Three Gorges Dam

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Three Gorges Dam

The dam in September 2009

Location in China

Country

China

Location

Sandouping, Yiling, Hubei

Coordinates

304923N 1110012ECoordinates: 304923N 111

0012E

Purpose

Power, flood control, navigation

Status

Operational

Construction beg December 14, 1994

an

Opening date

2003[1]

Construction cos 180 billion (US$27.6 billion)

t
Owner(s)

China Yangtze Power(subsidiary of China Three

Gorges Corporation)
Dam and spillways

Type of dam

Gravity dam

Impounds

Yangtze River

Height

181 m (594 ft)

Length

2,335 m (7,661 ft)

Width (crest)

40 m (131 ft)

Width (base)

115 m (377 ft)

Spillway capacity 116,000 m3/s (4,100,000 cu ft/s)

Reservoir
Creates

Three Gorges Reservoir

Total capacity

39.3 km3(31,900,000 acreft)

Catchment area

1,000,000 km2(390,000 sq mi)

Surface area

1,084 km2 (419 sq mi)[2]

Max. length

600 km (370 mi)[3]

Normal elevation 175 m (574 ft)

Power station
Commission date 20032012
Type
Hydraulic head

Conventional
Rated: 80.6 m (264 ft)
Maximum: 113 m (371 ft)[2]
Power generation

Nameplate capac 22,500 MW

ity
Capacity factor

45%

Average generati 87 TWh (310 PJ) (2015)

on

Turbines

32 700 MW
2 50 MW Francis-type

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town
of Sandouping, located in Yiling District,Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam
is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity(22,500 MW). In 2014 the dam
generated 98.8 TWh of electricity, setting a new world record by 0.17 TWh previously held by
theItaip Dam on the Brazil/Paraguay border in 2013 of 98.63.[4][5][6] But in 2015, the Itaipu power
plant resumed the lead in annual worldwide production, producing 89.5 TWh, while production of
Three Gorges was 87 TWh.[7][8][9]
Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012,[10]
[11]
when the last of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production. The ship
lift was complete in December 2015.[12] Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW.[13]
[14]
The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller
generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the
dam is 22,500 MW.[13][15][16]
As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping
capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space. The
Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic success,
[17]
with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines,[18] and a move toward limiting greenhouse
gasemissions.[19] However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some
1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk
of landslides.[20] The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad. [21]

Three Gorges Dam

Simplified Chinese

Traditional Chinese

Contents

1History

2Composition and dimensions

3Economics

4Power generation and distribution

o

4.1Generating capacity

4.2Generators

4.3Generator installation progress

4.4Output milestones

History[edit]

4.5Distribution

5Environmental impact
o

5.1Emissions

5.2Erosion and sedimentation

5.3Earthquakes and landslides

5.4Waste management

5.5Forest cover

5.6Wildlife

6Floods, agriculture, industry

7Navigating the dam

o

7.1Locks

7.2Ship lift

7.3Portage railways

8Relocation of residents

9Other effects
o

9.1Culture and aesthetics

9.2National security

9.3Structural integrity

10Upstream dams

11See also

12References

13External links

In his poem "Swimming" (1956), engraved on the 1954 Flood Memorial in Wuhan, Mao Zedong envisions
"walls of stone" to be erected upstream.[22]

