
Dit-Kh-.
* Khi tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit Kh-, tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn dit-tng-thi
tham-i, Nhn-sinh-Kh-, tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn chng-ng-tng-thi Nit-bn, DitKh-, l tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn tin hnh php-hnh-Dit-Kh-.
Nh vy, 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t ny, th tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit Khl chnh, ng thi tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn dit-tng-thi Nhn-sinh-Kh-, tr-tuhnh phn-s nn chng-ng-tng-thi Dit-Kh-, tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn tin hnh
php-hnh-Dit-Kh- cng thnh tu cng mt lc khng trc khng sau.
Bn tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- ny thuc v Php-hnh Pht-gio
(Paipatti-ssana).
30

3- Kataa: Tr-Tu-Thnh Hon Thnh Xong Phn-S Trong T-Thnh-

Hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, khi c 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s t- vi trtu-thin-tu-tam-gii hon thnh xong phn-s t-, th c lun chuyn n 4 trtu-thnh phn-s t Thnh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tam-gii hon thnh xong phns t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
Khi y, Kh-Thnh- l sc-php, danh-php tam-gii l php m tr-tu-hnh
phn-s nn bit (parieyya) sc-php danh-php tam-gii l kh- vi tr-tu-thintu-tam-gii, ri c lun chuyn n tr-tu-thnh phn-s bit
xong (parita) Kh-Thnh- vi Thnh-o-tu thuc v tr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tamgii c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.

* Cng ng thi, Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l tham-i l php m tr-tu-hnh phns nn dit (pahtabba) tham-i, Nhn-sinh-Kh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii, ri
c lun chuyn n tr-tu-thnh phn-s dit xong (pahna) Nhn-sinh-KhThnh-vi Thnh-o-tu thuc v tr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tam-gii c i-tng Nitbn siu-tam-gii.
* Cng ng thi, Dit-Kh-Thnh- l Nit-bn l php m tr-tu-hnh phn-s
nn chng-ng (sacchiktabba) Nit-bn-tng-thi l Dit-Kh- vi tr-tu-thin-tutam-gii, ri c lun chuyn n tr-tu-thnh phn-s chng-ng
xong (sacchikata)Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh- vi Thnh-o-tu thuc v tr-tuthin-tu-siu-tam-gii c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
* Cng ng thi, php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- l bt-chnh-o l php
mtr-tu-hnh phn-s nn tin hnh (bhvetabba) bt-chnh-o, php-hnh-DitKh-, vi tr-tu-thin-tu-tam-gii, ri c lun chuyn n tr-tu-thnh phn-s
tin hnh xong (bhvita) php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- vi Thnh-otu thuc vtr-tu-thin-tu-siu-tam-gii c i-tng Nit-bn siu tam-gii, hon
thnh 4 phn-s l:
* Kh-Thnh- l php nn bit, th bit xong vi Thnh-o-tu,
* Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l php nn dit, th dit xong vi Thnh-o-tu,
* Dit-Kh-Thnh- l php nn chng ng, th chng ng xong vi Thnh-otu,
* Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- l php nn tin hnh, th tin hnh xong
viThnh-o-tu.
Trong 4 tr-tu-thnh hon thnh xong 4 phn-s trong t Thnh-, th tr-tuthnh phn-s tin hnh xong php-hnh bt- chnh-o Dit-Kh-Thnh l chnh yu, cn li 3 tr-tu-thnh phn-s trong mi Thnh- kia cng c hon
thnh xong mi phn-s ng thi cng mt lc khng trc, khng sau.
31

4 tr-tu-thnh hon thnh xong 4 phn-s trong t Thnh- thuc v Php-thnhPht-gio (paivedhassana).
V d: Mt n du thp sng trong m ti c 4 s vic xy ra cng mt lc, khng
trc khng sau:
* nh sng to ra,
* Bng ti bin mt,
* Du hao dn,
* Tim chy dn,
4 s vic ny xy ra ng thi cng mt lc, khng trc khng sau.
Cng nh vy, 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s, v 4 tr-tu-thnh hon thnh xong phn-s
trong t Thnh- c hon thnh xong ng thi, cng mt lc, khng trc khng sau.
Quan H Nhn Qu Ca Tam-Tu-Lun
Quan h t qu n nhn, t nhn n qu
4 tr-tu-thnh trong t Thnh- chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4
Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn, l kt qu ca 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s hon
thnh xongtrong t Thnh-.
4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- thc-hnh ng theo phn-s trong mi
Thnh-, l kt qu ca 4 tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- hiu bit r mi chi php
ca mi Thnh-.
Nh vy, 4 tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- hiu bit r cc chi php ca mi Thnh-
lm nn tng c bn, lm nhn pht sinh dn n qu l 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t
Thnh-ng theo phn-s ca mi Thnh-.
4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- hon thnh xong lm nhn pht sinh dn
n qu l 4 tr-tu-thnh trong t Thnh- chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c
4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn, dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i, mi phin no khng
cn d st, tr thnh bc Thnh-A-ra-hn, phm hnh cao thng hon thnh xong,
kip ny l kip cht, khng cn ti sinh kip no na, chc chn s tch dit Nit-bn, gii
thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
Vai Tr 4 Tr-Tu-Hnh V 4 Tr-Tu-Thnh
Trong 4 tr-tu-hnh phn-s trong t Thnh- giai on u, th tr-tu-hnh phns nn bit sc-php, danh-php tam-gii l kh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii, ng
vai tr chnh yu, cn 3 tr-tu-hnh phn-s ca mi Thnh- kia cng c thnh tu
ng thi cng mt lc, khng trc khng sau.

