"Adjuncts"

"Adjuncts" resemble S, O (C) in being integrated into the structure of the sentence/clause while other
classes of adverbials are felt more like peripheral to it.
1.Adjuncts cannot appear initially in a negative declarative sentence:
a.*Quickly, they didn't leave for home.
2.Adjuncts can be focused: in a cleft sentence, by a question or by clause negation:
a.It was on Tuesday that we went to Chicago.;
b.Does he write to his parents because he wants to (or does he write to them because he
needs money)?;
c.We didn't go to Chicago on Monday but we did go there on Tuesday.
3.Adjuncts can be elicitated by question forms:
a.When did you go to Chicago?
Unlike disjuncts or conjuncts:
1.To my regret, they didn't leave for home.
2.!*Does he write to his parents, to my regret (or does he write to them to my relief)?
!*We didn't go to Chicago, to my regret, (but we did go there, to my relief).
3.*!To whose relief did you go to Chicago?
Some items can be used as if belonging to more than one class:
-They aren't walking naturally. (manner)
-Naturally, they aren't walking. (disjunct)
More syntactic features of adjuncts
1.they are related to VP so when the VP is under ellipsis (with or without a pro-form) they are
understood as being included in this process:
a.John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary (= and M. greatly admires Bob)
2.They can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as only, also:
a.Theyonly want the car for an hour (not for longer).
b.They willalso meet afterwards (in addition to some other time)
Semantic classes of "adjucnts"
p. 210-242 (8.6 -8.46)
1.View poi nt

Paraphrase: "if we consider what we are saying from a ... [AP] ... point of veiw" :
geographically,linguistically; corresponding participle clauses: [(eg.technically) speaking]; corresponding
PPs: [from aAP point of view]; others: As far as.... is concerned, Looked at economically.
2. Focusing adjuncts
mostly adverbs; cannot be modified (very...), and most of them cannot be coordinated only one cliche
coordination: purely and simply.
Many focusing adjuncts can appear within thefocal clause of a cleft sentence: - It was only John who
protested.
limiter: alone, just, merely, only, purely, simply; chiefly, especially, mainly, mostly, in particular;
additives: also, either, even, neither, nor, too, as well as, in addition
2
About position and focus see in particular pp. 212 and 213.
Inversion: 'NOT only.... + correlative clause' (a clause depending syntactically and semantically on 'not only'):
Not only did she divorce him, she also sued him for violence. (Study other similar cases, section8.11.) Also
note the difference between:
-It was only John who protested (focus in cleft)
-It was not ju st that John protested, it was merely that he was rude. (correlative structure where the
adverbials are followed by a complement that-clause.)
3. Intensifiers
denote increase or decrease of the intensity of the predication; most of them are adverbs, some NPs and a few
PPs; behave more like S-adverbials.
Emphasizers: - actually, certainly, clearly
a. I honestly don't know
b. He certainly should come earlier.
Study well the example in Quirk and Greenboum 1976 course book to understand what is their meaning.
Some of them can function as other types of adjuncts: well, always (p. 215)
Amplifiers: absolutely, althogether, completely, entirely, fully, quite, thouroughly, utterly, in all
respects, most... Eg. - They fully appreciate your efforts to...
They like her very much.
I so wanted to see her.
I can well understand ...
Downtoners:

-kind of/sort of (inf), quite/rather, more or less: - I kind of like him.

