317

Chng

13

BAO VE ONG C IEN

ong c ien la mot tai quan trong trong HTCN. Cong suat va ac tnh lam viec cua cac
ong c (C) khac nhau nhieu, khi BVC can khao sat ky cac ac tnh lam viec cua C, v du nh:
thi gian va dong ien khi ong phai c biet e BV qua tai, sc chu ng qua nhiet cua C khi
co tai khong can bang, khi b ham. Cac tnh trang phai ke en khi tnh toan BV cho C la s co ben
ngoai va NM ben trong C. Tnh trang khong bnh thng xay ra cho C la ien ap cung cap cho
C khong can bang, ien ap thap, mat pha va khi ong th t pha ngc. S co xay ra ben trong la
h truc C, NM gia cac pha ma thng gap nhat la s co cham at va qua tai.

13.1 DONG KHI ONG VA DONG HAM CUA ONG C

13.1.1 Dong khi ong
o ln va thi gian ton tai cua dong khi ong va dong ham cua C (do s co phan c nao
o) la yeu to quan trong cua viec la chon thiet b BV qua tai. ac tuyen cua dong khi ong da
tren toc o va thi gian khi ong cua C. Dong ien rotor cua mot C cam ng tnh theo toc o
trt la
Ir =

KE

R
2

S2 + X

vi: S - o trt
R, X - ien tr, khang tr cua C.

Ir (%)
100
90
80
70
60

Gia s rang khang tr C bang 10

50
lan ien tr, ng cong khi ong cua
40
C co nh hnh 13.1. Da vao ac
30
tuyen, ta thay dong ien khi ong ton tai
20
bang dong ien khi ong ln nhat cho
Toc o
10
en khi C at c toc o thong thng,
ong bo (%)
do o khi chon dong va thi gian cua BV
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
qua tai, gia thiet rang dong khi ong la
Hnh 13.1 ac tuyen dong khi ong - toc o
hang so va bang dong khi ong ln nhat
trong thi gian khi ong ln nhat trong thi gian khi ong.

13.1.2 ong c b ham

Mot C co the b ham hoac khong the khi ong c do tai qua sc hay mot s co nao o,
keo theo dong ien cung cap tang cao, ieu nay nguy hiem cho C neu van tiep tuc nh the, v
khong the dung tr so cua dong ien e phan biet cac trng hp nay nen dung thi gian ton tai
lau hn thi gian khi ong bnh thng. Thiet b BV se cat C neu thi gian khi ong vt qua

318

gii han cho phep. Phan ln cac C cam ng khi ong khong qua 10s trong khi thi gian b ham
khong c vt qua 20s. Trong trng hp C ac biet co tai quan tnh cao, thi gian khi ong
lau hn co the gan bang thi gian ham cho phep cua C; luc nay tuy thuoc vao loai rle c s
dung e chong qua tai, can thiet dung rle khi ong BV chong b ham.
t

Thi gian ham cho phep

ac tuyen chu
nhiet ong c

ac tuyen chu
nhiet ong c
Thi gian ham cho phep

Dong ham

ac tnh rle nhiet

ac tnh rle nhiet

ac tuyen khi
ong ong c
a)

ac tuyen khi
ong ong c
I

Im

Dong ham

b)
Im

Dong ham

Hnh 13.2 Nguyen ly bao ve ong c b ham: dong ien khi ong bang dong ien ham
a) Thi gian tac ong rle nhiet nho hn thi gian ham: rle se bao ve b ham
b) Thi gian tac ong rle nhiet ln hn thi gian ham: rle khong bao ve ham

Viec can hay khong can BV ham tuy thuoc vao ty so thi gian khi ong bnh thng vi
thi gian ham cho phep, chang han nh hnh 13.2a thay rang, thi gian tac ong rle qua tai ln
hn thi gian khi ong nhng nho hn thi gian ham cho phep, nh the rle qua tai se t BVC
b ham.
Con trong trng hp hnh 13.2b, thi gian lam viec rle nhiet qua tai ln hn thi gian ham
cho phep th can thiet them rle chong ham rieng.
Mot trng hp kho khan na thnh thoang gap la thi gian chu ham C nho hn thi gian
khi ong. Neu BV ham c yeu cau luc khi ong cung nh luc ang chay th rle ham rieng
biet c lien ket vi bo o toc o C.

13.2 NHNG TNH TRANG LAM VIEC KHONG BNH THNG CUA ONG C
13.2.1 Hoat ong cua ong c ien cam ng ba pha trong ieu kien ien ap khong oi
xng
ien ap cung cap cho C co the khong oi xng do: t mot pha, s co cac phat tuyen cung
cap...; trng hp gap phai la mc o khong can bang ien ap (tr trng hp t mot pha) se
khong anh hng nhieu en C.
ien ap khong can bang co the a en qua nhiet trong cac cuon day trong C. Mach tng
ng cua C co mot pha h mach (H.13.3).
Trong trng hp t mot pha, trong mach tng ng tong tr th t thuan va th t
nghch noi tiep. Do o, dong th t thuan va dong th t nghch bang nhau.

