Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AWWA M17 Ed4
AWWA M17 Ed4
This manual provides an excellent overview of fire hydrant design, installation, and maintenance practices. Using the easy-to-follow flow-testing
procedures included, you can quickly obtain valuable distribution system
information. This Manual also traces the development of wet-barrel and
dry-barrel styles and contains detailed instructions for installation and
testing. Definitions, diagrams, and record-keeping tips included, too.
Installation, Field
Testing, and Maintenance
of Fire Hydrants
M17
M17
Fourth Edition
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the
world. AWWA advances public health, safety and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum of the
entire water community. Through our collective strength we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment.
1P-4E-1M-30017-5/06-SB
M17-cover.indd 1
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Sections
10/19/2011 5:12:42 PM
ISBN: 978-1-58321-414-5
e-ISBN: 978-1-61300-027-4
Copyright 2006 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Figures, v
Tables, vii
Foreword, ix
Acknowledgments, xi
Chapter 1
17
21
29
Origins, 1
Iron Pipe and Permanent Access Points, 2
Development of Dry-Barrel Hydrants, 2
Recent Developments, 4
Wet-Barrel Hydrants, 17
Construction Terms for Wet-Barrel Hydrants, 17
Installation Terms for Wet-Barrel Hydrants, 18
Preferred Nomenclature for Wet-Barrel Hydrant Components, 18
Miscellaneous and Obsolete Hydrant Terms, 20
Maintenance
Uses of Hydrants, 29
Special-Use Concerns, 29
Inspection, 30
Lubrication, 33
Repairs, 33
Record Keeping, 35
iii
41
55
Bibliography, 118
Index, 119
AWWA Manuals, 123
iv
Figures
1
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
21
22
23
Toggle hydrant, 8
24
Slide-gate hydrant, 9
25A
25B
31
41
42
43
51
Master record, 36
52
53
54
55
Hydrant test, 40
61
62
63
Tables
41
61
62
63
64
vii
Foreword
This manual was prepared by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fire Hydrants.
It is intended for use by persons responsible for the installation, operation, and
maintenance of dry-barrel and wet-barrel fire hydrants. It is the fourth revision of
the original manual, which was published in 1970.
The diversity of hydrants and the detailed maintenance procedures
recommended by specific manufacturers make it difficult to develop a text that is
both comprehensive and concise. Therefore, this manual is intended for use as a
supplement to detailed information available from specific hydrant manufacturers.
It is the judgment of the committee that the major purpose and function of a
fire hydrant is public fire protection. Usually, the hydrant is the property or
responsibility of the water utility. However, during fire emergencies the hydrant is
operated by members of a fire department rather than by water utility personnel.
The use of a fire hydrant as a source of water for street cleaning, construction
projects, or for any purpose other than fire fighting is outside the primary purpose
for which a hydrant is installed. Such uses should be rigidly restricted and
controlled in the interest of keeping the fire hydrant in good working order for fire
fighting.
The water utility, unless expressly relieved of its responsibility by the fire
department in accordance with a written agreement, public ordinance, or other
ownership, should schedule regular and sufficiently frequent inspections of
hydrants to ensure they are in good working condition.
Additional AWWA publications on hydrants include ANSI/AWWA C502,
Standard for Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrants, and ANSI/AWWA C503, Standard for WetBarrel Fire Hydrants. The bulk of the material in this manual refers to hydrants
claimed by the respective manufacturers to be manufactured in accordance with
ANSI/AWWA C502 and ANSI/AWWA C503; however, information is also included
on hydrants that are not intended to comply with these standards, such as highpressure and flush-type hydrants. Installation practices described are consistent
with ANSI/AWWA C600, Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their
Appurtenances.
ix
Acknowledgments
This manual was reviewed and approved by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fire
Hydrants. Members of that committee, at the time of approval, were as follows:
Nelson O. Mejia, Chairman
Larry R. Dunn, Secretary
General Interest Members
E.E. Arasmith, Arasmith Consulting Resource, Albany, Ore.
G.E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratory, Northbrook, Ill.
P.I. McGrath Jr., Birmingham, Ala.
Blake Shugarman,* Underwriters Laboratory, Northbrook, Ill.
E.F. Straw, Insurance Services Office Inc., Duluth, Ga.
J.M. Stubbart, Standards Liaison, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo.
M.P. Yoke, Anniston, Ala.
Stanley Ziobro, FM Approvals, W. Glocester, R.I.
Producer Members
Jerry Bottenfield, Clow Valve Company, Oskaloosa, Iowa
L.R. Dunn, US Pipe & Foundry Company, Birmingham, Ala.
L.W. Fleury Jr., Mueller Group, Smithfield, R.I.
T.R. Ingalls,* East Jordan Iron Works Inc., East Jordan, Mich.
R.L. Larkin, American Flow Control, Birmingham, Ala.
Randy Looney, American AVK Company, Fresno, Calif.
J.H. Wilber P.E.,* American AVK, Littleton, Colo.
K.J. Wright, East Jordan Iron Works, East Jordan, Mich.
User Members
S.K. Batra, City of Detroit, Water & Sewerage Department, Detroit, Mich.
Eddie Hernandez, Denver Water, Denver, Colo.
N.O. Mejia, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
D.J. Seargeant, Epcor Water Services Inc., Edmonton, Alta.
S.D. Osborne, Haley & Ward Inc., Waltham, Mass.
L.G. Thomas, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif.
The AWWA Standards Committee on Fire Hydrants gratefully acknowledges
the contributions made by members of the M17 Subcommittee in preparing this
manual. The committees efforts in developing this manual answer the need in the
industry for expanded information on fire hydrants.
*Alternate
Liaison, nonvoting
xi
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
1
A Brief History
of Fire Hydrants
This chapter is based, in part, on an article that appeared in the September 1944 Journal
AWWA (36:9:928). The drawings in this chapter are also taken from that article.
ORIGINS _________________________________________________
Before there were water distribution systems, water for fighting fires was available
only from natural sources, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, or from cisterns or
barrels filled with water.
The first large water distribution systems were built during the seventeenth
century in cities such as London and Boston. Over the course of many years, as the
needs of growing populations became more sophisticated and complex, distribution
systems were improved. Pipe materials improved, portable standpipes and valves
were incorporated, and eventually, the forerunners of modern fire hydrants were used.
Londons first water distribution system was built sometime in the early
seventeenth century. In the United States, several water systems were built before or
about the time of the American Revolution. Bostons water system was built around
1652, and others were built in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The earliest
water mains were made by boring out logs; the mains were then buried. When water
was needed for fighting fires, a hole was dug to expose the pipe, and a hole was bored
into the pipe wall. Water collected around the pipe and was conducted by buckets or
through a hose directly to the fire or to a pump. After use, the hole in the pipe was
plugged with a tapered piece of woodhence the term fire plug, which has persisted
to this day. The location of the pipe hole was marked so that if it was needed again,
it could be found and removed quickly.
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 14 Sluice-valve-type
hydrant with two outlets
ahead of his company to secure a hydrant for his brigade to the exclusion of its
rivalsand it was easier to sit on a post hydrant than to sprawl over the pit of a
flush hydrant.
FIRE HYDRANTS
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
2
Dry-Barrel Hydrants:
Definitions and
Preferred Nomenclature
A fire hydrant is a valving device connected to a water main. Fire hoses can be
attached to outlet nozzles on the hydrant. The hydrant discharges water at a high
rate, primarily for fighting fires.
Compression Type
In this type of hydrant, the main valve moves reciprocally on a vertical axis against
a seat located in the hydrant base. The valve moves against the seat to close and
away from the seat to open. It is moved by a vertical stem; the stem moves up or
down when the operating nut is rotated. The valve may be located below the seat and
open against the pressure (Figure 2-1) or above the seat and open with the pressure
(Figure 2-2).
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 21
Toggle Type
In this type of hydrant, the main valve moves reciprocally on a horizontal axis
against or away from a vertical seat located in the base of the hydrant (Figure 2-3).
The main valve is moved using a vertical stem that has left-hand and right-hand
threads. Rotation of the stem causes the arms of the toggle mechanism to move the
main valve. The valve moves away from the seat to open and against the seat to close.
The main valve always opens with the pressure.
Slide-Gate Type
In this type of hydrant, the main valve consists of a gate that moves vertically by
means of a threaded stem. When the stem is rotated, it causes the internally
threaded gate to move. The gate is forced against the valve seat by a wedging
mechanism. The valve seat is installed in the base of the hydrant (Figure 2-4).
DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS
Figure 22
SPECIAL HYDRANTS_______________________________________
Flush Hydrants
Flush hydrants are designed and constructed for installation completely below the
ground line. They are installed in pits, which are usually furnished with removable
covers. They are intended for use in areas where post hydrants would interfere with
vehicle or aircraft movement.
Frost-Jacket Hydrants
Frost-jacket hydrants have a sheath, or frost jacket, attached to the base and
surrounding the lower barrel, extending up to the ground line. In this type of
hydrant, the barrel, nozzle section, and all other hydrant parts above the base can be
removed as a single unit.
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 23
Toggle hydrant
High-Pressure Hydrants
High-pressure hydrants are designed and constructed for working pressures above
150 psig (1,034 kPa [gauge]). These hydrants are not within the scope of ANSI/
AWWA C502 or ANSI/AWWA C503* but are produced by several hydrant manufacturers. One design of high-pressure hydrant is the high-pressure pilot-valve hydrant.
Other high-pressure hydrants manufactured in the United States and Canada are
similar to standard hydrants but are strengthened in materials and design.
*ANSI/AWWA C502, Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrants; ANSI/AWWA C503, Wet-Barrel Fire Hydrants.
DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS
Figure 24
Slide-gate hydrant
10
FIRE HYDRANTS
DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS
11
Cover: The nominal vertical distance between the ground line and the top of
the pipe connected to the hydrant inlet, measured to the nearest 6-in. (15.2-cm)
increment. (Use of this measurement is discouraged in favor of bury.)
Ground line: The nominal elevation to which the hydrant barrel is buried
during installation.
Hydrant gate: See auxiliary valve.
Hydrant lead: The pipe connecting the hydrant to the water main. The
hydrant lead is also called the branch or lateral.
Trench: See bury.
Weather shield. A part that forms a skirt above and surrounding the
opening in the hydrant top through which the stem, stem nut, or operating
nut protrudes. It may be integral with the operating nut. Also called
weather cap.
Stem nut. A part that is internally threaded and engages with threads on
the stem so that when the part is rotated, or when the stem is rotated and
the stem nut is stationary, the stem is raised or lowered to move the valve.
Also called operating nut, operating stem nut, revolving nut.
Stem. A part of the operating mechanism that extends down to the mainvalve assembly and moves the main valve to close or open the hydrant. The
stem is often in two parts, particularly in a traffic model: the upper stem
and the lower stem. Also called upper rod, lower rod.