- partly slightly somewhat, in part, to some extent, a little: - The incident somewhat influenced his
actions in later life.
- a bit; barely, hardly, little, scarcely; in the least, in the slightest, at all: - I didn't enjoy it in the least.
- almost, nearly, as good as, all but: - I almost resigned
NPs: a wink, a thing: - I didn't sleep a wink last night.
Examples of expressions functioning as intensifiers, quantifiers, time frequency adjuncts and time
duration adjuncts:
I like this film a lot.
She spent a lot for her jewelry.
He travels a lot
I slept a lot last night.
4. Process adjuncts
manner, means, instrument proforms: in that way, that way, like that; question: in what way, how?; occur
with dynamicve rbs; appear after complement (object) in final position (may occur between V and O if O is
very long), or after Aux's and just before the lexical verb: He has been badly treated.
Sometimes, some manner adjuncts have an additional meaning:
- The soldiers wounded himbadly ('in such a way and to such an extent that it resulted in his being in a
bad condition')
5. Subject adjuncts
realized by AdvP or PP; relate to the subject, express the attitude of the subject subject oriented
adverbials. Appear with animate subjects interpreted as agents.
- resentfully, with great unease
- deliberately, (un)intentionally, purposely, reluctantly, voluntarily, wilfully, ... on purpose...
- please, kindly, humbly, ...
They have properties of S-adverbials, i.e. do not behave as regular VP adverbials. They appear closer to the
left edge of the sentence.

3- Intentionally, he didn't write to them about the accident.

Contrast:
-Wisely, he did not answer the questions. (speaker oriented)
-He wisely didn't answer the questions. (subject oriented)
He did not answer the questions wisely. (manner)
-He wisely answered the quesitions (ambiguous)
6. Place adjuncts
meanings: static position, direction, movement, passage; realized by: PPs, clauses, NPs, AdvPs; answer a
where question: - He lives in Mostar. with a copular verb, place expressions function as Ac (adverbial
complement) (contra Quirk p. 225, but see p. 226 top). (Ignore the rest of 8.25 on p. 226 ("adjuncts" with
phrasal verbs))Pay attention to the combination of position and direction adjuncts (p. 226-7, section 8.26-27)
Study also the W.O. of subject and the verb in sentences with intial place adjuncts (s. 8.28):
-There she is. - Here are your shoes. - Away goes the postman. -Away he goes.
Pay attention to the position of place adjuncts with respect to O (section 8.29)
Note the following examples (from QandG):
-I want my car in the garage (not obligatory, thus adjunct, predicational link with O: P+A function
predicative adjunct denoting place)
-They plan a meeting at my house postM PP (meaning 'meeting at my house'); or A (meaning
'planning at my house)
-They offered a barbecue nearby P+A predicative link with O, but adjunct rlation with V.
-I like my dinner in the kitchen P+A
-I only like barbecues on the beach PostM PP: a specific sort of barbecues: those on the beach; or 'I like
them if/when they are held on the beach P+A.
7. Time adjuncts
realized by AdvP, clauses, NPs, and PPs. See the relevant sections (p. 229 for references)
Time when adjuncts: meaning point of time (both groups); when used for a past event, they occur with
simple past.
- Group A- most often in the final position (except 'just' and several others): - I will speak about
subordinate clauses next week.
- Groupe B more often initially: - Until then you should go through today's lesson.
Pay attention to individual adverbs described in 8.31-33.