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RS1

jXS1

RR1

jXR1 ((1-S)/S)RR1

RS1+RR1

j(XS1+XR1)

jXm

E1

RS2

jXS2

RR2

((1-S)/S)RR1
a)

jXR2 ((S-1)/(2-S))RR2

jXm

RS2+RR2

j(XS2+XR2)

RS - ien tr pha cua stator; Xm - ho cam

((S-1)/(2-S))RR2

RR - ien tr pha cua rotor chuyen ve pha stator

XS - khang tr pha cua stator; S - o trt

b)

XR - khang tr pha cua rotor chuyen ve pha stator

Hnh 13.3 Mach tng ng cua ong c

cam ng khi mat ien mot pha

Hnh 13.4 Mach tng ng cua

ong c cam ng

1- Dong th t thuan va nghch

Trng hp tong quat, s khong can bang cua ien ap ba pha anh hng len dong th t
thuan va nghch, gia tr thc cua dong th t nghch phu thuoc vao mc o khong oi xng cua
ien ap nguon va ty so tong tr th t nghch oi vi th t thuan cua C. Ty so nay co the tnh t
mach tng ng cua C cam ng (H.13.4), trong o bo qua tong tr t hoa cua C.
Tong tr th t thuan cua C bat ky o trt nao la
Z M1 =

R
2
RS1 + R1 + ( X S1 + X R1 )
S

che o ng yen, S = 1
Z M 1 = [( RS1 + RR1 )2 + ( X S1 + X R1 )2 ]

Tong tr th t nghch khi theo o trt

ZM 2 =

RR 2
2
R
+
S2
+ ( X S2 + X R2 )
2 S

Khi toc o C bnh thng, S nho, luc o

ZM 2 =

R
2
RS2 + R2 + ( X S2 + X R 2 )
2

ien tr cua C thng nho hn ien khang. Tong tr th t nghch khi C chay bnh
thng co the xap x bang tong tr th t thuan khi C ng yen. Ty so cua tong tr th t thuan
vi tong tr th t nghch toc o bnh thng co the gan bang ty so cua dong ien khi ong vi
dong ien chay ay tai. Do o, dong ien th t nghch se gan bang vi tch so cua ien ap th t
nghch va ty so dong ien khi ong vi dong chay ay tai.
V du: mot C cam ng co dong khi ong bang sau lan dong nh mc, C nay c cung
cap vi ien ap co ien ap th t nghch la 5% se co dong th t nghch bang 30%. Neu ien ap

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cung cap co ien ap th t nghch ln hn 17% thanh phan th t thuan th thanh phan dong th t
nghch se ln hn dong th t thuan. Neu mot pha b h co the thanh phan th t nghch vt qua
thanh phan th t thuan tuy thuoc vao iem h mach cua nguon. Neu mot C va mot tai khong
C c cung cap ien t cung thanh cai co h mach pha nguon (H.13.5a). Dong th t nghch se
ln hn dong th t thuan trong mach C. ieu nay co the thay mach hnh 13.5b.
Cac dong th t tong la (IC1 + IT1) va (IC2 + IT2) th bang nhau, nhng ZC2 < ZC1. V the s phan
phoi cua hai dong thanh phan i qua C va mach tai th khac. Ket qua la dong th t nghch vao C se
ln.
Nguon cung cap
Tong tr nguon ZF
H pha

P(%)

100
90
4

80
70
60
Tai

ong c
a) S o mach
ZC1

40
ZC2

Zf2

ZF1
Zt1

50

ZT2

30
8

20
10

E1

0
2
b) S o tng ng

Hnh 13.5 Trng hp dong th t

nghch ln hn dong th t thuan

10

12

14

16

18

Hnh 13.6 o giam cong suat

au ra cua ong c khi ien ap
cung cap khong can bang

2- ong c hoat ong ieu kien dong khong oi xng

Thanh phan dong th t nghch khong gop phan vao viec cung cap cho momen quay cua C,
thc s co sinh ra momen th t nghch (do dong th t nghch) thng nho hn 0,5%, momen ay tai
nen co the c bo qua. Anh hng chu yeu cua dong th t nghch la lam cho ton that cua C tang len
(chu yeu la ton that ong) v vay cong suat ra giam. Cong suat au ra cua C co ty so dong khi ong
vi dong bnh thng 4, 6 va 8 theo ty so ap th t nghch vi th t thuan cho hnh 13.6.