32

Trong 4 tr-tu-thnh hon thnh phn-s trong t Thnh- giai on cui,

th tr-tu-thnh hon thnh xong phn-s tin hnh php-hnh bt-chnh-o DitKh-Thnh- vi 4 Thnh-o-tu thuc v tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii c i-tng
Nit-bn siu-tam-gii, ng vai tr chnh yu, cn 3 tr-tu-thnh phn-s ca mi Thnh kia cng c thnh tu ng thi cng mt lc, khng trc khng sau.

Thnh-o-Tu Dit-on-Tuyt 3 Loi Tham-i

1- Nhp-lu-Thnh-o-tu c kh nng dit-on-tuyt c 2 loi tham-i: vibhavatah: tham-i hp vi on-kin, v bhava-tah: tham-i hp vi thng-kin, trong 4
tham-tm hp vi t-kin. (cn li 4 tham-tm khng hp vi t-kin, th cha dit c).
2- Nht-lai-Thnh-o-tu c kh nng dit-on-tuyt c 1 loi thami: kmatah: tham-i trong 5 i-tng ng-dc (sc-dc, thanh-dc, hng-dc, vdc, xc-dc) loi th ci dc-gii, trong 4 tham-tm khng hp vi t-kin. (cn 5 itng ng-dc loi vi t cha dit c).
3- Bt-lai-Thnh-o-tu c kh nng dit-on-tuyt c 1 loi thami: kmatah: tham-i trong 5 i-tng ng-dc vi t ci dc-gii, trong 4 tham-tm
khng hp vi t-kin. (cn tham-i trong cc bc thin sc-gii-tm, cc bc thin v-scgii-tm, ci tri sc-gii, ci tri v-sc-gii th cha dit c).
4- A-ra-hn-Thnh-o-tu c kh nng dit-on-tuyt c 1 loi tham-i: bhavatah: tham-i trong cc bc thin sc-gii-tm, cc bc thin v-sc-gii-tm, ci tri
sc-gii, ci tri v-sc-gii, trong 4 tham-tm khng hp vi t-kin khng cn d st.
Nh vy, bc Thnh-A-ra-hn c kh nng c bit dit-on-tuyt c hon ton mi
tham-i khng cn d st na.

[1] Dit tham-i c 5 cch:

- Vikkhambhanappahna: Dit bng cch ch ng tham-i do nng lc ca bc thin.

- Tadagappahna: Dit-tng-thi tham-i do nng lc ca tr-tu-thin-tu tam gii .
- Samucchedappahna: Dit-on-tuyt tham-i do nng lc ca Thnh-o-tu.
- Paippassadhippahna: Dit bng cch lm vng-lng tham-i do nng lc ca Thnh-qu-tu
- Nissaraappahna: Dit khi tham-i do nng lc ca i-tng Nit-bn.
[2] Nirodho nibbna Nit-bn c ngha l dit, c 5 loi:

- Vikkhambhananibbna: Dit bng cch ch ng phin no do nng lc ca bc thin.

- Tadaganibbna: Dit-tng-thi phin no do nng lc ca tr-tu-thin-tu tam gii.
- Samucchedanibbna: Dit-on-tuyt phin no do nng lc ca Thnh-o-tu.
- Paippassadhinibbna: Dit cch lm vng lng phin no do nng lc ca Thnh-qu tu.
- Nissaraanibbna: Dit khi phin no do nng lc ca i-tng Nit-bn.

33

T Thnh- Trong Pht Gio

T Thnh- l s-tht chn-l ca ch bc Thnh-nhn chng ng chn-l t Thnh, l chnh-php ct li cn bn trng yu trong gio php ca ch Pht qu-kh, cPht hin-ti v ch Pht v-lai.
T-Thnh-:
1- Dukkha ariyasacca: Kh-Thnh- l ng-un-chp-th hoc sc-php, danhphp trong tam-gii.
Trong gio php ca c-Pht, tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php trong ci dc-gii,
ci sc-gii, v danh-php trong ci v-sc-gii, ng theo s-tht chn-l th ch
cdukkha-sacca: kh- m thi, khng c php no gi l lc- c.
Tuy trong th tm-s (vedancetasika) c sukhavedan: th lc, nhng sukhavedan:
th-lc y gi l viparimadukkha: bin-cht-kh, bi v th-lc (sukhavedan) sinh ri
dit v-thng lm bin cht, lun lun hnh h, nn ch l kh- m thi.
Th lc d l kh vn cn d chu ng.
Nh vy, tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php thuc v php-hu-vi ng theo s-tht
chn-l th ch c kh- m thi, khng c lc-.
Nu c lc (sukha) th lc y gi l sukhavipallsa: lc-o-in do tng-o-in
(savipallsa), tm-o-in (cittavipallsa), t-kin-o-in (dihivipallsa).
Tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php trong tam-gii thuc v php-hu-vi u sinh ri
dit, nn c 4 trng-thi: trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng, trngthi-bt-tnh, nhng do tng-o-in, tm-o-in, t-kin-o-in tng sai, bit
sai, thy sai, chp lm cho rng:
Danh-php, sc-php l thng, lc, ng, tnh.
ng theo s-tht chn-l th tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php trong tam-gii thuc
vphp-hu-vi ch l dukkhasacca: kh- m thi, khng c lc- no c.
2- Dukkhasamudaya ariyasacca: Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l tah: tham-i.
Tham-i l nhn sinh kh trong kip hin-ti v kip v-lai.
* Tham-i l nhn sinh kh trong kip hin-ti
- Nu tm tham-i mun c iu g , vt g ,.. m khng c tho mn nh ,
thsn-tm pht sinh khng va lng, lm cho kh-tm.