A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in The
International Development of China, in 1919.[23][24] He stated that a dam capable of generating
30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges.[24] In 1932, the
Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began preliminary work on plans in the Three
Gorges. In 1939, Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed the area. A design,
the Otani plan, was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China.
In 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation chief design engineer, John L. Savage,
surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for the 'Yangtze River Project'. [25] Some 54
Chinese engineers went to the U.S. for training. The original plans called for the dam to employ a
unique method for moving ships; the ships would move into locks located at the lower and upper
ends of the dam and then cranes with cables would move the ships from one lock to the next. In
the case of smaller water craft, groups of craft would be lifted together for efficiency. It is not
known whether this solution was considered for its water-saving performance or because the
engineers thought the difference in height between the river above and below the dam too great
for alternative methods.[26] Some exploration, survey, economic study, and design work was done,
but the government, in the midst of the Chinese Civil War, halted work in 1947.
After the 1949 Communist takeover, Mao Zedong supported the project, but began
the Gezhouba Dam project nearby first, and economic problems including the Great Leap
Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed progress. After the 1954 Yangtze River Floods, in
1956, Mao Zedong authored "Swimming", a poem about his fascination with a dam on the
Yangtze River. In 1958, after the Hundred Flowers Campaign, some engineers who spoke out
against the project were imprisoned.[27]
During the 1980s, the idea of a dam reemerged. The National People's Congress approved the
dam in 1992: out of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted against, 664 abstained,
and 25 members did not vote.[28] Construction started on December 14, 1994.[29] The dam was
expected to be fully operational in 2009, but additional projects, such as the underground power
plant with six additional generators, delayed full operation until May 2012. [verification needed][16][27] The ship
lift was completed in 2015.[12][30] The dam had raised the water level in the reservoir to 172.5 m
(566 ft) above sea level by the end of 2008 and the designed maximum level of 175 m (574 ft) by
October 2010.[31][32]

Map of the location of the Three Gorges Dam and the most important cities along the Yangtze River

Composition and dimensions[edit]

Model of the Three Gorges Dam looking upstream, showing the dam body (middle left), the spillway
(middle of the dam body) and the ship lift (to the right).

Model of the Three Gorges Dam showing the ship lift and the ship lock. The ship lift is to the right of the
dam body with its own designated waterway. The ship locks are to the right (northeast) of the ship lift.

Earthfill south dam in foreground with view along main dam. The wall beyond is to separate spillway and
turbine flows from the lock and ship lift upstream approach channel. A similar separation is used on the
downstream side, seen partially in the preceding image.

Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m (7,661 ft) long and the top of the dam is 185
metres (607 ft) above sea level. The project used 27.2 million cubic metres (35.6106 cu yd) of
concrete (mainly for the dam wall), 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers)
and moved about 102.6 million cubic metres (134.2106 cu yd) of earth.[33] The concrete dam wall
is 181 metres (594 ft) high above the rock basis.
When the water level is at its maximum of 175 metres (574 ft) above sea level, which is 110
metres (361 ft) higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about
660 kilometres (410 mi) in length and 1.12 kilometres (3,700 ft) in width. It contains

39.3 km3 (31,900,000 acreft) of water and has a total surface area of 1,045 square kilometres
(403 sq mi). On completion, the reservoir flooded a total area of 632 square kilometres
(244 sq mi) of land, compared to the 1,350 square kilometres (520 sq mi) of reservoir created by
the Itaipu Dam.[34]

Economics[edit]
The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion yuan
(US$22.5 billion).[35] By the end of 2008, spending had reached 148.365 billion yuan, among
which 64.613 billion yuan was spent on construction, 68.557 billion yuan on relocating affected
residents, and 15.195 billion yuan on financing.[36] It is estimated that the construction cost will be
recovered when the dam has generated 1,000 terawatt-hours (3,600 PJ) of electricity, yielding
250 billion yuan. Full cost recovery is expected to occur ten years after the dam starts full
operation.[35]
As of December 20, 2013, the full cost of the Three Gorges Dam project has been recovered. [37]
Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, profits from the Gezhouba
Dam, loans from the China Development Bank, loans from domestic and foreign commercial
banks, corporate bonds, and revenue before and after the dam is fully operational. Additional
charges were assessed as follows: Every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam
has to pay 7.00 per MWh extra. Other provinces had to pay an additional charge of 4.00 per
MWh. The Tibet Autonomous Region pays no surcharge.[38]

Panorama of the Three Gorges Dam

Power generation and distribution[edit]

Generating capacity[edit]

Electricity production in China by source. Compare: The fully completed Three Gorges dam will contribute
about 100 TWh of generation per year.
thermofossil

hydroelectric
nuclear

Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three
Gorges Corporation (CTGC) a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC. The Three
Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators: 32
main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power generators, each with
capacity of 50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW.[13] Among those 32 main generators,
14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the remaining six in
the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. The expected annual electricity
generation will be over 100 TWh.[39]