Time duration adjuncts how long: (a) length of time; (b) duration from some previous point of time Groupe
A with past tenses (simple and progressive), Groupe B with present (past) perfect.
Time frequency adjunctshow often: realized by adverbs, NPs. (1) definite frequency, (2) indefinite
frequency.
(1): weekly, once a week; once, again, on five occasions...
(2): normally; always; often; sometimes;
Different positions (1) finally; (2) between Aux and the main V, or before Aux.
Pay special attention to the postions these adverb(ials) and their interpretations (8.36-43).
With copula be, time adjuncts function as adverbial complements (Ac) (contra Q, p. 240):
-The match is tomorrow/in five days/from nine to eleven... vs. *The match is.
Determine the function of time expressions: - It is much warmer now. They threw him in prison for life.
They offered us the house for the summer. I suggest an informal discussion occasionally.
8. Other types of adjuncts:
purpose: few adverbs, other phrases source: PPs...origin: PPs...
9. Relative position of adjuncts
Study well the order of different adjuncts and the factors influencing their order, such as their semantics and
the length of the phrase.
Disjuncts
Superior role to that of sentence elements: detached from and superordinate to the rest of the sentence.
Normally appear initially.
Style d. express the speaker's comment on the form of what is being said, define under what conditions he is
speaking: - seriously, personally, strictly speaking, to be precise, if I may say so, very frnakly, bluntly, briefly,
candidly, confientially, generally, honestly, personally
Content disjuncts (attitudinal d.) convey the speaker's comment on the content of what s/he is
saying.Generally, appear only in declarative clauses =speaker-ori ented adverbials. Examples:
- Certainty (the truth value of what is being said): admittedly, certainly, definitely, indeed, surely,
undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably; (doubt) quite likely, maybe, perhaps, possibly,
presumably,reportedly, supposedly.C o nv ictio n: clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly;Doubt: apparently.Rea
lity:actually, really; (contrast with reality): only apparently, ideally, nominally, officially,
superficially,technically, theoretically; True in principle: basically, essentially, fundamentally,
Other comments:ev a luta tio n : annoyingly, curiously, fortunately, funnily enough, happily, hopefully,luckily,
naturally, not unnaturally, preferably, strangely, suprisingly, understandably, unfortunately,unhappily,
unluckily...
- Wisely, John consulted his lawyer I think it was wise of John to consult her lawyer. (disjunct,

content) (other examples: rightly, wrongly, foolishly, wisely)

- John wisely consulted his lawyer. John did a wise thing to cunsult his lawyer. (subject oriented a.)
Productive derivation:
ing base+-ly : surprisingly
Realized also by PPs (to my regret) and relative clauses (sentential and nomianl): What is especially
fortunate, the child ...
Conjuncts
Linking words or phrases; mostly adverbs or PPs.
Normal position: initial; some conjuncts are restricted to initial position.
- Anyway, do you know the answer?
They may appear as correlatives:
- Though he is poor ,yet he is satisfied with his situation.
They may appear with certain coordinating and subordinating conjunctions:
- I bought him a present and nevertheless/sti ll, he is not happy.
ADVERBS
Definition
Adverbs are words that modify

a verb (He drove slowly. How did he drive?)

an adjective (He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?)

another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or
happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an
adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely,
motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is
called an Adverb Clause:

When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called
an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time,
modifying the verb):

He went to the movies.

She works on holidays.

They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.

The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

He calls his mother as often as possible.

Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus
we would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the
students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor is really tall,
but not "He ran real fast."
Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.

Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.

The student who reads fastest will finish first.

We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs:

With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients.

The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.

She worked less confidently after her accident.

That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

The as as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality: "He can't
run as fast as his sister."
A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two
forms have different meanings:

He arrived late.

Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.

He did wrong by her.

He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers
are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:

Emphasizers:
o

I really don't believe him.

He literally wrecked his mother's car.

She simply ignored me.

They're going to be late, for sure.

Amplifiers:
o

The teacher completely rejected her proposal.

I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.

They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.

I so wanted to go with them.

We know this city well.

Downtoners:
o

I kind of like this college.

Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.

His mother mildly disapproved his actions.

We can improve on this to some extent.

The boss almost quit after that.

The school was all but ruined by the storm.

Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by premodifiers:

She runs very fast.

We're going to run out of material all the faster

This issue is addressed in the section on degrees in adjectives.

Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the
most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such
a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third,
fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's
unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number
in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below.)
Adverbs We Can Do Without
Review the section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to the benefit of
our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely, and really that don't intensify anything and expletive
constructions ("There are several books that address this issue.")
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

Positions of Adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are
particularly flexible in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.

The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.

The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a
good reason.

Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.

Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice.

She has recently retired.

Order of Adverbs
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to The
Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb

Manner

Place

Frequency

Time

Purpose

Beth
swims

enthusiastically

in the pool

every morning

before dawn

Dad
walks

impatiently

into town

every afternoon

before supper to get a newspaper.

