Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group 5&6 Radar Systems - Navi
Group 5&6 Radar Systems - Navi
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
Navigational Aids
Blake & Miller
Group 5 & 6
Members:
Regal, Nathaniel A.
Reodique, Brian A.
Ricohermoso, Ma. Elisa F.
Sacopon, Michael Joshua P.L.
Salvador, John Jason O.
San Luis, Raschene Edith N.
Solina, John Carlo M.
Soriano, Desiree C.
Tecson, Voltaire Edison B.
Tongo, Julie Ann P.
Velasco, Ferdinand Alerick B.
Target
Early Radar
Microwaves
Continuous
wave radar
Doppler Effect
Radar cross
section
RADAR
Is an acronym for radio detection and ranging
It has its origin during world war 2
Requires that a transmitter emit a signal using a
directional antenna toward some object called the
target
Can be obtained by analyzing the reflection or echo
Often used signals in the HF or VHF regions of the spectrum
Can be focused into narrower beams and they can detect
smaller targets, since the must be relatively large compared
with the wavelength to provide a good reflection.
This uses frequencies in the HF range to take advantage of
ionosphere propagation.
Works by transmitting by a short burst of microwave called
pulse which reflect from the target and is receive at a later
time.
Can measure velocity in an indirect way; by finding position
of a target at two different times and calculating how far it
has moved in a given time interval.
Transmit continuously and compared the frequency of the
receive echo with that of the transmitted signal.
Relative motion between the radar and the target that
causes change of frequency from which the velocity
information can be obtained.
Defined as the area of a perfectly conducting flat plate
facing the source but would reflect the same amount
of power toward the receiver.
Smaller than the actual cross sectional area of the
target as seen from the radar installation.
Radar Equation
PR =
2PtG2
(( 4)3 )r 4
Distance to the
target Formula
Ambiguity
Maximum
Unambiguous
Range Formula
Pulse Repetition
Rate
Pulse Repetition
Rate Formula
R=
ct
2
cT
2
Rmax =
c
2f
Doppler radar
Circulator
Doppler
technique
Clutter
Radar echoes
Narrow beams
Transponder
IFF
(Identification
Friend or Foe)
Stealth
Minimum Usable
range for Radar
cTp
2
Rmin =
Where:
Rmin = minimum usable range
C
= velocity of light
Tp
= pulse duration
Maximum
Unambiguous
Range
Rmax =
c
2f
Where:
Rmax = maximum usable range
C
= velocity of light
f
= frequency
Doppler Effect
Equation
fD =
2 Vrfi
c
Where:
fD
= Doppler shift in Hertz
Vr
= relative velocity of the source and target in m/s
along a line between them; it is positive if the two are closing
(getting closer)
Fi
= incident frequency in Hertz
C
= velocity of light in m/s
Doppler Radar
used in a speed
Trap
Y= total
velocity
Road
x= Measured
velocity
X = ycos
Rada
r
Where:
X
= component of velocity measured by the radar
Y
= total velocity
Questions
36. Explain briefly the principle of operation for a radar system.
The word radar is an acronym formed from the words radio detection
and ranging. Radar is a means of employing radio waves to detect and locate
objects such as aircrafts, ships and land masses. Location of an object is
accomplished by determining the distance and direction from the radar
equipment to the object. The process of locating objects requires, in general,
the measurement of three coordinates: range, angle of azimuth and angle of
elevation.
t
167
=
=13.5113 miles
12.36 us 12.36 us
t
123
=
=9.9514 miles
12.36 us 12.36 us
41. Explain how multiple targets lead to the term maximum range
and what is meant by the term. Calculate the maximum
unambiguous range for a radar system with PRT equal to 400us.
(32.8mi.)
t
167
=
= 32.7868
12.2 us 12.2us
miles
PP = 18/0.09 = 20 KW
46. For the Radar block diagram in Fig. 14-26, explain the function
of each section
The pulse repetition frequency is controlled by the timer (triggered
generator or synchronizer) in the modulation block. Pulse-forming circuits in
the modulation are triggered by the timer and generate high-voltage pulse s
of rectangular shape and short duration. These pulses are used as the supply
voltage for the transmitter and, in effect, turn it on and off. The modulator,
therefore, determines the pulse width of the system. The transmitter
generate the high-frequency, high-power RF carrier and determine the
carrier frequency. The duplexer is an electronic switch which allows the use
of a common antenna for both transmitting and receiving. It prevents the
strong transmitted signal from being received by the sensitive receiver. In
older radar no RF amplifier is found, due to noise problems with the RF
amplifiers of that era.
47. A police radar speed trap function at a frequency of 1.024 GHz
in direct line with your car. The reflected energy from your car is
shifted 275 Hz in frequency. Calculate your speed in miles per
hour. Are you going to get a ticket?
Given: f = 1.024 GHz
fd = 275 Hz
Required: V = ?
Equation: fd =
Solution: 275 =
2 V cos
2V cos ( 0)
3 x 10 8
x 2.23694 mph
1.024 GHz
V = 90 mph
48. What is the Doppler Effect? What are some other possible uses
for it other than police speed traps?
A phenomenon whereby the frequency of a reflected signal is shifted if
there is relative motion between the source and reflecting object. Other uses
for Moving-Target Indicator system.