Generators[edit]
The main generators weigh about 6,000 tonnes each and are designed to produce more than
700 MW of power. The designed head of the generator is 80.6 meters (264 ft). The flow rate
varies between 600950 cubic metres per second (21,00034,000 cu ft/s) depending on the
head available. The greater the head, the less water needed to reach full power. Three Gorges
uses Francis turbines. Turbine diameter is 9.7/10.4 m (VGS design/Alstom's design) and rotation
speed is 75 revolutions per minute. Rated power is 778 MVA, with a maximum of 840 MVA and
a power factor of 0.9. The generator produces electrical power at 20 kV. The outer diameter of
the generatorstator is 21.4/20.9 m. The inner diameter is 18.5/18.8 m. The stator, the biggest of
its kind, is 3.1/3 m in height. Bearing load is 5050/5500 tonnes. Average efficiency is over 94%,
and reaches 96.5%.[40][41]

Three Gorges Dam Francis turbine

The generators are manufactured by two joint ventures. One of them includes Alstom, ABB
Group, Kvaerner, and the Chinese company Haerbin Motor. The other includes Voith, General
Electric, Siemens (abbreviated as VGS), and the Chinese company Oriental Motor. The
technology transfer agreement was signed together with the contract. Most of the generators are
water-cooled. Some newer ones are air-cooled, which are simpler in design and manufacture
and are easier to maintain.[42]

Generator installation progress[edit]

The 14 north side main generators are in operation. The first (No. 2) started on July 10, 2003.
The north side became completely operational September 7, 2005 with the implementation of
generator No. 9. Full power (9,800 MW) was only reached on October 18, 2006 after the water
level reached 156 m.[43]
The 12 south side main generators are also in operation. No. 22 began operation on June 11,
2007 and No. 15 started up on October 30, 2008.[14] The sixth (No. 17) began operation on
December 18, 2007, raising capacity to 14.1 GW, finally surpassing Itaipu (14.0 GW), to become
the world's largest hydro power plant by capacity.[44][45][46][47]
The 6 underground main generators are also in operation as of May 23, 2012, when the last
main generator, No. 27, finished its final test raising capacity to 22.5 GW.[10] After 9 years of
construction, installation and testing, the power plant is now fully operational. [16][48][49][50]

Output milestones[edit]

Three Gorges Dam annual power output

Yangtze River flow rate comparing to the dam intake capacity

By August 16, 2011, the plant had generated 500 TWh of electricity.[51][52] In July 2008 it generated
10.3 TWh of electricity, its first month over 10 TWh.[53] On June 30, 2009, after the river flow rate
increased to over 24,000 m3, all 28 generators were switched on, producing only 16,100 MW
because the head available during flood season is insufficient. [54] During an August 2009 flood,
the plant first reached its maximum output for a short period.[55]
During the November to May dry season, power output is limited by the river's flow rate, as seen
in the diagrams on the right. When there is enough flow, power output is limited by plant
generating capacity. The maximum power-output curves were calculated based on the average
flow rate at the dam site, assuming the water level is 175 m and the plant gross efficiency is
90.15%. The actual power output in 2008 was obtained based on the monthly electricity sent to
the grid.[56][57]
The Three Gorges Dam reached its design-maximum reservoir water level of 175 m (574 ft) for
the first time on October 26, 2010, in which the intended annual power-generation capacity of
84.7 TWh was realized.[31] In 2012, the dam's 32 generating units generated a record 98.1 TWh of
electricity, which accounts for 14% of China's total hydro generation. [58]
Annual Production of Electricity

Number of
installed units

Year

TWh

2003

8.607

2004

11

39.155

2005

14

49.090

2006

14

49.250

2007

21

61.600

2008

26

80.812

[59]

2009

26

79.470

[60]

2010

26

84.370

[61]

2011

29

78.290

[62]

2012

32

98.100

[63]

2013

32

83.270

[64]

2014

32

98.800

[65]

2015

32

87.000

[66]