*Of course, all hydrants do not include the same components. The diversity of components and
the manufacturers various names for each component, can make for confusion. Appendix A
consists of a series of drawings and parts lists for dry-barrel and wet-barrel hydrants produced
by several manufacturers. Most parts indicated on each drawing are given the part number and
name supplied by the manufacturer.
12
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 25A Composite dry-barrel hydrantupper barrel: compression packing gland type, opens
against pressure
DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS
13
Figure 25B Composite dry-barrel hydrantupper barrel; compression O-ring seal type, opens
with pressure
14
FIRE HYDRANTS
Stuffing box. A cylindrical cavity that surrounds the stem and contains a
number of packing rings used to prevent leakage along the stem. The
stuffing box may be an individual component or a portion of another
component. Also called packing box.
Packing plate. A part that partitions the interior of the hydrant and
contains or supports a stuffing box or other means of sealing one
compartment from another. Also called seal plate, support ring.
Bonnet. A part that attaches to the top of the nozzle section and encloses
the support portions of the operating mechanism. It may be integral with
the nozzle section. Also called hydrant cap, cover.
Nozzle section. A part that extends upward from the barrel and contains
the outlet nozzles. It may be integral with the upper barrel. (When the
nozzle section is integral with the upper barrel, the part may be referred to
as the upper standpipe or upper barrel. This is not preferred nomenclature.)
Outlet nozzle. The outlet nozzle is secured in the nozzle section and has
an opening through which water can be discharged. The outlet nozzle is
threaded or otherwise formed to permit attachment of a fire-hose
connection. Also called nozzle, spud.
Hose outlet nozzle. An outlet nozzle that has an opening that is 3 in.
(7.6 cm) or smaller in diameter, and is suitable for attachment of a 3-in.
(7.6-cm) or smaller fire hose.
Pumper outlet nozzle. An outlet nozzle with an opening at least 31/2 in.
(8.9 cm) in diameter, suitable for attachment of 31/2-in. (8.9-cm) or larger fire
hose. Also called steamer nozzle, steamer connection, pumper nozzle, or
pumper connection.
Hose gate. A valve that can be attached to a hose outlet nozzle or secured
to the nozzle section. The hose gate is furnished with hose threads or is
otherwise formed to permit attachment of a fire-hose coupling. The hose
gate is normally opened and closed by a rotating valve handle; the hose gate
is used to control the flow of water from the hydrant when the main valve is
open. (The main valve should never be used to control hydrant flow; such
use could damage the hydrant or hydrant installation.) Also called hose
valve.
DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS
15
Stem coupling. A part that joins the portions of a two-part stem. Also
called rod coupling.
Upper barrel. A part that extends from the lower barrel at the ground
line to the nozzle section, enclosing the stem. It may be integral with the
nozzle section. Also called upper standpipe. (When the upper barrel is an
integral part of the nozzle section, then the term nozzle section would
incorporate the term upper barrel.)
Lower barrel. A part that extends from the base to the ground line,
enclosing the stem. The lower barrel conducts water from the base to the
upper portion of the hydrant. Also called standpipe.
Breakable bolt. Bolts used to fasten the upper barrel to the lower barrel.
Breakable bolts are designed to break if stressed severely, such as a vehicle
striking the hydrant. Also called frangible bolt.
Upper valve plate. A support for the main valve, positioned above the
valve. The upper valve plate may also serve as the portion of the drain valve
that is moved when the stem rotates. It may also serve as the means to
prevent rotation of the valve, stem, and associated parts. Also called top
plate, upper valve washer, valve-ball top, valve top plate, valve plate,
hydrant-valve top.
Lower valve plate. A part that is positioned below the main valve and
clamps the main valve against the upper valve plate. Also called lower valve
washer, valve-ball bottom, lower cap nut, bottom plate.
Valve seat ring. A part threaded into and sealed to the hydrant base (or
associated part adjacent to the base). The main valve is forced against the
valve seat ring to close the hydrant. Also called seat ring, valve seat.
16
FIRE HYDRANTS
Gate. A part that supports the main valve. It is moved, first horizontally
and then vertically, to open or close the main valve opening in a slide-gate
hydrant. Also called main gate.
Base. A part that provides a lateral connection to the hydrant lead and
directs the flow vertically upward into the lower barrel. Also called shoe,
bottom, boot, elbow.
Drain valve. A valve located at or adjacent to the valve seat ring. The
drain valve opens automatically when the main valve is closed; this allows
water to drain from the barrel into the ground. In like fashion, the drain
valve closes automatically when the main valve is opened. The mechanism
is usually designed so that, when the main valve is opened, the drain valve
closes completely after only one to five turns of the operating nut.
Drain outlet. The opening in the base (or adjacent part of the base)
through which water escapes to the ground when the drain valve is open.
Also called drain bushing, drip tubing, drain-hole liner, drain cup.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
3
Wet-Barrel Hydrants:
Definitions and
Preferred Nomenclature
WET-BARREL HYDRANTS___________________________________
Wet-barrel hydrants are used in areas where freezing temperatures are rare and not
persistent. Unlike a dry-barrel hydrant, a wet-barrel hydrant does not have a main
valve. Instead, the barrel is full of water and pressurized as long as the lateral piping
to the hydrant is under pressure and the auxiliary valve ahead of the hydrant is
open. In other words, under normal operating conditions, the entire interior of the
hydrant is subjected to water pressure at all times. Each outlet nozzle has an
independent valve that controls discharge from that particular outlet.
Special Hydrants
High-pressure hydrants. High-pressure hydrants are designed and constructed for working pressure above 150 psig (1,034 kPa [gauge]). These hydrants are
not within the scope of ANSI/AWWA C502 or ANSI/AWWA C503, but they are
produced by several hydrant manufacturers and used by several utilities. One design
of a high-pressure hydrant designed by a utility is illustrated in the appendix. This
design uses a special angle globe valve.
17
18
FIRE HYDRANTS
*Of course, all hydrants do not include the same components. The diversity of components,
and the manufacturers various names for each component, can make for confusion. Appendix A
consists of a series of drawings and parts lists for wet-barrel and dry-barrel hydrants produced
by several manufacturers. For most parts indicated on each drawing are given the part number
and name supplied by the manufacturer.
WET-BARREL HYDRANTS
Figure 31
19
identical or comparable by term. Some hydrants may have unique components for
which no preferred term has been assigned.
Barrel. The lower portion of the top section of a two-piece hydrant. Also
called spool, lower body.
Stem. The part that extends to the outside of the hydrant top section and
is rotated with a hydrant wrench to move the valve washer away from or
toward the valve seat. Also called valve stem.
Valve carrier. A part that supports the valve washer from the pressure
side. The valve carrier is supported by and fits on the stem. Also called
carrier, disc holder.
20
FIRE HYDRANTS
Retaining nut. A threaded hexagonal nut used to secure the parts of the
valve assembly together on the stem and to prevent the valve assembly
from becoming loose. The retaining nut may contain slots for insertion of a
cotter pin or similar device. Also called disc retaining nut, nut, slotted nut.
Stuffing box. A cylindrical cavity that surrounds the stem and contains a
number of packing rings or O-rings used to prevent leakage along the
stem. The stuffing box may be an individual component or a portion of
another component. Also called stem sleeve, insert, stem guide.
Hose outlet nozzle. An outlet nozzle that has an opening smaller than
31/2 in. (8.9 cm) in diameter and is suitable for attachment of a fire hose.
This connection is commonly 21/2 in. (6.4 cm). The inside of the hose outlet
nozzle is machined to form a seating surface for the valve washer. Also
called hose valve nozzle, seat, outlet.
Pumper outlet nozzle. An outlet nozzle with an opening at least 31/2 in.
(8.9 cm) in diameter, suitable for attachment of a 31/2-in. (8.9-cm) or larger
fire hose. The inside is machined to form a seating surface for the valve
washer. Also called outlet, seat.
Lower bury ell. A part that connects the top section or riser of a wetbarrel hydrant to the hydrant lead.
Valve seat. A part that is secured and sealed to the nozzle. The valve
washer is forced in order to close the hydrant. The valve seat may be
integral with the outlet nozzle. Also called seat ring.
Riser. A section of pipe used to vertically extend a lower bury ell. Also
called midsection, standpipe.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
4
Inspection, Installation,
Testing, and Placing the
Hydrant in Service
The fire hydrant is one of the most important parts of a water distribution system but
is often one of the most ignored. Hydrants stand idle for long periods of time and are
subject to the effects of weather and the elements and are vulnerable to damage, but
they are expected to work well in emergencies. To ensure that hydrants will operate
correctly when they are needed, the proper procedures must be followed when they
are inspected, installed, tested, and maintained.
21
22
FIRE HYDRANTS
will prevent or eliminate minor leaks. In most cases, tightening is all that is needed
to achieve a satisfactory pressure test.
After inspection, the hydrant valve should be closed and the outlet-nozzle caps
replaced to prevent the entry of foreign matter. Hydrants should be stored with the
inlets facing down. Whenever possible, hydrants in storage should be protected from
the effects of weather and the elements.
Hydrants should be reinspected just before installation.
INSTALLATION ___________________________________________
Following proper procedures ensures correct installation and should result in a lower
maintenance cost. Refer to ANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for Installation of DuctileIron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances, for a detailed description of proper
installation and testing methods. Typical hydrant installations are illustrated in
Figures 4-1 and 4-2. The following recommendations are in accordance with ANSI/
AWWA C600:
1. Connect fire hydrants only to water mains adequately sized to handle fire
flows.
2. Install hydrants as plumb as possible.
3. Locate fire hydrants in accordance with the applicable fire code, the
requirements of the local fire authority, or the applicable municipal design
standard.
4. Unless otherwise required by Item 3, ensure hydrants are installed away
from the curb far enough to avoid damage from or to vehicles as they turn.
The recommended setback is 2-ft (0.6-m) minimum from the face of the
curb to the point on the hydrant nearest to the curb.
5. The pumper outlet nozzle should face the street to enable a quick
connection to the fire pumper.
6. Make sure that the outlet nozzles are high enough (at least 18 in. [46 cm])
above the ground line to allow for attachment of hoses and operation of the
hydrant wrench. There should be no obstructions that prevent or retard
hydrant operation or hinder removal of outlet-nozzle caps.
7. Always install an auxiliary valve between the hydrant and the supply
main to permit isolation of the hydrant for maintenance purposes.
8. Provide thrust restraint for the auxiliary valve so that the hydrant may be
removed without shutting down the main.
9. Remove foreign matter from the hydrant lead before installing the
auxiliary valve and hydrant.