34

* Nu tm tham-i mun c iu g , vt g ... m c tho mn nh ,

th tham-tm pht sinh chp th cho l ca ta, cng lm nhn pht sinh kh-tm nh lo
lng, gi gn, su no.
Nh c-Pht dy cu k rng:
Tahya jyati soko,
tahya jyat bhaya.
Tahya vippamuttassa,
natthi soko kuto bhaya.([1])
S su no pht sinh do tham-i,
S lo s pht sinh do tham-i,
Bc Thnh A-ra-hn dit tham-i,
Khng cn su no, t u c lo s?
* Tham-i l nhn-sinh-kh trong kip v-lai
Tt c mi chng-sinh no h cn tham-i l cn phi ti sinh kip-sau, cc chng-sinh
y gm c 3 bc Thnh hu hc: bc Thnh-Nhp-lu, bc Thnh-Nht-lai, bc ThnhBt-lai,bi v 3 bc Thnh-nhn ny vn cn mt phn tham-i.
* Ch c bc Thnh-A-ra-hn dit-on-tuyt tt c mi tham-i, hon ton khng
cn tham-i d st na m thi.
Chng-sinh cn c tham-i sau khi cht th tham-i dn dt nghip cho qu ti sinh kip
sau, kip sau nh th no l hon ton tu thuc vo qu ca nghip ca mi chng-sinh
y.
* Chng-sinh y sau khi cht, nu c-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau th sinh vo 1
trong 4 ci c-gii (a-ngc, a-tu-la, ng-qu, sc-sinh), thuc loi chng-sinh no, trong
ci no l hon ton tu thuc vo qu ca c-nghip ca chng-sinh y m thi.
* Chng-sinh y sau khi cht, nu dc-gii-thin-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau th sinh
lm ngi trong ci ngi hoc lm ch thin trong ci tri dc-gii, c sinh trong ci
thin-dc-gii no l hon ton tu thuc vo qu ca dc-gii-thin-nghip ca chngsinh y m thi.
* Hnh gi chng c cc bc thin-sc-gii sau khi cht, chc chn sc-gii-thinnghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau, sinh lm phm thin trong ci tri sc-gii, c sinh
trong ci tri sc-gii no l hon ton tu thuc vo qu ca sc-gii-thin-nghip s
c ca hnh-gi y m thi.
* Hnh-gi chng c cc bc thin-v-sc-gii sau khi cht, chc chn v-sc-giithin-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau, sinh lm phm thin trong ci tri v-sc-gii,
c sinh trong ci tri v-sc-gii no l hon ton tu thuc vo qu ca v-sc-giithin-nghip s c ca hnh-gi y m thi.
35

Ba Bc Thnh Hu Hc (Sekha ariya)

* Bc Thnh-Nhp-lu sau khi cht, vnh vin khng bao gi b sa o trong 4 ci cgii na, m ch c thin-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau lm ngi trong ci ngi hoc
lm ch thin trong ci tri dc-gii nhiu nht 7 kip na m thi.
n kip th 7, chc chn s tr thnh bc Thnh A-ra-hn, ri s tch dit Nit-bn,
gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
* Bc Thnh-Nht-lai sau khi cht, dc-gii-thin-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau
lmngi trong ci ngi hoc lm ch thin trong ci tri dc-gii ch cn 1 kip na m
thi.
Trong kip y chc chn s tr thnh bc Thnh A-ra-hn, ri s tch dit Nit-bn, gii
thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
* Bc Thnh-Bt-lai sau khi cht, khng cn ti sinh tr li ci dc-gii, m ch
c sc-gii-thin-nghip cho qu ti sinh kip sau lm phm thin trong ci tri scgii m thi, c sinh trong ci tri sc-gii no tu theo bc thin s c ca Ngi.
V Thnh-Bt-lai phm-thin y chc chn s tr thnh bc Thnh-A-ra-hn ti ci tri
sc-gii, ri s tch dit Nit-bn, gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii.
* Bc Thnh A-ra-hn dit-on-tuyt c mi tham-i khng cn d st, nn
ngaykip hin-ti, Ngi chc chn s tch dit Nit-bn, gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong
tam-gii.
3- Dukkhanirodha ariyasacca: Dit-Kh-Thnh- l Nit-bn.
Nit-bn l php dit Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- v cng l php dit qu Kh-Thnh.
* Dit Nhn-Sinh-Kh-Thnh-
Hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu dn n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-,
chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn, dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i, mi phin
no khng cn d st, gi l Phin-no Nit-bn (Kilesa-parinibbna), ngha l mi
tham-i, mi phin no b dit-on-tuyt ri, mi phin no vnh vin khng cn pht
sinh na.
Nh vy, Nit-bn l php dit Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh-.
* Dit Qu Kh-Thnh-