Distribution[edit]
The State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid paid a flat rate of 250 per MWh
(US$35.7) until July 2, 2008. Since then, the price has varied by province, from 228.7
401.8 per MWh. Higher-paying customers receive priority, such as Shanghai.[67] Nine provinces
and two cities consume power from the dam.[68]
Power distribution and transmission infrastructure cost about 34.387 billion Yuan. Construction
was completed in December 2007, one year ahead of schedule.[69]
Power is distributed over multiple 500 kilovolt (kV) transmission lines. Three Direct current (DC)
lines to the East China Grid carry 7,200 MW: Three Gorges Shanghai (3,000 MW), HVDC
Three Gorges Changzhou (3,000 MW), and HVDC Gezhouba Shanghai (1,200 MW).
The alternating current (AC) lines to the Central China Grid have a total capacity of 12,000 MW.
The DC transmission line HVDC Three Gorges Guangdong to the South China Grid has a
capacity of 3,000 MW.[70]
The dam was expected to provide 10% of China's power. However, electricity demand has
increased more quickly than previously projected. Even fully operational, on average, it supports
only about 1.7% of electricity demand in China in the year of 2011, when the Chinese electricity
demand reached 4692.8 TWh.[71][72]

Environmental impact[edit]

Satellite map showing areas flooded by the Three Gorges reservoir. Compare November 7, 2006 (above)
with April 17, 1987 (below)

Flood mark on Yangtze river

Emissions[edit]
According to the National Development and Reform Commission of China, 366 grams of coal
would produce 1 kWh of electricity during 2006.[73] At full power, Three Gorges reduces coal
consumption by 31 million tonnes per year, avoiding 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas
emissions,[74] millions of tonnes of dust, one million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, 370,000 tonnes
of nitric oxide, 10,000 tonnes of carbon monoxide, and a significant amount of mercury.
[75]
Hydropower saves the energy needed to mine, wash, and transport the coal from northern
China.
From 2003 to 2007, power production equaled that of 84 million tonnes of standard coal,
reducing carbon dioxide by 190 million tonnes, sulfur dioxide by 2.29 million tonnes, and nitrogen
oxides by 980,000 tonnes.[76]
The dam increased the Yangtze's barge capacity sixfold, reducing carbon dioxide emission by
630,000 tonnes. From 2004 to 2007 a total of 198 million tonnes of goods passed through the
ship locks. Compared to using trucking, barges reduced carbon dioxide emission by ten million
tonnes and lowered costs by 25%.[76]

Erosion and sedimentation[edit]

Two hazards are uniquely identified with the dam.[77] One is that sedimentation projections are not
agreed upon, and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault. At current levels, 80% of the
land in the area is experiencing erosion, depositing about 40 million tons ofsediment into

the Yangtze annually.[78] Because the flow is slower above the dam, much of this sediment will
now settle there instead of flowing downstream, and there will be less sediment downstream.
The absence of silt downstream has three effects:

Some hydrologists expect downstream riverbanks to become

more vulnerable to flooding.[79]

Shanghai, more than 1,600 km (990 mi) away, rests on a

massive sedimentary plain. The "arriving siltso long as it does
arrivestrengthens the bed on which Shanghai is built... the
less the tonnage of arriving sediment the more vulnerable is this
biggest of Chinese cities to inundation..."[80]

Benthic sediment buildup causes biological damage and

reduces aquatic biodiversity.[81]

Earthquakes and landslides[edit]

Erosion in the reservoir, induced by rising water, causes frequent major landslides that have led
to noticeable disturbance in the reservoir surface, including two incidents in May 2009 when
somewhere between 20,000 and 50,000 cubic metres (26,000 and 65,000 cu yd) of material
plunged into the flooded Wuxia Gorge of the Wu River.[82] Also, in the first four months of 2010,
there were 97 significant landslides.[83]

Waste management[edit]

Zigui County seat source water protection area in Maoping Town, a few kilometers upstream of the dam

The dam catalyzed improved upstream wastewater treatment around Chongqing and its
suburban areas. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, as of April 2007 more
than 50 new plants could treat 1.84 million tonnes per day, 65% of the total need. About 32
landfills were added, which could handle 7,664.5 tonnes of solid waste every day.[84] Over
one billion tons of wastewater are released annually into the river,[78] which was more likely to be
swept away before the reservoir was created. This has left the water looking stagnant, polluted
and murky.[83]