10. Locate the auxiliary valve as close to the main as possible.
11. In setting a hydrant use a firm footing, such as stone slabs or a concrete
base on firm ground, to prevent settling and strain on the hydrant lead
joints.
12. Provide for thrust restraint of the hydrant by strapping, blocking, or using
a restraining type of joint. See Figure 4-3 for examples of restraints.
Figure 41
23
24
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 42
Figure 43
25
26
FIRE HYDRANTS
13. When pouring thrust blocks for dry-barrel hydrants with drains, exercise
care not to plug or block the drain holes.
14. Install traffic hydrants with extra care to ensure that there is adequate
soil resistance to avoid transmitting shock to the hydrants lower barrel
and hydrant inlet. In loose or poor load-bearing soil, it is suggested that a
concrete collar, about 6-in. (150-mm) thick, with a diameter of 2 ft (0.6 m),
be installed around the hydrant lower barrel at or near the ground line.
When installing hydrants on a PVC main, the concrete collar is of extra
importance. In areas of substantial frost penetration, expansion-joint
material should be placed between the hydrant and the collar.
15. When installing hydrants on PVC mains, the hydrant lead should be made
of the same material as the main. This will help to protect the main from
damage if the hydrant is hit during a traffic accident. (If the breakable
portion of the hydrant fails to function properly, the hydrant lead could be
broken. If the hydrant lead was ductile cast iron and the main line was
PVC, the main could be damaged.)
16. Provide for drainage from dry-barrel hydrants. One acceptable method is
to excavate the area around the hydrant base, then place about 1/3 yd3
(0.25 m3) of clean stone to a level 6 in. (150 mm) above the drain outlets.
The stone should extend at least 1 ft (0.3 m) on all sides of the hydrant. To
keep the drainage pit from clogging, the stone should be covered with 8-mil
(0.2-mm) polyethylene or similar waterproof material before backfilling.
This practice permits ready hydrant drainage after use.
17. When a hydrant is installed in an area with a high water table, it may be
necessary to plug the drain outlets.
18. Hydrants with plugged drain outlets must be marked as such and pumped
dry after each use to protect them from freezing.
19. Do not connect hydrant drains to a sanitary sewer or storm sewer.
20. In rural areas where no curb exists, use large setbacks or other means to
protect hydrants from traffic, always ensuring that the hydrant is
accessible to fire-fighting equipment.
21. The adoption of a color scheme to indicate flow capacity is optional.
However, if such a scheme is used, the uniform color-coding system shown
in Table 4-1 is recommended. According to this system, hydrant tops and
caps are painted to indicate the hydrants expected flow rate. This color
scheme is consistent with NFPA* 291, Recommended Practice for Fire Flow
Testing and Marking of Hydrants.
22. Hydrants must be highly visible and unobstructed at all times. Therefore,
whether or not a color code is used, hydrants should be painted with colors
that are easily visible both day and night.
23. Hydrants installed as part of new main construction can be disinfected by
opening and closing the main valve during the disinfection of the main.
The hydrant should be flushed after disinfection of the main valve to
remove the high concentration of chlorine solution.
Table 41
27
gpm at 20 psig*
Color
(60)
(60)
(3060)
(30)
Light blue
Green
Orange
Red
*This is the calculated flow at a calculated residual of 20 psi (140 kPa) and with the actual residual on
an adjacent nonflowing hydrant being 40 psi (280 kPa) or greater. When the actual observed residual on the
adjacent nonflowing hydrant is less than 40 psi (280 kPa), the color scheme should be based on one half of
the observed flow. An alternative scheme for color coding may be related to the size of the water main
supplying the hydrant.
TESTING__________________________________________________
ANSI/AWWA C502 permits dry-barrel hydrants with unplugged drain outlets to have
an allowable leakage of 5 fluid oz/min (0.25 mL/sec) through the drain valve.
Therefore, the main valve should not be opened at the same time that the water main
is tested. The auxiliary valve should be closed during water-main tests (see ANSI/
AWWA C600). However, if it is possible to temporarily plug the drain outlets, the
hydrant and main may be tested at the same time.
After the hydrant is installed and, when possible, before backfilling (and after
pressure testing the water main), the hydrant should be tested as follows.
28
FIRE HYDRANTS
5. Check for leakage at flanges, outlet nozzles, and the packing or O-rings
around the stem.
6. If leakage is noted, repair or replace the faulty components or the entire
hydrant.
7. Repeat the test until results are satisfactory.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
5
Maintenance
To ensure that a hydrant will work correctly when it is needed, a periodic testing and
maintenance program must be followed. Although hydrants are operated by members
of the fire department, it is generally the water utilitys responsibility to maintain
them in working order.
In many small communities, especially where the water purveyor is not the
same political entity as the fire department, agreements have been made with the
individual fire departments to maintain and test fire hydrants. While this practice is
worthwhile, it should be remembered that unless there is a verifiable agreement, the
owner of the hydrant retains the responsibility for maintenance and inspection of the
hydrant.
29
30
FIRE HYDRANTS
located in easily saturated soil will fail to drain properly after main valve closure.
Excessive leakage through the drain can undermine a hydrant located in soil that is
easily washed away.
When in use, the main valve of a dry-barrel hydrant should always be
completely opened to ensure that the drain valve is closed. Instructions to this effect
should be given to all persons authorized to use the hydrants, including fire fighters,
contractors, street cleaners, and summer playground supervisors. (An isolation valve
should be connected to the hose nozzle each time the hydrant is used for purposes
other than fire fighting. This allows the user to control the flow without moving the
main valve.)
When hydrants are repeatedly used as a water source during new construction,
the owner must consider ways to protect the hydrant, protect the water from
contamination through backflow, and also control consumption. Adequate protection
and control can be achieved through installation of a hose gate on the outlet nozzle,
a hydrant meter, and an acceptable backflow-prevention device. When the hydrant is
in use, the main valve must be left in the fully open position. Users should be
instructed to control flow through the hose gate on the outlet nozzle instead of
operating the main valve.
The use of hydrants to fill street sweepers, sewer-flushing trucks, and sewer
high-velocity cleaners requires special attention. The connection of a hose from the
hydrant to the truck, even through a check valve, is considered a cross-connection
and therefore hazardous. Hydrant owners may require each truck to have an
acceptable in-line backflow-prevention-device connection. Another solution is to
identify watering points that can be protected by backflow-prevention devices, such
as reduced-pressure devices (RPDs) and/or air gaps.
In all communities, hydrants are occasionally used by unauthorized individuals.
When unauthorized use of hydrants becomes a problem, special control techniques
may be required. Common control techniques involve legal action and penalties
against the offenders and the installation of special operating nuts and nozzle caps
that can be operated only with special wrenches. The special operating nut and
wrench designs make it difficult to remove outlet-nozzle caps or to operate the
hydrant with standard tools.
Occasionally, a hydrant is installed where vehicular traffic inflicts repeated
damage to the hydrant. Under such a condition, it is best to move the hydrant.
However, if that is not possible, the hydrant may be protected by installing a barrier
of vertical pipes or steel rods approximately 3 ft (1 m) from the hydrant.
INSPECTION ______________________________________________
All hydrants should be inspected regularly, at least once a year, to ensure their
satisfactory operation. In freezing climates, dry-barrel hydrants may require two
inspections per year. A common technique is to perform one inspection in the fall and
another in the spring. In severe freezing conditions, periodic winter inspections may
also be required. Winter inspections are especially important for dry-barrel hydrants
that are installed in areas with high groundwater levels (whether or not the drain
outlet is plugged).
It is advisable to inspect all types of hydrants after each use. Dry-barrel
hydrants with permanently plugged drains must be pumped out after each use and
inspected. During freezing conditions, after-use inspections are especially important
for dry-barrel hydrants.
MAINTENANCE
31
32
FIRE HYDRANTS
16. Remove all outlet-nozzle caps, clean the threads, check the condition of the
gaskets, and lubricate the threads. (Graphite powder in oil works well, as
do several of the never-seize compounds.) Check the ease of operation of
each cap.
17. Check outlet-nozzle-cap chains or cables for free action on each cap. If the
chains or cables bind, open the loop around the cap until they move freely.
This will keep the chains or cables from kinking when the cap is removed
during an emergency.
18. Replace the caps. Tighten them, and then back off slightly so they will not
be excessively tight. Leave them tight enough to prevent their removal by
hand.
19. Check the lubrication of operating-nut threads. Lubricate per the manufacturers recommendations.
20. Locate and exercise the auxiliary valve. Leave it in the open position.
21. If the hydrant is inoperable, tag it with a clearly visible mark and notify
the fire department. This may save fire fighters valuable time in an
emergency. Schedule the hydrant for repair.
MAINTENANCE
33
LUBRICATION ____________________________________________
For detailed information on how to lubricate a particular hydrant, contact the
hydrants manufacturer. The following general guidelines should be used in
conjunction with the manufacturers recommendations.
1. Determine if the hydrant uses oil or grease on the operating threads. If the
threads are exposed to water, the grease should not be water soluble.
2. To lubricate the threads on toggle-type hydrants, the entire operating
mechanism must be removed.
3. In climates where moisture in the air will freeze the outlet-nozzle caps and
operating nut, a common solution is to coat the threads and nut with
antifreeze. The antifreeze should be made of a nontoxic, noncorrosive
compound that is approved by the drinking water authority that has
jurisdiction over potable water. NOTE: Placing antifreeze into the barrel
section of the hydrant is not recommended.
REPAIRS _________________________________________________
Any condition that cannot be repaired easily during routine inspection should be
recorded in the inspection report. The problem should be reported to repair crews for
action. Leakage, broken parts, bad operation, corrosion, and other major defects
should be repaired as soon as possible after the defect is reported. If repairs are to be
performed in the field, the repair crew should take a full complement of repair parts
to the job site.
NOTE: Before any repair takes place, the fire department must be notified of
the outage.
To obtain the exact procedure for disassembly and repair of a specific hydrant,
refer to the manufacturers maintenance manual. The following information is to be
used as a general guideline. If it appears to conflict with the manufacturers
recommendations, the manufacturers recommendations should be followed.
1. Close the auxiliary valve ahead of the hydrant or use another means to cut
off flow and pressure to the hydrant. CAUTION: Before proceeding, open the
hydrant main valve a few turns to make certain pressure to the hydrant
has been cut off.
2. Disassemble the hydrant in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
3. Replace damaged parts and parts that show wear, corrosion, or signs of
incipient failure. Always replace all gaskets, packing, and seals.
4. Reassemble the hydrant and open the auxiliary valve (or otherwise
pressurize the hydrant). Test the main valve for leakage.
5. Vent the air from the hydrant and put the entire hydrant under pressure.
Check for leakage, ease of operation, and drainage.
6. Always record the repair and operating condition of the hydrant after
completion of the repairs. Notify the fire department after completion of
the repair.