36

Ch Thnh A-ra-hn dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i mi phin no khng cn d st

na, n khi ht tui th tch dit Nit-bn, gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong tam-gii, gi
lNg-un Nit-bn (Khandhaparinibbna) ngha l sau khi tch dit Nit-bn ri, khng
cn ti sinh kip no na.
Nh vy, Nit-bn l php dit qu Kh-Thnh-.
4-Dukkhanirodhagamin paipad ariyasacca: Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh l php-hnh bt-chnh-o.
Bt-chnh-o c 8 chnh: chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip,
chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh, l 8 tm-s, l tr-tu tm-s,
hng-tm tm-s, chnh-ng tm-s, chnh-nghip tm-s, chnh-mng tm-s, tinh-tn
tm-s, nim tm-s, nht-tm tm-s.
Bt-chnh-o c 8 chnh, l 8 tm-s ny khng ng sinh y trong tam-giitm, nhng khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, n khi chng ng chn-l t
Thnh-, chng c Thnh-o, Thnh-qu no c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii, khi
y, bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh l 8 tm-s: tr-tu tm-s, hng-tm tm-s,
chnh-ng tm-s, chnh-nghip tm-s, chnh-mng tm-s, tinh-tn tm-s, nim tms, nht-tm tm-s ng sinh vi Thnh-o-tm y hon thnh xong 4 phn-s:
- Kh-Thnh- l php nn bit, th Thnh-o-tu bit xong,
- Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l php nn dit, th Thnh-o-tu dit xong,
- Dit-Kh-Thnh- l php nn chng ng, th Thnh-o-tu chng ng xong,
- Php-hnh dn n dit-Kh-Thnh- l php nn tin hnh, th Thnh-o-tu
tin hnh xong.
V vy, bt-chnh-o l php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, dit-Kh-Thnh-.
T Thnh- ny l php nn tng cn bn, l ct li chnh yu trong gio php
ca ch Pht Chnh-ng-Gic qu-kh, hin-ti, v-lai, bi v hnh-gi thc-hnh
php-hnh-thin-tu, ban u d c nhng i-tng-thin-tu khc nhau nh thn, th,
tm, php, ng-un, 12 x, 18 t-tnh (dhtu), v.v n giai on cui, cng u dn
n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, ri mi chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v
Nit-bn c.
Cho nn, t Thnh- l s-tht chn-l m ch bc Thnh-nhn chng ng, l php
cn bn ct yu trong gio php ca ch Pht trong 3 thi qu-kh, hin-ti, v-lai.
Nhn Qu Lin Quan Ca T Thnh-
Chn-l t Thnh- c nhn-qu lin quan vi nhau:
* Kh-Thnh- l ng-un-chp-th hoc sc-php, danh-php trong tamgii, lqu ca Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh-.
37

* Nhn-sinh-Kh-Thnh- l tham-i l nhn pht sinh Kh-Thnh-, thami, lnhn dn dt ti sinh kip sau (tah ponobbhavik).
* Dit-Kh-Thnh- l Nit-bn khng thuc v qu ca mt nhn no c, bi
v,Nit-bn l php-v-vi (asakhatadhamma) l php hon ton khng c mt nhn-duyn
no cu to.
* Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- l php-hnh bt-chnh-o l phphnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
Nh vy, php-hnh bt-chnh-o l php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, DitKh-Thnh-, khng phi l nhn pht sinh Nit-bn. Cho nn Nit-bn cng khng phi
l quca php-hnh bt-chnh-o.
Vy, Nit-bn ch l i-tng siu-tam-gii ca 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm m
thi.
V d nm na rng:
Con ng dn n kinh
* Con ng v nh Bt-chnh-o l php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
* Kinh v nh Nit-bn l php Dit-Kh-Thnh-.
Con ng dn n kinh , ch khng phi l nhn pht sinh kinh .
Cng nh vy, Php-hnh dn n Dit-Kh-Thnh- l php-hnh bt-chnh-o l
php-hnh dn n chng ng Nit-bn, ch khng phi l nhn pht sinh Nit-bn.

[1]

B dhammapadagth th 216

* Php-Hnh-Trung-o
(Majjhimpaipad)
Php-hnh-trung-o (Majjhimpaipad) l mt php-hnh ch c trong Pht-gio m
thi, hon ton khng c ngoi Pht-gio.
Trong Kinh Dhammacakkappavattanasutta:([1]) Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun m c-Pht
thuyt ging ln u tin, t nhm 5 t-khu: Ngi i-Trng-lo Koaa, Ngi
i-c Vappa, Ngi i-c Bhaddiya, Ngi i-c Mahnma, Ngi i-c
Assaji ti khu rng phng sinh nai gi Isipatana, gn kinh thnh Braas.
Hai Php Thp Hn
c-Pht thuyt ging rng:
- Ny ch T-khu! C hai php cc oan thuc v hai bin kin m bc xut gia khng
nn thc-hnh theo.
Hai php y nh th no?