Forest cover[edit]
In 1997 the Three Gorges area had 10% forestation, down from 20% in the 1950s. [78]
Research by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization research suggested that the
Asia-Pacific region would, overall, gain about 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi) of forest by 2008. That is
quite a turnaround from the 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi) net loss of forest each year in the 1990s.
The main reason is China's huge reforestation effort. This accelerated after the 1998 Yangtze
River floods convinced the government that it must restore tree cover, especially in the Yangtze's
basin upstream of the Three Gorges Dam.[85]

Wildlife[edit]

Concerns about the potential wildlife impact of the Dam predate the National People's
Congress's approval in 1992.[86] This region has long been known for its rich biodiversity. It is
home to 6,388 species of plants, which belong to 238 families and 1508 genera. Of these plant
species, 57 percent are endangered.[87] These rare species are also used as ingredients in
traditional Chinese medicines.[88] Already, the percentage of forested area in the region
surrounding the Three Gorges Dam has dropped from twenty percent in 1950 to less than ten
percent as of 2002,[89] negatively affecting all plant species in this locality. The region also
provides habitats to hundreds of freshwater and terrestrial animal species. [87] Freshwater fish are
especially affected by dams due to changes in the water temperature and flow regime. Many
other fish are hurt in the turbine blades of the hydroelectric plants as well. This is particularly
detrimental to the ecosystem of the region because the Yangtze River basin is home to 361
different fish species and accounts for twenty-seven percent of all endangered freshwater fish
species in China.[90] Other aquatic species have been endangered by the dam, particularly the
baiji, or Chinese river dolphin,[78] now extinct. In fact, Government Chinese scholars even claim
that the Three Gorges Dam directly caused the extinction of the baiji.[91]
Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining critically endangered Siberian crane, a large number currently
spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges Dam. [92]The dam
contributed to the functional extinction of the baiji Yangtze river dolphin. Though it was close to
this level even at the start of construction, the dam further decreased its habitat and increased
ship travel, which are among the factors causing what will be its ultimate demise. In addition,
populations of the Yangtze sturgeon are guaranteed to be "negatively affected" by the dam. [93]

Floods, agriculture, industry[edit]

An important function of the dam is to control flooding, which is a major problem for the seasonal
river of the Yangtze. Millions of people live downstream of the dam, with many large, important
cities like Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai situated adjacent to the river. Plenty of farm land and
China's most important industrial area are built beside the river.
The reservoir's flood storage capacity is 22 cubic kilometres (18,000,000 acreft). This capacity
will reduce the frequency of major downstream flooding from once every ten years to once every
100 years. The dam is expected to minimize the effect of even a "super" flood.[94][95] In 1954 the
river flooded 193,000 km2 (74,518 sq mi), killing 33,169 people and forcing 18,884,000 people to
move. The flood covered Wuhan, a city of eight million people, for over three months, and
the Jingguang Railway was out of service for more than 100 days.[96] The 1954 flood carried 50
cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of water. The dam could only divert the water above Chenglingji,
leaving 30 to 40 km3 (7.2 to 9.6 cu mi) to be diverted.[97] Also the dam cannot protect against
some of the large tributaries downstream, including the Xiang, Zishui, Yuanshui, Lishui, Hanshui,
and the Gan.
In 1998 a flood in the same area caused billions of dollars in damage; 2,039 km2 (787 sq mi) of
farm land were flooded. The flood affected more than 2.3 million people, killing 1,526.[98] In early
August 2009, the largest flood in five years passed through the dam site. The dam limited the
water flow to less than 40,000 cubic metres (52,000 cu yd) per second, raising the upstream
water level from 145.13 metres on August 1, 2009, to 152.88 on August 8, 2009. 4.27 cubic
kilometres of flood water were captured and the river flow was cut by as much as 15,000 cubic
metres per second.[55]
The dam discharges its reservoir during the dry season between December and March every
year.[99] This increases the flow rate of the river downstream, and provides fresh water for
agricultural and industrial usage. It also improves shipping conditions. The water level upstream
drops from 175 m to 145 m,[100] preparing for the rainy season. The water also powers the
Gezhouba Dam downstream.
Since the filling of the reservoir in 2003, the Three Gorges Dam has supplied an extra 11 cubic
kilometres of fresh water to downstream cities and farms during the dry season. [101]
During the 2010 South China floods, in July, inflows at the Three Gorges Dam reached a peak of
70,000 m3/s (2,500,000 cu ft/s), exceeding the peak during the 1998 Yangtze River Floods. The