34
FIRE HYDRANTS
Specific Repairs
Packing replacement. Braided or woven packing around the stem will wear
out in time. Old, worn-out packing can be the source of leakage and can make it
difficult to open and close the hydrant. The following guidelines may be helpful for
replacing packing material.
1. Select the proper packing. In the past, the most common packing material
used was asbestos graphite. Today, it is recommended that asbestos-based
packing not be installed. Instead, use some form of synthetic packing
material. Manufacturers of packing material and the manufacturer of the
hydrant can provide guidelines on packing-material selection.
2. Locate and remove the packing gland.
3. Using a packing hook, remove all of the old packing. Never place new
packing over the old.
4. Remove old material and dried-on grease from the packing gland, stuffing
box, and operating nut.
5. Determine the size of the packing. Packing is square and is manufactured
in various cross-sectional sizes in 1/16-in. (1.6-mm) increments. For control
of leakage, the packing must be the correct size.
6. Wrap the packing around the operating nut and mark the exact length.
7. Remove the packing and cut to length along the mark.
8. Place the packing into the stuffing box, one ring at a time, seating each
ring with a wooden block. The joints of the packing must be staggered at
90 intervals.
9. Replace the packing gland and tighten until it is finger tight.
10. Place the hydrant under pressure.
11. Adjust the packing gland until there is only a small amount of leakage
(a trickle of water, not a stream) around the shaft.
Traffic-Model Damage
When traffic-model hydrants become damaged, follow the repair procedure listed
below. To execute timely repair, an inventory of parts for traffic-model hydrants
should be kept on hand. Extra gaskets, lubricant, O-rings, and bolts should be kept
on hand.
1. Notify the fire department of the outage. This should be done as soon as
the damage is discovered.
2. Protect the area with proper traffic and pedestrian control. If the hydrant
cannot be immediately repaired, the broken and loose components should
be removed from the site and the hole covered to keep pedestrians from
stepping in it.
3. Repair following the manufacturers recommended procedure.
MAINTENANCE
35
36
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 51
Master record
MAINTENANCE
Figure 52
37
38
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 53
MAINTENANCE
Figure 54
39
40
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 55
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M17
6
Flow Tests
Fire-flow tests are conducted to determine pressure and flow-producing capabilities
at any location within the distribution system. The primary function of fire-flow tests
is to determine how much water is available for fighting fires, but the tests also serve
as a means of determining the general condition of the distribution system. Heavily
tuberculated water mains or those with heavy wall deposits can reduce flow-carrying
capacities of pipe; this reduced capacity can be detected using a flow test. Flow tests
can also help detect closed valves in the system. The results of flow tests are used
extensively by insurance underwriters as a factor in setting rates for insurance
premiums; they are also used by designers of fire-sprinkler systems, and by the fire
department service to determine the rate of water flow available for the fire fighting
at various locations within the distribution system.
It is good practice to conduct flow tests on all parts of the distribution system
approximately every 10 years (or whenever needed) to identify the service areas
affected by significant changes in the distribution system.
An accurate record, filed systematically so it is readily available, should be kept
of each flow test. See Figure 5-4 for a suggested flow-test report form.
41
42
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 61
FLOW TESTS
43
Figure 62
44
FIRE HYDRANTS
Figure 63
=
=
=
FLOW TESTS
45
46
FIRE HYDRANTS
substances. Many states and provinces have established regulations that require
dechlorination of chlorinated water from fire hydrants that discharge to a body of
water. The applicable regulatory agencies should be consulted to determine
dechlorination practices needed to conform to local regulations.
Dechlorination information is available in the following: ANSI/AWWA C651,
Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains; ANSI/AWWA C652, Standard for Disinfecting
Water Storage Facilities; ASNI/AWWA C653, Standard for Disinfection of Water
Treatment Plants; ANSI/AWWA C654, Standard for Disinfection of Wells; and
Guidance Manual for Disposal of Chlorinated Water, AwwaRF.
*The tables and equations given in this section use US customary units. Where metric data
is available, the data should be converted to US customary units before performing any calculations. Conversion factors required include: 1 mm = 0.039 in.; 1 kPa = 0.145 psi; and (to convert
the result to metric) 1 gpm = 0.063 L/sec.
FLOW TESTS
47
Table 61 Discharge for circular outlets, 214-in. through 21116-in. with outlet-nozzle
coefficient 0.90
Outlet Diameter, in.
Outlet
Pressure,*
psi
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
1
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
2
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
3
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
4
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
5
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
6
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
7
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
8
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
9
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
10
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
21/4
25/16
23/8
27/16
21/2
29/16
25/8
211/16
80
120
150
170
190
210
220
240
250
270
280
290
300
310
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
390
400
410
420
430
440
440
450
460
470
480
480
490
500
500
510
520
520
530
540
540
550
90
120
150
180
200
220
230
250
260
280
290
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
480
490
500
510
510
520
530
540
540
550
560
570
570
580
90
130
160
180
210
230
240
260
280
290
310
320
330
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
510
520
530
540
550
550
560
570
580
580
590
600
610
100
140
170
190
220
240
260
270
290
310
320
340
350
360
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
560
570
580
590
600
600
610
620
630
640
gpm
70
100
120
140
150
170
180
190
200
220
230
240
250
250
260
270
280
290
300
300
310
320
330
330
340
350
350
360
370
370
380
380
390
400
400
410
410
420
420
430
440
440
450
70
100
120
140
160
180
190
200
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
300
310
320
330
340
340
350
360
370
370
380
390
390
400
410
410
420
420
430
440
440
450
450
460
470
470
80
110
130
150
170
190
200
210
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
350
360
370
380
390
390
400
410
410
420
430
440
440
450
450
460
470
470
480
480
490
500
80
110
140
160
180
200
210
230
240
250
260
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
370
380
390
400
410
410
420
430
440
440
450
460
460
470
480
480
490
500
500
510
520
520
48
FIRE HYDRANTS
Table 61 Discharge for circular outlets, 214-in. through 21116-in. with outlet-nozzle
coefficient 0.90 (continued)
Outlet Diameter, in.
Outlet
Pressure,*
psi
11
1
/4
1
/2
3
/4
12
1
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
21/4
25/16
23/8
27/16
21/2
29/16
25/8
211/16
560
560
570
580
580
590
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
770
790
810
820
840
860
870
890
910
920
940
950
970
980
990
1,010
590
590
600
600
610
620
640
650
660
670
680
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
810
830
850
860
880
900
920
930
950
970
980
1,000
1,010
1,030
1,040
1,060
610
620
630
630
640
650
670
680
690
700
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
800
810
820
830
850
870
890
910
920
940
960
980
1,000
1,010
1,030
1,050
1,060
1,080
1,090
1,110
640
650
660
660
670
690
700
710
730
740
750
760
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
860
870
890
910
930
950
970
990
1,010
1,020
1,040
1,060
1,080
1,100
1,110
1,130
1,140
1,160
gpm
450
460
460
470
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
540
550
560
570
580
590
590
600
610
620
640
650
670
680
690
710
720
730
750
760
770
780
790
810
820
480
480
490
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
640
660
670
690
700
720
730
750
760
770
790
800
810
830
840
850
860
500
510
510
520
520
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
710
730
740
760
770
790
800
820
830
840
860
870
880
900
910
530
530
540
550
550
560
570
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
700
710
730
750
770
780
800
810
830
840
860
870
890
900
920
930
940
960
FLOW TESTS
49
Table 62 Discharge for circular outlets, 414-in. through 41116-in. with outlet-nozzle
coefficient 0.90
Outlet Diameter, in.
Outlet
Pressure,*
psi
41/4
240
340
420
490
540
600
640
690
730
770
810
840
880
910
940
970
1,000
1,030
1,060
1,090
1,110
1,140
1,170
1,190
1,220
1,240
1,260
1,290
1,310
1,330
1,350
1,380
1,400
1,420
1,440
1,460
1,480
1,500
1,520
1,540
1,560
1,580
1,590
/4
/2
3
/4
1
1
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
2
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
3
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
4
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
5
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
6
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
7
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
8
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
9
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
10
1
/4
/2
3
/4
1
45/16
43/8
47/16
41/2
49/16
45/8
411/16
270
390
470
550
610
670
720
770
820
860
900
940
980
1,020
1,050
1,090
1,120
1,160
1,190
1,220
1,250
1,280
1,310
1,330
1,360
1,390
1,420
1,440
1,470
1,490
1,520
1,540
1,570
1,590
1,610
1,630
1,660
1,680
1,700
1,720
1,740
1,760
1,790
280
400
490
560
630
690
740
790
840
890
930
970
1,010
1,050
1,080
1,120
1,150
1,190
1,220
1,250
1,280
1,310
1,340
1,370
1,400
1,430
1,450
1,480
1,510
1,530
1,560
1,580
1,610
1,630
1,650
1,680
1,700
1,720
1,750
1,770
1,790
1,810
1,830
290
410
500
570
640
700
760
810
860
910
950
1,000
1,040
1,070
1,110
1,150
1,180
1,220
1,250
1,280
1,320
1,350
1,380
1,410
1,440
1,470
1,490
1,520
1,550
1,570
1,600
1,620
1,650
1,680
1,700
1,720
1,750
1,770
1,790
1,820
1,840
1,860
1,880
300
420
510
590
660
720
780
840
890
940
980
1,020
1,060
1,100
1,140
1,180
1,220
1,250
1,290
1,320
1,350
1,390
1,420
1,450
1,480
1,510
1,540
1,560
1,590
1,620
1,640
1,670
1,700
1,720
1,750
1,770
1,800
1,820
1,840
1,870
1,890
1,910
1,940
gpm
250
350
430
500
560
610
660
710
750
790
830
870
900
940
970
1,000
1,030
1,060
1,090
1,120
1,150
1,180
1,200
1,230
1,250
1,280
1,300
1,330
1,350
1,370
1,390
1,420
1,440
1,460
1,480
1,500
1,520
1,540
1,560
1,580
1,600
1,620
1,640
260
360
450
520
590
630
680
730
770
810
850
890
930
970
1,000
1,030
1,060
1,090
1,120
1,150
1,180
1,210
1,240
1,260
1,290
1,310
1,340
1,360
1,390
1,410
1,430
1,460
1,480
1,500
1,520
1,540
1,570
1,590
1,610
1,630
1,650
1,670
1,690
260
370
460
530
590
650
700
750
800
840
880
920
960
990
1,030
1,060
1,090
1,120
1,150
1,180
1,210
1,240
1,270
1,300
1,320
1,350
1,380
1,400
1,430
1,450
1,480
1,500
1,520
1,540
1,570
1,590
1,610
1,630
1,650
1,670
1,700
1,720
1,740
50
FIRE HYDRANTS
Table 62 Discharge for circular outlets, 414-in. through 41116-in. with outlet-nozzle
coefficient 0.90 (continued)
Outlet Diameter, in.
