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Exp
Exp
Exp
Index of Refraction
Charl Joseph B. Santiago, PHY13L/A4
charljosephsantiago@gmail.com
Abstract
The Experiment 404 deals with index of refraction which is the ratio of the speed of
light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium under consideration. By using Snells
Law formula, we were able to get the angle of refraction. Based on our results, the angle of
refraction is always greater than the angle of incidence. Therefore, as the angle of increases,
the value of the angle of refraction approaches 90 degrees.
Key Words: Index of Refraction, Snells Law, angle of incidence, angle of refraction
Introduction
The experiment will revolve on the refraction of light or the bending of light when it
moves at an angle from one transparent substance, such as air, to another substance, such as
water. Light refracts at different angles depending on the density of the medium, like water,
glass and air. Light refracts more when moving through glass than when moving through
water. This is true because glass is denser than water. [6] Moreover, the experiment is mostly
pertaining to the index of refraction, the measure of the speed of light. [4] The index of
refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum in relation to that in the considered
medium,
c
8
n= ; c=3 x 10 m/ sec
v
(1)
The value of the index of refraction must always be greater than 1. Also, the greater
the value of the index of refraction, the denser the medium. In Table 1, it shows some indexes
of refraction of vacuum and some common substances.
Fig 1. The relationship between Snells Law and the wave theory. [2]
BD =v 1 tAC =v 2 t
Such that
BD v1 t v 1
=
=
AC v2 t v 2
The ratio
sin i BD / AD BD v1 c /n1 n2
=
=
= =
=
sin r AC / AD AC v2 c /n2 n1
Therefore,
(2)
The critical angle is formed when the angle of refraction is always greater than the
angle of incidence. As the angle of incidence increases, the value of the angle of refraction
approaches 90 degrees. The critical angle is
n1 sin i=n2 sin r
n1 sin C =n 2 sin 90 =n 2
1
C =sin
n2
for n2 <n 1
n1
( )
2
(3)
Moreover, total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is larger than
the critical angle of incidence then there is no refracted ray but the light rays are fully
reflected.
Methodology
To start with this experiment, as shown in Fig. 2, we were given 1 piece of glass plate,
3 pieces of push pins, and 1 piece of diode laser or laser pointer. Also, we were advised to
handle with care the glass plate because broken glass plate shall be replaced by the user.
n g=n a
FL
( GH
)
2. Determination of Index of Refraction of Glass when light goes from Air Into Glass
In this part of the experiment, we used the data sheet on page 46 in the laboratory
manual. As shown in Fig. 4, the upper side of the glass plate is placed along the line AA and
the first pin is set at point O and the second pin at T near the upper side of the glass plate.
Make sure to align the images of the first pin and the second pin while looking through the
thickness of lower side of the glass plate to set the third pin. The three pins will lie on the
same eyesight. But take note that they are obliquely arranged when viewed from the top.
/OH
( GHFL/OF
); OF =OH =radius of the
n g=n a
FL
( GH
)
for Glass
In the third part of the experiment, we must first place the glass plate on the paper and
trace its shape and size. By the use of a diode laser or a portable light source, we can direct a
5
ray of light through the lower side of the glass plate. One should take note of the emerging
ray on the upper side of the glass plate and that the incident ray at the lower side of the glass
plate is parallel to the emerging ray at the upper side of the glass plate. Next, we must adjust
the position of the diode laser until the incident ray of light appears almost parallel to the
lower side of the glass plate, wherein the ray is approximately perpendicular to the normal
line. We must mark point, M, where the ray strikes the lower side of the glass plate and point,
E, where the light ray appears emerging at the upper side of the glass plate.
As shown in Fig. 5, the line which connects points M and E is called the critical angle
wherein the refractive angle is approximately at 90 degrees. We can draw two perpendicular
lines, wherein one line will pass through point E as normal line and other line will pass
through point M, intersecting at point U to from a right triangle EMU.
( MU
EU )
Results and Discussion
PART B
Light bends from AIR to
GLASS
Length of line, GH
Length of line, FL
Index of Refraction of
Air
Index of Refraction of
Glass
(experimental
value)
Index of Refraction of
Glass (accepted value)
Percent Error
1.1.
2.50 cm
3.80 cm
1.00
5.30 cm
3.50 cm
1.001
1.42
1.49
1.50
1.50
5.33 %
0.67 %
References:
Book
[1] Halliday, Resnik, Walker, Principles of Physics. 9th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA
8
(2011)
Manual
[2] Benzon, AM, Index of Refraction. Physics Lab Manual, 35-47 (2014)
Others
[3] http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Refractive_index.html
[4] http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/refraction/index.html