dam's reservoir rose nearly 3 m (9.8 ft) in 24 hours and reduced the outflow to 40,000 m3/s
(1,400,000 cu ft/s) in discharges downstream, effectively alleviating serious impacts on the
middle and lower river.[102][103]

Navigating the dam[edit]

Locks[edit]

Ship locks for river traffic to bypass the Three Gorges Dam, May 2004

Three gorges dam lock view from the road

The other end of Three gorges dam lock, note the Bridge in the background

The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from ten million to 100 million
tonnes annually, as a result transportation costs will be cut between 30 and 37%. Shipping will
become safer, since the gorges are notoriously dangerous to navigate. [76] Ships with much deeper
draft will be able to navigate 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) upstream from Shanghai all the way
to Chongqing. It is expected that shipping to Chongqing will increase fivefold. [104][105]
There are two series of ship locks installed near the dam (305012N 111110E). Each of them
is made up of five stages, with transit time at around four hours. Maximum vessel size is
10,000 tons.[106] The locks are 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5 m deep (918 114 16.4 ft).[107]
[108]
That is 30 m longer than those on the St Lawrence Seaway, but half as deep. Before the dam
was constructed, the maximum freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18.0 million tonnes
per year. From 2004 to 2007, a total of 198 million tonnes of freight passed through the locks.
The freight capacity of the river increased six times and the cost of shipping was reduced by
25%. The total capacity of the ship locks is expected to reach 100 million tonnes per year.[76]

These locks are staircase locks, whereby inner lock gate pairs serve as both the upper gate and
lower gate. The gates are the vulnerable hinged type, which, if damaged, could temporarily
render the entire flight unusable. As there are separate sets of locks for upstream and
downstream traffic, this system is more water efficient than bi-directional staircase locks.

Ship lift[edit]
In addition to the canal locks, there is a ship lift, a kind of elevator for vessels. The ship lift can lift
ships of up to 3,000 tons.[12][109] The vertical distance traveled is 113 metres,[110] and the size of the
ship lift's basin is 120183.5 metres. The ship lift takes 30 to 40 minutes to transit, as opposed
to the three to four hours for stepping through the locks. [111] One complicating factor is that the
water level can vary dramatically. The ship lift must work even if water levels vary by 12 meters
(39 ft) on the lower side, and 30 metres on the upper side.
The ship lift's design uses a helical gear system, to climb or descend a toothed rack. [112]
The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest of the project was officially opened on May 20,
2006.[113][114] In November 2007 it was reported in the local media that construction of the ship lift
started in October 2007.[30]
In February 2012 Xinhua reported that the four towers that are to support the ship lift had almost
been completed.[115]
The report said the towers had reached 189 metres of the anticipated 195 metres, the towers
would be completed by June 2012 and the entire shiplift in 2015.
As of May 2014, the ship lift was expected to be completed by July 2015. [116] It was tested in
December 2015 and announced complete in January 2016.[12][117] Lahmeyer, the German firm that
designed the ship lift, said it will take a vessel less than an hour to transit the lift. [112]An article
in Steel Construction says the actual time of the lift will be 21 minutes.[118] It says that the
expected dimensions of the 3,000 tonnes (3,000,000 kg) passenger vessels the ship lift's basin
was designed to carry will be 84.5 metres (277 ft) X 17.2 metres (56 ft) X 2.65 metres (8.7 ft).