38

1- Mt l vic thng th hng lc trong ng-dc do tm-tham-i hp vi thngkin, l php thp hn ca hng phm-nhn trong i, khng phi php-hnh ca bc
Thnh-nhn, khng em li s li ch, s an lc.
2- Hai l vic thng t p xc hnh kh mnh do sn-tm v c on-kin thuc v
php-hnh-kh-hnh ca ngoi o, khng phi php-hnh ca bc Thnh-nhn, khng
em li s li ch, s an lc.
Php-Hnh-Trung-o (Majjhimpaipad)
- Ny ch T-khu! Khng thin v hai php cc oan thuc v hai bin kin y, NhLai thc-hnh theo php-hnh-trung-o, nn chng ng chn-l t Thnh-
bng tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho tu-nhn pht sinh; tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii pht
sinh lm vng lng mi phin-no; lm cho tr-tu siu-vit-thng-sut chn-l t
Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
- Ny ch T-khu! Nh th no gi l php-hnh-trung-o m Nh-Lai chng ng
chn l t Thnh-, bng tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho tu-nhn pht sinh; tr-tu-thintu siu-tam-gii pht sinh lm vng lng mi phin-no; lm cho tr-tu siu-vitthng-sut chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh-trung-o l Thnh-o hp 8 chnh cao thng l
chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim,
chnh-nh.
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh-trung-o l Thnh-o hp 8 chnh cao thng
ny, m Nh-Lai chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, bng tr-tu siu-tam-gii, lm cho
tu-nhn pht sinh; tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii pht sinh lm vng lng mi phin
no; lm cho tr-tu siu-vit-thng-sut chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o,
4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
Trong bi kinh ny, c-Pht thuyt ging php-hnh-trung-o chnh l Thnh-o
hp 8 chnh cao thng l chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip,
chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh.
Nh vy, 8 chnh ny chnh l 8 tm-s (cetasika) ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4
Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
Tht ra, 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm c 36 tm-s ng sinh. Trong 36 tm-s
y ch c 8 tm-s gi l bt-chnh-o nh sau:
1- Tr-tu tm-s gi l chnh-kin,
2- Hng-tm tm-s gi l chnh-t-duy,
3- Chnh-ng tm-s gi l chnh-ng,
4- Chnh-nghip tm-s gi l chnh-nghip,
5- Chnh-mng tm-s gi l chnh-mng,
39

6- Tinh-tn tm-s gi l chnh-tinh-tn,

7- Nim tm-s gi l chnh-nim,
8- Nht-tm tm-s gi l chnh-nh.
Tm tm-s ny cng vi 28 tm-s khc ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnhqu-tm cng c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
Php-hnh-trung-o l php-hnh-bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh trong 4 Thnho-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
Nh vy, php-hnh-bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh ny khng phi l php-hnh bt
u thc-hnh, cng khng phi l php-hnh ang thc-hnh, m s tht l php-hnh
thc- hnh xong ri, hon thnh xong mi phn-s t Thnh-, nn phphnh bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh ny gi l Php-thnh-Phtgio (Paivedhassana) l kt qu ca php-hnh Pht-gio (paipattissana).
Cho nn, php-hnh-trung-o ny l php-hnh-bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh y
giai on cui.
Bt u Thc Hnh Php-Hnh-Bt-Chnh-o
* Giai on u thc-hnh php-hnh-bt-chnh-o, hnh-gi cn phi bt u thchnh chnh-nim: nim-thn, nim-th, nim-tm, nim-php, l thc-hnh php-hnh-tnim-x.
Tht vy, trong kinh Rahogatasutta([2]) Ngi i-c Anuruddha tng t duy rng:
Hnh-gi no chn nn thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x, hnh-gi y c gi l
ngi chn nn thc-hnh php-hnh-bt-chnh-o, nn khng th dn n s gii thot
kh t sinh lun hi.
Hnh-gi no tinh-tn thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x, hnh gi y c gi l
ngi c tinh-tn thc-hnh php-hnh-bt-chnh-o, nn c th dn n s gii thot
kh t sinh lun hi
Nh vy, chnh-nim l php-hnh-t-nim-x l nhn u dn n qu cui
cng lThnh-o hp 8 chnh: chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnh-nghip,
chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh l 8 tm-s ng sinh trong 4
Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
Trong ch gii kinh Mahsatipahnasutta-vaan ging gii rng:
Pubbabhgasatipahnamaggo T-nim-x l phn u ca bt-chnh-o.
Php-Hnh-Trung-o L Php-Hnh-T-Nim-X

40

Trong chi b kinh, phn 3 chi php, c-Pht thuyt ging v 3 php-hnh (paipad):
1- gh paipad: Php-hnh hng lc cc oan,
2- Nijjhmpaipad: Php-hnh kh hnh cc oan,
3- Majjhimpaipad: Php-hnh-trung-o.
c-Pht thuyt ging v php-hnh-trung-o rng:
- Ny ch T-khu! Php-hnh-trung-o l th no?
- Ny ch T-khu! Trong Pht-gio ny, t-khu:
1- L hnh-gi c tm tinh-tn khng ngng, c chnh-nim trc nhn, c tr-tu-tnhgic trc gic thy r, bit r thn trong phn thn-nim-x, dit tham-tm hi lng, v
dit sn-tm khng hi lng trong ng-un-chp-th ny,
2- L hnh-gi c tm tinh-tn khng ngng, c chnh-nim trc nhn, c tr-tu-tnhgic trc
gic thy r, bit r cc th trong phn th-nim-x, dit tham-tm hi lng, v
dit sn-tm khng hi lng trong ng-un-chp-th ny.
3- L hnh-gi c tm tinh-tn khng ngng, c chnh-nim trc nhn, c tr-tu-tnhgic trc gic thy r, bit r tm trong phn tm-nim-x, dit tham-tm hi lng, v
dit sn-tm khng hi lng trong ng-un-chp-th ny.
4- L hnh-gi c tm tinh-tn khng ngng, c chnh-nim trc nhn, c tr-tu-tnhgic trc gic thy r, bit r cc php trong phn php-nim-x, dit tham-tm hi
lng, v dit sn-tm khng hi lng trong ng-un-chp-th ny
Nh vy, phn u ca Php-hnh-trung-o l php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc phphnh-thin-tu, v phn cui ca Php-hnh-trung-o l bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh
l 8 tm-s ng sinh vi 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn
siu-tam-gii.
Php-hnh-trung-o c 2 giai on:
1- Giai on u ca php-hnh-trung-o,
2- Giai on cui ca php-hnh-trung-o.
Php-hnh-trung-o l php-hnh dit tham- tm hi lng (abhijjh) v dit sntm bc mnh (domanassa) ng thi cng dit si-tm tm ti khng thy r, bit r thttnh ca sc-php, danh-php tam-gii, cho tr-tu-thin-tu pht sinh theo tun t
t tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii cho n tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii gm c 16 loi tr-tuthin-tu.
1- Giai on u Ca Php-Hnh-Trung-o,
41