41/4
Outlet
Pressure,*
psi
43/8
47/16
41/2
49/16
45/8
411/16
1,810
1,830
1,850
1,870
1,890
1,930
1,970
2,000
2,040
2,080
2,110
2,150
2,180
2,210
2,250
2,280
2,310
2,350
2,380
2,410
2,440
2,500
2,560
2,610
2,670
2,720
2,780
2,830
2,880
2,940
2,990
3,030
3,080
3,130
3,170
3,220
3,270
1,860
1,880
1,900
1,920
1,940
1,980
2,020
2,060
2,090
2,130
2,170
2,220
2,240
2,270
2,310
2,340
2,370
2,410
2,440
2,470
2,500
2,560
2,620
2,680
2,740
2,800
2,850
2,910
2,960
3,020
3,070
3,120
3,170
3,220
3,260
3,310
3,360
1,910
1,930
1,950
1,970
1,990
2,030
2,070
2,110
2,150
2,190
2,230
2,260
2,300
2,330
2,370
2,400
2,440
2,470
2,510
2,540
2,570
2,630
2,700
2,760
2,820
2,870
2,930
2,990
3,040
3,090
3,150
3,200
3,250
3,300
3,350
3,400
3,450
1,960
1,980
2,000
2,020
2,050
2,090
2,130
2,170
2,210
2,250
2,290
2,330
2,360
2,400
2,440
2,470
2,510
2,540
2,580
2,610
2,640
2,710
2,770
2,830
2,890
2,950
3,010
3,070
3,130
3,180
3,240
3,290
3,340
3,390
3,440
3,490
3,540
gpm
11
1
/4
1
/2
3
/4
12
1
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
45/16
1,610
1,630
1,650
1,670
1,690
1,720
1,750
1,790
1,820
1,850
1,880
1,910
1,940
1,970
2,000
2,030
2,060
2,090
2,120
2,140
2,170
2,220
2,280
2,330
2,380
2,430
2,480
2,530
2,580
2,620
2,670
2,710
2,750
2,790
2,830
2,870
2,910
1,660
1,680
1,700
1,720
1,730
1,770
1,800
1,840
1,870
1,910
1,940
1,970
2,000
2,030
2,060
2,090
2,120
2,150
2,180
2,210
2,240
2,290
2,350
2,400
2,450
2,500
2,550
2,600
2,650
2,700
2,740
2,790
2,830
2,880
2,920
2,960
3,000
1,710
1,730
1,750
1,760
1,780
1,820
1,850
1,890
1,930
1,960
1,990
2,030
2,060
2,090
2,120
2,150
2,180
2,210
2,240
2,270
2,300
2,360
2,420
2,470
2,520
2,580
2,630
2,680
2,730
2,770
2,820
2,870
2,920
2,960
3,000
3,040
3,080
1,760
1,780
1,800
1,820
1,840
1,870
1,910
1,950
1,980
2,020
2,050
2,090
2,120
2,150
2,180
2,220
2,250
2,280
2,310
2,340
2,370
2,430
2,490
2,540
2,600
2,650
2,700
2,750
2,800
2,850
2,900
2,950
3,000
3,040
3,090
3,140
3,180
FLOW TESTS
51
The calculations for converting flow as measured in a field test to flow available
at a residual pressure of 20 psi (140 kPa) are as follows:
1. With the outlet-nozzle ID and the Pitot-tube gauge reading, use Table 6-1
to determine the flow.
Example:
Outlet-nozzle ID = 21/2 in.
Pitot-tube gauge reading = 27 psi
Outlet-nozzle coefficient = 0.9 (see Figure 6-3).
From Table 6-1: Flow from the hydrant = 870 gpm. (Flows are listed to the
nearest 10 gpm.)
2. Table 6-1 assumes an outlet-nozzle coefficient of 0.9. Use Eq 6-1 to
calculate the adjusted flow for hydrants with a flow coefficient of less than
0.9 (see Figure 6-3). Generally, this is necessary only for older hydrants.
actual nozzle coefficient
Q f = Q m ----------------------------------------------------------------------0.9
(6-1)
Where:
Qf
Qm
=
=
Example:
Outlet-nozzle ID = 21/2 in.
Pitot-gauge reading = 27 psi
Outlet-nozzle coefficient = 0.8
Q f = 870 gpm 0.8 0.9 = 773
The adjusted flow is 770 gpm.
3. Summarize the flow from each of the flowing hydrants.
Example:
Hydrant 1 = 770 gpm
Hydrant 2 = 940 gpm
Total flow = 770 + 940 = 1,710 gpm
4. Calculate the total flow available at a predetermined residual pressure.
This predetermined pressure is that measured at the residual hydrant
during the field test.
h r0.54
Q r = Q f -----------h 0.54
f
(6-2)
Where:
Qr
Qf
52
FIRE HYDRANTS
hr
hf
NOTE:
Table 63
QR = QF
hr
-----------h 0.54
f
Where:
QR
QF
hr
hf
=
=
=
=
h0.54
h0.54
h0.54
h0.54
h0.54
h0.54
h0.54
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1.00
1.45
1.81
2.11
2.39
2.63
2.86
3.07
3.28
3.47
3.65
3.83
4.00
4.16
4.32
4.47
4.62
4.76
4.90
5.04
5.18
5.31
5.44
5.56
5.69
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
5.81
5.93
6.05
6.16
6.28
6.39
6.50
6.61
6.71
6.82
6.93
7.03
7.13
7.23
7.33
7.43
7.53
7.62
7.72
7.81
7.91
8.00
8.09
8.18
8.27
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
8.36
8.44
8.53
8.62
8.71
8.79
8.88
8.96
9.04
9.12
9.21
9.29
9.37
9.45
9.53
9.61
9.69
9.76
9.84
9.92
9.99
10.07
10.14
10.22
10.29
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
10.37
10.44
10.51
10.59
10.66
10.73
10.80
10.87
10.94
11.01
11.08
11.15
11.22
11.29
11.36
11.43
11.49
11.56
11.63
11.69
11.76
11.83
11.89
11.96
12.02
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
12.09
12.15
12.22
12.28
12.34
12.41
12.47
12.53
12.60
12.66
12.72
12.78
12.84
12.90
12.96
13.03
13.09
13.15
13.21
13.27
13.33
13.39
13.44
13.50
13.56
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
13.62
13.68
13.74
13.80
13.85
13.91
13.97
14.02
14.08
14.14
14.19
14.25
14.31
14.36
14.42
14.47
14.53
14.58
14.64
14.69
14.75
14.80
14.86
14.91
14.97
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
15.02
15.07
15.13
15.18
15.23
15.29
15.34
15.39
15.44
15.50
15.55
15.60
15.65
15.70
15.76
15.81
15.86
15.91
15.96
16.01
16.06
16.11
16.16
16.21
16.26
NOTE: Method of use: Insert in the equation the values of hr0.54 and h0.54
determined from the table, and the value of
f
QF, and solve the equation for QR.
FLOW TESTS
53
Example:
Static pressure = 68 psi
Residual pressure = 43 psi
Total field flow = 1,710 gpm
Desired residual pressure = 20 psi
( 68 20 ) 0.54
48 0.54
8.09
- = 1,710 ----------- = 2,430 gpm
1,710
Q R = 1,710 gpm --------------------------------=
--------------0.54
0.54
5.69
(
68
43
)
25
These calculations show that 2,430 gpm is available at the hydrant tested
at a residual pressure of 20 psi.
Stable Pressure
Determining the flow available is performed with the assumption that the system
pressure at the water-supply source will remain relatively constant during the test.
If the source pressure changes significantly during the test, a corresponding notation
should be made on the test record and should be considered in evaluating the flowtest data. For additional information review Recommend Practice for Fire Flow
Testing and Marking of Fire Hydrants, NFPA Standard 291.
Table 64
Coefficient
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.97
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.84
0.83
NOTE: National Board of Fire Underwriters developed these pumper outlet coefficients.
AWWA MANUAL
Appendix
M17
A
Illustrated Guide to
Dry-Barrel and Wet-Barrel
Hydrant Nomenclature
Appendix A contains drawings of many dry-barrel and wet-barrel fire hydrants
currently available or in use. Accompanying each drawing is a parts list that gives
the part names and numbers used by the manufacturer.
Each manufacturer supplies a variety of hydrants, but because of limited space
not all models or manufacturers may be included. For more information on a specific
hydrant, the manufacturer should be contacted.
The inclusion of any manufacturer or hydrant in this appendix is not to be
construed as a recommendation by AWWA or the AWWA Standard Committee on
Fire Hydrants; nor is the failure to include any manufacturer or hydrant to be
construed as a comment on the quality or usability of units not included.
Finally, because of differences in each make of hydrant, not all components are
identical or comparable by term. Therefore, some hydrants have components for
which there is no preferred term.