Portage railways[edit]
Plans also exist for the construction of short portage railways bypassing the dam area altogether.
Two short rail lines, one on each side of the river, are to be constructed. The 88 kilometer long
northern portage railway () will run from the Taipingxi port facility () on the
northern side of the Yangtze, just upstream from the dam, viaYichang East Railway Station to the
Baiyang Tianjiahe port facility in Baiyang Town (), below Yichang.[119] The 95 kilometer long
southern portage railway () will run from Maoping (upstream of the dam)
via Yichang South Railway Station to Zhicheng (on the JiaozuoLiuzhou Railway).[119]
In late 2012, preliminary work started along both future railway routes. [120]

Relocation of residents[edit]
As of June 2008, China relocated 1.24 million residents (ending with Gaoyang in Hubei Province)
as 13 cities, 140 towns and 1350 villages either flooded or were partially flooded by the reservoir
[A_2-M:CR3-1HP:S-15],[121][122][123] about 1.5% of the province's 60.3 million
and Chongqing Municipality's 31.44 million population.[124] About 140,000 residents were
relocated to other provinces.[125]
Relocation was completed on July 22, 2008.[122] Some 2007 reports claimed that Chongqing
Municipality will encourage an additional four million people to move away from the dam to the
main urban area of Chongqing by 2020.[126][127][128] However, the municipal government explained
that the relocation is due to urbanization, rather than the dam, and people involved included
other areas of the municipality.[129]
Allegedly, funds for relocating 13,000 farmers around Gaoyang disappeared after being sent to
the local government, leaving residents without compensation.[130]

Other effects[edit]
Culture and aesthetics[edit]
The 600 km (370 mi) long reservoir flooded some 1,300 archaeological sites and altered the
appearance of the Three Gorges as the water level rose over 300 ft (91 m).[131]Cultural and
historical relics are being moved to higher ground as they are discovered, but the flooding
inevitably covered undiscovered relics. Some sites could not be moved because of their location,
size, or design. For example, the hanging coffins site high in the Shen Nong Gorge is part of the
cliffs.[132]

National security[edit]
The United States Department of Defense reported that in Taiwan, "proponents of strikes against
the mainland apparently hope that merely presenting credible threats to China's urban population
or high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam, will deter Chinese military coercion." [133]
The notion that the military in Taiwan would seek to destroy the dam provoked an angry
response from the mainland Chinese media. People's Liberation Army General Liu Yuanwas
quoted in the China Youth Daily saying that the People's Republic of China would be "seriously
on guard against threats from Taiwan independence terrorists."[134]
The three gorge dam is a steel-concrete gravity dam. The water is held back by the innate mass
of the individual dam sections. As a result, damage to an individual section should not affect
other parts of the dam. Due to the sheer size of the dam, it is expected to withstand tactical
nuclear strikes.[135]

Structural integrity[edit]
Days after the first filling of the reservoir, around 80 hairline cracks were observed in the dam's
structure.[136][137][138] The submerged spillway gates of the dam might pose a risk of cavitation, similar
to that which severely damaged the poorly designed and cavitating spillways of the Glen Canyon
Dam in the US state of Arizona, which was unable to properly withstand the Colorado river floods
of 1983.[139] However 163,000 concrete units of the Three Gorges dam all passed quality testing
and the deformation was within design limits. An experts group gave the project overall a good
quality rating.[140]

Upstream dams[edit]

Longitudinal profile of upstream Yangtze River

In order to maximize the utility of the Three Gorges Dam and cut down on sedimentation from
the Jinsha River, the upper course of the Yangtze River, authorities plan to build a series of dams
on the Jinsha, including Wudongde Dam, Baihetan Dam, along with the now
completed Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba dams. The total capacity of those four dams is 38,500 MW,
[141]
almost double the capacity of the Three Gorges.[142] Baihetan is preparing for construction and
Wudongde is seeking government approval. Another eight dams are in the midstream of the
Jinsha and eight more upstream of it.[143]

See also[edit]

China portal

Renewable energy portal

Energy portal

Sustainable development portal

Baiheliang Underwater Museum

Energy policy of China

List of largest power stations in the world

List of largest hydroelectric power stations

List of power stations in China

List of dams and reservoirs in China

Three Gorges Museum

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