* Giai on u ca php-hnh-trung-o l hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nimxhoc php-hnh-thin-tu pht sinh tr-tu t tr-tu th nht gi
lNmarpaparicchedaa: Tr-tu thy r, bit r, phn bit r tht-tnh ca mi scphp, mi danh-php tam-gii ng theo chn-ngha-php u l php-v-ng, khng
phi ta, khng phi ngi, khng phi ngi nam, khng phi ngi n, v.v Tip theo
tr-tu-thin-tu pht sinh theo tun t,
n tr-tu-thin-tu th 4 gi l udayabbay-nupassana pht sinh, thy r, bit r
s sinh, s dit ca ca sc-php, danh-php tam-gii, nn hin r 3 trng-thi-chung:
trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng ca sc-php, danh-php tam-gii.
V cc tr-tu-thin-tu tun t pht sinh cho n tr-tu-thin-tu th 13 gi
lGotrabhu-a: tr-tu-thin-tu chuyn tnh t dng phm-nhn sang dng Thnhnhn.Tr-tu-thin-tu ny c kh nng c bit tip nhn i-tng Nit-bn siu-tamgii, song tm vn cn dc-gii-i-thin-tm hp vi tr-tu.
l giai on u ca php-hnh-trung-o.
2- Giai on Cui Ca Php-Hnh-Trung-o,
* Giai on cui ca php-hnh-trung-o l hnh-gi chng c n tr-tu-thintu siu-tam-gii th 14 gi l Maggaa: Thnh-o-tu ng sinh vi Thnh-otm v tr-tu-thin-tu siu-tam-gii th 15 gi l Phalaa: Thnh-qu-tu ng sinh
vi Thnh-qu-tm, c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii.
4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn siu-tam-gii. Khi y, chc
chn c bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh: chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnhnghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh l 8 tm-s ng sinh
vi 4 Thnh-o-tm, 4 Thnh-qu-tm y.
l giai on cui ca php-hnh-trung-o.

[1] Sa., Mahvaggapi,

Kinh Dhammacakkappavattanasutta

[2] Sayuttanikya, b, Mahvaggapi, kinh Rahogatasutta

Thc Hnh Php-Hnh-Trung-o

Php-hnh-trung-o (Majjhimpaipad) l php-hnh m hnh-gi cn phi hc hi,
nghin cu, hiu bit cc i-tng-t-nim-x l thn, th, tm, php hoc i-tngthin-tu l tt c mi sc-php, tt c mi danh-php thuc v chn-ngha-php mt cch
rnh r.

42

Php-hnh-trung-o l php-hnh c kh nng dit tham-tm hi lng (abhijjh) v

ditsn-tm bc mnh (domanassa) trong i-tng t-nim-x y, hoc i-tng-thintu sc-php,
danh-php y, ng thi dit si-tm ti tm che ph tht-tnh ca mi sc-php,
mi danh-php thuc v chn-ngha-php (paramatthadhamma).
* Thc hnh khng ng theo php-hnh-trung-o nh th no?
S hnh gi khng thng gn gi thn cn vi bc thin-tr trong Pht-gio, khng hc
hi, nghin cu v mn hc vi-diu-php, khng hiu r tht-tnh ca tt c mi sc-php,
mi danh-php tam-gii u c s sinh, s dit, u c 3 trng-thi-chung: trng-thiv-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng.
Hnh gi khng hiu r tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php tam-gii u l kh(dukkha-sacca) l php m hnh-gi c tr-tu-hnh phn-s nn bit
(parieyya) kh-vi tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii.
Do cha hiu r tht-tnh ca tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php tam-gii, cha hiu
bit tr-tu-hnh phn s nn bit (parieyya) kh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii nh
vy,nn khi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x, hnh-gi coi trng i-tng nim-x ny,
coi khinh i-tng nim-x kia. Hoc khi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, hnh-gi coi
trng i-tng thin-tu sc-php, danh-php ny, coi khinh i-tng thin-tu scphp, danh-php kia.
Khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu, nu c tm
thin v trong i-tng nim-x hoc i-tng-thin-tu y, khi th tham-tm hi
lng pht sinh ni i-tng nim-x ny, hoc i-tng sc-php, danh-php ny,
khi th sn-tmbc mnh pht sinh ni i-tng nim-x kia, hoc i-tng sc-php,
danh-php kia.
Nh vy, hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu, khng
dit c tham-tm hi lng ni i-tng nim-x ny hoc i-tng-thin-tu ny,
v khng dit c sn-tm bc mnh ni i-tng nim-x kia hoc i-tng-thin-tu
kia.
Cho nn, hnh gi thc hnh khng ng theo php-hnh-trung-o.
Hn na, khi c tham-tm hoc sn-tm pht sinh, t c si-tm-s ng sinh vi thamtm, sn-tm y, nn che ph tht-tnh ca danh-php, sc-php. V vy, hnh-gi khng
th thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca sc-php, danh-php thuc v chn-ngha-php
(paramatthadhamma).
V d: Hnh-gi ang thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu c sc-ngi l t th ngi,
dng ngi thuc v sc-php pht sinh do tm, lm i-tng-thin-tu.