55
56
FIRE HYDRANTS
Kennedy Valve:
Guardian K81-A (dry-barrel)
M&H Valve:
Style 129 (dry-barrel)
57
Waterous Company:
WB67-250 (dry-barrel)
58
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
123
127
31
118
121
114
110
111
112
113
117
109
101
122
125
124
24
25
126
120
119
108
28
107
104
103
102
105
106
116
115
19
22
59
60
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 2700
Manufacturer: American AVK Company
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Compressionopen against pressure
Dry top
Traffic model
Part
Number:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
46
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
61
62
64
67
71
75
Part Name
Weathershield Bolt
Weathershield
Lock Plate Screw
Lock Plate
Inner Thrust Nut O-Ring
Thrust Nut
Outer Thrust Nut O-Ring
Anti-Friction Washer
Lubrication Hole Seal
Operating Nut
Stop Nut
Stem Seal O-Rings
Upper Stem Rod
Barrel Gasket
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Cap Gasket
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Nozzle Retaining Screw
Chain Set
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Nozzle Section
Nozzle Section Bolt
Nozzle Section Washer
Lock Ring
Breakable Flange
Nozzle Section Nut
Upper Barrel
Coupler Pin
Breakable Stem Rod Coupling
Spring Pin
Spider
Spider Bolt
Lower Stem Rod
Standpipe Flange
Lower Barrel
Lower Barrel O-Ring
Valve Seat O-Ring
Valve Seat O-Ring
Drain Ring
Brass Plug
Brass Fitting
Main Valve Flange
Stop Pin
Main Valve Retaining Pin
Main Valve Disc
Base Gasket
Stud Bolt
Base
Modern Nozzle Section Bolt
Zerk Fitting
Preferred Term
Weathershield
Operating Nut
Stop Nut
Stem
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Hose Outlet Nozzle
Breakable Flange
Upper Barrel
Frangible Stem Coupling
Stem
Lower Barrel
Main Valve
Base
1
2
9
5
6
7
3
4
8
28
27
26
23
24
22
21
19
75
10
11
15
29
17
25
31
71
16
35
30
31
34
36
37
38
39
41
49
20
Detail "A"
64
34
31
46
50
51 53
54
55
62
58
61
60
57
56
Detail "B"
40
32
67
See Detail "B"
Rotated 20
61
62
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 2780
Manufacturer: American AVK Company
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Compressionopen against pressure
Dry top
Traffic model
Part
Number:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
37
38
39
40
41
46
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
61
62
64
67
75
Part Name
Weathershield Bolt
Weathershield
Lock-Plate Screw
Lock Plate
Inner Thrust Nut O-Ring
Thrust Nut
Outer Thrust Nut O-Ring
Antifriction Washer
Lubrication Hole Seal
Operating Nut
Stop Nut
Bonnet
Stem Seal O-Rings
Upper Stem Rod
Barrel Gasket
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Cap Gasket
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Nozzle Retaining Screw
Chain Set
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Nozzle Section
Nozzle Section Bolt
Nozzle Section Washer
Lock Ring
Breakable Flange
Nozzle Section Nut
Coupler Pin
Breakable Stem Rod Coupling
Spring Pin
Spider
Spider Bolt
Lower Stem Rod
Standpipe Flange
Lower Barrel
Lower Barrel O-Ring
Valve Seat O-Ring
Valve Seat O-Ring
Drain Ring
Brass Plug
Brass Fitting
Main Valve Flange
Stop Pin
Main Valve Retaining Pin
Main Valve Disc
Base Gasket
Stud Bolt
Base
Zerk Fitting
Preferred Term
Weathershield
Operating Nut
Stop Nut
Bonnet
Stem
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Hose Outlet Nozzle
Breakable Flange
Frangible Stem Coupling
Stem
Lower Barrel
Main Valve
Base
1
2
9
5
6
7
14
17
18
28
3
4
8
75
10
12
13
27
26
23
24
25
17
32
33
41
11
15
16
29
30
31
34
22
21
19
Detail "A"
64
34
31
46
50
51 53
54
55
62
58
61
60
57
56
36
37
38
Detail "B"
39
40
49
20
24
32
67
See Detail "B"
Rotated 20
63
64
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
62-1
62-2-1
62-2-2
62-4-4
62-5-3
62-7-7
62-9
62-11-2
62-13
62-14
62-15
62-16
62-18-60
62-19-SR
62-20-60
62-20-61
62-20-62
62-21
62-22
62-23-1
62-23-18
62-25-60
62-25-61
62-25-62
62-26
62-27
62-29-14
62-29-15
62-29-16
62-29-30
62-29-31
62-30-03
62-30-04
62-30-06
62-30-07
62-30-11
62-30-12
62-31
62-35-OR
62-36-2
62-36-3
62-37-OR
62-38
62-38-1
62-38-6
62-39
62-39-9
62-40
62-41
62-42
62-46-5
62-144
62-145
62-146
Operating Nut
Cover O-Ring
Housing O-Ring
Thrust Washer
Pipe Plug
Weather Cover
Housing Cover
Cover Cap Screws
Cover Gasket
Housing Gasket
Housing
Housing Bolts & Nuts
Upper Barrel
Lower Barrel
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Seal
Hose Nozzle Retainer
Hose Caps
Hose Cap Gaskets
Hose Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Seal
Pumper Nozzle Retainer
Pumper Cap
Pumper Cap Gasket
Snap Rings
Breakable Flange
Base Flange
Rod Coupling
Coupling & Cotter Pins
Hydrant Spring
Spring Plate
Travel Stop Nut
Spring Plate Pin
Upper Rod
Lower Rod
Drain Lever
Hydrant Seat
Seat O-Ring Outside
Seat O-Ring Inside
Drain Ring
Drain Ring Gasket
Barrel Gasket
Base Gasket
Base Bolts & Nuts
Barrel Bolts & Nuts
Valve Top
Hydrant Valve
Valve Bottom
Mechanical Joint Base
Weather Shield
Rod Sleeve
Sleeve O-Rings
Preferred Term
Operating Nut
Bonnet
Packing Gland
Stop Nut
Stem
Stem
Drain Valve
Valve-seat Ring
Seat-Ring Insert
65
66
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
84-1
84-2-1
84-2-2
84-4-4
84-5-3
84-7-7
84-9
84-11-2
84-13
84-14
84-15
84-16
84-18-60
84-19-SR
84-20-60
84-20-61
84-20-62
84-21
84-22
84-23-1
84-23-18
84-25-60
84-25-61
84-25-62
84-26
84-27
84-29-13
84-29-14
84-29-30
84-29-31
84-29-45
84-30-03
84-30-04
84-30-06
84-30-07
84-30-11
84-30-12
84-31
84-35-02
84-36-1
84-37
84-38
84-38-1
84-39
84-39-9
84-40
84-40-4
84-41
84-42
84-46-5
84-144
84-145
84-146
Operating Nut
Cover O-Ring
Housing O-Ring
Thrust Washer
Pipe Plug
Weather Cover
Housing Cover
Cover Cap Screws
Cover Gasket
Housing Gasket
Housing
Housing Bolts & Nuts
Upper Barrel
Lower Barrel
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Seal
Hose Nozzle Retainer
Hose Caps
Hose Cap Gaskets
Hose Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Seal
Pumper Nozzle Retainer
Pumper Cap
Pumper Cap Gasket
Barrel Flanges
Snap Rings
Rod Coupling
Coupling & Cotter Pins
Breakable Flange
Hydrant Spring
Spring Plate
Travel Stop Nut
Spring Plate Pin
Upper Rod
Lower Rod
Drain Lever
Hydrant Seat
Seat O-Rings
Drain Ring
Drain Ring Gaskets
Barrel Gasket
Base Bolts & Nuts
Barrel Bolts & Nuts
Valve Top
Valve Top Cotter Pin
Hydrant Valve
Valve Bottom
Mechanical Joint Base
Weather Shield
Rod Sleeve
Sleeve O-Rings
Operating Nut
Bonnet
Packing Gland
67
68
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
73-1
73-2-1
73-2-2
73-4-4
73-5-3
73-7-7
73-9
73-11-2
73-13
73-14
73-15
73-16
73-18-60
73-19-SR
73-20-60
73-20-61
73-20-62
73-21
73-22
73-23-1
73-23-18
73-25-60
73-25-61
73-25-62
73-26
73-27
73-29-13
73-29-14
73-29-30
73-29-31
73-29-45
73-30-03
73-30-04
73-30-06
73-30-07
73-30-11
73-30-12
73-31
73-35-02
73-36-1
73-37
73-38
73-38-1
73-39
73-39-9
73-40
73-40-4
73-41
73-42
73-46-5
73-144
73-145
73-146
Operating Nut
Cover O-Ring
Housing O-Ring
Thrust Washer
Pipe Plug
Weather Cover
Housing Cover
Cover Cap Screws
Cover Gasket
Housing Gasket
Housing
Housing Bolts & Nuts
Upper Barrel
Lower Barrel
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Seal
Hose Nozzle Retainer
Hose Caps
Hose Cap Gaskets
Hose Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Cap Chain With S-Hook
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Seal
Pumper Nozzle Retainer
Pumper Cap
Pumper Cap Gasket
Barrel Flanges
Snap Rings
Rod Coupling
Coupling & Cotter Pins
Breakable Flange
Hydrant Spring
Spring Plate
Travel Stop Nut
Spring Plate Pin
Upper Rod
Lower Rod
Drain Lever
Hydrant Seat
Seat O-Rings
Drain Ring
Drain Ring Gaskets
Barrel Gasket
Base Bolts & Nuts
Barrel Bolts & Nuts
Valve Top
Valve Top Cotter Pin
Hydrant Valve
Valve Bottom
Mechanical Joint Base
Weather Shield
Rod Sleeve
Sleeve O-Rings
Operating Nut
Bonnet
Packing Gland
69
70
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: Medallion
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Part Name
Hex Head Bolt
Weather Shield
Thrust Nut
Operating Nut
Cover
Stem Sleeve
Cover O-Ring
Hose Nozzle
Hose Cap
Upper Stem
Nozzle Section
Safety Coupling
Cotter Pin
Barrel Upper Flange
Safety Flange
Lower Stem
Upper Valve Plate
Upper Valve Plate Pin
Lower Flange O-Ring
Drain Ring O-Ring
Seat Ring
Valve Rubber
Lower Valve Plate
Operating Nut O-Ring
Thrust Nut O-Ring
Thrust Bearing
Cover O-Ring
Jam Nut (Optional)
Upper Stem O-Ring
Nozzle O-Ring
Nozzle Cap Gasket
Steamer Cap
Steamer Nozzle
Chain
Safety Coupling Pin
Hex Head Bolt
Hex Nut
Standpipe
Upper Valve Plate Drain Slides
Barrel Lower Flange
Seat Ring O-Ring
Drain Ring
Seat Ring O-Ring
Shoe
Preferred Term
Operating Nut
Bonnet
Bonnet O-Ring
Hose Outlet Nozzle
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Stem
Nozzle Section
Frangible Stem Coupling
Breakable Flange
Stem
Upper Valve Plate
Bonnet O-Ring
Lower Barrel
71
72
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 850
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Part Name
Preferred Term
Nozzle Cap
Nozzle Cap Gasket
Nozzle
Nozzle O-Ring
Stuffing Box O-Ring
Stuffing Box
Stuffing Box O-Ring
Nozzle Cap
Nozzle Cap Gasket
Nozzle
Nozzle O-Ring
73
74
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 860
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Part Name
Preferred Term
Pro-Cap
Pro-Cap Gasket
Outlet
Outlet O-Ring
Stem
Body
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Sleeve
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Carrier
Carrier O-Ring
Valve Rubber
Retainer
Retaining Nut
Cotter Pin
Chain Assembly
75
76
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 950
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Part Name
Preferred Term
Pro-Cap
Pro-Cap Gasket
Outlet
Outlet O-Ring
Stem
Body
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Sleeve
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Carrier
Carrier O-Ring
Valve Rubber
Retainer
Retaining Nut
Cotter Pin
Chain Assembly
77
78
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 2050
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Part Name
Preferred Term
Pro-Cap
Pro-Cap Gasket
Outlet
Outlet O-Ring
Set Screw
Stem
Body
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Sleeve
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Nut
Carrier
Valve Rubber
Retaining Nut
Chain Assembly
79
80
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: 2060
Manufacturer: Clow Valve Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Part Name
Preferred Term
Pro-Cap
Pro-Cap Gasket
Outlet
Outlet O-Ring
Set Screw
Stem
Body
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Sleeve
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Stem Nut
Carrier
Valve Rubber
Retaining Nut
Chain Assembly
81
82
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
Lower Barrel
Upper Barrel
Base
Nozzle Section
Upper Valve Plate
Valve Seat Ring
Lower Valve Plate
Operating Nut
Pumper Outlet Nozzle
Outlet-Nozzle Cap
Stem
Stem
Breakable Flange
Main Valve
Drain Valve
* Not shown
83
84
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
Operating Nut
Hold Down Nut
Weather Seal O-Ring
Set Screw*
Bonnet
Thrust Washer
Operating Stem Top 211/2 in.