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I (% dong ay tai)

Ia1
Rle

300

I (cuon pha A)
I ng day
Ib1

200

Ic1
Ia2

I (cuon pha B, C)
100

I tai (% ay tai)
0

20

40

60

80

100

Ib2

Ic2

S tang nhiet o trong cuon day pha se truyen qua loi sat trong stator lam cho cac cuon day
con lai cung co nhiet o nh the. Nhiet o on nh cua cuon day mang dong ien ln nhat ty le vi
bnh phng cua dong ien trong cuon o (neu may co o tan nhiet thap) va ty le vi (IA2 + IB2 +
IC2)/3 neu may co o tan nhiet tot gia cac pha. Thc s, s truyen nhiet qua cuon stator se phu
thuoc vao moi quan he gia cac thanh phan: th t thuan va th t nghch cua dong ien khong oi
xng. Trong hnh 13.7, gia thiet thanh
Ton that ong (%)
(phan tram cua ton that 3 pha oi xng tai)
phan dong th t thuan va th t
nghch cua pha A trung pha, neu thanh
2
Rle I
300
phan th t nghch cua ien ap cung
2
I Amax
cap la 5%, th thanh phan dong th t
nghch se la 30% oi vi C co ty le
Z1/Z2 = 6. Gia tr cua dong pha (%): IA =
200
1,3; IB va IC = 0,89 se co ton that ong
2
tng ng pha cua A la 1,69; B va C la
I (trung bnh)
0,79. Trong trng hp nay, ch co ton
100
2
2
that ong tren mot pha la ln hn bnh
I B va I C
thng, hai pha khac nguoi hn ong vai
Ukhong oi xng
tro tan nhiet tot, nh the nhiet o ba pha
((E2/E1)x100%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
se can bang.
Hnh 13.7 ac tnh ong c co Z1/Z2 = 6
hnh 13.8 gia thiet thanh phan
th t thuan va th t nghch cua pha A lech pha la 180o, ien ap cung cap co thanh phan th t nghch
ba pha la 5% th dong pha (%) Ia = 0,49; Ib va Ic = 1,37. Trong trng hp nay, hai pha co ton that ong
tren mc bnh thng va ch co mot pha ong vai tro tan nhiet. Trng hp tong quat, khi s mat can
bang nhieu tren C ien ap cao, nhiet o tang co the vt qua nhiet o cho phep cua C.

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Ton that ong (%) (khi Ia1 cung pha vi Ia2)

Ia1

I max(BC)

300

Ib1

Ic1

I (trung tnh)

200

Ib2

Ic2

100

U khong oi xng

I A(phaA)
0

10

12

14

((E2/E1)x100%)

Ia2

Hnh 13.8 ac tnh ong c co Z1/Z2 = 6 khi Ia1 va Ia2 ngc pha

13.2.2 S dung rle qua dong e bao ve

Da vao hnh 13.9 dong pha ln nhat se c

phat hien bang ba rle qua dong mot pha. Neu mot pha
nguon b h mach cho mot C noi , mc tang dong
ien (%) trong cuon day noi hai pha nho hn mc dong
ien ng day luc o rle qua dong mot pha khong
the BV hoan toan cac cuon day stator C.
V du: C cam ng, long soc 12,5HP - h mach
pha C nh hnh 13.9, gia tr dong ien trong cuon day
pha A se ln hn dong ien tren ng day do o rle
khong the BV toan phan cuon day C.

Hnh 13.9 Dong ien cuon day

va dong ien day khi nguon cung
cap mat pha c

13.2.3 S dung rle khong can bang pha

Rle nay hoat ong khi dong ien tren mot ng day vt qua gia tr at, thng c s
dung e BVC khi no hoat ong vi ien ap khong oi xng. Tuy nhien, rle nay cung co mot so
bat li nh:
- No ch hoat ong da tren s khac nhau dong ien day, khong da tren dong ien pha, do o
no khong the o ung gia tr dong th t nghch ma thanh phan dong ien nay la nguyen
nhan gay nen qua nhiet trong cuon day rotor C.
- No qua nhay khi co khong oi xng nho va mot pha b thap lam cat C khong can thiet.
Trong ieu kien mot pha b thap qua nhiet, co the xay ra trong cuon stator neu dong ien tren
mot hay moi pha vt qua dong nh mc, ac biet rle loai nay se hoat ong vi 40% Im tren hai pha
va cat C khong can thiet nhiet o rotor tang len do co dong th t nghch, tr so thc s lam tac ong
rle theo tr so tren la 40/1,73% = 23%. Noi cach khac, nhiet o ty le vi (0,232) hay 5,4% bnh thng
va co tong nhiet o se ty le vi (I12 + I22) hay 10% dong ay tai (khong ke nhiet o do ien tr rotor).
Neu C hoat ong che o nh mc va ba pha tr thanh khong oi xng co 12% dong
ien th t nghch tren mot pha, rle loai nay se hoat ong sau 15 phut.
Neu C tiep tuc chay ay tai dong ien th t thuan t 100% tr so va nhiet o trong cuon
day stator c cho hnh 13.7, hnh 13.8.