43

* Nu khi hnh-gi coi trng i-tng sc-ngi th tham-tm hi lng ni sc-ngi

ypht sinh, chc chn c si-tm-s ng sinh vi tham-tm y che ph tht-tnh scphp ca sc-ngi y.
* Nu khi c phng-tm pht sinh (ngh n chuyn khc), nn tm bung b i-tng
sc-ngi y, nu hnh gi coi khinh phng-tm tm-s (uddhaccacetasika) thuc v danhphp th sn-tm bc mnh pht sinh, bi v phng-tm lm mt i-tng sc-ngi
y. Sn-tm pht sinh chc chn c si-tm-s ng sinh vi sn-tm y lm che ph thttnh cadanh-php ca phng-tm tm-s y.
Nh vy, hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thn-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thintu c i-tng sc-ngi, khng dit c tham-tm hi lng ni i-tng sc-ngi v
cng khng dit c sn-tm bc mnh ni i-tng danh-php phng-tm, trong khi
ang thc-hnhphp-hnh-thin-tu vi i-tng sc-ngi y.
Cho nn, hnh gi thc hnh khng ng theo php-hnh-trung-o.
* Thc-hnh ng theo php-hnh-trung-o nh th no?
S hnh-gi thng gn gi thn cn vi bc thin-tr trong Pht gio, thng hc hi,
nghin cu, hiu bit v mn hc vi-diu-php, hiu bit tht-tnh tt c mi sc-php,
mi danh-php tam-gii u l php-v-ng (khng phi ta, khng phi ngi, khng phi
ngi nam, khng phi ngi n, khng phi chng-sinh, khng phi vt ny, vt kia,
v.v
Tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php tam-gii thuc v chn-ngha-php
(paramatthadhamma) u c s sinh, s dit, u c 3 trng-thi-chung: trng-thi-vthng, trng-thi-kh,trng-thi-v-ng.
Hnh-gi hiu bit r tt c mi sc-php, mi danh-php tam-gii u l kh- l
php m tr-tu-hnh c phn-s nn bit (pari-eyya) kh- vi tr-tu-thin-tu tamgii.
Do nh c yonisomanasikra tr-tu hiu bit ng 4 trng-thi ca tt c mi sc-php,
danh-php tam-gii l v-thng, kh, v-ng, bt-tnh, nn khi thc-hnh php-hnh-tnim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu, hnh-gi khng coi trng i-tng nim-x
ny, hoci-tng sc-php, danh-php ny, cng khng coi khinh i-tng nim-x
kia, hoc i-tng sc-php, danh-php kia. Hnh gi khng c tm thin v trong
cc i-tng-t-nim-x hoc cc i-tng-thin-tu.
Khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu, t tmtrung-dung ni i-tng-nim-x hoc ni i-tng sc-php, danh-php tamgii, nn tham-tm hi lng khng pht sinh ni i-tng-nim-x ny, hoc i-tngthin-tu sc-php, danh-php ny, v sn-tm bc mnh cng khng pht sinh ni itng nim-x kia, hoci-tng-thin-tu sc-php, danh-php kia.
Nh vy, hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu ng
theophp-hnh-trung-o (majjhimapaipad), nn dit c tham-tm hi lng ni i44

tng-nim-x, hoc i-tng-thin-tu, v dit c sn-tm bc mnh ni i-tng

nim-xhoc ni i-tng-thin-tu.
Cho nn, hnh-gi thc-hnh ng theo php-hnh-trung-o.
V d: Hnh-gi ang thc-hnh php-hnh-thn-nim-x c sc-ngi l t th
ngi, dng ngi thuc v sc-php pht sinh do tm; hoc thc-hnh php-hnh-thintu c t th ngi, dng ngi thuc v sc-php pht sinh do tm lm i-tng-thin-tu.
* Khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thn-nim-x vi i-tng t th ngi, dng
ngil sc-php pht sinh do tm, gi l sc-ngi, hoc thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu
vi i-tng sc-ngi l sc-php pht sinh do tm, l t th ngi, dng ngi.
Hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thn-nim-x vi i-tng t th ngi, dng
ngi, hoc php-hnh-thin-tu vi i-tng sc-ngi, hnh-gi khng coi trng itng t th ngi, dng ngi gi l sc-ngi, nn tham-tm hi lng ni i-tng scngi y khng pht sinh, ch c tr-tu-thin-tu pht sinh thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca
sc-ngi thuc v sc-php y m thi.
* Nu khi c phng-tm pht sinh (ngh n chuyn khc), lm cho tm bung b itng sc-ngi y th hnh-gi khng coi khinh phng-tm tms (uddhaccacetasika) thuc v danh-php, nn sn-tm bc mnh khng pht sinh, ch
c tr-tu-thin-tu pht sinh thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca phng-tm tm-s thuc
v danh-php m thi.
Hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thn-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu dit
c tham-tm hi lng ni i-tng sc-php ca sc-ngi y, v dit c sntm bc mnh ni i-tng danh-php ca phng-tm tm-s y.
Cho nn, hnh-gi thc-hnh ng theo php-hnh-trung-o do bit t tm-trungdungtrong tt c mi i-tng t-nim-x hoc mi i-tng-thin-tu sc-php, danhphp,bi v hnh-gi khng coi trng i-tng nim-x ny hoc i-tng-thin-tu ny,
cng khng coi khinh i-tng nim-x kia hoc i-tng-thin-tu kia.
Hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-thin-tu, hiu bit r tht-tnh ca tt c mi sc-php,
mi danh-php tam-gii u c s sinh, s dit, u c 3 trng-thi-chung: trng-thi-vthng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng, khng hn khng km, u c kh nng dn
n chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
S d, hnh-gi thc-hnh ng theo php-hnh-trung-o l v
c yonisomanasikra h tr hiu bit trong tm vi tr-tu hiu bit ng 4 trng-thi:
trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-v-ng, trng-thi-bt-tnh ca tt c mi
sc-php, danh-php trong tam-gii.