Hose Nozzle O-Rings*
Hose Nozzles*
Hose Nozzle Caps*
Hose Nozzle Gasket*
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Pipe Plug
Chains*
Brass Collar
Reservoir O-Rings
Bonnet Bolts & Nuts
Quad-Seal Ring
Drive-Loc Pin
Traffic Standpipe Upper
Safety Flange Bolts & Nuts
Swivel Flanges (Frangible)
Coupling Pin & Cotter Key
Stem Coupling (Frangible)
Standpipe Lower Section
Operating Stem Lower
Drip Shut Off
Inserts
Valve Seat
Bronze Liner
Valve Seat O-Ring
Inlet Flange O-Ring
Drain Hole Bushing*
Inlet Flange Bolts & Nuts*
Seating Valve Rubber
Valve Washer
Bottom Inlet
Operating Nut
Nozzle Section
Stem
Upper Barrel
Breakable Flange
Frangible Stem Coupling
Lower Barrel
Stem
Upper Valve Plate
Drain Valve
Valve Seat Ring
Seat Ring Insert
Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Base
* Not shown
85
86
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J344HP
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Part Name
Hydrant Body
Bonnet Retainer Nut
Bonnet
Packing Nut
Pent Nut
Pent Nut Retainer
Stem
Stem Locknut
Disc Holder
Sealing Disc
Disc Retainer
Hose Cap Gasket
Hose Cap
87
88
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J380
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Part Name
Hydrant Body
Bonnet
Packing Nut
Handle
Handle Retaining Nut
Stem
Disc Holder
Sealing Disc
Disc Retainer
89
90
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J3700+
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Part Name
Hydrant Head Body
Hydrant Spool
Dome Cap
Removable Nozzle
Hose Caps
Hydrant Stem
Stem Locknut
Beveled Hydrant Disc
Hydrant Disc Locknut
Stem Insert
Pent Nut
Pent Nut Retainer
Hydrant Disc Holder
Nozzle Gasket
91
92
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J3761
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Part Name
Hydrant Body
Hose Caps
Hydrant Stem
Stem Locknut
Beveled Hydrant Disc
Hydrant Disc Locknut
Stem Insert
Pent Nut
Pent Nut Retainer
Hydrant Disc Holder
Nozzle Gasket
93
94
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J4040
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Part Name
Hydrant Body
Hose Caps
Stem Insert
Pent Nut
Nozzle Gasket
Nozzle Inserts
Beveled Hydrant Disc
Hydrant Stem
Stem Locknut
Hydrant Disc Holder
O-Rings
Hydrant Disc Locknut
Pent Nut Retainer
95
96
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: J4060
Manufacturer: James Jones Company
Classification: Wet-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Part Name
Hydrant Body
Nozzle Inserts
Hose Caps
Hydrant Stem
Stem Locknut
Beveled Hydrant Disc
Hydrant Disc Locknut
Stem Insert
Pent Nut
Pent Nut Retainer
Hydrant Disc Holder
Nozzle Gasket
O-Rings
97
98
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
K8101
K8102
K8103
K8104
K8105
K8106
K8107
K8108
K8109
K8110
K8111
K8112
K8114
K8115
K8116
K8117R
K8118
K8119
K8120
K8121R
K8122R
K8123
K8124
K8125
K8126A
K8127
K8128
K8129
K8130
K8131
K8132
K8133
K8134
K8135
K8136
K8137
K8139
K8140
K8141
K8142
K8143
K8144
K8145
K8146
K8147
K8148
K8149
K8150
Alemite Fitting
Operating Stem Nut
Dirt Shield
Stem Lock Nut
O-Ring
Thrust Washer
Hydrant Cap
Cap Bolts & Nuts
Cap Gasket
Stem Ferrule
O-Ring
O-Ring
Upper Stem
Upper Barrel
Stem Breaking Coupling
Cotter Pin
Bolts & Nuts
Breaking Ring
O-Ring
Bridge Pin
Clevis Pins
Lower Stem
Lower Barrel
Elbow Gasket
O-Ring
Seat Ring Insert
Seat Ring
Drain Tube
O-Ring
Main Valve
Bottom Plate
Drain Valve Pin
Elbow
Elbow Bolts & Nuts
Drain Valve
Drain Valve Facing With Insert
Nozzle Cap Chain
Nozzle Chain Band
Nozzle Retaining Screw
Nozzle
Nozzle Cap Gasket
Nozzle Cap
O-Ring
Allen Head Set Screw
Seat Removal Wrench
Nozzle Removal Tools
Collision Repair Kit
Grade Extension Kit
99
100
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Weather Shield
Weather Shield Bolt and Oil Fill Plug
Operating Nut
Holddown Nut O-Ring
Holddown Nut
Thrust Washer
Bonnet
Bonnet Bolts
Bonnet Nuts
Bonnet/Nozzle O-Ring
Bonnet/Stem O-Ring
Hose Nozzle Cap
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle
Upper Stem Assembly
Pumper Nozzle Cap Gasket
Hose Nozzle Cap Gasket
Seat Ring O-Ring (Retainer Ring)
Safety Stem Coupling
Chain
Retaining Clip
Clevis Pin
Safety Flange Bolts
Safety Flange Nuts
Stem Sleeve O-Ring
Lower Stem
Safety Flange
Drain Valve Facing
Stand Pipe Upper Flange
Stand Pipe Lower Flange
Stand Pipe
Seat Ring Upper O-Ring
Upper Valve Plate
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Lower Stem Pin
Seat Ring
Shoe Bolts & Nuts
Seat Ring Lower O-Ring
Main Valve Seat
Drain Hole Bushings
Lower Valve Plate
Lower Valve Plate Lockwasher
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Top Plate Rivets
Shoe
Nozzle Section
Retainer Ring, Shoe
Set Screw, Hose Outlet
101
102
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: A415
Manufacturer: Mueller Group
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Part Name
Flush Box Lid (Nonlocking)
Lift Handle
Lift Handle Nut
Flush Box
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle Gasket
Hose Nozzle
Oil Screw for Operating Nut
Operating Nut
Oil Screw in Hold Down Nut
Hold Down Nut
Upper Barrel
Hold Down Nut O-Ring
O-Ring Seal
Cap Screw
Barrel Flange Gasket
Lower Barrel
Stem
Upper Valve Plate
Drain Valve Facing
Drain Valve Facing Screw
Seat Ring
Show Bolt & Nut
Stem Pin
Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Valve Plate Nut
Cap Nut Seal
Lock Washer
Drain Ring
Drain Ring Housing
Shoe
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Nozzle Lock
Chain Hook
Chain
Top Seat O-Ring
Bottom Seat O-Ring
Drain Ring O-Ring
9
8
14
11
12
13
1
5
2
3
16
39
38
6
41
40
18
19
42
44
35
7
37
39
4
17
10
15
21
20
28
24
23
22
26
25
34
43
32
29
30
33
31
36
103
104
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: IMP-PRT2
Manufacturer: Mueller Group
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
51
52
53
59
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
76
77
78
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
125
136
137
Part Name
Operating Nut
Weather Cap
Hold Down Nut
Bonnet Gasket
Bonnet Bolt
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Nozzle Cap Chain
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle Gasket
Upper Barrel
Safety Flange Gasket
Safety Flange
Safety Flange Bolt
Lower Barrel
Drain Valve Facing
Drain Valve Facing Screw
Upper Valve Plate
Shoe Gasket
Shoe Bolt
Metallic Gasket
Seat Ring
Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Valve Plate Nut
Cap Nut
Shoe
O-Ring Packing
Hydrant Lubricating Oil (Not Shown)
Oil Filler Plug
Bonnet
Bonnet O-Ring
Hold Down Nut O-Ring
Lock Washer
Upper Stem
Lower Stem
Safety Stem Coupling
Clevis Pins
Cotter Pins
102
51
52
101
100
53
98
99
59
65
93
66
67
70
68
71
72
69
73
103
136
125
78
76
77
137
104
80
81
82
83
84
82
87
86
88
89
90
91
92
105
106
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: S-CENTPT
Manufacturer: Mueller Group
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
84
85
Part Name
Operating Nut
Weather Cap (Not Shown)
Hold Down Nut O-Ring
Hold Down Nut (Not Shown)
Bonnet O-Ring
Antifriction Washer
Oil Plug
Bonnet
Bonnet Bolt & Nut
Bonnet O-Ring
Upper Stem
Stem O-Ring
Nozzle Lock
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Gasket
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Hose Nozzle Cap
Cap Chain
Chain Ring
Upper Barrel Less Nozzles
Safety Coupling
Safety Flange Bolt & Nut
Safety Flange O-Ring
Safety Flange
Cotter Pin
Clevis Pin
Lower Stem
Lower Barrel
Stem Pin
Drain Valve Facing
Drain Valve Screw
Upper Valve Plate (Includes 34 & 35)
Shoe Bolt & Nut
Drain Ring Housing O-Ring
Seat Ring Top O-Ring
Drain Ring Housing
Drain Ring Housing Bolt & Nut (Not Shown)
Drain Ring
Seat Ring
Seat Ring Bottom O-Ring
Reversible Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Cap Nut Seal
Lock Washer
Lower Valve Plate Nut
Shoe
Hold Down Nut
Weather Seal
10.5 oz. Hydrant Lubricating Oil (Not Shown)
107
108
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: STND-PRT
Manufacturer: Mueller Group
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
31
33
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Part Name
Oil Screw For Operating Nut
Operating Nut
Hold Down Nut
Bonnet
O-Ring
Bonnet Gasket
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Stem
Drain Valve Screw
Upper Valve Plate
Drain Valve Facing
Shoe Gasket
Main Valve
Shoe
Valve Plate Nut
Lower Valve Plate
Hose Nozzle Gasket
Seat Ring
Metallic Gasket
Oil Screw for Hold Down Nut
Bonnet Bolt & Nut
Nozzle Cap Chain
Barrel Flange Bolt & Nut
Gasket For Barrel Flange
Shoe Bolt & Nut
Upper Barrel
Lower Barrel
O-Ring
Cap Nut (For 5-1/4 in. Only)
31
1
2
6
3
42
5
33
7
8
9
23
10
11
12
36
40
37
38
41
13
14
15
16
39
17
24
25
18
21
20
19
43
109
110
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
Operating Nut
Hold Down Nut O-Ring
Bonnet O-Ring
Antifriction Washer
Oil Plug
Bonnet
Bonnet Bolts & Nuts
Bonnet O-Ring
Upper Rod
Upper Rod O-Ring
Nozzle Lock Key
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Pumper Nozzle O-Ring
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Gasket
Hose Nozzle O-Ring
Hose Nozzle Cap
Cap Chain
Chain Ring
Standpipe Upper
Safety Coupling
Safety Flange Bolts & Nuts
Safety Flange O-Ring
Safety Flange
Cotter Pin
Clevis Pin
Lower Rod
Standpipe Lower (Specify Bury)
Stem Pin
Drain Valve Facing
Drain Valve Screw
Valve Top Plate
Elbow & D.R.H. Bolts & Nuts
Drain Ring Housing O-Ring
Seat Ring O-Ring (Top)
Drain Ring Housing
Drain Ring
Seat Ring
Seat Ring O-Ring (Bottom)
Main Valve
Valve Bottom Plate
Cap Nut Seal
Lock Washer
Valve Bottom Plate Nut
Elbow
Lubricant (In Chamber)
Hold Down Nut
Weather Seal
Operating Nut
Bonnet
Stem
Pumper Outlet Nozzle
Base
Stop Nut
Weather Shield
85
3
84
5
14
10
51
13
11
15
12
16
18
19
20
17
21
33
23
24
22
25
26
30
27
28
31
32
29
33
34
35
43
36
37
38
39
40
44
42
45
46
47
48
50
49
111
112
FIRE HYDRANTS
Part Name
Preferred Term
Operating Nut
Operating Nut Seal
Operating Nut Locking Pin
Lubricant (In Chamber)
Travel Stop Nut
Hold Down Nut
Hold Down Nut Screw
Bonnet (Specify Direction)
Bonnet Locking Screw
Bonnet Seal
O-Ring
Bonnet-Revolving Nut O-Rings
Revolving Nut (Specify Direction)
Inner Revolving Nut O-Rings
Pumper Nozzle
Pumper Nozzle Cap Gasket
Pumper Nozzle Cap
Pumper Nozzle Gasket
Hose Nozzle
Hose Nozzle Cap Gasket
Hose Nozzle Cap
Hose nozzle Gasket
Chain Assembly
Rod Upper (Specify Direction)
Including Sheath With UL O-Ring
Rod PinShear Proof
Standpipe Upper (Specify V.O.)