Tashonda
naps

in her room every morning

to keep in shape.

before lunch.

In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers
beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of
the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before

supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the
introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

More Notes on Adverb Order

As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content.
In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and
simpler):

Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.

A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more
specific adverbial phrase comes first:

My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska.

She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.

Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier.
This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner:

Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.

Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.

Inappropriate Adverb Order

Review the section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can
sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to modify.

They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six o'clock news.

Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported" or
even to the beginning of the sentence so the poor man doesn't die on television.
Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely:

She only grew to be four feet tall.

It would be better if "She grew to be only four feet tall."

Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts

Regardless of its position, an adverb is often neatly integrated into the flow of a sentence. When this is
true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. (Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive
adverbs in the first two sentences of this paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause,
it is called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of commas. A disjunct frequently
acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say
that it modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in the sentence immediately before this
one; that same word can also serve as an adjunct adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play outside. Here are two
more disjunctive adverbs:

Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.

Fortunately, no one was hurt.

Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a connector function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition
between ideas.

If they start smoking those awful cigars, then I'm not staying.

We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again, and yet he's done nothing to fix it.

At the extreme edge of this category, we have the purely conjunctive device known as the conjunctive adverb
(often called the adverbial conjunction):

Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here.

I love this school; however, I don't think I can afford the tuition.

Some Special Cases

The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position:

Is that music loud enough?

These shoes are not big enough.

In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough.

(Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun:

Did she give us enough time?

The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive:

She didn't run fast enough to win.

The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs:

She ran too fast.

She works too quickly.

If too comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is usually set off with a comma:

Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.

The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive:

She runs too slowly to enter this race.

Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a prepositional phrase for + the
object of the preposition followed by an infinitive:

This milk is too hot for a baby to drink.

Relative Adverbs
Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs: where,
when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills
an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own clause).
The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place:
My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to be minister.
The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause
("where my great grandfather used to be minister") modifies the word "church."
A when clause will modify nouns of time:
My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day.
And a why clause will modify the noun reason:
Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?
We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer "that" to "why" in
a clause referring to "reason":

Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?

I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation.

I know the reason that men like motorcycles.

Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs

A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that precedes that noun:

A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically.

Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially.

You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or "financially speaking" in these
circumstances, but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary.
A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus
adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence ("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act
as an additive ("He got an A in addition to being published."
Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a
verb string "He has never been much help to his mother." they are technically not part of the verb; they
are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a
sentence without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:

He seldom visits.

She hardly eats anything since the accident.

After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake.

Adverbs of place tell the place or the direction of the action: here, away, outside, left,

straight, east, at the corner.

Adverbs of manner describe how the action of the verb occurrred:quickly, neatly,

abruptly, powerfully, with a start, and so on. Such adverbs are often made from an adjective by

adding an ly ending. This group of adverbs may also express the instrument used (with a

fork ),the agent involved ( by a hired killer ), or any of several other nuances of manner.

Adverbs of frequency express something about the frequency of the event described in

the verb:often, never, every year or two, always, sometimes, randomly, and so on.

Adverbs of time express the time of the event given in the verb: yesterday, today,

recently, soon,in a year or two, and so on.

DISJUNCTS

Just as conjuncts are formulaic ways of associating ideas, so we have formulaic ways of disassociating ideas:
There are style disjuncts and attitudinal disjuncts:
Style Disjuncts
Examples
To be frank, I don't approve of her.
Strictly speaking, you shouldn't be here
If I may say so, that's an ugly teeshirt.
If you try to imagine whatever may have come before these statement, you can see that the disjunct is a
formula we all understand for separating what the speaker is saying from what has come before.
Attitudinal Disjuncts
These formulae comment on the content of the of clause to which they are attached almost always in
declarative (as opposed to negative or interrogative) sentences:
Fortunately, John returned the book yesterday.
Hopefully, you will learn to admire the beauty of a grammar.