45

Tht vy, * sc-ngi l 1 trong i-tng t-oai-nghi trong thn-nim-x thuc v scphp pht sinh do tm c s sinh, s dit, c 3 trng-thi-chung: trng-thi-v-thng,
trng-thi-kh,
trng-thi-v-ng, c kh nng dn n chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c 4
Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
*Phng-tm l phng-tm tm-s (uddhac-cacetasika) l 1 trong i-tng 5 phpchng-ngi (nvaraapabba) trong php-nim-x thuc v danh-php cng c s sinh,
s dit, cng c 3 trng-thi-chung: trng-thi-v-thng, trng-thi-kh, trng-thi-vng,cng c kh nng dn n chng ng chn l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4
Thnh-qu v Nit-bn.
D i-tng sc-ngi thuc v sc-php hoc d i-tng phng-tm tm-s thuc
vdanh-php th tm ca hnh-gi vn c chnh-nim trc nhn i-tng y, c tr-tutnh-gic trc gic thy r, bit r tht-tnh ca i-tng sc-ngi thuc v scphp hoc cai-tng phng-tm tm-s thuc v danh-php y mt cch trung-dung,
khng hn khng km, khng coi trng i-tng sc-ngi, cng khng coi khinh i-tng
phng-tm.
Khi phng-tm dit, hnh-gi c chnh-nim, c tr-tu-tnh-gic trc gic thy r, bit
r tr li i-tng sc-ngi c nh trc.
Cho nn, hnh-gi thc-hnh ng theo php-hnh-trung-o.
Khi hnh-gi thc-hnh php-hnh-t-nim-x hoc php-hnh-thin-tu trong giai
on u ng theo php-hnh-trung-o, v khng thin v 2 php cc oan l thamtm vsn-tm, nn dit c tham-tm hi lng ni i-tng-nim-x y hoc itng-thin-tu y, v dit c sn-tm bc mnh ni i-tng nim-x y, hoc itng-thin-tuy, ng thi dit c si-tm-s ng sinh vi tham-tm y, hoc sn-tm
y, nn tr-tu-thin-tu tin trin t tr-tu-thin-tu tam-gii cho n tr-tu-thin-tu
siu-tam-gii, chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnh-qu v
Nit-bn.
Khi chng c 4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm c i-tng Nit-bn, siu-tamgii.
Khi y, bt-chnh-o hp 8 chnh l chnh-kin, chnh-t-duy, chnh-ng, chnhnghip, chnh-mng, chnh-tinh-tn, chnh-nim, chnh-nh l 8 tm-s ng sinh vi
4 Thnh-o-tm v 4 Thnh-qu-tm.
l giai on cui ca php-hnh-trung-o.
(Xong phn gii thch tm tt trong kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun).

on Kt
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c-Pht Gotama thuyt ging bi kinh Dhammacakkappavatanasutta: Kinh ChuynPhp-Lun ln u tin t nhm 5 t-khu l Ngi i-trng-lo Asikoaa,
Ngi i-c Vappa, Ngi i-c Bhaddiya, Ngi i-c Mahnma, Ngi i-c
Assaji ti khu rng phng sinh nai gi l Isipatana, gn kinh thnh Braas.
Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny l mt bi kinh ti quan trng trong gio php ca
c-Pht. Trong bi kinh ny, c-Pht thuyt ging v t Thnh-, l php cn bn,
ct li trong Pht-gio, tam-tu-lun trong t Thnh- l 3 loi tr-tu lun chuyn theo
tun t nh sau:
1- Saccaa: Tr-tu-hc trong t Thnh- thuc v php-hc Pht-gio, chuyn n
2- Kiccaa: Tr-tu-hnh phn s trong mi Thnh- thuc v php-hnh Phtgio, chuyn n
3- Kataa: Tr-tu-thnh hon thnh phn s trong mi Thnh- thuc v phpthnh Pht-gio l chng ng chn-l t Thnh-, chng c 4 Thnh-o, 4 Thnhqu v Nit-Bn, dit-on-tuyt mi tham-i, mi phin-nokhng cn d st, tr thnh
bc Thnh-A-ra-hn. Hnh-gi bit r phm-hnh cao thng hon thnh, kip ny l
kip cht s tch dit Nit-bn, gii thot kh t sinh lun hi trong 3 gii 4 loi.
Nh vy, kinh Dhammacakkappavatanasutta: Kinh Chuyn-Php-Lun ny l bi kinh
tm lc c phn cn bn ct li t Thnh-, v tam-tu-lun trong t Thnh-,
thuc v php-hc Pht-gio, php-hnh Pht-gio, php-thnh Pht-gio.
Rm thng su
Pht-Lch 2557/2013
Cha T Bu-Long,
Q.9, Tp. H-Ch-Minh.

T-Khu H-Php
(Dhammarakkhita Bhikkhu)
(Aggamahpaita)

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