323

Dong th t nghch tng ng vi 12% dong ng day khong oi xng co the xem la 8%
tng ng vi ien ap th t nghch 1,3%, oi vi motor co Z1/Z2 = 6. Nh a biet, khi co khong
oi xng nho nhiet sinh ra trong cuon day co dong ln nhat se tan nhiet qua loi sat en cac cuon
day khac lam cho nhiet o cac cuon day giong nhau, Hnh 13.7 cho thay rang, s gia tang ton that
ong trung bnh tng ng vi 1,3% ien ap th t nghch th nho hn 1%, v the nhiet o cuon day
trung bnh se nh luc ay tai bnh thng. Nhiet o dong th t nghch se ty le vi (0,082), ngha la
0,64% bnh thng. Khi nhiet o tng oi ln hn tao bi dong th t nghch trong cac cuon day
rotor, dung mot rle co tr so at nay se cat C trc e tranh qua nhiet trong cuon day stator va
rotor. Neu mot rle BVC khi ien ap khong oi xng va theo doi nhiet o cua cuon day rotor, no
co the nh chnh xac gia tr thanh phan th t nghch cua dong ng day khong oi xng. Neu
C duy tr cung cong suat ra va tiep tuc chay cung toc o, ien ap khong oi xng nh la khi oi
xng thanh phan dong ng day th t thuan se giong nh dong ba pha can bang, do o nhiet o
do thanh phan th t thuan se giong khi ien ap oi xng, nhiet o tang len se la do co mat cua
thanh phan th t nghch. Anh hng nhiet cua mot n v thanh phan th t nghch th ln hn
mot n v dong th t thuan, khi chon rle BVC phai lu y en ieu nay.
Tong quat: C cang ln th cang nguy hiem hn khi co bat oi xng, bi v ien tr rotor cao
oi vi dong th t nghch 100Hz. Hn na, khong can bang cang cao th ton that cua pha mang dong
ien cao hn, khong kp tan nhiet en cac pha khac.

13.2.4 Bao ve qua tai

Hien nay, co rat nhieu loai C va s a dang cua chung nen khi BV qua tai cua nhng C nay
co the da vao cac ac iem nh sau:
- Vi C s dung cho tai dao ong ma ton that cua no se sinh ra trong qua trnh van hanh dung rle qua dong co chnh nh thi gian e BV.
- ong c noi trc tiep vi tai ngat nhanh chong bat c s qua tai nao co the gay h hong
C.
Noi chung, tuy theo moi may ma ta thiet ke e phu hp, khong nhat thiet bat c s qua tai
nao cung cat C. Chu y: khi thiet ke tranh tac ong nham cua rle khi C khi ong.

13.2.5 Bao ve stator

1- Bao ve chong cham at stator
Thong thng s co nay do h hong lp cach ien, ta dung rle qua dong cat nhanh e BV
s co nay. Gia tr at cua rle khoang 20% Im noi t dong th t khong cua ba MBI.
e rle khong hoat ong vi dong khong can bang v s bao hoa cua mot hay nhieu MBI,
do gia tr nh nhon cua s khi ong C luc au thng ngi ta noi tiep vi rle mot ien tr on
nh.
2- Bao ve chong cham phapha
S co nhieu pha t xay ra, dung rle qua dong cat nhanh nh BV cham at e BV, gia tr at
cua rle khoang 20% Im. BVSL thnh thoang c s dung cho cac C co cong suat ln va quan
trong.
3- Bao ve chong cham cac vong day trong mot pha
Bao ve nay ch nhan ra va tac ong ung khi cac cuon day cua stator c phan ra nhieu mach.
4- Bao ve h hong cac cc

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Rle qua dong cat nhanh c s dung e BV trong trng hp nay.

Chu y: Rle co the tac ong nham khi dong khi ong cua C luc au.
oi vi C ong bo can co them cac BV nh: BV qua tai cuon t trng, BV chong qua tai
ot ngot, BV cong suat ngc, BV qua ap, thap tan so...

13.3 CAC S O BAO VE ONG C IEN

1- S o bao ve ong c loai nho (< 1MW)

52
52

50
51

51N

49CR

49

46

46

49
51N

49CR

37

67N

Hnh 13.10 ien tr noi at cua mang nho

Hnh 13.11 ien tr noi at cua mang ln

Ghi chu: o nhay cua BV nh hng chong cham at 67N ch ap dung vi phat tuyen co
MC hoac he thong mang ien co noi at bang cuon day Peterson.
2- S o bao ve ong c ln (> 1MW)

50

49

51N

67N

49CR

46
37

49T
87M

Hnh 13.12

37

52