Rod Coupling (Frangible)
Coupling Retaining Rings
Rod Coupling Pins
Standpipe Coupling Seal
Sp. Coupling Halves (Frangible)
Standpipe Coupling Bolt & Nut
Valve Rod Lower (Specify Bury)
Standpipe Lower (Specify Bury)
Top Plate PinShear Proof
Valve Top Plate (Specify V.O.)
Elbow Locking Key
O-Ring Gasket
Drain Valve Facing
Seat Ring (Specify V.O.)
Seat Ring O-Ring
Main Valve
Valve Bottom Plate
Elbow, Including Sub-seat
Drain Hole Liner
Antifriction Bearing
Nozzle Wedge Lock
Dampener
Operating Nut
Stop Nut
Bonnet
Stem Nut
Pumper Outlet Nozzle
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Hose Outlet Nozzle
Stem
Nozzle Section
Frangible Stem Coupling
Drain Valve
Valve Seat Ring
Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Base
2
3
6
8
7
12
11
47
10
9
24
13
14
22
19
15 16 17 18
20
21
23
25
26
29
30
USP
31
27 28 49
33
32
34
39
35
37
42
38
43
44
46
45
113
114
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: S Series
Manufacturer: US Pipe & Foundry Company
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Part
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
57
58
Part Name
Preferred Term
Base
Bonnet
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Lower Valve Plate
Valve Seat Ring
Operating Nut
Nozzle Section
Lower Barrel
Stem
Stem
Upper Valve Plate
Drain Outlet
10
22
17
19
43
5
12
34
33
30 31
13
15
18
37
23
24
25
35
36 38
53
51
42
48 49
45 46
50
47
54
29
52
26
16 20
57
14
41
40
44
32
11
58
28
39
8
27
21
115
116
FIRE HYDRANTS
Model: WB67-250
Manufacturer: Waterous Company
Classification: Dry-barrel hydrant
Compressionopen against pressure
Dry top
Traffic model
Part
Number
3
5
6
6A
6A
6C
7
8
10
11
12
16
17A
17B
25
29
30
31
34
35
36
37
40
54
56
57
59
60
61
61
62B
63
64
67
71
72
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
92
113
Part Name
O-Ring Packing
Flange Gasket
Hex HD Bolt 5/8-11 3-in.
Hex HD Bolt 5/8-11 33/4-in.
Hex HD Bolt 5/8-11 3-in.
Hex Nut 5/8-11
Drain plunger
Cotter pin 1/4 in. by 11/2 in.
Nozzle Cap (Hose or Pumper)
Cap Gasket
Nozzle (Hose or Pumper)
Flat HD Screw 1/4-20 1/2-in.
Operating NutLower
Operating NutUpper
Valve-Rod Bushing
Standpipe
Crossarm
Valve Seat
Upper Valve Washer
Main Valve
Lower Valve Washer
Hydrant Bottom
Upper Standpipe
Drain Bushing
Support
O-Ring Packing
O-Ring Packing
Nozzle Section
Bury Depth Plate
Bury Depth Plate Washer
Upper Standpipe Flange
Standpipe Flange
Flange Lock Ring
Coupling Sleeve (Two Halves)
Upper Rod Assembly
Lower Rod
Groove Pin 3/32 in. 7/16 in.
Upper Tube Seal
Lower Tube Seal
Support Gasket
Support Tube
Stop Nut
Coupling Nut
Coupling Stud
Operating-Nut Bushing
Thrust Ring
Upper Standpipe Gasket
Breakable Flange
Preferred Term
Drain Valve
Outlet Nozzle Cap
Outlet Nozzle
Stem Nut
Operating Nut
Lower Barrel
Valve Seat Ring
Upper Valve Plate
Main Valve
Lower Valve Plate
Base
Upper Barrel
Drain Outlet
Packing Plate
Nozzle Section
Stop Nut
Breakable Flange
117
118
FIRE HYDRANTS
Bibliography
Fire Flow Tests: Discharge Tables for Circular Outlets Friction Losses in Pipes.
1981. NFPA, Quincy, Mass.
Form and Procedures for Fire Flow Tests.
1976. Jour. AWWA, 68:5:264.
Guidance Manual for Disposal of Chlorinated
Water. 2001. AwwaRF, Denver, Colo.
Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing
and Marketing of Hydrants. 2002.
NFPA Standard 291. NFPA, Quincy,
Mass.
Simplified Water Supply Testing. 6th Ed.
1982. Alliance of Amer. Insurers,
Schaumberg, Ill.
Standard for Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrants.
AWWA Standard C502. AWWA, Denver,
Colo.
Index
NOTE: f. indicates a figure; n. indicates note; t. indicates a table.
Drain
bushing, 16
cup, 16
outlet, 16, 26
ring, 15
valve, 16
Drainage tests (dry-barrel hydrants), 28
Drain-hole liner, 16
Drip tubing, 16
Dry-barrel hydrants, 5
auxiliary components, 16
basis for name, 5
component nomenclature, 1116, 12f., 13f.
compression type, 5, 6f., 7f.
construction terminology, 10
drainage, 26
drainage tests, 28
early, 2, 3f.
flush type, 2, 4, 7
frost-jacket type, 7
high-pressure pilot-valve type, 9
high-pressure type, 8
inspection, 3032
installation, 23f.
installation terminology, 1011
with large valve openings, 4
post type, 23, 4, 10
slide-gate type, 6, 9f.
standard (ANSI/AWWA C502), 8, 8n.
toggle type, 6, 8f.
traffic model, 4, 10, 3435
and valves, 2, 3f.
See also American AVK Company,
American Flow Control, Clow Valve
Company, East Jordan Iron Works,
James Jones Company, Kennedy
Valve, M&H Valve, Mueller Group,
US Pipe & Foundry Company,
Waterous Company for specific models
Dry-top hydrants, 10
119
120
FIRE HYDRANTS
INDEX
NFPA 291, 26
No-drain hydrants, 10
Nozzle, 14
Nozzle section, 12f., 13f., 14, 15
Nut, 20
Operating nut, 11, 12f., 13f., 19f.
Operating stem nut, 11
Outlet, 20
Outlet nozzles, 12f., 13f., 14, 22
caps, 12f., 13f., 14, 20
coefficients, 44, 44f.
Packing box, 14
Packing gland, 12f., 14
Packing plate, 12f., 14
Packing pusher, 14
Packing replacement, 34
Pipe connection, 10, 18
Pitot pressure, 41
Pitot tubes, 41, 42f.
Placing in service, 28
Post hydrants, 23, 4, 18
defined, 10
Pressure tests, 2122
at main pressure, 2728
at pressures above main pressure, 28
Pro-cap, 20
Protection cover, 10
Pumper
connection, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20
nozzle, 14
outlet nozzles, 12f., 13f., 14, 20, 22
outlet nozzles and flow tests, 53, 53t.
Residual pressure, 41
Retainer, 20
ring, 15
Retaining nut, 19f., 20
Revolving nut, 11
Riser, 19f., 20
Rod coupling, 15
Seal plate, 14
Seat, 20
ring, 15, 20
ring insert, 15
Shoe, 16
Slide-gate hydrants, 6, 9f.
Slotted nut, 20
Spool, 19
Spud, 14
Standards, 8, 8n., 11, 18, 22, 26, 46
Standpipes, 2, 3f., 15, 20
Static pressure, 41
Steamer
connection, 14, 16, 20
nozzle, 14
121
122
FIRE HYDRANTS
Waterous Company, 57
Model WB67250, 116, 117f.
Weather shield (cap), 11, 12f., 13f.
Wet-barrel hydrants, 4, 17
See also American AVK Company, Clow
Valve Company, James Jones
Company for specific models
component terminology, 1820, 19f.
construction terminology, 1718
high-pressure type, 17
inspection, 3031, 32
installation terminology, 18
installation, 24f.
standard (ANSI/AWWA C503), 8, 8n.
Wet-top hydrants, 10
AWWA Manuals
M1,
M2,
M3,
M4,
M5,
M6,
M7,
M9,
M11,
M12,
M14,
M17,
M19,
M21,
M22,
M23,
M24,
M25,
M27,
M28,
To order any of these manuals or other AWWA publications, call the Bookstore toll-free at
1-(800)-926-7337.
123